Politics of Punjab, India: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
Politics in [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|reorganised present-day]] Punjab is dominated by mainly three parties – [[Indian National Congress]] , [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ht-explainer-three-years-short-of-100-sad-s-struggle-for-a-comeback/story-dNcd4mFnzfd5QKMNvh6n7K.html|title=HT Explainer: Three years short of 100, SAD's struggle for a comeback|date=2017-12-15|work=HindustanTimes|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabs-tryst-with-destiny-3099537/|title=Punjab's tryst with destiny|date=2016-10-24|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Since 1967, [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] has been predominantly from [[Jatt Sikh]] community despite its 21 percent state population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dalit-votes-to-decide-ruling-party-of-punjab-89788-2012-01-16|title=Dalit votes to decide ruling party of Punjab|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-only-a-Jat-Sikh-can-become-Punjab-CM-questions-ousted-Cong-leader/articleshow/9817416.cms|title=Why only a Jat Sikh can become Punjab CM, questions ousted Cong leader - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Pramod | title=The Punjab poll vault | website=The Tribune | date=2017-01-11 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/the-punjab-poll-vault/348647.html | access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> Only exception was Giani [[Zail Singh]], the Chief Minister of Punjab from 17 March 1972 to 30 April 1977 belonging to [[Ramgarhia]] community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/ramgarhia-forum-appeals-cm-fadnavis-for-obc-status-to-ramgarhia-sikhs-in-state/04281232|title=Ramgarhia Forum appeals CM Fadnavis for OBC status to Ramgarhia Sikhs in state|website=nagpurtoday.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/8046-amarinder-challenges-cm-badal-lambi|title=Amarinder challenges CM Badal from Lambi - The Sunday Guardian Live|date=2017-01-15|work=The Sunday Guardian Live|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> part of significant [[Other Backward Class|OBC community]] having population of 31.3 percent in the state.<ref>{{cite web | title=Quota will have little impact in Punjab | website=The Tribune | date=2019-01-11 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/quota-will-have-little-impact-in-punjab-711664 | access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Congress plays SC card to checkmate AAP, SAD | website=The Tribune | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/cong-plays-sc-card-to-checkmate-aap-sad-313432 | access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> However [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] ([[Dalit]]) community never had Chief Minister from community till 2021, as in September 2021 [[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]] Mla [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] was appointed as Punjab's first Chief Minister from SC community . Other prominent party is [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] especially in [[Doaba Punjab|Doaba region]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-doaba-bsp-promoting-ambedkarite-culture-to-politically-awaken-dalits-5679495/|title=Punjab: In Doaba, BSP promoting 'Ambedkarite culture' to 'politically awaken' Dalits|date=2019-04-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bsp-mayawati-punjab-elephant-emerges-the-dark-horse-5748855/|title=Elephant emerges the dark horse in Punjab|date=2019-05-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bsps-punjab-surprise-three-candidates-finish-third-fares-better-than-aap-2158685.html|title=BSP's Punjab Surprise: Three Candidates Finish Third, Fares Better Than AAP|website=News18|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bsp-gains-in-punjab-amid-pda-thrashing/articleshow/69471908.cms|title=BSP gains in Punjab amid PDA thrashing |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> founded by [[Kanshi Ram]] of [[Rupnagar district]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Kanshi Ram and the Making of Dalit Political Agency | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=56 | issue=3 | date=2021-01-16 | pages=7–8 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/3/special-articles/kanshi-ram-and-making-dalit-political-agency.html | access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> In 1992 [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] won 9 seats [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha elections]].<ref name="Elections in India 1992">{{cite web | title=Punjab Assembly Election Results in 1992 | website=Elections.in | date=11 April 2014 | url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/1992-election-results.html | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> Also [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] won 3 lok sabha seats from Punjab in [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general elections]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Meenu|title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis|year=1996|page=198|isbn=9788171009008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C&q=PUNJAB+lok+sabha+election+results+1996&pg=PA198}}</ref>
 
<ref>{{cite web|title=Result Of Punjab In 1996|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/stateresult/1996/s19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123041819/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/stateresult/1996/s19.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> and only [[Garhshanker]] seat in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|1997 Vidhan Sabha elections]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com 2013">{{cite web | title=In 1997, the BSP won Vidhan Sabha seat of Garhshankar | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=18 May 2013 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bsp-announces-4-nominees-in-punjab/story-kPAoiJe67qVmmMyAhHwsKM.html | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> [[Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee|Communist parties]] too have some influence in the [[Malwa, Punjab|Malwa area]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=P|title=Coalition Politics in Punjab in E. Sridharan|url=http://www.idcindia.org/pdf/elections/Coalition%20politics%20in%20Punjab_Dr_Pramod.pdf}}</ref> In the [[Indian general election, 2014 (Punjab)|2014 general elections]], the first-time contesting [[Aam Aadmi Party]] got 4 out of 13 seats in Punjab by winning 15 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies - General Elections, 2014 - 16th Lok Sabha (page 946 of 1698)|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/34%20-%20Details%20of%20Assembly%20segment%20of%20PC.pdf#page=946|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> The support for the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] increased in Punjab from 2014 to 2017<ref name="TOI 2014">{{cite web | last=N | first=TN | title=Other party netas lining up for AAP | website=The Times of India | date=20 May 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Other-party-netas-lining-up-for-AAP/articleshow/35361782.cms | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mohan 2014">{{cite web | last=Mohan | first=Vibhor | title=AAP may face problem of plenty in choosing candidates for bypolls | website=The Times of India | date=21 May 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-may-face-problem-of-plenty-in-choosing-candidates-for-bypolls/articleshow/35399210.cms | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> but declined in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lok Sabha election results 2019: Aam Aadmi Party decimated in Punjab, Bhagwant Mann its lone MP | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-05-24 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-aam-aadmi-party-decimated-bhagwant-mann-its-lone-mp/story-BVUBGax0IyALEAt80YxOYP.html | access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pandit | first=Ambika | title=In Punjab, AAP may no longer be ‘3rd force’ | website=The Times of India | date=2019-05-19 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/punjab/news/in-punjab-aap-may-no-longer-be-3rd-force/articleshow/69392531.cms | access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> The current Government was elected in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 Punjab Assembly elections]] and the Congress won 77 out of 117 Assembly seats with Captain [[Amarinder Singh]] as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjab-election-result-2017-triangular-battle-between-akali-dal-bjp-congress-aap-1668526|title=Punjab Election Result 2017: Congress' Amarinder Singh Defeats Akali Dal-BJP, AAP - Highlights|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref> [[Captain Amarinder Singh]] resigned on 18 September 2021 and [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] became the Chief Minister.
Politics in [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|reorganised present-day]] Punjab is dominated by mainly four parties – [[Indian National Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ht-explainer-three-years-short-of-100-sad-s-struggle-for-a-comeback/story-dNcd4mFnzfd5QKMNvh6n7K.html|title=HT Explainer: Three years short of 100, SAD's struggle for a comeback|date=2017-12-15|work=HindustanTimes|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabs-tryst-with-destiny-3099537/|title=Punjab's tryst with destiny|date=2016-10-24|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Since 1967, [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] has been predominantly from [[Jat Sikh]] community despite its 21 percent state population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dalit-votes-to-decide-ruling-party-of-punjab-89788-2012-01-16|title=Dalit votes to decide ruling party of Punjab|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-only-a-Jat-Sikh-can-become-Punjab-CM-questions-ousted-Cong-leader/articleshow/9817416.cms|title=Why only a Jat Sikh can become Punjab CM, questions ousted Cong leader - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Pramod | title=The Punjab poll vault | website=The Tribune | date=2017-01-11 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/the-punjab-poll-vault/348647.html | access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> Exceptions are Giani [[Zail Singh]], the Chief Minister of Punjab from 17 March 1972 to 30 April 1977 belonging to Ramgarhia community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/ramgarhia-forum-appeals-cm-fadnavis-for-obc-status-to-ramgarhia-sikhs-in-state/04281232|title=Ramgarhia Forum appeals CM Fadnavis for OBC status to Ramgarhia Sikhs in state|website=nagpurtoday.in|date=28 April 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/8046-amarinder-challenges-cm-badal-lambi|title=Amarinder challenges CM Badal from Lambi - The Sunday Guardian Live|date=2017-01-15|work=The Sunday Guardian Live|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> that has population of 6 percent and is a part of significant [[Other Backward Class|OBC community]] having population of 31.3 percent in the state and [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] who held the position for 111 days from 20 September 2021 to 16 March 2022 and was from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste(Dalit)]] who have 32 percent population in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election-2017/story/amarinder-singh-few-dalits-in-punjab-cabinet-jat-sikhs-rule-965945-2017-03-16|title=Amarinder Singh cabinet has 3 Dalits despite 32 per cent vote share, Jat Sikhs continue to rule Punjab|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/punjab-congress-faces-rebellion-over-lack-of-representation-for-dalits-111154.html|title=Punjab Congress faces rebellion over lack of representation for Dalits|work=CatchNews.com|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}</ref> Other prominent party is [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] especially in [[Doaba Punjab|Doaba region]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/in-doaba-bsp-promoting-ambedkarite-culture-to-politically-awaken-dalits-5679495/|title=Punjab: In Doaba, BSP promoting 'Ambedkarite culture' to 'politically awaken' Dalits|date=2019-04-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bsp-mayawati-punjab-elephant-emerges-the-dark-horse-5748855/|title=Elephant emerges the dark horse in Punjab|date=2019-05-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bsps-punjab-surprise-three-candidates-finish-third-fares-better-than-aap-2158685.html|title=BSP's Punjab Surprise: Three Candidates Finish Third, Fares Better Than AAP|website=News18|date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bsp-gains-in-punjab-amid-pda-thrashing/articleshow/69471908.cms|title=BSP gains in Punjab amid PDA thrashing |website=The Times of India|date=24 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> founded by [[Kanshi Ram]] of [[Rupnagar district]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Kanshi Ram and the Making of Dalit Political Agency | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=56 | issue=3 | date=2021-01-16 | pages=7–8 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/3/special-articles/kanshi-ram-and-making-dalit-political-agency.html | access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref> In 1992 [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] won 9 seats [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha elections]].<ref name="Elections in India 1992">{{cite web | title=Punjab Assembly Election Results in 1992 | website=Elections.in | date=11 April 2014 | url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/1992-election-results.html | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> Also [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] won 3 lok sabha seats from Punjab in [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general elections]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Meenu|title=India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis|year=1996|page=198|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171009008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm2dVWi-2I4C&q=PUNJAB+lok+sabha+election+results+1996&pg=PA198}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Result Of Punjab In 1996|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/stateresult/1996/s19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123041819/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/stateresult/1996/s19.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> and only [[Garhshanker]] seat in [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|1997 Vidhan Sabha elections]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com 2013">{{cite web | title=In 1997, the BSP won Vidhan Sabha seat of Garhshankar | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=18 May 2013 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bsp-announces-4-nominees-in-punjab/story-kPAoiJe67qVmmMyAhHwsKM.html | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> [[Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee|Communist parties]] too have some influence in the [[Malwa, Punjab|Malwa area]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=P|title=Coalition Politics in Punjab in E. Sridharan|url=http://www.idcindia.org/pdf/elections/Coalition%20politics%20in%20Punjab_Dr_Pramod.pdf|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705124337/http://www.idcindia.org/pdf/elections/Coalition%20politics%20in%20Punjab_Dr_Pramod.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[Indian general election, 2014 (Punjab)|2014 general elections]], the first-time contesting [[Aam Aadmi Party]] got 4 out of 13 seats in Punjab by winning 34 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies - General Elections, 2014 - 16th Lok Sabha (page 946 of 1698)|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/34%20-%20Details%20of%20Assembly%20segment%20of%20PC.pdf#page=946|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> The support for the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] increased later in Punjab.<ref name="TOI 2014">{{cite web | last=N | first=TN | title=Other party netas lining up for AAP | website=The Times of India | date=20 May 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Other-party-netas-lining-up-for-AAP/articleshow/35361782.cms | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mohan 2014">{{cite web | last=Mohan | first=Vibhor | title=AAP may face problem of plenty in choosing candidates for bypolls | website=The Times of India | date=21 May 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-may-face-problem-of-plenty-in-choosing-candidates-for-bypolls/articleshow/35399210.cms | access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> The current Government was elected in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022 Punjab Assembly elections]] and the AAP won 92 out of 117 Assembly seats with  [[Bhagwant Mann]] as the Chief Minister. The Congress flows down to get only 18 seats.


== History ==
== History ==
===Pre-1947 period===
===Pre-1947 period===
{{See also|1907 Punjab unrest}}
{{See also|1907 Punjab unrest}}
Before [[Partition of India|1947 partition of Punjab]], politics were dominated by [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] as it was main party in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] especially seen in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 elections]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India|date=16 December 2013|isbn=9781136790362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ&q=before+partition+politics+of+punjab+unionist&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Low|first1=D. A.|title=Political Inheritance of Pakistan|date=18 June 1991|page=86|isbn=9781349115563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&q=before+partition+politics+of+punjab+unionist&pg=PA86}}</ref>
Before [[Partition of India|1947 partition of Punjab]], politics were dominated by [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] as it was main party in [[Punjab Province (British India)|united Punjab]] especially seen in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 elections]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136790362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ&q=before+partition+politics+of+punjab+unionist&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Low|first1=D. A.|title=Political Inheritance of Pakistan|date=18 June 1991|page=86|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349115563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&q=before+partition+politics+of+punjab+unionist&pg=PA86}}</ref>


===1947–1966===
===1947–1966===
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*National parties in Punjab  
*National parties in Punjab  
**[[Indian National Congress]]  
**[[Indian National Congress]]  
**[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
**[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
**[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-all-the-political-parties-in-india-1476786411-1|title=List of All the Political Parties in India|date=2018-04-16|work=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recognition of 'All India Trinamool Congress, as a National party|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/AITCNationalParty_09092016.pdf|website=ECI|access-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>
**[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-all-the-political-parties-in-india-1476786411-1|title=List of All the Political Parties in India|date=2018-04-16|work=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recognition of 'All India Trinamool Congress, as a National party|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/AITCNationalParty_09092016.pdf|website=ECI|access-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>
**[[Communist Party of India]]  
**[[Aam Aadmi Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140602/nation-politics/article/aam-aadmi-party-recognised-state-party-punjab|title=Aam Aadmi Party recognised as state party in Punjab|date=2014-06-03|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en}}</ref>   
**[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (''Limited presence in Punjab'')
**[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (''Limited presence in Punjab'')
*Recognized state parties in Punjab  
*Recognized state parties in Punjab  
**[[Aam Aadmi Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140602/nation-politics/article/aam-aadmi-party-recognised-state-party-punjab|title=Aam Aadmi Party recognised as state party in Punjab|date=2014-06-03|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en}}</ref> 
**[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/parties/state/index.htm|title=State Parties|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>
**[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/ge98/parties/state/index.htm|title=State Parties|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>
*Other Parties  
*Other Parties  
**[[Communist Party of India]] (''Limited presence in Punjab'')       
**Punjab Seva Dal (Beant Singh Bhullar)
**[[Lok Insaaf Party]]
**[[Lok Insaaf Party]]
**[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
**[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]
**[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]
**[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party]]
**[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
**[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
**[[Punjab Lok Congress]]
**[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party]]
**Punjab Seva Dal (Beant Singh Bhullar)
*Alliances in Punjab  
*Alliances in Punjab  
**[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
**[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
**[[Punjab Democratic Alliance]]
**[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
**[[United Progressive Alliance]]


== Maps ==
== Maps ==
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The election Schedule will declare by [[Election Commission of India]] on the reasonable time.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html Upcoming elections in India] ''elections.in''</ref>
The election Schedule will declare by [[Election Commission of India]] on the reasonable time.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html Upcoming elections in India] ''elections.in''</ref>


Last year election dates were announced on 4 January and polling was completed on 4 February 2017. Results were declared on 11 March 2017.
Last year election dates were announced on 8 January and polling was completed on 20 February 2022. Results were declared on 10 March 2022.


=== Map of Punjab ===
=== Map of Punjab ===
Punjab has 22 districts and is divided into 3 regions, having 117 total constituencies.
Punjab has 23 districts (Malerkotla is the 23rd District, carved out from Sangrur District in May, 2021) and is divided into 4 regions, having 117 total constituencies.


[[File:Punjab district map.png|thumb|right|250px|All the 22 districts of Punjab along with their headquarters as of 2016.]]
[[File:Punjab district map.png|thumb|right|250px|All the 23 districts of Punjab along with their headquarters.]]


# Majha region have 4 district and 25 Assembly constituencies
# Majha region have 4 district and 25 Assembly constituencies
# Doaba is the smallest region with 23 assembly constituencies  and 4 districts
# Doaba is the smallest region with 23 assembly constituencies  and 4 districts
# Malwa is the biggest region with 14 districts and 69 assembly constituencies
# Malwa is the biggest region with 15 districts (including 3 districts in Puadh region) and 69 assembly constituencies
#
# 34 seats are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] and Punjab have no reservation for ST community.
# 34 seats are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] and Punjab have no reservation for ST community.


===Legislative Assembly Seats Map===
===Legislative Assembly Seats Map===
This year Punjab will see Major Fight between [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and [[Punjab Democratic Alliance]].
This year Punjab will see Major Fight between [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Punjab Democratic Alliance]].


[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Punjab.svg]]
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Punjab.svg]]
Line 67: Line 66:
===Region and District wise list of Assembly constituencies===
===Region and District wise list of Assembly constituencies===


[[File:Assembly Constituencies map district wise.png|thumb|This map shows the Districts and Assembly constituencies in the District|280px]]
[[File:Assembly Constituencies map district wise (updated).png|thumb|280px|This map shows the Districts and Assembly constituencies in the District]]


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="Text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="Text-align:center"
Line 84: Line 83:
|[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|1
|1
|[[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
|[[Sujanpur]]
|-
|-
|2.
|2.
Line 194: Line 193:
|[[Tarn Taran district|Sri Tarn Taran Sahib]]
|[[Tarn Taran district|Sri Tarn Taran Sahib]]
|23
|23
|[[Patti Assembly Constituency|Patti]]
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|-
|-
|24.
|24.
Line 268: Line 267:
|[[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
|[[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
|38
|38
|[[Adampur Assembly Constituency|Adampur]]
|[[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|-
|-
|38.
|38.
Line 572: Line 571:
|[[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]
|[[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]
|96
|96
|[[Mansa Assembly Constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|-
|-
|98.
|98.
Line 676: Line 675:


==Constituencies==
==Constituencies==
Following is the list of Parliamentary constituencies (PC) and Assembly constituencies (AC) of Punjab:-
Following is the list of parliamentary constituencies (PC) and assembly constituencies (AC) of Punjab:-
[[File:Punjab PC-AC map.png|580px|thumb|In Punjab each Parliamentary constituency consists Nine Assembly constituencies.]]
[[File:Punjab PC-AC map.png|580px|thumb|In Punjab each Parliamentary constituency consists Nine Assembly constituencies.]]


Line 690: Line 689:
|-
|-
|1
|1
|[[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
|[[Sujanpur]]
|-
|-
|2
|2
Line 757: Line 756:
|-
|-
|23
|23
|[[Patti Assembly Constituency|Patti]]
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|-
|-
|24
|24
Line 801: Line 800:
|-
|-
|38
|38
|[[Adampur Assembly Constituency|Adampur]]
|[[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=9|5
|rowspan=9|5
Line 998: Line 997:
|-
|-
|96
|96
|[[Mansa Assembly Constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|-
|-
|97
|97
Line 1,064: Line 1,063:
|[[Shutrana Assembly Constituency|Shutrana]]
|[[Shutrana Assembly Constituency|Shutrana]]
|}
|}
==Former Constituencies==
The most recent Delimitation Commission was constituted on July 12, 2002. The recommendations of the commission were approved by the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on February 19, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|date=February 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |publisher=Election Commission of India, NIRVACHAN SADAN, ASHOKA ROAD, NEW DELHI-110001 }}</ref> With this, three of the constituencies were eliminated. The Lok Sabha constituencies abolished, as a result, were as follows:
# [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur constituency]]
# [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar constituency]]
# [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran constituency]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Incumbent Members of Parliament from Punjab, India]]
* [[List of Incumbent Members of Parliament from Punjab, India]]
* [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Politics of India]]
Line 1,074: Line 1,080:
* [[History of the Punjab]]
* [[History of the Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi people]]
* [[Punjabi people]]
* [[Elections in Punjab (India)|Elections in Punjab]]
* [[Convener of Aam Aadmi Party (Punjab, India)]]


==References==
==References==
Line 1,081: Line 1,089:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Punjab (India)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Punjab (India)}}
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]

Latest revision as of 18:35, 13 January 2026


Politics in reorganised present-day Punjab is dominated by mainly four parties – Indian National Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party and Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal).[1][2] Since 1967, Chief Minister of Punjab has been predominantly from Jat Sikh community despite its 21 percent state population.[3][4][5] Exceptions are Giani Zail Singh, the Chief Minister of Punjab from 17 March 1972 to 30 April 1977 belonging to Ramgarhia community[6][7] that has population of 6 percent and is a part of significant OBC community having population of 31.3 percent in the state and Charanjit Singh Channi who held the position for 111 days from 20 September 2021 to 16 March 2022 and was from Scheduled Caste(Dalit) who have 32 percent population in the state.[8][9] Other prominent party is Bahujan Samaj Party especially in Doaba region[10][11][12][13] founded by Kanshi Ram of Rupnagar district.[14] In 1992 BSP won 9 seats Vidhan Sabha elections.[15] Also BSP won 3 lok sabha seats from Punjab in 1996 general elections[16] [17] and only Garhshanker seat in 1997 Vidhan Sabha elections.[18] Communist parties too have some influence in the Malwa area.[19] In the 2014 general elections, the first-time contesting Aam Aadmi Party got 4 out of 13 seats in Punjab by winning 34 of the total 117 assembly segments, coming second in 7, third in 73 and fourth in the rest 3 segments.[20] The support for the Aam Aadmi Party increased later in Punjab.[21][22] The current Government was elected in the 2022 Punjab Assembly elections and the AAP won 92 out of 117 Assembly seats with Bhagwant Mann as the Chief Minister. The Congress flows down to get only 18 seats.

History[edit | edit source]

Pre-1947 period[edit | edit source]

See also: 1907 Punjab unrest

Before 1947 partition of Punjab, politics were dominated by Unionist Party as it was main party in united Punjab especially seen in 1937 elections.[23][24]

1947–1966[edit | edit source]

See also: Punjabi Suba movement

During 1947-1966 Punjab was undivided and consisted of present-day Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh.[25] This meant that both population and religion factor of whole state was mixed and politics were dominated by Indian National Congress.[26][27][28][29]

Political parties[edit | edit source]

Punjab has many political parties but only eight parties recognized by Election Commission of India and having presence in the state:

Maps[edit | edit source]

Punjab in Map of India[edit | edit source]

Punjab is situated in Northern India and shares its boundary with three states – Rajasthan, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh and with two Union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh. It also shares its border with Pakistan.

Punjab

The election Schedule will declare by Election Commission of India on the reasonable time.[34]

Last year election dates were announced on 8 January and polling was completed on 20 February 2022. Results were declared on 10 March 2022.

Map of Punjab[edit | edit source]

Punjab has 23 districts (Malerkotla is the 23rd District, carved out from Sangrur District in May, 2021) and is divided into 4 regions, having 117 total constituencies.

All the 23 districts of Punjab along with their headquarters.
  1. Majha region have 4 district and 25 Assembly constituencies
  2. Doaba is the smallest region with 23 assembly constituencies and 4 districts
  3. Malwa is the biggest region with 15 districts (including 3 districts in Puadh region) and 69 assembly constituencies
  5. 34 seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes and Punjab have no reservation for ST community.

Legislative Assembly Seats Map[edit | edit source]

This year Punjab will see Major Fight between Indian National Congress, Shiromani Akali Dal and Aam Aadmi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party and Punjab Democratic Alliance.

34 Seats are Reserved for SC's and 83 are unreserved out of 117 assembly Constituencies of Punjab

Region and District wise list of Assembly constituencies[edit | edit source]

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
This map shows the Districts and Assembly constituencies in the District
S. No. Region District AC No. Assembly Constituency
1. MAJHA
1. MAJHA Pathankot 1 Sujanpur
2. Pathankot 2 Bhoa
3. Pathankot 3 Pathankot
4. Gurdaspur 4 Gurdaspur
5. Gurdaspur 5 Dina Nagar
6. Gurdaspur 6 Qadian
7. Gurdaspur 7 Batala
8. Gurdaspur 8. Sri Hargobindpur
9. Gurdaspur 9 Fatehgarh Churian
10. Gurdaspur 10 Dera Baba Nanak
11. Sri Amritsar Sahib 11 Ajnala
12. Sri Amritsar Sahib 12 Raja Sansi
13. Sri Amritsar Sahib 13 Majitha
14. Sri Amritsar Sahib 15 Amritsar North
15. Sri Amritsar Sahib 16 Amritsar West
16. Sri Amritsar Sahib 17 Amritsar Central
17. Sri Amritsar Sahib 18 Amritsar East
18. Sri Amritsar Sahib 19 Amritsar South
19. Sri Amritsar Sahib 20 Attari
20. Sri Amritsar Sahib 14 Jandiala
21. Tarn Taran Sahib 21 Tarn Taran
22. Sri Tarn Taran Sahib 22 Khem Karan
23. Sri Tarn Taran Sahib 23 Patti
24. Sri Tarn Taran Sahib 24 Khadoor Sahib
25. Sri Amritsar Sahib 25 Baba Bakala
2. DOABA
26. DOABA Kapurthala 27 Kapurthala
27. Kapurthala 28 Sultanpur Lodhi
28. Kapurthala 29. Phagwara
29. Jalandhar 30 Phillaur
30. Jalandhar 31 Nakodar
31. Jalandhar 32 Shahkot
32. Jalandhar 33 Kartarpur
33. Jalandhar 34 Jalandhar West
34. Jalandhar 35 Jalandhar Central
35. Jalandhar 36 Jalandhar North
36. Jalandhar 37 Jalandhar Cantt.
37. Jalandhar 38 Adampur
38. Kapurthala 26 Bholath
39. Hoshiarpur 39 Mukerian
40. Hoshiarpur 40 Dasuya
41. Hoshiarpur 41 Urmar
42. Hoshiarpur 42 Sham Chaurasi
43. Hoshiarpur 43 Hoshiarpur
44. Hoshiarpur 44 Chabbewal
45. Hoshiarpur 45 Garhshankar
46. NawanShahr 46 Banga
47. NawanShahr 47 Nawanshahr
48. NawanShahr 48 Balachaur
3. MALWA
49. MALWA Rupnagar 49 Anandpur Sahib
50. Rupnagar 50 Rupnagar
51. Rupnagar 51 Chamkaur Sahib
52. Mohali 52 Kharar
53. Mohali 53 S.A.S. Nagar
54. Ludhiana 60 Ludhiana East
55. Ludhiana 61 Ludhiana South
56. Ludhiana 62 Atam Nagar
57. Ludhiana 63 Ludhiana Central
58. Ludhiana 64 Ludhiana West
59. Ludhiana 65 Ludhiana North
60. Ludhiana 66 Gill
61. Ludhiana 68 Dakha
62. Ludhiana 70 Jagraon
63. Sri Fatehgarh Sahib 54 Bassi Pathana
64. Sri Fatehgarh Sahib 55 Fatehgarh Sahib
65. Sri Fatehgarh Sahib 56 Amloh
66. Ludhiana 57 Khanna
67. Ludhiana 58 Samrala
68. Ludhiana 59 Sahnewal
69. Ludhiana 67 Payal
70. Ludhiana 69 Raikot
71. Sangrur 106 Amargarh
72. Moga 71 Nihal Singhwala
73. Moga 72 Bhagha Purana
74. Moga 73 Moga
75. Moga 74 Dharamkot
76. Firozpur 75. Zira
77. Sri Mukatsar Sahib 84 Gidderbaha
78. Faridkot 87 Faridkot
79. Faridkot 88 Kotkapura
80. Faridkot 89 Jaitu
81. Bathinda 90 Rampura Phul
82. Firozpur 76 Firozpur City
83. Firozpur 77 Firozpur Rural
84. Firozpur 78 Guru Har Sahai
85. Fazilka 79 Jalalabad
86. Fazilka 80 Fazilka
87. Fazilka 81 Abohar
88. Fazilka 82 Balluana
89. Sri Mukatsar Sahib 85 Malout
90. Sri Mukatsar Sahib 86 Muktsar
91. Sri Mukatsar Sahib 83 Lambi
92. Bathinda 91 Bhucho Mandi
93. Bathinda 92 Bathinda Urban
94. Bathinda 93 Bathinda Rural
95. Bathinda 94 Talwandi Sabo
96. Bathinda 95 Maur
97. Mansa 96 Mansa
98. Mansa 97 Sardulgarh
99. Mansa 98 Budhlada
100. Sangrur 99 Lehra
101. Sangrur 100 Dirba
102. Sangrur 101 Sunam
103. Barnala 102 Bhadaur
104. Barnala 103 Barnala
105. Barnala 104 Mehal Kalan
106. Sangrur 105 Malerkotla
107. Sangrur 107 Dhuri
108. Sangrur 108 Sangrur
109. Patiala 109 Nabha
110. Patiala 110 Patiala Rural
111. Patiala 111 Rajpura
112. Mohali 112 Dera Bassi
113. Patiala 113 Ghanaur
114. Patiala 114 Sanour
115. Patiala 115 Patiala
116. Patiala 116 Samana
117. Patiala 117 Shutrana

Constituencies[edit | edit source]

Following is the list of parliamentary constituencies (PC) and assembly constituencies (AC) of Punjab:-

In Punjab each Parliamentary constituency consists Nine Assembly constituencies.
PC No. Parliamentary Constituency AC No. Assembly Constituency
1 Gurdaspur
1 Sujanpur
2 Bhoa
3 Pathankot
4 Gurdaspur
5 Dina Nagar
6 Qadian
7 Batala
9 Fatehgarh Churian
10 Dera Baba Nanak
2 Amritsar 11 Ajnala
12 Raja Sansi
13 Majitha
15 Amritsar North
16 Amritsar West
17 Amritsar Central
18 Amritsar East
19 Amritsar South
20 Attari
3 Khadoor Sahib 14 Jandiala
21 Tarn Taran
22 Khem Karan
23 Patti
24 Khadoor Sahib
25 Baba Bakala
27 Kapurthala
28 Sultanpur Lodhi
75 Zira
4 Jalandhar 30 Phillaur
31 Nakodar
32 Shahkot
33 Kartarpur
34 Jalandhar West
35 Jalandhar Central
36 Jalandhar North
37 Jalandhar Cantt.
38 Adampur
5 Hoshiarpur 8 Sri Hargobindpur
26 Bholath
29 Phagwara
39 Mukerian
40 Dasuya
41 Urmar
42 Sham Chaurasi
43 Hoshiarpur
44 Chabbewal
6 Anandpur Sahib 45 Garhshankar
46 Banga
47 Nawanshahr
48 Balachaur
49 Anandpur Sahib
50 Rupnagar
51 Chamkaur Sahib
52 Kharar
53 S.A.S. Nagar
7 Ludhiana 60 Ludhiana East
61 Ludhiana South
62 Atam Nagar
63 Ludhiana Central
64 Ludhiana West
65 Ludhiana North
66 Gill
68 Dakha
70 Jagraon
8 Fatehgarh Sahib 54 Bassi Pathana
55 Fatehgarh Sahib
56 Amloh
57 Khanna
58 Samrala
59 Sahnewal
67 Payal
69 Raikot
106 Amargarh
9 Faridkot 71 Nihal Singhwala
72 Bhagha Purana
73 Moga
74 Dharamkot
84 Gidderbaha
87 Faridkot
88 Kotkapura
89 Jaitu
90 Rampura Phul
10 Ferozepur 76 Firozpur City
77 Firozpur Rural
78 Guru Har Sahai
79 Jalalabad
80 Fazilka
81 Abohar
82 Balluana
85 Malout
86 Muktsar
11 Bathinda 83 Lambi
91 Bhucho Mandi
92 Bathinda Urban
93 Bathinda Rural
94 Talwandi Sabo
95 Maur
96 Mansa
97 Sardulgarh
98 Budhlada
12 Sangrur 99 Lehra
100 Dirba
101 Sunam
102 Bhadaur
103 Barnala
104 Mehal Kalan
105 Malerkotla
107 Dhuri
108 Sangrur
13 Patiala 109 Nabha
110 Patiala Rural
111 Rajpura
112 Dera Bassi
113 Ghanaur
114 Sanour
115 Patiala
116 Samana
117 Shutrana

Former Constituencies[edit | edit source]

The most recent Delimitation Commission was constituted on July 12, 2002. The recommendations of the commission were approved by the Presidential notification on February 19, 2008.[35][36] With this, three of the constituencies were eliminated. The Lok Sabha constituencies abolished, as a result, were as follows:

  1. Phillaur constituency
  2. Ropar constituency
  3. Tarn Taran constituency

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "HT Explainer: Three years short of 100, SAD's struggle for a comeback". HindustanTimes. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  2. ↑ "Punjab's tryst with destiny". The Indian Express. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  3. ↑ "Dalit votes to decide ruling party of Punjab". India Today. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "Why only a Jat Sikh can become Punjab CM, questions ousted Cong leader - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  5. ↑ Kumar, Pramod (11 January 2017). "The Punjab poll vault". The Tribune. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  6. ↑ "Ramgarhia Forum appeals CM Fadnavis for OBC status to Ramgarhia Sikhs in state". nagpurtoday.in. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  7. ↑ "Amarinder challenges CM Badal from Lambi - The Sunday Guardian Live". The Sunday Guardian Live. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Amarinder Singh cabinet has 3 Dalits despite 32 per cent vote share, Jat Sikhs continue to rule Punjab". India Today. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  9. ↑ "Punjab Congress faces rebellion over lack of representation for Dalits". CatchNews.com. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  10. ↑ "Punjab: In Doaba, BSP promoting 'Ambedkarite culture' to 'politically awaken' Dalits". The Indian Express. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  11. ↑ "Elephant emerges the dark horse in Punjab". The Indian Express. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  12. ↑ "BSP's Punjab Surprise: Three Candidates Finish Third, Fares Better Than AAP". News18. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  13. ↑ "BSP gains in Punjab amid PDA thrashing". The Times of India. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  14. ↑ "Kanshi Ram and the Making of Dalit Political Agency". Economic and Political Weekly. 56 (3): 7–8. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  15. ↑ "Punjab Assembly Election Results in 1992". Elections.in. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Roy, Meenu (1996). India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 198. ISBN 9788171009008.
  17. ↑ "Result Of Punjab In 1996". Archived from the original on 23 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "In 1997, the BSP won Vidhan Sabha seat of Garhshankar". hindustantimes.com/. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  19. ↑ Kumar, P. "Coalition Politics in Punjab in E. Sridharan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  20. ↑ "Details of Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies - General Elections, 2014 - 16th Lok Sabha (page 946 of 1698)" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
  21. ↑ N, TN (20 May 2014). "Other party netas lining up for AAP". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  22. ↑ Mohan, Vibhor (21 May 2014). "AAP may face problem of plenty in choosing candidates for bypolls". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  23. ↑ Talbot, Ian (16 December 2013). Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Routledge. ISBN 9781136790362.
  24. ↑ Low, D. A. (18 June 1991). Political Inheritance of Pakistan. Springer. p. 86. ISBN 9781349115563.
  25. ↑ Dhaliwal, Sarbjit (9 September 2016). "Punjabi Suba: What's there to celebrate?". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  26. ↑ "Revisiting past elections..." Tribuneindia News Service. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  27. ↑ "When Punjab & PEPSU merged". Tribuneindia News Service. 6 November 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  28. ↑ "Kairon retains his hold on Punjab". Tribuneindia News Service. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  29. ↑ "A United Front pushes Congress to the Opposition Benches". Tribuneindia News Service. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  30. ↑ "List of All the Political Parties in India". Jagranjosh.com. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  31. ↑ "Recognition of 'All India Trinamool Congress, as a National party" (PDF). ECI. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "Aam Aadmi Party recognised as state party in Punjab". Deccan Chronicle. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  33. ↑ "State Parties". eci.nic.in. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  34. ↑ Upcoming elections in India elections.in
  35. ↑ "Delimitation notification comes into effect". The Hindu. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008.
  36. ↑ "DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008" (PDF). Election Commission of India, NIRVACHAN SADAN, ASHOKA ROAD, NEW DELHI-110001.
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