Udaipur State

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This article is about the administrative Mewar State. For the natural and historical region, see Mewar. For the state with its capital in Dharamjaigarh, see Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh.

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Udaipur State
Kingdom of Mewar

Mewar State
7th century–1949
Coat of arms of Udaipur State.png
Coat of arms of Udaipur State
Motto: "The Almighty protects the one who upholds righteousness"
Boundaries of Udaipur State in 1909
Boundaries of Udaipur State in 1909
Capital
Common languagesMewari[3]
Religion
Government
History 
• Established
7th century
1949
Area
1901[4]33,030 km2 (12,750 sq mi)
1941[5]33,517 km2 (12,941 sq mi)
Population
• 1941[5]
1,926,698

The Udaipur State, also historically known as Kingdom of Mewar was ruled by the Sisodia dynasty. It was an independent kingdom in Rajputana region of India. It was established around the 7th century as minor rulers of the Nagada-Ahar region of Udaipur[6] and later in the 10th century, it transformed into an independent state under Rawal Bharttripatta II.[7] In 1303, the kingdom was invaded, its capital fort Chittorgarh was besieged and taken by Alauddin Khalji killing the entire main branch of the family known as the Rawal Branch.[8][9] A junior branch of the family called the Ranas later regained the control of the kingdom in 1326 and under them, the kingdom became the most powerful kingdom in North India until the Mughal Invasion of India in 1526.[10] The kingdom under Udai Singh II and Maharana Pratap was constantly engaged in a struggle with the Mughals and the struggle came to an end with the kingdom accepting Mughal suzernity in 1615.[11] In 1818, it accepted British suzerainty and in 1947, Bhupal Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India and join the India.[12][13]

Rana Kumbha, the undefeated ruler of Mewar
Vijay Stambha is a victory monument located within Chittor Fort
Rana Sanga (1482–1528) reunited the Rajput clans to form a powerful Rajput confederation during the early 16th century. At its peak, his dominion covered present-day Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Western parts of present-day Madhya Pradesh.
Chittorgarh Fort
Maharana Pratap (1540–1597), Portrait by Raja Ravi Varma
City Palace, Udaipur (front view)
Jacqueline Kennedy being escorted by Bhagwat Singh of Mewar at Jag Mandir on Lake Pichola

Geography[edit]

The geographical boundaries of Mewar have waxed and waned over the centuries,[14] but as of 1941, the area of the state was 34,110 square kilometres (approximately the size of present-day Netherlands).[15][16] From the treaty with the British in 1818 to its accession to the Republic of India in 1949, the boundaries of Udaipur state were as follows: the state was bounded on the north by the British district of Ajmer-Merwara; on the west by Jodhpur and Sirohi; on the southwest by Idar; on the south by Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratabgarh; on the east by Bundi and Kota; and on the northeast by Jaipur.[17]

Origin[edit]

Main article: Guhila dynasty

Less is known about the origins of the Kingdom of Mewar. It was originally ruled by the Guhila dynasty. Guhadatta is considered the first ruler of the kingdom in the 7th century. In the early 8th century, it came under the sub ordinance of the regional Mori rulers.[6] The kingdom under Bappa Rawal acquired control of Chittor in 728 after taking it away from its Mori overlords.[18] Nagda was the capital of Mewar around this period.[1]

Bappa Rawal defeated an Arab invading force in a confederation with Gurjar-Pratihara ruler Nagabhata I.[19] Bappa Rawals successors, namely Khuman II would continue to resist Arab incursions into the country.[20]

The Guhilas from the 8th century acknowledged the suzerainty of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. In the 10th century, Bharttripatta II became an independent ruler and broke ties with the Pratihara empire and assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. His successor Allata killed Devapala, the ruler of the Gurjara Pratihara at that time.[21][22]

The Guhilas was controlled by the Parmaras in the 11th century and by the Chahamanas in the 12th century.[23][24] Guhila ruler Samant Singh established another branch of Guhilas in Vagad and also fought alongside the defeated Prithviraja III of Ajmer in Second Battle of Tarain against Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghuri.[25][26]

Through the 13th century, the Guhilas started getting more powerful and became independent of the Chahamana rule. It had to resist multiple invasions by Turkic invaders.[27] Eventually, in 1303 Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji invaded Mewer, besieged Chittor. In the siege, Rana Lakhan with his seven sons died in the battle and the women committed Jauhar. Although, Ajay Singh survived the disaster who later brought up Hammir. [8][9]

History[edit]

Reestablishment as Sisodia Kingdom[edit]

Rana Hammir[edit]

Following the invasion by Alauddin Khalji in 1303, the entire family branch was killed. In 1326, Hammir Singh, who descendant of Rahapa, son of Ranasimha, regained control of the region after marrying the daughter of Cahaman chief Maldev who assigned him some teritories,[28] although a firm hold was established after he replused an army of Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Singoli and started using the title 'Rana'.[29] Thus he founded the Sisodia clan.[30][31][32]

Hammirs son Kshetra Singh defeated the governor of Malwa Dilawar Khan and his grandson Lakha Singh was defeated by Zafar Khan of Gujarat.[33][7][34] Lakha's son Mokal Singh became the Rana at a very young age, so his mother Hansa Bai acted as a regent for him.[35] Mokal's brother Chunda left the fort because of conflicts between him and Hansa bai.[7] During Mokal's rule, the kingdom was invaded by Sultan of Nagaur but the Sultan was driven away. It was also invaded twice by Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, who was driven out once but during the second invasion, Mokal was assassinated by his uncles Chacha and Mera.[36]

Rana Kumbha[edit]

Main article: Kumbha of Mewar

After his fathers assassination, Rana Kumbha ascended to the throne in 1433. He first dealt with this fathers assassins and killed them.[37] He invaded the sultanate of Nagaur and captured Supadlaksha striking a rivalry with the Sultan of Nagaur and Gujarat.[38] In 1442, Sultan of Malwa attacked Mewar but was defeated but he captured the fort of Gagron in a brutal battle. Several attempts were made to capture Mandalgarh but failed.[39] Throughout the next few years, the Sultan of Gujarat and Malwa made several attempts to capture Mewar but failed repeatedly.[40] In 1456, the fort of Mandalgarh was taken in a brutal fight and Ajmer was also captured by the sultan of Malwa. Particularly, many efforts were made to capture the fort of Kumbhalgarh fort but failed every time. Kumbha is known to have constructed many invincible forts that still stand today.[41] He was also a scholar and constructed many temples. In 1468 he was assassinated by his son, Udai Singh I.

After Kumbha's assassination, Udai took over the throne, but he was defeated by his brother Rana Raimal in 1473.[42] Under Raimal , the kingdom was attacked Ghiyath Shah of Malwa , he walked through Ahar, Eklingji and besieged Chittor. In this battle, he was defeated badly and had to retreat. Another army of Malwa was defeated by Raimal at Mandalgarh. The sultan of Malwa captured Bundi and expelled its chief Rao Surtan who came to Mewar and sought refuge. Raimal lost areas of Amber, Naraina and Sikar.[43] Towards the end of Raimal's reign, his sons Prithviraj, Sangram and Jaimal started fighting for the throne. At the end of the conflict, Sangram ended up being the only claimant to the throne.

Rana Sanga[edit]

Main article: Rana Sanga

After his fathers death, Sangram Singh ascended on the throne in 1509. Around 1517, in the Sultanate of Malwa under the Sultan Mahmud Khilji II, too much power landed in the hands of one Medini Rai which upsetted alot of Muslim nobles and eventually Mahmud himself asked for help from the Sultan of Gujarat to get rid of Medini Rai. The war started as the two sultans besieged Mandu where Rai's son died. Sanga supported Medini Rai and in turn attacked and captured Gagron where he appointed Medini Rai to govern as a replacement to his prior holdings in Malwa.[44]

Main articles: Battle of Khatoli and Battle of Dholpur

In 1518, Ibrahim Lodhi ascended to the throne of Delhi. He engaged with Sanga in two major battles when he realized Sanga had been encroaching on land in the Sultanate. But the Sultan was defeated at Khatoli and Dholpur because of which Sanga was able to capture entire North-East Rajputana upto Chanderi. This defeat was a humiliating setback for the new sultan as he lost a lot of territory amongst an internal conflict in his empire. It was the battle of Khatoli where Sanga's arm was injured by a sword and leg was injured by an arrow making him lame.[45]

In 1518 Mahmud Khilji II collected another massive army and invaded Mewar through Gagron, in the massive battle ensuing, the Maharana won decisively and was also able to take Khilji captive and appointed physician to specially take care of Khilji and later escorted him to Mandu, back to his kingdom. In 1520, Sangram decided to attack Idar and the sultanate of Gujarat after a furious exchange with him. In the ensuing campaign, the Rana not only completely captured Idar, but also raided Ahmadabad and returned with massive wealth looted.[46]

After the looting of Ahmadnagar, The Sultan of Malwa and Gujrat mobilized heavily in 1521 against the Rana who was joined by forces from the entire Rajputana. At the end, the heavy mobilization was of no use and Sanga was able to use his brilliant diplomatic skills to scare the Sultana. In the same year, Ibrahim Lodhi again tried to attack the Rana but failed again. It is around this time that Sanga's power is at zenith. He had thoroughly defeated Gujarat and Delhi, largely captured Malwa and allied with remaining parts of Rajputana.[46]

In 1526, Babur invaded, defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodhi. Thus, laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire from the remains of the Lodhi Empire. After successful skirmishes, Sanga suffered a serious reverse despite the numerical superiority, because of the use of Gun powder by the Mughals. He was wounded in the battlefield and was removed in unconscious state by Prithviraj Kachwaha of Amber. He was eventually poisoned by his generals for not leaving desire for defeating Babur after being defeated in Khanwa.[47]

After Sangram's death, his son Ratan Singh II was placed on the throne by the generals. Mahmud Khilji, who was badly defeated by Sangram, tried to cash the opportunity of a week Rana and invaded but was badly defeated and was also defeated in a counter attack.[48] In 1531, he was killed in a battle. His brother Rana Vikramaditya succeeded him at a young age and was unpopular. During his reign, Mewar was invaded by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. He was assassinated by his cousin Vanvir Singh who userped the throne in 1534 and kept it for 6 years.[49] Vanvir also attempted to kill Vikramaditya's brother Udai but Udai's nurse Panna Dhai placed her son in Udai's bed getting him killed and saving the true heir to the throne.[50]

In 1540, an older Udai took over Chittor and let Vanvir walk away. He became Udai Singh II.[51]

Mewar and the Mughals[edit]

Main articles: Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) and Battle of Haldighati

Udai Singh II[edit]

Main article: Udai Singh II

Early into his reign, Maldev Rathore unsuccessfully invaded Mewar.[52] In 1557, he was defeated by a joint invasion by Haji Khan and Maldeo Rathore in the Battle of Haramada.[53] He is most known for establishing the city of Udaipur. The city was designed with the use of gun powder by Persian invaders in India. He settled people in the city and constructed forts as well.[54]

During his reign, Akbar, Babur's grandson, made great efforts to get the Maharana to accept his suzerainty by sending emissaries and envoys. When Udai rejected all offers by Akbar, this made Akbar consider invading Mewar. Udai had faith in his forts as they had defended the rulers for decades in the past and were very strong.[55] He was advice by his generals to make adequate arrangements for defense and then retire to the hilly areas of Chittor which he heeded.[56]

Siege of Chittor (1567)[edit]

Akbar laid siege to the fort of Chittor and started making direct attacks. When these attacks failed to do any damage, he ordered construction of Sabats (approach trenches). The Rajput defenses showered the constructors of these Sabats with arrows and cannonballs but eventually the sabats' construction was complete.[57] Explosives were set on these sabats for breaching the sturdy Chittor walls and explosions were able to break some walls but the Rajputs quickly filled those cavities. The explosions killed hundreds of Mughal soldiers and threw rocks miles away and was heard in towns very distant. Several other Sabats were built in front of other walls. These explosions disheartened many Mughal soldiers and Akbar himself but the siege kept going.[58] While fighting, Jaimal Rathore, the commander of Mewari forces was shot dead by Akbar, soon after which the doors of Chittor were breached and Rajput soldiers fought to death. Women of the fort committed Jauhar. Soon the fort was taken over and Akbar commanded a slaughter of around 30,000 inhabitants of the fort.[59][60] Udai Singh II died 4 years later in 1572.

Maharana Pratap Singh[edit]

Udai wanted his second son Jagmal to succeed him, but after his death, his eldest son, Pratap was enthroned by the generals.[61] The order of damage inflicted by Mughal forces in 1568 to Chittor meant that Pratap was not willing to make any concessions to Akbar. He saw Mughals as invaders who were resisted by his father and grandfather.[62] Within 1 year, diplomatic missions by top Mughal officials like Man Singh, Bhagwant Das, Todar Mal failed to convince Pratap to accept Mughal dominance, appear in Mughal court, pay tribute and enlist as a Mansabdar.[63]

Swarup Singh of Udaipur (1815–1861)
Battle of Haldighati[edit]

Pratap soon started to prepare for a big battle. He retired from his fortress until Chittor was recaptured, forbade the use of Silver and Gold in the kingdom and forbade sowing of crops to prevent Mughal forces from acquiring supplies from his own land.[64] The big battle came in the form of the Battle of Haldighati with Akbar sending Man Singh against the forces of Mewar headed by Pratap.

Pratap first attacked on the center wing of the army which forced Mughals to retreat.[65] Mewar army was also able to break the left and right wing of the Mughal Army. It was appearing that Mewar would win but slowly Mewari army started getting exhausted and Mihtar Khan on the Mughal side started beating the kettle-drums and spread a rumour about the arrival of the Emperor's army reinforcements,[66][67][68][69] which raised the morale of the Mughal army and turned the battle in their favour.[69] The Mewari soldiers starting deserting in large numbers, finding the day lost and eventually Pratap was injured and had to leave the battlefield.[70] A Jhala chieftain called Man Singh took the Rana's place and donned some of his royal emblems by which the Mughals mistook him for the Rana. Man Singh Jhala was eventually killed, however his act of bravery gave the Rana enough time to safely retreat.[65]

Maharana Raj Singh (1629–1680)

Mughal influences on Mewar lasted from 1615 till 1658 when Maharana Raj Singh I defeated Mughals and took back all regions of Mewar and expanded the empire much farther than before. In 1615, after four decades of skirmishing, Mewar finally surrendered to the Mughals and entered into a treaty under which Mewar rulers can now enter their old territories like Chittor and Mandalgarh under the Mughal vassalship and the crown prince of Mewar attending the Mughal court and Mewar providing a force of 1,000 horsemen to the Mughals.[71] In 1658, Raj Singh embarked on his own expeditions using pretence of a ceremonial "Tikadaur", traditionally taken in enemy land. The Maharana swooped down on various Mughal posts in 1658. Levies were imposed on outposts and tracts like Mandal, Banera, Shahpura, Sawar, Jahazpur, Phulia etc. which were then under Mughal control, and some areas were annexed. He next attacked pargana of Malpura, Tonk, Chatsu, Lalsot and Sambhar. He expanded the Mewar kingdom to bigger heights than before.[72][73][74]

Maratha influence[edit]

Lake Palace in Lake Pichola

The Marathas made the first successful incursion into Mewar territory in 1725 and, subsequently, continued to exert increasing influence not only on Mewar but also surrounding states of Dungarpur, Banswara, and Bundi.[75][page needed] To counter the Marathas, Maharana Jagat Singh of Mewar convened a conference of Rajput rulers in Hurda in 1734, but no agreement materialised.[75][page needed] Maratha power continued to grow, with the Marathas regularly extracting hefty tributes from Mewar over the remaining part of the century.[75][page needed]

Mewar in the British Raj[edit]

By 1818, the armies of Holkar, Scindia, and Tonk had plundered Mewar, pauperising its ruler and people. [76]As early as 1805, Maharana Bhim Singh of Mewar approached the British for assistance but the Treaty of 1803 with Scindia prevented the British from entertaining the request. [76] But by 1817, the British too were anxious to have alliances with Rajput rulers and the Treaty of Friendship, Alliances and Unity was concluded between Mewar and East India Company (on behalf of Britain) on 13 January 1818.[76][77]

Under the treaty, the British Government agreed to protect the territory of Mewar, in return for which Mewar acknowledged British supremacy and agreed to abstain from political associations with other states and to pay one-fourth of its revenues as tribute for 5 years, and three-eight in perpetuity.[77] A constitution for Udaipur State was adopted on May 23, 1947.[78] The last ruler of Udaipur State signed the accession to Independent India on 7 April 1949.[citation needed]

Maharanas[edit]

Main article: Sisodias of Mewar

British Residents and Political Agents[edit]

Political Agents employed by the East India Company to oversee their affairs in the state included James Tod, who held the office from March 1818 to June 1822.[citation needed] The post of British Resident that superseded this position was twice held by Alan Holme (1908 – 1911 and 1916 – 1919).[citation needed]

Administrative structure[edit]

At the time of the 1901 census, the state was divided into 17 administrative sub-divisions - 11 zilas and 6 parganas, the difference between a zila and pargana being that the latter was larger and broken up into further subdivisions.[79] Further, there were 28 principal jagirs and 2 bhumats.[80] Each zila was administered by a hakim, a state official, supported at each tehsil (a zila sub-division) by an assistant hakim.[81] The state was poorly managed before British rule. The revenue of Udaipur state was Rs.4,00,000 with a debt of Rs.29,00,000 in 1819, after which the British took over the administration. The state revenue showed improvement under British agents, the revenue rising to Rs.8,00,000 in 1821 and an average of Rs.28,00,000 in 1899–1900.[82]

Land tenure[edit]

The principal forms of land tenure in the state were jagir, bhum, sasan, and khalsa. Jagirs were grants of land made in recognition service of a civil or political nature. Jagirdars, the holders of jagir, usually paid a fixed annual tribute called chhatund on an annual basis, and nazarana on the succession of a new Maharana. On the death of a jagirdar, the jagir reverted to the Maharana until the late jagirdar's successor was recognized by the Maharana. Those holding bhum tenures paid a small tribute or nominal quit-rent (bhum barar), and were liable to be called on for local service. Sasan (also known as muafi) holders were not liable for payments to the Maharana but taxes were sometimes recovered from them. Khalsa (crown lands) holders were cultivators who were undisturbed in their possession as long as they continued to pay land revenue.[83] As of 1912, 38% of the land revenue of the State was from khalsa land, the rest from other forms of tenure.[84]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Bhattacharya, A.N. (2000). Human Geography of Mewar. Himanshu Publications. ISBN 9788186231906.
  2. ↑ Agarwal, B.D. (1979). Rajasthan District Gazetteers, Udaipur. Jaipur: Directorate of District Gazetteers.
  3. ↑ Ojha, Gaurishankar Hirachand (1990). उदयपुर राज्य का इतिहास [History of Udaipur State]. Rajasthani Granthagar.
  4. ↑ Bannerman, A.D. (1902). Census of India 1901, Vol. XXV-A, Rajputana, Part II Imperial Tables (PDF). Newal Kishore Press.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dashora, Yamunalal. Mewar in 1941 or A Summary of Census Statistics. R.C. Sharma.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nandini Sinha 1991, p. 64-65.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 50-51.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. Alauddin closely invested Chittor. After a valiant resistance by the besieged for several months, Alauddin stormed the fort (1303). The Rajputs performed jauhar and most of the warriors died fighting. Padmini, and the other queens, also sacrificed their lives. But it seems that Ratan Singh was captured alive and kept a prisoner for some time
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rima Hooja 2006, pp. 308: "Amir Khusrau’s works have omitted mention of several episodes unpalatable to the Sultan among them the murder of Jalaluddin Khilji by his nephew, Alauddin; Alauddin’s defeat at the hands of the Mongols; and the Mongol siege of Delhi. Srivastava also asserts that it would be wrong to say that Jayasi had concocted the entire story of Padmini. He holds that ‘Jayasi wrote out a romance, the plot of which he derived from Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh’, and while conceding that “most of the romantic details of Jayasi’s Padmavat are imaginary”, asserts that “the main plot of the story that Padmini was coveted by Alauddin and was shown in a mirror to the lustful Sultan who had her husband arrested, is most probably based on historical truth. He further suggests that the women performed Jauhar after Ratan Singh’s arrest and then the Rajputs fell on the invaders and rescued the Rana, but they were cut down to a man, and the fort and the country passed into Alauddin’s hands"
  10. ↑ V.S Bhatnagar (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p. 6. Mewars grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest power in the northern india in first quater of 16th century
  11. ↑ Chandra 2006, p. 123.
  12. ↑ Manoshi, Bhattacharya (2008). The Royal Rajputs. pp. 42–46. ISBN 9788129114013.
  13. ↑ Agarwal, B.D. (1979). Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Udaipur. Jaipur: Government of Rajasthan. p. 230.
  14. ↑ Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R., eds. (2008). Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 64. ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
  15. ↑ "The World Factbook: Netherlands". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  16. ↑ Dashora, Yamunalal (1942). Census of Mewar, 1941. Alwar: Sharma Bros.
  17. ↑ Based on map of Mewar shown with the article.
  18. ↑ Vaidya, C.V. (1924). History Of Mediaeval Hindu India. Vol. II. Poona: The Oriental Book Supplying Agency. pp. 75.
  19. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 45.
  20. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 50.
  21. ↑ R. C. Majumdar 1977, p. 299.
  22. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, p. 53.
  23. ↑ Krishna Narain Seth 1978, p. 94.
  24. ↑ D. C. Ganguly 1957, p. 89.
  25. ↑ Gopinath Sharma (1992). "RAJASTHAN". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 803. COMPRISING the districts of Dungarpur and Banswara was known as Vagad in old days. It was occupied chiefly by Bhils and to a small extent by Rajputs of the Chauhan and Pramara clans. Samant Singh of Mewar was forced by circumstances to migrate to Vagad and to set up a separate principality with its capital at Baroda in the last halť of the twelfth century. But his rüle was short-lived. After a reign of about ten years, he was overpowered by Bhim Deva II, who established his sway about the year 1185 and posted his chief, Vijayapal, over Vagad. The fugitive prince, according to local traditions, repaired to the court of Prithviraja and died a martyr's death at the famous feld of Tarain
  26. ↑ Rima Hooja 2006, p. 350: "In the final quarter of the twelfth century AD (as noted already), Mewar’s Guhila chief, Samantasimha, sought refuge in the Vagar area,following his defeat at the hands of Kirtipal of Jalore and the Chalukyas of Gujarat, along with the loss of his capital city. Samantasimha established a principality centred around his new small capital of Baroda sometime around c. 1171 or so. This probably proved short-lived. Ojha holds,on the basis of the Virpur Inscription,that having been forced to quit his estates,Samantasimha subsequently found a place at the court of Prithviraj Chauhan III,and finally met a hero’s death at the battle of Tarain"
  27. ↑ D. C. Ganguly 1957, p. 90.
  28. ↑ Kishori Saran Lal (1950). History of the Khaljis (1290-1320). Allahabad: The Indian Press. p. 131. OCLC 685167335. Maldeva's greatest enemy was Hammir, Rānã of Sesoda, whose grandfather Lakshman Singh had died with his seven sons including Arsi Singh, father of Hamrair, fighting in the battle of Chittor. Hammīr who had survived the memorable battle, Hammir became the Rana of Sesoda estate and constantly waged war to obtain Chittor Maldeva tried to conciliate him. He married his daughter to Hammīr and ceded certain parts of Chittor to him, but the brave Ränā was determined to regain the whole of Chittor. At last his efforts were crowned with success and after the death of Maldeva in about 1321 A.D. Hammir became master of the whole of Mewar, and assumed the title of Mahãrānā. In an inscription of Mahārānā Kumbhā's time,dated 1438 A.D.;Hammīr is said to have killed a large number of Musalmans. Hammir's descendants have ruled Mewar to the present day
  29. ↑ R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  30. ↑ Rima Hooja 2006, pp. 328–329.
  31. ↑ The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan by M. S. Naravane ISBN 81-7648-118-1
  32. ↑ Manoshi, Bhattacharya (2008). The Royal Rajputs. pp. 42–46. ISBN 9788129114013.
  33. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 110.
  34. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 112-114.
  35. ↑ Rima Hooja 2006, p. 335-336.
  36. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 117-119.
  37. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 122.
  38. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 125-127.
  39. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 128-129.
  40. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 130-132.
  41. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 136-140.
  42. ↑ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-13663-979-1.
  43. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 147-149.
  44. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 154-160.
  45. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 157-159.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 159-168.
  47. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 169-176.
  48. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 178.
  49. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 183-189.
  50. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 193.
  51. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 193-196.
  52. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 196.
  53. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 202-204.
  54. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 205.
  55. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 206-207.
  56. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 209.
  57. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 211-212.
  58. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 212-215.
  59. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 215-16.
  60. ↑ Rima Hooja 2006, pp. 463.
  61. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 220.
  62. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 220-221.
  63. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 223.
  64. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 224.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Rima Hooja 2006, pp. 469-470.
  66. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938. Orient Longman. p. 52. ISBN 9788125003335.
  67. ↑ Chandra 2006, p. 120.
  68. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 229.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 227-229.
  70. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 227-228.
  71. ↑ Panagariya, B.L.; Pahariya, N.C. (1947). Political, socio-economic and cultural history of Rajasthan (Earliest times to 1947). Jaipur: Panchsheel Prakashan. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  72. ↑ Sharma, Gopinath. Rajasthan Ka Itihas. Agra. p. 278. ISBN 978-81-930093-9-0.
  73. ↑ Rima Hooja 2006, p. 617.
  74. ↑ Ram Vallabh Somani 1976, pp. 281-282.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Mathur, Tej Kumar (1987). Feudal polity in Mewar. Jaipur and Indore: Publication Scheme.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R., eds. (2008). Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. pp. 64. ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Aitchison, C.U. (1909). A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Vol. III. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 10–32.
  78. ↑ Darda, D.S. From Feudalism to Democracy. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd.
  79. ↑ Agarwal, B.D. (1979). Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Udaipur. Jaipur: Government of Rajasthan. p. 2.
  80. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series Rajputana. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908. pp. 106–168.
  81. ↑ Ojha, Gaurishankar Hirachand (1999). उदयपुर राज्य का इतिहास. Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar. pp. 15–16.
  82. ↑ A Gazetteer Of The Udaipur State With A Chapter On The Bhils And Some Statistical Tables by Erskine, K. D. ..Chapter XII, Finance.
  83. ↑ Erskine, K.D. (1908). Rajputana Gazeteers, Vol II-A (The Mewar Residency). Ajmer: Scottish Mission Industries Co. Ltd. pp. 71–72.
  84. ↑ Administration Report of the Mewar State for the Year 1910-11. Ajmer: Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd. 1911. pp. 1.

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • The Kingdom of Mewar: great struggles and glory of the world's oldest ruling dynasty, by Irmgard Meininger. D.K. Printworld, 2000. ISBN 81-246-0144-5.
  • Costumes of the rulers of Mewar: with patterns and construction techniques, by Pushpa Rani Mathur. Abhinav Publications, 1994. ISBN 81-7017-293-4.

Coordinates: 24°35′N 73°41′E / 24.58°N 73.68°E / 24.58; 73.68

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