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{{Short description|Bicameral state legislature of the state of Karnataka}}
{{Short description|Bicameral state legislature of the state of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{one source|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
|foundation ={{start date|1881|df=y|br=y|p=y}}     
|foundation ={{start date|1881|df=y|br=y|p=y}}     
|new_session = 11 December 2018
|name              = Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|name              = Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| background_color  = #005018
| coa_pic            = Seal of Karnataka.svg
|native_name        =  
|native_name        =  
|legislature        = [[15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|15th Legislative Assembly of me the  nestKarnataka]]
|legislature        = [[16th Karnataka Assembly]]
|coyo its the sebo master lessss ggooooooooa_pic            = Seal of Karnataka.png
|coa_res            =250
|coa_res            =
|house_type        = Lower house
|house_type        =[[Karnataka Legislature|Lower house of Karnataka Legislature]]
|body              = Karnataka Legislature
|term_limits        = [[List of political term limits#India|5 years]]
|term_limits        = 5 years
|preceded_by ='''[[Mysore state|Mysore Legislative Assembly]]'''
|leader1_type      = [[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|leader1_type      = [[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|leader1            = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
|leader1            = [[U. T. Khader|U. T. Khader Fareed]]
|party1            = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|party1            = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]  
|election1          = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|31 July 2019]]
|election1          = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|24 May 2023]]  
|leader2_type      = [[Deputy Speaker]]
|leader2_type      = [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
|leader2            = Anand Chandrashekhar Mamani
|leader2            = Rudrappa Manappa Lamani
| election2        = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|24 March 2020]]
| election2        = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|6 July 2023]]
| party2          = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| party2          = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|leader3_type      = Leader of the House <br /> ([[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]])
|leader3_type      = Leader of the House <br /> ([[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]])
|leader3            = [[Basavaraj Bommai]]  
|leader3            = [[Siddaramaiah]]  
|party3            =[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]  
|party3            = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]  
|election3          =  
|election3          =[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2023]]
|leader4_type      = Deputy Leader of the House <br /> ([[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]])
|leader4_type      = Deputy Leader of the house <br /> ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]])
|leader4            =
|leader4            = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]
|party4            = [[BJP]]
|party4            = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]  
|election4          = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|26 August 2019]]
|election4          =[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2023]]  
|leader5_type      = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader5_type      = [[List of leaders of the opposition in Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader5            = [[Siddaramaiah]]
|leader5            = [[To be determined|TBD]]
|party5            = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|party5            = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|election5          = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|9 December 2019]]
|election5          = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|July 2023]]
|leader6_type      = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader6_type      = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader6            =[[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]]
|leader6            = [[To Be Determined|TBD]]
|party6            =[[Indian National Congress|INC]]  
|party6            =[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]  
|election6          =[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|12 March 2020]]  
|election6          =[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|July 2023]]  
|leader7_type = [[Secretary|Chief Secretary]]               
|leader7_type       = [[Chief Whip|Govt Chief Whip]]               
|leader7 =  M.K. Vishalakshi 
|leader7           =  Ashok Pattan
|party7            = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|election7          = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|3 July 2023]] 
|members            = '''224'''
|members            = '''224'''
|structure1= File:India Karnataka 2021 Parliament 2021.svg
|structure1= File:Karnataka Legislative Assembly May 2023.svg
|structure1_res= 300px
|structure1_res= 300px
| political_groups1  =  
| political_groups1  = <!-- Do not make changes to Party totals without making corresponding changes under section 'Members of Legislative Assembly' -->
'''[[Government of Karnataka|Government]] (111)'''
'''[[Government of Karnataka|Government]] (136)'''<br>''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance |INDIA]] (136)'''
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (111)
* {{Color box|#38C3FF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (135)
 
* {{Color box|#DCDCDC}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Newly elected independent MLA from Karnataka's Harapanahalli extends support to Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-congress-harapanahalli-latha-mallikarjun-independent-mla-randeep-singh-surjewala-101684061006313.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
'''Opposition (79)'''
'''[[Official Opposition (India)|Official Opposition]] (85)''' <br>'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (85)'''
* {{Color box|#38C3FF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (79)
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (66)  
 
*{{color box|#138808}}[[ Janata Dal (Secular)| JD(S)]] (19)<ref> https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/hd-kumaraswamy-announces-his-party-jds-will-be-bjp-ally-work-against-congress-4229190 </ref>
'''Opposition (32)'''
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other Opposition]] (3)'''
* {{Color box|#138808}} [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] (32)
* {{Color box|blue}} [[Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha|KRPP]] (1)
'''Vacant (2)'''
* {{Color box|Yellow}} [[Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha|SKP]] (1)
* {{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (2)
* {{Color box|#DCDCDC}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<!-- Do not make changes to Party totals without making corresponding changes under section 'Members of Legislative Assembly' -->
|voting_system1  = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
|voting_system1  = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
|last_election1  = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|12 May 2018]]
|first_election1 = [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|26 March 1952]]
|next_election1  =May 2023
|last_election1  = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|10 May 2023]]
|next_election1  = 2028
|session_room      = File:Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg
|session_room      = File:Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg
|meeting_place      = Legislative Assembly building, [[Vidhana Soudha|Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
|meeting_place      = [[Vidhana Soudha|Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
|session_room2    = File:Suvarna Vidhana Soudha.jpg
|session_room2    = File:Suvarna Vidhana Soudha.jpg
|session_res2      = 300px
|session_res2      = 250px
|meeting_place2  = Legislative Assembly building, [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha|Suvarna Vidhan Soudha, Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] (Winter session)
|meeting_place2  = [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha|Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] (Winter session)
|website            = [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
|website            = [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
|footnotes          = The Council was established in 1881 for the [[Princely State of Mysore]]. The [[princely state]] was merged with the [[Dominion of India]] and became [[Mysore State]] in 1947; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as [[Karnataka]] on 1 November 1973.
|footnotes          = The Council was established in 1881 for the [[Princely State of Mysore]]. The [[princely state]] was merged with the [[Dominion of India]] and became [[Mysore State]] in 1947; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as [[Karnataka]] on 1 November 1973.
|founder =yyy}}
}}


The '''Karnataka Legislative Assembly''' is the lower house of the [[Karnataka Legislature|bicameral legislature]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]]. Karnataka is one of the six states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses. The two houses are the ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (lower house) and the ''[[Vidhan Parishad]]'' (upper house).
The '''Karnataka Legislative Assembly''', formerly the '''Mysore Legislative Assembly''' or '''Mysore Representative Assembly''', is the lower house of the [[Karnataka Legislature|bicameral legislature]] of the [[South India|southern Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. Karnataka is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (lower house) and the ''[[Vidhan Parishad]]'' (upper house).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/assembly.htm|access-date=2021-12-28|website=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-jds-tie-up-regional-party-looking-at-outcome-of-nda-meeting-on-july-18/article67087494.ece</ref>
There are 224 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and are directly elected by people through [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]]. Karnataka is thus divided into [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224 constituencies]] to elect members to the Assembly, each constituency electing one member. The assembly is elected using the [[plurality voting system|simple plurality]] or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]].  


The members of the ''Vidhana Sabhe'' are directly elected by people through [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]].
The normal term of the members lasts for five years. In case of death, resignation, or disqualification of a member, a [[by-election]] is conducted for constituency represented by the member. The party, or coalition which has the majority becomes the ruling party.


There are 224 members of the ''Vidhana Sabhe'' or the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka state. The state of [[Karnataka]] is divided into 224 constituencies used to elect the Legislative assembly members.
==History==


Each [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly|constituency]] elects one member of the assembly. Members are popularly known as MLAs. The assembly is elected using the [[plurality voting system|simple plurality]] or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]].
Mysore Representative Assembly was constituted in 1881 by Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wadiyar X]], the first of its kind in [[Princely state|princely India]]. It formed the Kingdom's sole unicameral legislature until when, in 1907, an upper house was carved out of it to form the [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Mysore Legislative Council]], resulting in the Assembly's functioning as the lower house.


The normal term of the members lasts for five years. In case of death, resignation or disqualification of a member, a [[by-election]] is conducted for constituency represented by the member. The party, or coalition which has the majority becomes the ruling party.
On 16 December 1949, Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] dissolved the sitting representative and legislative assemblies. A constituent assembly that was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] until elections were held in 1952.
 
On Wednesday, 18 June 1952, at 11:00 am, the first session of the newly-formed Mysore Legislative Assembly was held at the old Public Office building conference hall (present-day [[Karnataka High Court|High Court]] building) in [[Bangalore]]. The first assembly formed under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] had 99 elected and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the state assembly, V. Venkatappa was the honorary speaker who administered oath to the members including the then Chief Minister [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]. He conducted an election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda, and H. Siddaiah, where H. Siddaiah secured 74 votes and emerged victoriously and the first CM of Karnataka state Kengal Hanumanthaiah delivered the speech.
 
With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased by five members. After the re-organization of the state of Mysore came into being on 1 November 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district, and taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg, and the princely state of Mysore. The state was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
 
The first sitting of the new assembly was held on 19 December 1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.
 
The only woman Speaker of the Karnataka assembly was [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]] from 24 March 1972 to 3 March 1978.
 
The Budget Session and The Monsoon Session of the Legislature are held in Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. The Winter Session of the Legislature is held in Suvarna Soudha, Belagavi.


==List of assemblies==
==List of assemblies==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Assembly'''
!Assembly
| '''Period'''
!Period
| '''Chief Minister(s)'''
!Chief Minister(s)<ref>{{Cite web|title=chief minister Archives|url=https://www.karnataka.com/tag/chief-minister/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[1st Karnataka Legislative Assembly|First Assembly]]
|[[1st Karnataka Legislative Assembly|First Assembly]]
|18 June 1952 – 31 March 1957
|18 June 1952 – 1 April 1957<ref name=":0">https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761265/1/jpi_October_1957.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|[[K. Chengalaraya Reddy|K. C. Reddy]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Kadidal Manjappa]], [[S. Nijalingappa]]
|[[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Kadidal Manjappa]], [[S. Nijalingappa]]
|-
|-
|[[2nd Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Second Assembly]]
|[[2nd Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Second Assembly]]
|10 June 1957 – 1 March 1962
|19 April 1957 – 1 March 1962<ref name=":0" />
|[[S. Nijalingappa]], [[B.D. Jatti]]
|[[S. Nijalingappa]], [[B.D. Jatti]]
|-
|-
Line 139: Line 153:
|-
|-
|[[15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Fifteenth Assembly]]
|[[15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Fifteenth Assembly]]
|16 May 2018 – ''Present''
|16 May 2018 – 13 May 2023
|[[B.S. Yeddyurappa]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
|[[B.S. Yeddyurappa]], [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
|-
|-
|}
|[[16th Karnataka Assembly|Sixteen Assembly]]
 
|20 May 2023 – ''Present''
'''President's rule in the state'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
| '''Period'''
| '''Assembly'''
|-
|19.03.1971 to 20.03.1972
|Fourth Assembly
|-
|31.12.1977 to 28.02.1978
|Fifth Assembly
|-
|21.04.1989 to 30.11.1989
|Eighth Assembly
|-
|09.10.2007 to 11.11.2007
|Twelfth Assembly
|-
|20.11.2007 to 29.05.2008
|Twelfth Assembly
|}
 
At 11:00 am on 18 June 1952, Wednesday, the first session of the legislative assembly was held at the old public office building conference hall (the present high court building) in Bangalore.
 
On 16 December 1949 the maharaja of Mysore dissolved the representative assembly and the legislative assembly. The constituent assembly which was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of Mysore until the elections were held in 1952.
 
The first assembly formed under the Constitution had 99 elected and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the state assembly, V. Venkatappa was the honorary speaker who administered oath to the members including the then Chief Minister [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]. He conducted election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda, and H. Siddaiah, where H. Siddaiah secured 74 votes and emerged victorious and the first CM of Karnataka state Kengal Hanumanthaiah delivered the speech.
 
With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased by five members.  After the re-organisation of state of Mysore came into being on 1 November 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district and a taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg and the princely state of Mysore. The state was renamed as Karnataka in 1973.
 
The first sitting of the new assembly was held on 19 December 1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.
 
The lone women Speaker of Karnataka assembly was K. S. Nagaratnamma from 24 March 1972 to 3 March 1978.
 
The Budget Session and The Monsoon Session of the Legislature are held in Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. The Winter Session of the Legislature is held in Suvarna Soudha, Belagavi.
 
==List of speakers==
{{main|List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
 
== Leader of Oppostion<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previousleaderofopposition.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sl. No.
!Name
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Assembly
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |S. Shivappa
|22 March 1962
|28 January 1967
| rowspan="3" |{{Ayd|22 march 1962|6 november 1970}}
|Third Assembly
(1962- 67)
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Praja Socialist Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|15 March 1967
|22 February 1970
| rowspan="3" |Fourth Assembly
(1967-71)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|23 February 1970
|22 December 1970
|[[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{Samyukta Vidhayak Dal/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|H. Siddaveerappa
|23 December 1970
|14 April 1971
|{{Ayd|23 december 1970|14 april 1971}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress (R)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|24 March 1972
|17 March 1976
|{{Ayd|24 march 1972|17 march 1976}}
| rowspan="3" |Fifth Assembly
(1972 - 77)
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress (Organisation)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|H. T. Krishnappa
|18 March 1976
|25 October 1976
|{{Ayd|18 march 1976|25 october 1976}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(3)
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|18 November 1976
|31 December 1977
|{{Ayd|18 november 1976|31 december 1977}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|[[S. R. Bommai]]
|18 March 1978
|17 July 1979
|{{Ayd|18 march 1978|17 july 1979}}
| rowspan="4" |Sixth Assembly
(1978 - 83)
|[[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|[[R. Gundu Rao]]
|17 December 1979
|22 January 1980
|{{Ayd|17 december 1979|22 january 1980}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress (Indira)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|[[D. Devaraj Urs]]
|23 January 1980
|11 June 1981
|{{Ayd|23 january 1980|11 june 1981}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress (U)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|A. Lakshmisagar
|10 February 1982
|8 January 1983
|{{Ayd|10 february 1982|8 january 1983}}
|[[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|[[Veerappa Moily]]
|24 January 1983
|2 January 1985
|{{Ayd|24 january 1983|2 january 1985}}
|Seventh Assembly
(1983 - 85)
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress (Indira)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|[[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
|18 March 1985
|11 June 1986
|{{Ayd|18 march 1985|11 june 1986}}
| rowspan="2" |Eighth Assembly
(1985 - 89)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|[[K. S. Nagarathanamma]]
|29 January 1987
|21 April 1989
|{{Ayd|29 january 1987|21 april 1989}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|[[D. B. Chandregowda]]
|18 December 1989
|17 August 1992
|{{Ayd|18 december 1989|17 august 1992}}
| rowspan="2" |Ninth Assembly
(1989 - 94)
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Janata Dal/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|13
|[[R. V. Deshpande]]
|18 August 1992
|16 December 1994
|{{Ayd|18 august 1992|16 december 1994}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|14
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|27 December 1994
|18 December 1996
|{{Ayd|27 december 1994|18 december 1996}}
| rowspan="2" |Tenth Assembly
(1994 - 99)
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|15
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|19 December 1996
|7 July 1999
|{{Ayd|19 december 1996|7 july 1999}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|16
|[[Jagadish Shettar]]
|26 October 1999
|23 February 2004
|{{Ayd|26 october 1999|23 february 2004}}
|Eleventh Assembly
(1999 - 04)
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(14)
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|9 June 2004
|2 February 2006
|{{Ayd|9 june 2004|2 february 2006}}
| rowspan="2" |Twelfth Assembly
(2004 - 07)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|17
|[[Dharam Singh]]
|8 February 2006
|28 November 2007
|{{Ayd|8 february 2006|28 november 2007}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(15)
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|5 June 2008
|28 May 2009
|{{Ayd|5 june 2008|28 may 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |Thirteenth Assembly
(2008 - 13)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|18
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|8 June 2009
|12 May 2013
|{{Ayd|8 june 2009|12 may 2013}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|19
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|31 May 2013
|22 January 2014
|{{Ayd|31 may 2013|22 january 2014}}
| rowspan="2" |Fourteenth Assembly
(2013 - 18)
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| style="background-color: {{Janata Dal (Secular)/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(16)
|[[Jagadish Shettar]]
|23 January 2014
|17 May 2018
|{{Ayd|23 january 2014|17 may 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/color}}" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(14)
|[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|25 May 2018
|26 July 2019
|{{Ayd|25 may 2018|26 july 2019}}
| rowspan="2" |Fifteenth Assembly
(2018 - 23)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(18)
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|10 October 2019
|Incumbent
|{{Ayd|10 october 2019}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" |
|}
|}


== Members ==
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{main|15th Karnataka Assembly}}
{{transcluded section|source=16th Karnataka Assembly}}
 
{{#Section-h:16th Karnataka Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}
==Chief Ministers==
{{main|List of chief ministers of Karnataka}}
 
== Council of Ministers ==
{{main|Basavaraj Bommai ministry}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 420: Line 169:
*[[Government of Karnataka]]
*[[Government of Karnataka]]
*[[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
*[[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
*[[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislature]]
*[[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]


==References==
==References==
Line 427: Line 176:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
 
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/karnataka Karnataka Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website]
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/karnataka Karnataka Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website]


Revision as of 13:09, 22 July 2023


Karnataka Legislative Assembly
16th Karnataka Assembly
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Term limits
5 years
History
Founded1881 (1881)
Preceded by'Mysore Legislative Assembly
Leadership
Rudrappa Manappa Lamani, INC
since 6 July 2023
Leader of the House
(Chief Minister)
Deputy Leader of the house
(Deputy Chief Minister)
TBD, BJP
since July 2023
TBD, BJP
since July 2023
Ashok Pattan, INC
since 3 July 2023
Structure
Seats224
Political groups
Government (136)
INDIA (136)
  •   INC (135)
  •   IND (1)[1]

Official Opposition (85)
NDA (85)

Other Opposition (3)

Elections
First past the post
First election
26 March 1952
Last election
10 May 2023
Next election
2028
Meeting place
Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi, Karnataka, India (Winter session)
Website
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
Footnotes
The Council was established in 1881 for the Princely State of Mysore. The princely state was merged with the Dominion of India and became Mysore State in 1947; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as Karnataka on 1 November 1973.

The Karnataka Legislative Assembly, formerly the Mysore Legislative Assembly or Mysore Representative Assembly, is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Karnataka is one of the six states in India where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (lower house) and the Vidhan Parishad (upper house).[3] [4] There are 224 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and are directly elected by people through adult franchise. Karnataka is thus divided into 224 constituencies to elect members to the Assembly, each constituency electing one member. The assembly is elected using the simple plurality or "first past the post" electoral system. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India.

The normal term of the members lasts for five years. In case of death, resignation, or disqualification of a member, a by-election is conducted for constituency represented by the member. The party, or coalition which has the majority becomes the ruling party.

History

Mysore Representative Assembly was constituted in 1881 by Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X, the first of its kind in princely India. It formed the Kingdom's sole unicameral legislature until when, in 1907, an upper house was carved out of it to form the Mysore Legislative Council, resulting in the Assembly's functioning as the lower house.

On 16 December 1949, Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar dissolved the sitting representative and legislative assemblies. A constituent assembly that was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of Mysore until elections were held in 1952.

On Wednesday, 18 June 1952, at 11:00 am, the first session of the newly-formed Mysore Legislative Assembly was held at the old Public Office building conference hall (present-day High Court building) in Bangalore. The first assembly formed under the Constitution had 99 elected and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the state assembly, V. Venkatappa was the honorary speaker who administered oath to the members including the then Chief Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah. He conducted an election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda, and H. Siddaiah, where H. Siddaiah secured 74 votes and emerged victoriously and the first CM of Karnataka state Kengal Hanumanthaiah delivered the speech.

With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased by five members. After the re-organization of the state of Mysore came into being on 1 November 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district, and taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg, and the princely state of Mysore. The state was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

The first sitting of the new assembly was held on 19 December 1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.

The only woman Speaker of the Karnataka assembly was K. S. Nagarathanamma from 24 March 1972 to 3 March 1978.

The Budget Session and The Monsoon Session of the Legislature are held in Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. The Winter Session of the Legislature is held in Suvarna Soudha, Belagavi.

List of assemblies

Assembly Period Chief Minister(s)[5]
First Assembly 18 June 1952 – 1 April 1957[6] Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Kadidal Manjappa, S. Nijalingappa
Second Assembly 19 April 1957 – 1 March 1962[6] S. Nijalingappa, B.D. Jatti
Third Assembly 15 March 1962 – 28 February 1967 S. R. Kanthi, S. Nijalingappa
Fourth Assembly 15 March 1967 – 14 April 1971 S. Nijalingappa, Veerendra Patil
Fifth Assembly 24 March 1972 – 31 December 1977 (Dissolved) D. Devaraj Urs
Sixth Assembly 17 March 1978 – 8 June 1983 (Dissolved) D. Devaraj Urs, R. Gundu Rao
Seventh Assembly 24 July 1983 – 2 January 1985 (Dissolved) Ramakrishna Hegde
Eighth Assembly 18 March 1985 – 21 April 1989 (Dissolved) Ramakrishna Hegde, S. R. Bommai
Ninth Assembly 18 December 1989 – 20 September 1994 (Dissolved) Veerendra Patil, S.Bangarappa, M. Veerappa Moily
Tenth Assembly 25 December 1994 – 22 July 1999 (Dissolved) H.D. Deve Gowda, J. H. Patel
Eleventh Assembly 25 October 1999 – 28 May 2004 S. M. Krishna
Twelfth Assembly 28 May 2004 – 19 November 2007 (Dissolved) Dharam Singh, H. D. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Yeddyurappa
Thirteenth Assembly 30 May 2008 – 5 May 2013 B. S. Yeddyurappa, D.V. Sadananda Gowda, Jagadish Shettar
Fourteenth Assembly 13 May 2013 – 15 May 2018 Siddaramaiah
Fifteenth Assembly 16 May 2018 – 13 May 2023 B.S. Yeddyurappa, H. D. Kumaraswamy, B. S. Yeddyurappa, Basavaraj Bommai
Sixteen Assembly 20 May 2023 – Present Siddaramaiah

Members of Legislative Assembly

This section is transcluded from 16th Karnataka Assembly. (edit | history)
District No. Constituency Name Party Remarks
Belagavi 1 Nippani Shashikala Jolle BJP
2 Chikkodi-Sadalga Ganesh Hukkeri INC
3 Athani Laxman Savadi INC
4 Kagwad Raju Kage INC
5 Kudachi (SC) Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar INC
6 Raibag (SC) Duryodhan Aihole BJP
7 Hukkeri Nikhil Katti BJP
8 Arabhavi Balachandra Jarkiholi BJP
9 Gokak Ramesh Jarkiholi BJP
10 Yemkanmardi (ST) Satish Jarkiholi INC Cabinet Minister
11 Belgaum Uttar Asif Sait INC
12 Belgaum Dakshin Abhay Patil BJP
13 Belgaum Rural Lakshmi Hebbalkar INC Cabinet Minister
14 Khanapur Vithal Halagekar BJP
15 Kittur Babasaheb Devanagouda Patil INC
16 Bailhongal Mahantesh Koujalagi INC
17 Saundatti Yellamma Vishwas Vasant Vaidya INC
18 Ramdurg Ashok Pattan INC
Bagalkot 19 Mudhol (SC) R. B. Timmapur INC
20 Terdal Siddu Savadi BJP
21 Jamkhandi Jagadish Gudagunti BJP
22 Bilgi J. T. Patil INC
23 Badami Bhimsen Chimmanakatti INC
24 Bagalkot H. Y. Meti INC Died on 4 November 2025[7]
Vacant
25 Hungund Vijayanand Kashappanavar INC
Vijayapura 26 Muddebihal C. S. Nadagouda INC
27 Devar Hippargi Rajugouda Patil Janata Dal
28 Basavana Bagevadi Shivanand Patil INC
29 Babaleshwar M. B. Patil INC Cabinet Minister
30 Bijapur City Basangouda Patil Yatnal Independent Expelled from BJP on 26 March 2025[8]
31 Nagathan (SC) Katakadond Vittal Dondiba INC
32 Indi Yashavant Rayagoud Patil INC
33 Sindagi Ashok M. Managuli INC
Kalaburagi 34 Afzalpur M. Y. Patil INC
35 Jevargi Ajay Singh INC
Yadgir 36 Shorapur (ST) Raja Venkatappa Naik INC Died on 25 February 2024[9]
Raja Venugopal Naik INC Elected on 4 June 2024
37 Shahapur Sharanabasappa Darshanapur INC
38 Yadgir Channareddy Patil Tunnur INC
39 Gurmitkal Sharanagouda Kandakur Janata Dal
Kalaburagi 40 Chittapur (SC) Priyank Kharge INC Cabinet Minister
41 Sedam Sharan Prakash Patil INC
42 Chincholi (SC) Avinash Jadhav BJP
43 Gulbarga Rural (SC) Basawaraj Mattimud BJP
44 Gulbarga Dakshin Allamprabhu Patil INC
45 Gulbarga Uttar Kaneez Fathima INC
46 Aland B. R. Patil INC
Bidar 47 Basavakalyan Sharanu Salagar BJP
48 Humnabad Siddu Patil BJP
49 Bidar South Shailendra Bedale BJP
50 Bidar Rahim Khan INC
51 Bhalki Eshwara Khandre INC
52 Aurad (SC) Prabhu Chauhan BJP
Raichur 53 Raichur Rural (ST) Basanagouda Daddal INC
54 Raichur Dr Shivaraj Patil BJP
55 Manvi (ST) G. Hampayya Nayak INC
56 Devadurga (ST) Karemma Janata Dal
57 Lingsugur (SC) Manappa D. Vajjal BJP
58 Sindhanur Hampanagouda Badarli INC
59 Maski (ST) Basanagouda Turvihal INC
Koppal 60 Kushtagi Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil BJP
61 Kanakagiri (SC) Tangadagi Shivaraj Sangappa INC
62 Gangawati G. Janardhana Reddy BJP KRPP merges with BJP[10]
63 Yelburga Basavaraj Rayareddy INC
64 Koppal K. Raghavendra Hitnal INC
Gadag 65 Shirahatti (SC) Chandru Lamani BJP
66 Gadag H. K. Patil INC
67 Ron Gurupadagouda Sanganagouda Patil INC
68 Nargund C. C. Patil BJP
Dharwad 69 Navalgund Ningaraddi Hanamaraddi Konaraddi INC
70 Kundgol M. R. Patil BJP
71 Dharwad Vinay Kulkarni INC
72 Hubli-Dharwad East (SC) Abbayya Prasad INC
73 Hubli-Dharwad Central Mahesh Tenginakai BJP
74 Hubli-Dharwad West Arvind Bellad BJP

Deputy Leader of the Opposition

75 Kalghatgi Santosh Lad INC
Uttara Kannada 76 Haliyal R. V. Deshpande INC
77 Karwar Satish Krishna Sail INC
78 Kumta Dinakar Keshav Shetty BJP
79 Bhatkal Mankala Vaidya INC
80 Sirsi Bhimanna T. Naik INC
81 Yellapur Arbail Hebbar Shivaram Independent Expelled from Bharatiya Janata Party[11]
Haveri 82 Hangal Srinivas Mane INC
83 Shiggaon Basavaraj Bommai BJP Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
Pathan Yasir Ahmed Khan INC Elected on 23 November 2024
84 Haveri (SC) Rudrappa Manappa Lamani INC
85 Byadgi Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar INC
86 Hirekerur U. B. Banakar INC
87 Ranebennur Prakash Koliwad INC
Vijayanagara 88 Hoovina Hadagali (SC) Krishna Nayaka BJP
89 Hagaribommanahalli (SC) K. Nemaraja Naik Janata Dal
90 Vijayanagara H. R. Gaviyappa INC
Ballari 91 Kampli (ST) J. N. Ganesh INC
92 Siruguppa (ST) B. M. Nagaraja INC
93 Bellary (ST) B Nagendra INC Cabinet Minister
94 Bellary City Nara Bharath Reddy INC
95 Sandur (ST) E. Tukaram INC Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
E. Annapoorna INC Elected on 23 November 2024
Vijayanagara 96 Kudligi (ST) N. T. Srinivas INC
Chitradurga 97 Molakalmuru (ST) N. Y. Gopalakrishna INC
98 Challakere (ST) T. Raghumurthy INC
99 Chitradurga K. C. Veerendra Puppy INC
100 Hiriyur D. Sudhakar INC
101 Hosadurga B. G. Govindappa INC
102 Holalkere (SC) M. Chandrappa BJP
Davanagere 103 Jagalur (ST) B. Devendrappa INC


Vijayanagara 104 Harapanahalli Latha Mallikarjun Independent Joined Congress[12]
Davanagere 105 Harihar B. P. Harish BJP
106 Davanagere North S. S. Mallikarjun INC
107 Davanagere South Shamanur Shivashankarappa INC Died on 14 December 2025[13]
Vacant
108 Mayakonda (SC) K. S. Basavanthappa INC
109 Channagiri Basavaraju V. Shivaganga INC
110 Honnali A. D. G. Shanthana Gowda INC
Shimoga 111 Shimoga Rural (SC) Sharada Puryanaik Janata Dal
112 Bhadravati B. K. Sangameshwara INC
113 Shimoga Channabasappa BJP
114 Tirthahalli Araga Jnanendra BJP
115 Shikaripura B. Y. Vijayendra BJP
116 Sorab Madhu Bangarappa INC
117 Sagar Gopala Krishna Beluru INC
Udupi 118 Byndoor Gururaj Shetty Gantihole BJP
119 Kundapura A. Kiran Kumar Kodgi BJP
120 Udupi Yashpal A. Suvarna BJP
121 Kapu Gurme Suresh Shetty BJP
122 Karkala V. Sunil Kumar BJP
Chikmagalur 123 Sringeri T. D. Rajegowda INC
124 Mudigere (SC) Nayana Motamma INC
125 Chikmagalur H. D. Thammaiah INC
126 Tarikere G. H. Srinivasa INC
127 Kadur K. S. Anand INC
Tumakuru 128 Chiknayakanhalli C. B. Suresh Babu Janata Dal
129 Tiptur K. Shadakshari INC
130 Turuvekere M. T. Krishnappa Janata Dal
131 Kunigal H. D. Ranganath INC
132 Tumkur City G. B. Jyothi Ganesh BJP
133 Tumkur Rural B. Suresh Gowda BJP
134 Koratagere (SC) G. Parameshwara INC Cabinet Minister
135 Gubbi S. R. Srinivas INC
136 Sira T. B. Jayachandra INC
137 Pavagada (SC) H. V. Venkatesh INC
138 Madhugiri K. N. Rajanna INC
Chikkaballapura 139 Gauribidanur K. Puttaswamy Gowda Independent
140 Bagepalli S. N. Subbareddy INC
141 Chikkaballapur Pradeep Eshwar INC
142 Sidlaghatta B. N. Ravi Kumar Janata Dal
143 Chintamani M. C. Sudhakar INC Cabinet Minister
Kolar 144 Srinivaspur G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy Janata Dal
145 Mulbagal (SC) Samruddhi V. Manjunath Janata Dal
146 Kolar Gold Field (SC) M. Roopakala INC
147 Bangarapet (SC) S. N. Narayanaswamy INC
148 Kolar Kothur G. Manjunatha INC
149 Malur K. Y. Nanjegowda INC
Bangalore Urban 150 Yelahanka S. R. Vishwanath BJP
151 Krishnarajapuram B.A. Basavaraja BJP
152 Byatarayanapura Krishna Byregowda INC
153 Yeshwantpur S.T. Somashekar Independent Expelled from Bharatiya Janta Party
154 Rajarajeshwarinagar Munirathna BJP
155 Dasarahalli S. Muniraju BJP
156 Mahalakshmi Layout K. Gopalaiah BJP
157 Malleshwaram C.N. Ashwath Narayan BJP
158 Hebbal Suresha B.S. INC
159 Pulakeshinagar (SC) A.C. Srinivasa INC
160 Sarvagnanagar K.J. George INC Cabinet Minister
161 C. V. Raman Nagar (SC) S. Raghu BJP
162 Shivajinagar Rizwan Arshad INC
163 Shanti Nagar N.A. Haris INC
164 Gandhi Nagar Dinesh Gundu Rao INC
165 Rajaji Nagar S. Suresh Kumar BJP
166 Govindraj Nagar Priya Krishna INC
167 Vijay Nagar M. Krishnappa INC
168 Chamrajpet B.Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan INC Cabinet Minister
169 Chickpet Uday B. Garudachar BJP
170 Basavanagudi Ravi Subramanya L.A. BJP
171 Padmanabhanagar R. Ashoka BJP Leader of Opposition
172 B.T.M. Layout Ramalinga Reddy INC Cabinet Minister
173 Jayanagar C. K. Ramamurthy BJP
174 Mahadevapura (SC) Manjula S. BJP
175 Bommanahalli Satish Reddy M. BJP
176 Bangalore South M. Krishnappa BJP
177 Anekal (SC) B. Shivanna INC
Bangalore Rural 178 Hoskote Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda INC
179 Devanahalli (SC) K. H. Muniyappa INC Cabinet Minister
180 Doddaballapur Dheeraj Muniraj BJP
181 Nelamangala (SC) N. Shreenivasaiah INC
Ramanagara 182 Magadi H. C. Balakrishna INC
183 Ramanagara H. A. Iqbal Hussain INC
184 Kanakapura D.K. Shivakumar INC Deputy Chief Minister
185 Channapatna H. D. Kumaraswamy Janata Dal Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
C. P. Yogeshwar INC Elected on 23 November 2024
Mandya 186 Malavalli (SC) P. M. Narendraswamy INC
187 Maddur K. M. Udaya INC
188 Melukote Darshan Puttannaiah Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha
189 Mandya Ravikumar Gowda INC
190 Shrirangapattana A. B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda INC
191 Nagamangala N. Chaluvaraya Swamy INC
192 Krishnarajapet H. T. Manju Janata Dal
Hassan 193 Shravanabelagola C. N. Balakrishna Janata Dal
194 Arsikere K. M. Shivalinge Gowda INC
195 Belur H. K. Suresh BJP
196 Hassan Swaroop Prakash Janata Dal
197 Holenarasipur H. D. Revanna Janata Dal
198 Arkalgud A. Manju Janata Dal
199 Sakleshpur (SC) Cement Manju BJP
Dakshina Kannada 200 Belthangady Harish Poonja BJP
201 Moodabidri Umanatha Kotian BJP
202 Mangalore City North Y. Bharath Shetty BJP
203 Mangalore City South D. Vedavyasa Kamath BJP
204 Mangalore U. T. Khader INC Speaker
205 Bantval U. Rajesh Naik BJP
206 Puttur Ashok Kumar Rai INC
207 Sullia (SC) Bhagirathi Murulya BJP
Kodagu 208 Madikeri Mantar Gowda INC
209 Virajpet A. S. Ponnanna INC
Mysore 210 Periyapatna K. Venkatesh INC
211 Krishnarajanagara D. Ravishankar INC
212 Hunsur G. D. Harish Gowda Janata Dal
213 Heggadadevankote (ST) Anil Chikkamadhu INC
214 Nanjangud (SC) Darshan Dhruvanarayana INC
215 Chamundeshwari G. T. Devegowda Janata Dal
216 Krishnaraja T. S. Srivatsa BJP
217 Chamaraja K. Harish Gowda INC
218 Narasimharaja Tanveer Sait INC
219 Varuna Siddaramaiah INC Chief Minister
220 T. Narasipur (SC) H. C. Mahadevappa INC
Chamarajanagar 221 Hanur M. R. Manjunath Janata Dal
222 Kollegal (SC) A. R. Krishnamurthy INC
223 Chamarajanagar C. Puttarangashetty INC
224 Gundlupet H M Ganesh Prasad INC

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Newly elected independent MLA from Karnataka's Harapanahalli extends support to Congress". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  2. ↑ https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/hd-kumaraswamy-announces-his-party-jds-will-be-bjp-ally-work-against-congress-4229190
  3. ↑ "Karnataka Legislative Assembly". kla.kar.nic.in. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  4. ↑ https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-jds-tie-up-regional-party-looking-at-outcome-of-nda-meeting-on-july-18/article67087494.ece
  5. ↑ "chief minister Archives". Karnataka.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761265/1/jpi_October_1957.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  7. ↑ "Karnataka Congress MLA HY Meti passes away at 79 in Bengaluru". Hindustan Times. 4 November 2025. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
  8. ↑ "BJP expels Karnataka MLA for 6 years over remarks against party, BS Yediyurappa". India Today. 26 March 2025. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  9. ↑ "Karnataka Congress MLA Raja Venkatappa Naik dies at 66". India Today. 25 February 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  10. ↑ "Janardhana Reddy to merge his party with BJP today". The Times of India. 25 March 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  11. ↑ "Karnataka BJP expels two MLAs for 6 years over 'repeated violations'".
  12. ↑ "Lata Mallikarjun officially joins Congress party". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  13. ↑ "Veteran Congress leader Shamanur Shivashankarappa passes away at 94". The Hindu. 14 December 2025. Retrieved 14 December 2025.

External links

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