Western Uttar Pradesh: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Uttarpradesh-languages.GIF|thumb|right|250 px|Location of Western Uttar Pradesh (consisting of Khariboli, Kannauji and Braj areas)]]
{{Infobox settlement
'''Western Uttar Pradesh''' is a region in [[India]] that comprises the western districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, including the areas of [[Rohilkhand]] and those where Khariboli, [[Braj]] and Kannauji are spoken. The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]] states.<ref name="leaf1998">{{Cite book |last=Leaf|first=Murray J. |authorlink = Murray Leaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nShHkKOiPTsC |title=Pragmatism and development: the prospect for pluralist transformation in the Third World |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0897895736 |quote=''... Village organization and district administration in western Uttar Pradesh is generally much more like the neighboring states of Rajasthan and Haryana than like eastern Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Uttar Pradesh is more like Bihar than western Uttar Pradesh ... Of all these regions, western Uttar Pradesh is generally regarded as having the best administration, the most productive agriculture, and the best managed canals ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref48jorop">{{Citation |last=Alfred De Souza |title=Urban growth and urban planning: political context and people's priorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I17aAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Indian Social Institute, 1983 |quote=''... The difference in the urban settlement pattern between western and eastern Uttar Pradesh is so pronounced that one could almost feel that the two regions were located in two different countries with completely different economic systems ...''}}</ref> Western Uttar Pradesh has experienced rapid economic growth, in a fashion similar to Haryana and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], due to the successes of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]].<ref name="ghonemy1986">[[Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy]], "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ''... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...''</ref><ref name="rastyannikov1981">V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, {{ISBN|0710007558}}.</ref><ref name="bhatia1985">B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.</ref> A significant part of western Uttar Pradesh is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of India. The largest city of the region is [[Ghaziabad]], while the second-largest city, [[Agra]], is a major tourist destination.
| name              = Western Uttar Pradesh
| other_name        =
| settlement_type    = [[Region]]
| image_map          = India Harit Pradesh locator map.svg
| map_caption        = Location of Western Uttar Pradesh in India
| mapframe          = no
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
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| image1      = Sunset in Indirapuram Uttar Pradesh.jpg
| caption1    = [[Indirapuram]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| image2      = Greater Noida at night.jpg
| caption2    = [[Greater Noida]]
| image3      = Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png
| caption3    = [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]]
| image4      = Kali Paltan Mandir, Meerut.jpg
| caption4    = [[Kali Paltan Mandir|Augarhnath Temple]], [[Meerut]]
| image5      = Efficiency in the shape.jpg
| caption5    = [[GAIL]], [[Noida]]
| image6 = Migratory Birds At Hastinapur.jpg
| caption6 =  [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]]
}}
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| subdivision_type  = Continent
| subdivision_name  = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2  = State
| subdivision_name2  = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3  = Covering territory
| subdivision_name3  = *[[Meerut division]]
*[[Saharanpur division]]
*[[Moradabad division]]
*[[Bareilly division]]
*[[Aligarh division]]
*[[Agra division]]
| subdivision_type4  = Languages
| subdivision_name4  = [[Hindi]],  [[Urdu]], [[Braj language|Braj]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]
| blank1_name_sec1  = Largest cities
| blank1_info_sec1  = {{hlist
| [[Ghaziabad]]
| [[Agra]]
| [[Meerut]]
| [[Noida]]
| [[Bareilly]]
| [[Aligarh]]
| [[Moradabad]]
| [[Saharanpur]]
}}
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| population_total  = 71,217,132
| population_as_of  = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
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'''Western Uttar Pradesh''' is a region in [[India]] that comprises the western districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], including the [[Upper Doab]], [[Rohilkhand]] and [[Braj]] areas, where languages like [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Braj language|Braj]] are spoken. The largest city of the region is [[Ghaziabad]], while the second-largest city, [[Agra]], is a major tourist destination.
 
It is in the region of Western Uttar Pradesh that [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] originated.<ref name="Taher1995"/> The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]] states.<ref name="leaf1998">{{Cite book |last=Leaf|first=Murray J. |authorlink = Murray Leaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nShHkKOiPTsC |title=Pragmatism and development: the prospect for pluralist transformation in the Third World |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0897895736 |quote=''... Village organization and district administration in western Uttar Pradesh is generally much more like the neighboring states of Rajasthan and Haryana than like eastern Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Uttar Pradesh is more like Bihar than western Uttar Pradesh ... Of all these regions, western Uttar Pradesh is generally regarded as having the best administration, the most productive agriculture, and the best managed canals ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref48jorop">{{Citation |last=Alfred De Souza |title=Urban growth and urban planning: political context and people's priorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I17aAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Indian Social Institute, 1983 |quote=''... The difference in the urban settlement pattern between western and eastern Uttar Pradesh is so pronounced that one could almost feel that the two regions were located in two different countries with completely different economic systems ...''}}</ref>
 
Western Uttar Pradesh has experienced rapid economic growth, in a fashion similar to the states of Haryana and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], due to the success of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]].<ref name="ghonemy1986">[[Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy]], "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ''... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...''</ref><ref name="rastyannikov1981">V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, {{ISBN|0710007558}}.</ref><ref name="bhatia1985">B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.</ref> A significant part of western Uttar Pradesh is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of India.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
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{{bar percent|Others†|grey|1.41}}
{{bar percent|Others†|grey|1.41}}
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
†<small>Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Christians]], [[Jain]]s.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226022814/http://censusindia.gov.in/%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref></small>
<small>†Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Christians]], [[Jain]]s.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref></small>
}}
}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Khariboli sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|59.19}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Khariboli sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|62.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|39.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|36.17}}
{{bar percent|Others†|grey|1.64}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.64}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Braj sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|82.78}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Braj sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|82.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|16.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|16.00}}
{{bar percent|Others†|grey|1.22}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.22}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
 
The population of Western Uttar Pradesh is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including [[Ahir]] ([[Yadav|Yadavs]]), [[Gurjar]]s, [[Jat]]s, [[Brahmins]], [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]]s, [[Tyagi]]s, [[Bhar]] ([[Rajbhar]]s), [[Kutchi people|Kachhi]], [[Kahar]] ([[Kashyap|Kashyaps]]) , [[Gadaria]], [[Kumhar]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Khatik]], [[Lodha]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]],
The population of Western Uttar Pradesh is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including [[Jat]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]]s, [[Tyagi]]s, [[Ahir]]s, [[Brahmins]], [[Kutchi people|Kachhi]], [[Kahar]], [[Gadaria]], [[Kumhar]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Khatik]], [[Lodha]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Gurjar]]s, [[Jatav]], [[Kurmi]]s and [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/brahmin-says-will-not-vote-for-bjp-up-election-2017-news-in-hindi-1490467/ |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=www.patrika.com |date=15 July 2016 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Brahmins]], including [[Tyagi Gaur|Tyagis]], constitute 17% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/brahmin-says-will-not-vote-for-bjp-up-election-2017-news-in-hindi-1490467/ |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=www.patrika.com |date=15 July 2016 |language=hi}}</ref> Generally a myth is propagated that West UP has a Jat majority; in reality Jats are a small community in Western Uttar Pradesh outnumbered by other communities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=UP Elections: The myth of western UP as 'Jat' land|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/up-elections-the-myth-of-western-up-as-jat-land/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Jatav]], [[Kurmi]]s and [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/brahmin-says-will-not-vote-for-bjp-up-election-2017-news-in-hindi-1490467/ |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=www.patrika.com |date=15 July 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>  


The unique setup of Western UP arises largely from the dominance of intermediate castes engaged in agriculture like the [[Brahmin]]s with [[Tyagi]]s, [[Jat]]s (7%),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Wary of Jat-Muslim Consolidation in Western UP, BJP Targets SP, Says Akhilesh 'Cheated' RLD|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/wary-of-jat-muslim-vote-consolidation-in-western-up-bjp-targets-akhilesh-says-he-cheated-jayant-chaudhary-4701017.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> [[Yadav]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Gadariya]]s  and [[Rajput]]s , the region in 1980s and 1990s was witness to the sugarcane mafia led by the above mentioned communities.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-turf-wars-over-sugarcane-factories-started-a-circle-of-crime-in-badlands-of-western-up/story-oRhZASgv15LC1pyQh983yO.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/up-s-wild-west-rises-in-crime-status-359559|title = UP's wild west rises in crime status}}</ref> Yadavs have very small presence in this region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Swapan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gqXDwAAQBAJ&dq=tyagi+brahmin&pg=PT47|title=Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right|date=2019-05-25|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-530-1|language=en}}</ref>
The region in 1980s and 1990s was witness to the "sugarcane mafia" led by the above mentioned communities.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-turf-wars-over-sugarcane-factories-started-a-circle-of-crime-in-badlands-of-western-up/story-oRhZASgv15LC1pyQh983yO.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/up-s-wild-west-rises-in-crime-status-359559|title = UP's wild west rises in crime status}}</ref> Yadavs have a small presence in this region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Swapan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gqXDwAAQBAJ&dq=tyagi+brahmin&pg=PT47|title=Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right|date=2019-05-25|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-530-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling in UP's Jatland: BSP factor, vote transfer woes could hit Akhilesh-Jayant jodi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/up-elections-akhilesh-yadav-bsp-jayant-chaudhary-1905769-2022-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=India Today |date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>  


As per 2011 Census, the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 71,217,132, out of which 72.29% is [[Hindu]] and 26.21% is [[Muslim]].<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The population in Khariboli region is 29,669,035, (Hindu 59.19% and Muslim 39.17%) and the population of Braj region is 29,754,755 (Hindu 82.78% and Muslim 16%). Muslim population share in eight districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Meerut and Bareilly has increased from 29.93% in 1951 to 40.43% in 2011. This has been point of contention in politics with demands for population control bill being raised from Hindu groups.
As per 2011 Census, the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 71,217,132, out of which 72.29% is [[Hindu]] and 26.21% is [[Muslim]].<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The population in Khariboli region is 29,669,035, (Hindu 59.19% and Muslim 39.17%) and the population of Braj region is 29,754,755 (Hindu 82.78% and Muslim 16%). Muslim population share in eight districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Meerut and Bareilly has increased from 29.93% in 1951 to 40.43% in 2011. This has been point of contention in politics with demands for population control bill being raised from Hindu groups.


The percentage of [[Muslim]]s in Western Uttar Pradesh (~26%) is higher than the whole state of Uttar Pradesh (where it is 19.3%).<ref name="toi2006tak">{{Citation |title=Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned |date=2006-07-19 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/lucknow/27821622_1_harit-pradesh-azam-khan-muslim-intellectuals |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/lucknow/27821622_1_harit-pradesh-azam-khan-muslim-intellectuals |quote="... demand is neither feasible nor proper," said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 25% in Western UP.  ... |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2002kds">{{Citation |title=Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote |date=2002-02-12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/02/13/stories/2002021301391000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |place=Chennai, India |quote=... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ... |access-date=2009-07-24}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Out of 77 assembly seats in this region, Muslim candidates won 26 seats in the 2012 assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mayank |date=19 September 2013 |title=Why the Jat-Muslim coalition has fallen apart in UP |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-jat-muslim-coalition-has-fallen-apart-in-up-113091900028_1.html |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Several communities are bi-religious.<ref name="ReferenceA">A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref>
The percentage of [[Muslim]]s in Western Uttar Pradesh (~26%) is higher than the whole state of Uttar Pradesh (where it is 19.3%).<ref name="toi2006tak">{{Citation |title=Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned |date=2006-07-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ministers-demand-for-Muslim-Pradesh-condemned/articleshow/1773733.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/lucknow/27821622_1_harit-pradesh-azam-khan-muslim-intellectuals |quote="... demand is neither feasible nor proper," said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 25% in Western UP.  ... |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2002kds">{{Citation |title=Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote |date=2002-02-12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/02/13/stories/2002021301391000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |place=Chennai, India |quote=... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ... |access-date=2009-07-24}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Out of 77 assembly seats in this region, Muslim candidates won 26 seats in the 2012 assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mayank |date=19 September 2013 |title=Why the Jat-Muslim coalition has fallen apart in UP |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-jat-muslim-coalition-has-fallen-apart-in-up-113091900028_1.html |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Several communities are bi-religious.<ref name="ReferenceA">A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref>


The region's [[Rohilla]]s are descended from immigrant groups from centuries ago, and a large subregion of Western Uttar Pradesh, [[Rohilkhand]], takes its name from that [[Pashtun tribe]].<ref name="ref20xucoh">{{Citation |last=Ghaus Ansari |title=Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh: a study of culture contact (Volumes 12-13 of The Eastern anthropologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HRAAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1960 |quote=''... confined primarily to the Rohilkhand and Meerut divisions of Uttar Pradesh. Pathans are generally considered to have come either from Afghanistan or from the Pashto-speaking tribes of the North-West ...''}}</ref>
The region's [[Rohilla]]s are descended from immigrant groups from centuries ago, and a large subregion of Western Uttar Pradesh, [[Rohilkhand]], takes its name from that [[Pashtun tribe]].<ref name="ref20xucoh">{{Citation |last=Ghaus Ansari |title=Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh: a study of culture contact (Volumes 12-13 of The Eastern anthropologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HRAAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1960 |quote=''... confined primarily to the Rohilkhand and Meerut divisions of Uttar Pradesh. Pathans are generally considered to have come either from Afghanistan or from the Pashto-speaking tribes of the North-West ...''}}</ref>
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[[Sikh]]s from West Punjab, who came from [[Pakistan]] after [[Partition of India|partition]], also migrated to the area in large numbers.<ref name="ref56reyup">{{Citation |last=Bagaulia |title=Encyclopaedia Of Human Geography (Set Of 3 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffzuHq53VOsC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2005 |isbn=9788126124442 |quote=''... Sikhs also settled down in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, transforming this once malaria-infested wetland into a granary of northern India ...''}}</ref>
[[Sikh]]s from West Punjab, who came from [[Pakistan]] after [[Partition of India|partition]], also migrated to the area in large numbers.<ref name="ref56reyup">{{Citation |last=Bagaulia |title=Encyclopaedia Of Human Geography (Set Of 3 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffzuHq53VOsC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2005 |isbn=9788126124442 |quote=''... Sikhs also settled down in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, transforming this once malaria-infested wetland into a granary of northern India ...''}}</ref>


Western Uttar Pradesh has gained notoriety for accounting for 30 per cent of the total [[Honor killing#India|honor killings]] in the country, according to a survey done by [[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeelani |first=Gulam |date=29 October 2015 |title=30% honour killings of the country in west UP: AIDWA survey |publisher=News18.com |url=http://www.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/30-honour-killings-of-the-country-in-west-up-aidwa-survey-830059.html |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
== Languages ==
Most people in Western Uttar Pradesh speak [[Hindi]] (or its slightly earlier version [[Khadiboli]]) and [[Braj language|Braj]].
 
===Khadiboli===
[[Khadiboli]] is a slightly earlier version of Hindi and has very minimal differences. It is spoken in the northern part of Western Uttar Pradesh. Khadiboli-speaking districts include Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Shamli, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Hapur, Amroha, Sambhal, Bijnor, Bareilly, Moradabad, Gautam Buddh nagar,and Bulandshahar.
 
===Braj ===
[[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] is spoken in the southern part of western Uttar Pradesh. Braj-speaking districts include Mathura, Hathras, Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Budaun, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Bulandshahr, Mainpuri, Bareilly and Sambhal.
 
===Hindi and Urdu===
In the area of Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh, Persian loanwords entered the lexicon of [[Old Hindi]] (the form of Khariboli spoken in the medieval Indian period). This is regarded as the predecessor of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], both of which are spoken throughout Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Taher1995">{{cite book |last1=Taher |first1=Mohamed |title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives |date=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
{{See also|Northwest India}}
 
Western Uttar Pradesh shares borders with the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], as well as a brief international border with [[Nepal]] in [[Pilibhit district]].
Western Uttar Pradesh shares borders with the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], as well as a brief international border with [[Nepal]] in [[Pilibhit district]]. Major cities and towns include [[Baghpat]], [[Bareilly]], [[Badaun]], [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], [[Moradabad]], [[Sambhal]], [[Amroha]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Bulandshahr]], [[Meerut]], [[Hapur]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Aligarh]], [[Hathras]], [[Kasganj]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Etah]], [[Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Shamli]], [[Bijnor]], [[Najibabad]], [[Farrukhabad]], [[Etawah]] and [[Auraiya]].


===Soil conditions===
Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state.<ref name="ref64heger">{{Citation |last=Aijazuddin Ahmad |title=Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC |year=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2009 |isbn=9788180695681 |quote=''... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...''}}</ref> The soil tends to be lighter-textured [[loam]], with some occurrences of sandy soil.<ref name="ref35qeciq">{{Citation |last=A.K. Kolay |title=Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dWU_2nhMnMC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007 |isbn=9788126908035 |quote=''...  ...''}}</ref> Some [[loess]] soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="ref64zerag">{{Citation |last=M. Hanif |title=Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBuPAmUqfqkC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005 |isbn=9788126124824 |quote=''... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...''}}</ref>
Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state.<ref name="ref64heger">{{Citation |last=Aijazuddin Ahmad |title=Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC |year=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2009 |isbn=9788180695681 |quote=''... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...''}}</ref> The soil tends to be lighter-textured [[loam]], with some occurrences of sandy soil.<ref name="ref35qeciq">{{Citation |last=A.K. Kolay |title=Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dWU_2nhMnMC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007 |isbn=9788126908035 |quote=''...  ...''}}</ref> Some [[loess]] soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="ref64zerag">{{Citation |last=M. Hanif |title=Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBuPAmUqfqkC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005 |isbn=9788126124824 |quote=''... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...''}}</ref>


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===Administrative divisions===
===Administrative divisions===
Western Uttar Pradesh includes 30 districts in six divisions:
Western Uttar Pradesh includes 26 districts in six divisions:
# [[Meerut division]]
# [[Saharanpur division]] – [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]]
# [[Saharanpur division]]
# [[Meerut division]] – [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]], [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
# [[Moradabad division]]
# [[Moradabad division]] – [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]], [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
# [[Bareilly division]]
# [[Agra division]] – [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
# [[Agra division]]
# [[Aligarh division]] – [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
# [[Aligarh division]]
# [[Bareilly division]] – [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Badaun district|Badaun]], [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
# Some districts of [[Kanpur Division]]
 
'''Districts :''' [[Meerut District|Meerut]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Gautam Buddha Nagar District|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]], [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]], [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]], [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Rampur district|Rampur]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]], [[Bareilly District|Bareilly]], [[Badaun District|Badaun]], [[Pilibhit District|Pilibhit]], [[Shahjahanpur District|Shahjahanpur]], [[Agra District|Agra]], [[Firozabad District|Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]], [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Aligarh District|Aligarh]], [[Etah District|Etah]], [[Hathras District|Hathras]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]], [[Etawah district|Etawah]], [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]] and [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]].


==Demands for statehood==
==Demands for statehood==
In Uttar Pradesh, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the ''purabiyas'' (easterners) often being clubbed with [[Biharis]]."<ref name="mazumdar1988">{{Cite web |last=Indrani |first=Mazumdar |date=1988 |title=Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988 |url=http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401063623/http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |archive-date=1 April 2004 |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=Archives of Indian Labour}}</ref> Also, while the green revolution resulted in a rapidly rising standard of living in Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh (like [[Bihar]]) did not benefit to the same extent.<ref name="lucas1988">Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0813375053}}.</ref><ref name="etienne1985">Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development In Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, {{ISBN|0803994958}}.</ref> These cultural and economic disparities are believed to have fueled the demand for separate statehood in Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="kudaisya2006">Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|0761935193}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-19 |title=RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |access-date=2008-10-18 |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh}}</ref> A separate entity would likely become a prosperous smaller state similar to Haryana and Punjab, under greater political control of local ethnic groups.<ref name="singh2001gdj">{{Citation |last=Jagpal Singh |title=Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State |date=4 August 2001 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=31 |pages=2961–2967 |jstor=4410945 |quote=''... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...''}}</ref>
In Uttar Pradesh, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the ''purabiyas'' (easterners) often being clubbed with [[Biharis]]."<ref name="mazumdar1988">{{Cite web |last=Indrani |first=Mazumdar |date=1988 |title=Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988 |url=http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401063623/http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |archive-date=1 April 2004 |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=Archives of Indian Labour}}</ref> Also, while the green revolution resulted in a rapidly rising standard of living in Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh (like [[Bihar]]) did not benefit to the same extent.<ref name="lucas1988">Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0813375053}}.</ref><ref name="etienne1985">Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development In Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, {{ISBN|0803994958}}.</ref> These cultural and economic disparities are believed to have fueled the demand for separate statehood in Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="kudaisya2006">Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|0761935193}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-19 |title=RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |access-date=2008-10-18 |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh |archive-date=23 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124928/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A separate entity would likely become a prosperous smaller state similar to Haryana and Punjab, under greater political control of local ethnic groups.<ref name="singh2001gdj">{{Citation |last=Jagpal Singh |title=Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State |date=4 August 2001 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=31 |pages=2961–2967 |jstor=4410945 |quote=''... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...''}}</ref>


Some politicians and parties have demanded that Western Uttar Pradesh be granted statehood under the name [[Harit Pradesh]].<ref name="basu2005">{{Citation |last=Sajal Basu |title=Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uApuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-8170339304 |quote=''... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 23 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...''}}</ref> [[Braj Pradesh]] and Pashchim Pradesh are alternative names that have been proposed, because the region incorporates the historic region of [[Braj]] and is the western (''pashchim'' in Hindi) part of Uttar Pradesh respectively.<ref name="basu2005" /><ref name="singh1992">{{Citation |last=Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, [[N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology]] |title=Ethnicity, caste, and people: proceedings of the Indo-Soviet seminars held in Calcutta and Leningrad, 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ-BAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173040146 |quote=''... public organizations making demands for administrative autonomy for the Braj speaking people and even the setting up of a separate state "Braj Pradesh' ...''}}</ref>
Some politicians and parties have demanded that Western Uttar Pradesh be granted statehood under the name [[Harit Pradesh]].<ref name="basu2005">{{Citation |last=Sajal Basu |title=Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uApuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-8170339304 |quote=''... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 23 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...''}}</ref> [[Braj Pradesh]] and Pashchim Pradesh are alternative names that have been proposed, because the region incorporates the historic region of [[Braj]] and is the western (''pashchim'' in Hindi) part of Uttar Pradesh respectively.<ref name="basu2005" /><ref name="singh1992">{{Citation |editor1=Kumar Suresh Singh |editor2=Anthropological Survey of India |others=[[N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology]] |title=Ethnicity, caste, and people: proceedings of the Indo-Soviet seminars held in Calcutta and Leningrad, 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ-BAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173040146 |quote=''... public organizations making demands for administrative autonomy for the Braj speaking people and even the setting up of a separate state "Braj Pradesh' ...''}}</ref>


==Religious riots==
==Religious riots==
[[File:Moradabad pic 13.JPG|thumb|right|250 px|Jigar gate in [[Moradabad]], named for the famous [[Urdu]] poet [[Jigar Moradabadi]].]]
[[File:Moradabad pic 13.JPG|thumb|right|250 px|Jigar gate in [[Moradabad]], named for the famous [[Urdu]] poet [[Jigar Moradabadi]].]]
Western Uttar Pradesh has a history of religious riots happening frequently.<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html?ref=mr |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Many [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] riots happened in [[Meerut]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Manisha |date=12 September 2013 |title=Will Uttar Pradesh politics change post Muzaffarnagar riots? |work=[[Zee News]] |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/will-uttar-pradesh-politics-change-post-muzaffarnagar-riots_876091.html |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Beginning on 27 August 2013, clashes between the Hindu and Muslim communities of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] have claimed 43 lives and injured 93.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Troops deployed to quell deadly communal clashes between Hindus, Muslims in north India |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/08/troops-deployed-to-quell-deadly-communal-clashes-between-hindus-muslims-in/ |access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="fp1">{{Cite web |last=Adrija Bose |date=2013-09-08 |title=Firstpost India IBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfewIBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfew |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ibn7-journalist-killed-in-up-communal-riots-army-clamps-curfew-1092877.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed Ali Fayyaz |date=2013-09-08 |title=9 killed in communal riots in Muzaffarnagar, curfew clamped, army deployed |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/9-killed-in-communal-riots-in-muzaffarnagar-curfew-clamped-army-deployed/1166053/ |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="htt">{{Cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Fresh clashes in UPs Muzaffarnagar leave 26 dead, Army deployed in affected areas |work=The Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909095145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>
Western Uttar Pradesh has a history of religious riots happening frequently.<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html?ref=mr |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Many [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] riots happened in [[Meerut]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Manisha |date=12 September 2013 |title=Will Uttar Pradesh politics change post Muzaffarnagar riots? |work=[[Zee News]] |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/will-uttar-pradesh-politics-change-post-muzaffarnagar-riots_876091.html |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Beginning on 27 August 2013, clashes between the Hindu and Muslim communities of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] have claimed 43 lives and injured 93.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Troops deployed to quell deadly communal clashes between Hindus, Muslims in north India |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/troops-deployed-to-quell-deadly-communal-clashes-between-hindus-muslims-in-north-india |access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="fp1">{{Cite web |last=Adrija Bose |date=2013-09-08 |title=Firstpost India IBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfewIBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfew |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ibn7-journalist-killed-in-up-communal-riots-army-clamps-curfew-1092877.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed Ali Fayyaz |date=2013-09-08 |title=9 killed in communal riots in Muzaffarnagar, curfew clamped, army deployed |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/9-killed-in-communal-riots-in-muzaffarnagar-curfew-clamped-army-deployed/1166053/ |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="htt">{{Cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Fresh clashes in UPs Muzaffarnagar leave 26 dead, Army deployed in affected areas |work=The Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909095145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>


A girl from the Hindu [[Jat]] community was stalked by a Muslim youth in Kawal village.<ref name="mint20130912">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html |access-date=12 September 2013 |quote=The violence erupted after a girl belonging to the dominant Jat community was subjected to street harassment by some young students in Kawal village. The incident led to clashes between Jats and Muslims in the village in which three people died.}}</ref><ref name="dna20130912">{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R |date=12 September 2013 |title=dna in Muzaffarnagar: SP bid to gain foothold in Muzaffarnagar behind deadly riots? |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1887698/report-dna-in-muzaffarnagar-sp-bid-to-gain-foothold-in-muzaffarnagar-behind-deadly-riots |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> In retaliation, a Muslim youth named Shahnawaz Qureshi<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath/1/10105.html#photo6 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> was killed by two brothers of the girl, Sachin Singh and Gaurav Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath/1/10105.html#photo9 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="itvnews">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-08 |title=Timeline of Muzaffarnagar riots: eve-teasing incident led to murders, then riots |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/timeline-of-muzaffarnagar-riots-eve-teasing-incident-led-to-mur-27571.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=India TV News}}</ref> The two brothers were lynched by a Muslim mob when they were trying to escape.<ref name="itvnews" />
A girl from the Hindu community was stalked by a Muslim youth in Kawal village.<ref name="mint20130912">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html |access-date=12 September 2013 |quote=The violence erupted after a girl belonging to the dominant Jat community was subjected to street harassment by some young students in Kawal village. The incident led to clashes between Jats and Muslims in the village in which three people died.}}</ref><ref name="dna20130912">{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R |date=12 September 2013 |title=dna in Muzaffarnagar: SP bid to gain foothold in Muzaffarnagar behind deadly riots? |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1887698/report-dna-in-muzaffarnagar-sp-bid-to-gain-foothold-in-muzaffarnagar-behind-deadly-riots |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> In retaliation, a Muslim youth named Shahnawaz Qureshi<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath-370568-2013-09-11 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> was killed by two brothers of the girl, Sachin Singh and Gaurav Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath-370568-2013-09-11 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="itvnews">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-08 |title=Timeline of Muzaffarnagar riots: eve-teasing incident led to murders, then riots |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/timeline-of-muzaffarnagar-riots-eve-teasing-incident-led-to-mur-27571.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=India TV News}}</ref> The two brothers were lynched by a Muslim mob when they were trying to escape.<ref name="itvnews" />


Another major riot in Meerut took place on 22 May 1987, during the [[Religious violence in India|Hindu-Muslim riots]] in [[Meerut]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India, when 19 personnel of the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youth from the Hashimpura ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) of the city, took them in truck to the outskirts, near [[Murad Nagar]], in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]], where they were shot and their bodies were [[Dump job#Police usage|dump]]ed in water canals. A few days later dead bodies were found floating in the canals. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered, and were later released on bail, while 3 were already dead. The trial of the case was transferred by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2002 from [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] to a [[Sessions Court]] at the [[Tis Hazari]] complex in [[Delhi]],<ref name="ft">{{Cite news |last=Narrain |first=Siddharth |date=7–20 May 2005 |title=Justice out of sight |volume=22 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |issue=10 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> where it is the oldest pending case.
Another major riot in Meerut took place on 22 May 1987, during the [[Religious violence in India|Hindu-Muslim riots]] in [[Meerut]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India, when 19 personnel of the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youth from the Hashimpura ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) of the city, took them in truck to the outskirts, near [[Murad Nagar]], in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]], where they were shot, and their bodies were [[Dump job#Police usage|dump]]ed in water canals. A few days later, dead bodies were found floating in the canals. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered, and were later released on bail, while 3 were already dead. The trial of the case was transferred by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2002 from [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] to a [[Sessions Court]] at the [[Tis Hazari]] complex in [[Delhi]],<ref name="ft">{{Cite news |last=Narrain |first=Siddharth |date=7–20 May 2005 |title=Justice out of sight |volume=22 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |issue=10 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> where it is the oldest pending case.


A Riot broke out in Kanth Village of [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] on 27 June 2014, over installation of loud speakers at a religious place, which was objected to by another community. The tension prevailed for over a week accompanied by frequent clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad's Kanth village tense after Communal clashes |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/moradabads-kanth-village-tense-after-communal-clashes/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |website=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref> Another riot occurred between the Sikh and Muslim communities in [[Saharanpur]] over a land dispute, killing three and injuring many people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=FP Staff |date=27 Jul 2014 |title=UP on boil: 3 dead in Sikh-Muslim clashes in Saharanpur, Moradabad tense |publisher=[[Firstpost|FirstPost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-on-boil-3-dead-in-sikh-muslim-clashes-in-saharanpur-moradabad-tense-1636655.html |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> As much as 13 companies of the Rapid Action Force, the PAC and CRPF were conveyed by the government to take control of the situation after imposing curfew in riot-hit areas of Saharanpur.
A riot broke out in the [[Kanth, Moradabad|Kanth]] municipality of [[Moradabad district]], on 27 June 2014, over installation of loudspeakers at a religious place, which was objected to by another community. The tension prevailed for over a week accompanied by frequent clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad's Kanth village tense after Communal clashes |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/moradabads-kanth-village-tense-after-communal-clashes/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |website=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref> Another riot occurred between the Sikh and Muslim communities in [[Saharanpur]] over a land dispute, killing three and injuring many people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=FP Staff |date=27 Jul 2014 |title=UP on boil: 3 dead in Sikh-Muslim clashes in Saharanpur, Moradabad tense |publisher=[[Firstpost|FirstPost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-on-boil-3-dead-in-sikh-muslim-clashes-in-saharanpur-moradabad-tense-1636655.html |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> As much as 13 companies of the Rapid Action Force, the PAC and CRPF were conveyed by the government to take control of the situation after imposing curfew in riot-hit areas of Saharanpur.


==Highway connectedness==
==Highway connectivity==
Major highways running through the region include [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]], [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]], [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]], [[NH 24]], [[NH 58]], [[NH 73]], [[NH 74]], [[National Highway 87 (India)|NH 87]], [[NH 91]], [[NH 93]], [[National Highway 119 (India)(old numbering)|NH 119]], [[National Highway 235 (India)|NH 235]], [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH 709A]], [[National Highway 709B (India)|NH 709B]], [[National Highway 709AD (India)|NH 709AD]],
Major highways running through the region include [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]], [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]], [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]], [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]], [[NH 58]], [[NH 73]], [[NH 74]], [[National Highway 87 (India)|NH 87]], [[NH 91]], [[National Highway 509 (India)|NH 509]], [[National Highway 530B (India)|NH 530B]], [[National Highway 119 (India, old numbering)|NH 119]], [[National Highway 235 (India)|NH 235]], [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH 709A]], [[National Highway 709B (India)|NH 709B]], [[National Highway 709AD (India)|NH 709AD]],


[[Noida Greater Noida Expressway]]
*[[Noida Greater Noida Expressway]]
 
*[[Yamuna Expressway]]
[[Yamuna Expressway]]
*[[Agra Lucknow Expressway]]
 
*[[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
[[Agra Lucknow Expressway]]
*[[Delhi-Meerut Expressway]]
 
*[[Ganga Expressway]]
[[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
*[[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway|Delhi-Dehradun Expressway]]
 
[[Delhi-Meerut Expressway]]
 
[[Ganga Expressway]].


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 99: Line 208:
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
;Politics and law
;Politics and law
 
*[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
*[[Ch. Charan Singh]]
*[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
*[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
*[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
*[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
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*[[Mayawati]]
*[[Mayawati]]
*[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
*[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
*[[Chaudhary Digambar Singh]]
*[[Harendra Singh Malik]]
*[[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
*[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)]]
*[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)]]
*[[Tejpal Singh]]
*[[Meghshyam Singh]]
*[[Rajesh Pilot]]
*[[Rajesh Pilot]]
*[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
*[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
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*[[Vedram Bhati]]
*[[Vedram Bhati]]
*[[Kadir Rana]]
*[[Kadir Rana]]
*[[Mahesh Sharma]]
*[[Ramveer Upadhyay]]
*[[Shrikant Sharma]]
*[[Ajit Singh (politician)|Ajit Singh]]
*[[Ch. Charan Singh]]
*[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
*[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
*[[Narain Singh (politician)|Narain Singh]]
*[[Narain Singh (politician)|Narain Singh]]
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*[[Kalyan Singh]]
*[[Kalyan Singh]]
*[[Manish Sisodia]]
*[[Manish Sisodia]]
*[[Rajkumar Chahar]]
*[[Mahavir Tyagi]]
*[[Mahavir Tyagi]]
*[[Nitin Tyagi]]
*[[Nitin Tyagi]]
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*[[Robert Vadra]]
*[[Robert Vadra]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
*[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
*[[Akshay Yadav]]
*[[D. P. Yadav]]
*[[Dharmendra Yadav]]
*[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
*[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
*[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}


;Arts and Music
;Arts and Music
*[[Rati Agnihotri]]
*[[Rati Agnihotri]]
*[[Raj Babbar]]
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*[[Bharat Bhushan]]
*[[Bharat Bhushan]]
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
*[[Dalip Tahil]]
*[[Lara Dutta]]
*[[Lara Dutta]]
*[[Arun Govil]]
*[[Arun Govil]]
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*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
*[[Chitrangada Singh]]
*[[Chitrangada Singh]]
*[[Pavitra Punia]]
*[[Sushant Singh]]
*[[Sushant Singh]]
*[[Brijendra Kala]]
*[[Parag Tyagi]]
*[[Parag Tyagi]]
*[[Roopal Tyagi]]
*[[Sucharita Tyagi]]
*[[Rajpal Yadav]]
*[[Rajpal Yadav]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
*[[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}


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*[[Shyam Swarup Agarwal]]
*[[Shyam Swarup Agarwal]]
*[[Shiv Dayal Singh]]
*[[Jitendra Malik]]
*[[Giri Raj Singh Sirohi]]
*[[Kaka Hathrasi]]
*[[Javed Agrewala]]
*[[Javed Agrewala]]
*[[Girjesh Govil]]
*[[Girjesh Govil]]
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*[[Kavita Devi (journalist)|Kavita Devi]]
*[[Kavita Devi (journalist)|Kavita Devi]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
*[[Praveen Kumar]]
*[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
*[[Nishu Kumar]]
*[[Nishu Kumar]]
*[[Deepak Chahar]]
*[[Rahul Chahar]]
*[[Dhruv Jurel]]
*[[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
*[[Manu Attri]]
*[[Kiran Baliyan]]
*[[Vijay Kumar (athlete)]]
*[[Preethi Pal]]
*[[Parul Chaudhary]]
*[[Dinesh Chaudhary]]
*[[Arvind Singh (rower)]]
*[[Satish Kumar (boxer)|Satish Kumar]]
*[[Satish Kumar (boxer)|Satish Kumar]]
*[[Seema Punia]]
*[[Seema Punia]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Chandro Tomar]]
*[[Nitin Tomar]]
*[[Prakashi Tomar]]
*[[Annu Rani]]
*[[Annu Rani]]
*[[Sumit Rathi]]
*[[Sumit Rathi]]
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*[[Shahzar Rizvi]]
*[[Shahzar Rizvi]]
*[[Saniya Shaikh]]
*[[Saniya Shaikh]]
*[[Chandro Tomar]]
*[[Nitin Tomar]]
*[[Prakashi Tomar]]
*[[Harsh Tyagi]]
*[[Harsh Tyagi]]
*[[Kartik Tyagi]]
*[[Kartik Tyagi]]
*[[Sudeep Tyagi]]
*[[Sudeep Tyagi]]
;Revolutionaries
*[[Raja Mahendra Pratap]]
*[[Dhan Singh Gurjar]]
*[[Sah Mal]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->

Latest revision as of 15:04, 16 January 2026


Western Uttar Pradesh
Region
Indirapuram, Ghaziabad
Greater Noida
Delhi–Meerut Expressway
Augarhnath Temple, Meerut
GAIL, Noida
Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary
Location of Western Uttar Pradesh in India
Location of Western Uttar Pradesh in India
ContinentAsia
CountryIndia
StateUttar Pradesh
Covering territory
LanguagesHindi, Urdu, Braj, Kannauji
Population
 (2011)
 • Total71,217,132
Largest cities

Western Uttar Pradesh is a region in India that comprises the western districts of Uttar Pradesh, including the Upper Doab, Rohilkhand and Braj areas, where languages like Hindi, Urdu and Braj are spoken. The largest city of the region is Ghaziabad, while the second-largest city, Agra, is a major tourist destination.

It is in the region of Western Uttar Pradesh that Hindi-Urdu originated.[1] The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of Haryana and Rajasthan states.[2][3]

Western Uttar Pradesh has experienced rapid economic growth, in a fashion similar to the states of Haryana and Punjab, due to the success of the Green Revolution.[4][5][6] A significant part of western Uttar Pradesh is a part of National Capital Region of India.

Demographics[edit | edit source]

Religions in Western Uttar Pradesh
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 72.29%
Muslims
 
 26.21%
Others†
 
 1.41%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, Jains.[7]
Religions in Khariboli sub-region
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 62.19%
Muslims
 
 36.17%
Others
 
 1.64%
Religions in Braj sub-region
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 82.78%
Muslims
 
 16.00%
Others
 
 1.22%

The population of Western Uttar Pradesh is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including Ahir (Yadavs), Gurjars, Jats, Brahmins, Meos, Rajputs, Kayasthas, Tyagis, Bhar (Rajbhars), Kachhi, Kahar (Kashyaps) , Gadaria, Kumhar, Bania, Khatik, Lodha, Valmikis, Nai, Jatav, Kurmis and Rohilla Pashtuns.[8]

The region in 1980s and 1990s was witness to the "sugarcane mafia" led by the above mentioned communities.[9][10] Yadavs have a small presence in this region.[11][12]

As per 2011 Census, the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 71,217,132, out of which 72.29% is Hindu and 26.21% is Muslim.[7] The population in Khariboli region is 29,669,035, (Hindu 59.19% and Muslim 39.17%) and the population of Braj region is 29,754,755 (Hindu 82.78% and Muslim 16%). Muslim population share in eight districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Meerut and Bareilly has increased from 29.93% in 1951 to 40.43% in 2011. This has been point of contention in politics with demands for population control bill being raised from Hindu groups.

The percentage of Muslims in Western Uttar Pradesh (~26%) is higher than the whole state of Uttar Pradesh (where it is 19.3%).[13][14] Out of 77 assembly seats in this region, Muslim candidates won 26 seats in the 2012 assembly elections.[15] Several communities are bi-religious.[16]

The region's Rohillas are descended from immigrant groups from centuries ago, and a large subregion of Western Uttar Pradesh, Rohilkhand, takes its name from that Pashtun tribe.[17]

Sikhs from West Punjab, who came from Pakistan after partition, also migrated to the area in large numbers.[18]

Languages[edit | edit source]

Most people in Western Uttar Pradesh speak Hindi (or its slightly earlier version Khadiboli) and Braj.

Khadiboli[edit | edit source]

Khadiboli is a slightly earlier version of Hindi and has very minimal differences. It is spoken in the northern part of Western Uttar Pradesh. Khadiboli-speaking districts include Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Shamli, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Hapur, Amroha, Sambhal, Bijnor, Bareilly, Moradabad, Gautam Buddh nagar,and Bulandshahar.

Braj[edit | edit source]

Braj is spoken in the southern part of western Uttar Pradesh. Braj-speaking districts include Mathura, Hathras, Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Budaun, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Bulandshahr, Mainpuri, Bareilly and Sambhal.

Hindi and Urdu[edit | edit source]

In the area of Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh, Persian loanwords entered the lexicon of Old Hindi (the form of Khariboli spoken in the medieval Indian period). This is regarded as the predecessor of Hindi and Urdu, both of which are spoken throughout Western Uttar Pradesh.[1]

Geography[edit | edit source]

See also: Northwest India

Western Uttar Pradesh shares borders with the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, as well as a brief international border with Nepal in Pilibhit district.

Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state.[19] The soil tends to be lighter-textured loam, with some occurrences of sandy soil.[20] Some loess soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's Thar Desert.[21]

Precipitation[edit | edit source]

Western Uttar Pradesh receives rain through the Indian Monsoon and the Western Disturbances. The Monsoon carries moisture northwards from the Indian Ocean, occurs in late summer and is important to the Kharif or autumn harvest.[22][23] Western Disturbances, on the other hand, are an extratropical weather phenomenon that carry moisture eastwards from the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.[24][25][26][27] They primarily occur during the winter season and are critically important for the main staple of the region, wheat, which is part of the Rabi or spring harvest.[25]

Administrative divisions[edit | edit source]

Western Uttar Pradesh includes 26 districts in six divisions:

  1. Saharanpur division – Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Shamli
  2. Meerut division – Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Hapur, Bulandshahr
  3. Moradabad division – Moradabad, Bijnor, Amroha, Sambhal, Rampur
  4. Agra division – Agra, Mathura, Firozabad, Mainpuri
  5. Aligarh division – Aligarh, Etah, Hathras, Kasganj
  6. Bareilly division – Bareilly, Badaun, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur

Demands for statehood[edit | edit source]

In Uttar Pradesh, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas (easterners) often being clubbed with Biharis."[28] Also, while the green revolution resulted in a rapidly rising standard of living in Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh (like Bihar) did not benefit to the same extent.[29][30] These cultural and economic disparities are believed to have fueled the demand for separate statehood in Western Uttar Pradesh.[31][32] A separate entity would likely become a prosperous smaller state similar to Haryana and Punjab, under greater political control of local ethnic groups.[33]

Some politicians and parties have demanded that Western Uttar Pradesh be granted statehood under the name Harit Pradesh.[34] Braj Pradesh and Pashchim Pradesh are alternative names that have been proposed, because the region incorporates the historic region of Braj and is the western (pashchim in Hindi) part of Uttar Pradesh respectively.[34][35]

Religious riots[edit | edit source]

Jigar gate in Moradabad, named for the famous Urdu poet Jigar Moradabadi.

Western Uttar Pradesh has a history of religious riots happening frequently.[36] Many Hindu and Muslim riots happened in Meerut and Muzaffarnagar.[37] Beginning on 27 August 2013, clashes between the Hindu and Muslim communities of the Muzaffarnagar district have claimed 43 lives and injured 93.[38][39][40][41]

A girl from the Hindu community was stalked by a Muslim youth in Kawal village.[42][43] In retaliation, a Muslim youth named Shahnawaz Qureshi[44] was killed by two brothers of the girl, Sachin Singh and Gaurav Singh.[45][46] The two brothers were lynched by a Muslim mob when they were trying to escape.[46]

Another major riot in Meerut took place on 22 May 1987, during the Hindu-Muslim riots in Meerut city in Uttar Pradesh state, India, when 19 personnel of the Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youth from the Hashimpura mohalla (locality) of the city, took them in truck to the outskirts, near Murad Nagar, in Ghaziabad district, where they were shot, and their bodies were dumped in water canals. A few days later, dead bodies were found floating in the canals. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered, and were later released on bail, while 3 were already dead. The trial of the case was transferred by the Supreme Court of India in 2002 from Ghaziabad to a Sessions Court at the Tis Hazari complex in Delhi,[47] where it is the oldest pending case.

A riot broke out in the Kanth municipality of Moradabad district, on 27 June 2014, over installation of loudspeakers at a religious place, which was objected to by another community. The tension prevailed for over a week accompanied by frequent clashes.[48] Another riot occurred between the Sikh and Muslim communities in Saharanpur over a land dispute, killing three and injuring many people.[49] As much as 13 companies of the Rapid Action Force, the PAC and CRPF were conveyed by the government to take control of the situation after imposing curfew in riot-hit areas of Saharanpur.

Highway connectivity[edit | edit source]

Major highways running through the region include NH 2, NH 3, NH 11, NH 9, NH 58, NH 73, NH 74, NH 87, NH 91, NH 509, NH 530B, NH 119, NH 235, NH 709A, NH 709B, NH 709AD,

Notable people[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Taher, Mohamed (1994). Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives. Concept Publishing Company. p. 115. ISBN 978-81-7022-524-9.
  2. ↑ Leaf, Murray J. (1998). Pragmatism and development: the prospect for pluralist transformation in the Third World. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0897895736. ... Village organization and district administration in western Uttar Pradesh is generally much more like the neighboring states of Rajasthan and Haryana than like eastern Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Uttar Pradesh is more like Bihar than western Uttar Pradesh ... Of all these regions, western Uttar Pradesh is generally regarded as having the best administration, the most productive agriculture, and the best managed canals ...
  3. ↑ Alfred De Souza (1983), Urban growth and urban planning: political context and people's priorities, Indian Social Institute, 1983, ... The difference in the urban settlement pattern between western and eastern Uttar Pradesh is so pronounced that one could almost feel that the two regions were located in two different countries with completely different economic systems ...
  4. ↑ Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy, "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...
  5. ↑ V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, ISBN 0710007558.
  6. ↑ B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner". Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान". www.patrika.com (in हिन्दी). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  9. ↑ Hindustan Times
  10. ↑ "UP's wild west rises in crime status".
  11. ↑ Dasgupta, Swapan (25 May 2019). Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5305-530-1.
  12. ↑ "Polling in UP's Jatland: BSP factor, vote transfer woes could hit Akhilesh-Jayant jodi". India Today. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  13. ↑ "Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned", The Times of India, 19 July 2006, archived from the original on 24 October 2012, retrieved 24 July 2009, "... demand is neither feasible nor proper," said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 25% in Western UP. ...
  14. ↑ "Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote", The Hindu, Chennai, India, 12 February 2002, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ... [dead link]
  15. ↑ Mishra, Mayank (19 September 2013). "Why the Jat-Muslim coalition has fallen apart in UP". Business Standard. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  16. ↑ A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of Punjab by H. A Rose
  17. ↑ Ghaus Ansari (1960), Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh: a study of culture contact (Volumes 12-13 of The Eastern anthropologist), Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1960, ... confined primarily to the Rohilkhand and Meerut divisions of Uttar Pradesh. Pathans are generally considered to have come either from Afghanistan or from the Pashto-speaking tribes of the North-West ...
  18. ↑ Bagaulia (2005), Encyclopaedia Of Human Geography (Set Of 3 Vols.), Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2005, ISBN 9788126124442, ... Sikhs also settled down in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, transforming this once malaria-infested wetland into a granary of northern India ...
  19. ↑ Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009), Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 9788180695681, ... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...
  20. ↑ A.K. Kolay (2007), Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007, ISBN 9788126908035, ... ...
  21. ↑ M. Hanif (2005), Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography, Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005, ISBN 9788126124824, ... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...
  22. ↑ Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, ISBN 81-210-0245-1.
  23. ↑ Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.
  24. ↑ "Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India". The Hindu Business Line. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, ISBN 3-540-40610-7.
  26. ↑ R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.
  27. ↑ A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", Meteorological Applications, 11, pp 129-139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  28. ↑ Indrani, Mazumdar (1988). "Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988". Archives of Indian Labour. Archived from the original on 1 April 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  29. ↑ Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, ISBN 0813375053.
  30. ↑ Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development In Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, ISBN 0803994958.
  31. ↑ Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, ISBN 0761935193.
  32. ↑ "RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms". The Tribune, Chandigarh. 19 February 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  33. ↑ Jagpal Singh (4 August 2001), "Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (31): 2961–2967, JSTOR 4410945, ... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Sajal Basu (2005), Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics, Rawat Publications, ISBN 978-8170339304, ... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 23 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...
  35. ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh; Anthropological Survey of India, eds. (1992), Ethnicity, caste, and people: proceedings of the Indo-Soviet seminars held in Calcutta and Leningrad, 1990, N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Manohar, ISBN 9788173040146, ... public organizations making demands for administrative autonomy for the Braj speaking people and even the setting up of a separate state "Braj Pradesh' ...
  36. ↑ Varma, Gyan (12 September 2013). "Communalism gains new ground in rural India". Live Mint. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  37. ↑ Singh, Manisha (12 September 2013). "Will Uttar Pradesh politics change post Muzaffarnagar riots?". Zee News. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  38. ↑ "Troops deployed to quell deadly communal clashes between Hindus, Muslims in north India". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  39. ↑ Adrija Bose (8 September 2013). "Firstpost India IBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfewIBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfew". Firstpost. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  40. ↑ Ahmed Ali Fayyaz (8 September 2013). "9 killed in communal riots in Muzaffarnagar, curfew clamped, army deployed". The Indian Express. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  41. ↑ "Fresh clashes in UPs Muzaffarnagar leave 26 dead, Army deployed in affected areas". The Hindustan Times. 7 September 2013. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  42. ↑ Varma, Gyan (12 September 2013). "Communalism gains new ground in rural India". Live Mint. Retrieved 12 September 2013. The violence erupted after a girl belonging to the dominant Jat community was subjected to street harassment by some young students in Kawal village. The incident led to clashes between Jats and Muslims in the village in which three people died.
  43. ↑ Sagar, Pradip R (12 September 2013). "dna in Muzaffarnagar: SP bid to gain foothold in Muzaffarnagar behind deadly riots?". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  44. ↑ "The Muzaffarnagar aftermath". India Today. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  45. ↑ "The Muzaffarnagar aftermath". India Today. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Timeline of Muzaffarnagar riots: eve-teasing incident led to murders, then riots". India TV News. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  47. ↑ Narrain, Siddharth (7–20 May 2005). "Justice out of sight". Frontline. Vol. 22, no. 10. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  48. ↑ "Moradabad's Kanth village tense after Communal clashes". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  49. ↑ FP Staff (27 July 2014). "UP on boil: 3 dead in Sikh-Muslim clashes in Saharanpur, Moradabad tense". FirstPost. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
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