United Democratic Front (Kerala): Difference between revisions

United Democratic Front

ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി
United Democratic Front ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി
Abbreviation	UDF
Leader	V. D. Satheesan; (Leader of the Opposition); Adoor Prakash; (convenor);
Chairman	V. D. Satheesan
Rajya Sabha Leader	Jebi Mather
Lok Sabha Leader	Priyanka Gandhi
Founders	K. Karunakaran
Founded	1979; 47 years ago
Headquarters	Indira Bhavan, Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala
Student wing	The United Democratic Students' Front
Membership (2024)	8,935,209
National affiliation	Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
Colours	Blue
Rajya Sabha	3 / 9
Lok Sabha	18 / 20
Kerala Legislative Assembly	41 / 140
Gram Panchayats	505 / 941
Block Panchayats	79 / 152
District Panchayats	7 / 14
Municipalities	54 / 87
Municipal Corporation	4 / 6
Website
	udf.in
	Politics of India; Political parties; Elections;

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Latest revision as of 10:41, 15 March 2026

The United Democratic Front (UDF) is the Indian National Congress-led alliance of political parties in the Indian state of Kerala.^[1] It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front, each of which has been in power alternately since the 1980 E. K. Nayanar ministry until the 2016 Legislative Assembly election in the state.^[2] The alliance currently acts as the opposition in the state legislature of Kerala. Most of the United Democratic Front constituents are members of the Indian National Congress-led Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance at pan-India level.

United Democratic Front was created by the Indian National Congress (then known as Congress-Indira) party leader K. Karunakaran in 1979, as a successor to the existing Congress-led alliance.^[3] The alliance first came to power in 1981 (K. Karunakaran ministry) and has won elections to the state legislature of Kerala in the years 1982 (Karunakaran ministry),^[4] 1991 (Karunakaran and A. K. Antony ministries),^[5] 2001 (Antony and Oommen Chandy ministries),^[6] and 2011 (Oommen Chandy ministry).^[7] United Democratic Front leaders V. D. Satheesan and K. Sudhakaran currently serve as the Leader of the Opposition and Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee President respectively.^[8]

The alliance currently consists of Indian National Congress, Indian Union Muslim League, Kerala Congress (Joseph), Kerala Congress (Jacob), Revolutionary Socialist Party and a variety of other smaller parties. The alliance follows big tent policy and includes a variety political parties.^[9]

Current members[edit | edit source]

Party		Abbr.	MPs in Lok Sabha	MPs in Rajya Sabha	MLA in state legislature	Kerala leader
1	Indian National Congress	INC	14	01	20	Sunny Joseph
2	Indian Union Muslim League	IUML	03	02	15	P. K. Kunhalikutty
3	Kerala Congress	KEC	01	00	02	P. J. Joseph
4	Revolutionary Socialist Party	RSP	01	00	00	Shibu Baby John
5	Kerala Congress (Jacob)	KEC(J)	00	00	01	Anoop Jacob
6	Kerala Democratic Party	KDP	00	00	01	Mani C. Kappan
7	Communist Marxist Party	CMP	00	00	00	C. P. John
8	All India Forward Bloc	AIFB	00	00	00	T. Manoj Kumar
9	Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy	JSS	00	00	00	A. N. Rajan Babu

^[10]

Associate Members[edit | edit source]

History[edit | edit source]

Antecedents[edit | edit source]

Precursors to the United Democratic Front were,

Joint Front (Pattom and Sankar ministries)
- Congress - Praja Socialist Party - Indian Union Muslim League (left 1961)
Congress-supported "Mini Front" or "Democratic Front" (Menon ministry)
- Communist Party of India - Indian Union Muslim League - Kerala Congress - Indian Socialist Party
Congress-supported "United Front"
- "Mini Front" or "Maxi Front" (Second Menon ministry)
  - Congress (from 1971) - Communist Party of India Indian Union Muslim League - Revolutionary Socialist Party - Praja Socialist Party - Kerala Congress (from 1975)
- "Ruling Front" or "Maxi Front Revamped" (Karunakaran, Antony and P. K. V. ministries)
  - Congress - Communist Party of India - Kerala Congress - Indian Union Muslim League - Revolutionary Socialist Party
- Indian Union Muslim League - Praja Socialist Party - National Democratic Party alliance (supported by Congress) (Koya ministry)

United Democratic Front (1979 – present)[edit | edit source]

The third-longest serving chief minister of Kerala, K. Karunakaran, was the founder of United Democratic Front

The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed just before 1980 assembly election. In elections, the Front was defeated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front. However, the fall of the first Left Democratic Front ministry resulted in the 6th President's Rule in Kerala (1981).

United Democratic Front first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under K. Karunakaran.^[4] It led the Government of Kerala in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and A. K. Antony), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and Oommen Chandy), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy). The alliance currently serves as the opposition in the Kerala Assembly.

In the 2016 elections conducted to the Kerala state legislature, United Democratic Front managed to win 47 out of 140 seats to the assembly,^[13] and Congress leader Ramesh Chennithala was chosen as the Leader of Opposition.^[14] In 2019 Indian general election, the alliance won 19 out of 20 seats in the state.
In the last elections conducted to the Kerala state legislature in 2021, United Democratic Front managed to win 40 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and Congress leader V. D. Satheesan chosen as the Leader of Opposition.^[15]^[16] The alliance supported K. K. Rema for Vadakara Constituency who sits as a separate block.^[17]

Chief Ministers[edit | edit source]

Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956 – 1979)[edit | edit source]

Pattom Thanu Pillai (1960–62)
R. Sankar (1962 – 64)
C. Achutha Menon (1970–77)
K. Karunakaran (1977)
A. K. Antony (1977 – 78)
P.K. Vasudevan Nair (1978–79)
C.H. Mohammed Koya (1979)

United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981 – present)[edit | edit source]

United Democratic Front Chief Ministers

K. Karunakaran (1981 – 82, 1982 – 1987, 1991 – 95)
A. K. Antony (1995 – 96, 2001 – 04)
Oommen Chandy (2004 – 06, 2011 – 16)

List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term[edit | edit source]

United Democratic Front ministry in 1983 (3rd Karunakaran ministry, 1982 - 87)

United Democratic Front ministry in 1991 (4th Karunakaran ministry, 1991 - 95)

No.	Name (Ministry)	Length of term^[18]
No.	Name (Ministry)	Longest continuous term	Total years of premiership
1	K. Karunakaran (1918 - 2010) 1st Karunakaran ministry (1977) 2nd Karunakaran ministry (1981 - 82) 3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87) 4th Karunakaran ministry (1991 - 95)	4 years, 305 days (1982–87)	8 years, 315 days (four terms)
2	A. K. Antony (born 1940) 1st Antony ministry (1977 - 78) 2nd Antony ministry (1995 - 96) 3rd Antony ministry (2001 - 04)	3 years, 74 days (2001–04)	5 years, 306 days (three terms)
3	Oommen Chandy (born 1943) 1st Chandy ministry (2004 - 06) 2nd Chandy ministry (2011 - 16)	5 years, 6 days (2011–16)	6 years, 256 days (two terms)

Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F)[edit | edit source]

K. Karunakaran (1980–81, 87 - 91)
A. K. Antony (1996 - 2001)
Oommen Chandy (2006–11)
Ramesh Chennithala (2016–21)
V. D. Satheesan (2021–present)

United Democratic Front Conveners[edit | edit source]

P. J. Joseph served as the first United Democratic Front Convener (1980–82)

Period	U D F Convener	Political affiliation
1979–80	Nil
1980–82	P. J. Joseph	Kerala Congress
1982–85	Oommen Chandy^[19]	Indian National Congress
1985–2001	K. Sankaranarayanan^[20]
2001–04	Oommen Chandy^[19]
2004–18	P. P. Thankachan^[21]^[22]
2018–20	Benny Behanan^[22]^[23]
2020-25	M. M. Hassan^[8]
2025-incumbent	Adoor Prakash

Legacy[edit | edit source]

K. Karunakaran[edit | edit source]

The Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, was established by bifurcating University of Kerala during the period of 3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87). It was during the second U. D. F. government (Third Karunakaran ministry), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely Pathanamthitta and Kasaragod, were inaugurated, raising the total number of districts in Kerala to fourteen.^[24] During his third tenure as Chief Minister (1982–87), Karunakaran directly handled the Scheduled Castes Development.^[24] Kerala State Film Development Corporation was also introduced during the tenure of Karunakaran.^[24]

Chief Minister Karunakaran was instrumental in several infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi,^[25] and the Cochin International Airport, both of which were sanctioned during his 1991-95 stint as the Chief Minister.^[26] Vallarpadam Terminal, which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the administration of Karunakaran.^[27] Other major infrastructure projects introduced during the terms of Karunakaran include the Goshree Bridges of Kochi, Guruvayur Railway Line, and Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant at Kayamkulam.^[24] The first phase of Kollam Bypass was completed in 1993.^{[citation needed]}

A. K. Antony[edit | edit source]

Antony administration was instrumental in the establishment of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology at Thiruvananthapuram.^[28] The InfoPark at Kochi was established in the year 2004.^[29] It was also under his administration that the Kannur University was created by bifurcating the University of Calicut. The University of Sanskrit was inaugurated in 1994.^[30] The Indian Institute of Management and the National Institute of Technology at Kozhikode were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.^[31]

The Akshaya Project was implemented in 2002 to expand digital literacy in Kerala.^[32] During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the Unemployment Allowance, Festival Allowance for the Kerala state employees.^[33]

During his tenure as Chief Minister, A. K. Antony introduced the prohibition of arrack in Kerala.^[33] It was at Chief Minister Antony's behest that the decision to construct the new Kerala Legislature Complex was taken in 1977.^[33] He also ordered the closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant in 2004 due to non-availability of drinking water in the plant area.^[34]

Oommen Chandy[edit | edit source]

It was also during tenure of Oommen Chandy that 12 new taluks, 28 new municipalities, and Kannur Municipal Corporation were formed.^[35]^[36] It was the largest taluk delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957.^[37]^[35] The Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.^[38]

The Chandy ministry established new Government Medical Colleges in Kerala (in 2013, after a gap of 31 years).^[39]^[40] The "Karunya Scheme" was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with cancer, haemophilia, kidney, and heart diseases.^[41]^[42] A number of organ implantation surgeries were done through the "Mruthasanjeevani Project".^[43] The Second Chandy ministry had also taken the decision to prohibit liquor in Kerala by discouraging bars.^[44] The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.^[45]

Rubber subsidy to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.^[46]

In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students.^[47] Victers TV, the children's television channel on EDUSAT for schools, was inaugurated in 2005.^[48] The National University of Advanced Legal Studies at Kochi was founded in 2005 and the Indian Institute of Technology at Palakkad was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the Malayalam University at Tirur (2012) and Technological University at Thiruvananthapuram (2014).^[49]^[50]^[51] The National Institute of Visual Science and Arts at Kottayam was inaugurated in January 2016.^[52] Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.^[53]

The Kerala Public Service Commission filled the vacant posts during 2011–16.^[54] As many as 167,096 job candidates were appointed, setting a record.^[54] As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period.^[54] The Phase-3 of the Technopark at Thiruvananthapuram was inaugurated in 2014.^[55] The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16.^[55] The phase-2 of InfoPark, Kochi was inaugurated in May 2015.^[56] Phase-2 of InfoPark Thrissur was completed during the same period.^[57]^[58] The Park Centre of Cybercity at Kozhikode was formally opened by IT Minister P.K. Kunhalikutty on 15 February 2014.^[59]^[60] UL Cyberpark at Kozhikode was inaugurated in January 2016.^[61] Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of the Smart City Project.^[62]

Chandy received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme ("Jana Samparkka Paripadi").^[63]^[64] The government also sanctioned of Unemployment Allowance.^[19] Social welfare pension amounts and numbers were doubled during the second Chandy ministry.^[54]^[43] Old-age pension amounts were also increased.^[54] Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment.^[64] Free rice was given to those who did not belong to Above Poverty Line (APL).^[43] Food kits were distributed to the people during Onam, the Eid, and Christmas.^[43]

Chandy government constructed more than 400,000 houses for the homeless people in Kerala.^[64]

Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of Kannur Airport,^[62]^[65] the Kochi Metro,^[62]^[66]^[65] and the Vizhinjam Port near Thiruvananthapuram.^[62]^[65] The Kochi-Mangalore GAIL pipeline was commissioned by the second Chandy ministry in 2013.^[67] In 2015, the Cochin Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport.^[68]^[69] During his period, 227 road bridges worth nearly Rs 16 billion were built across Kerala.^[70]^[43]

A number of state highways were constructed under Chandy government and the final decision to widen the national highways of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014.^[71] Several "bypass" roads were also constructed.^[43]

Kerala Assembly Election results[edit | edit source]

Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections

1982			48.25%
1987			43.65%
1991			44.84%
1996			44.84%
2001			49.05%
2006			42.98%
2011			45.83%
2016			38.81%
2021			39.47%

Assembly election results^[72]
Election	Alliance leader	Seats won	Change in seats	Outcome
1980	K. Karunakaran	46 / 140	New	Opposition, later Government
1982		77 / 140	31	Government
1987		61 / 140	16	Opposition
1991		90 / 140	29	Government
1996	A. K. Antony	59 / 140	31	Opposition
2001	A. K. Antony	99 / 140	40	Government
2006	Oommen Chandy	42 / 140	57	Opposition
2011		72 / 140	30	Government
2016		47 / 140	25	Opposition
2021	Ramesh Chennithala	41 / 140	6	Opposition

Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Mandate	Seats secured			Ruling coalition	Majority
Mandate	LDF	UDF	Others	Ruling coalition	Majority
1980	93	46	1	LDF	47
1982	63	77	0	UDF	14
1987	78	61	1	LDF	17
1991	48	90	2	UDF	40
1996	80	59	1	LDF	21
2001	40	99	1	UDF	59
2006	98	42	0	LDF	56
2011	68	72	0	UDF	04
2016	91	47	2	LDF	44
2021	99	41	0	LDF	59

Lok Sabha Electoral History[edit | edit source]

Election	Seats won	Change in seats	Voteshare	Outcome
1980	08 / 20	New		Government
1984	18 / 20	10	51.29%	Government
1989	17 / 20	1	49.29%	Opposition
1991	16 / 20	1	48.59%	Government
1996	10 / 20	6	45.75%	Opposition
1998	11 / 20	1	46.08%	Opposition
1999	11 / 20		46.9%	Opposition
2004	01 / 20	10	38.38%	Government
2009	16 / 20	15	47.73%	Government
2014	12 / 20	4	41.98%	Opposition
2019	19 / 20	7	47.48%	Opposition
2024	18 / 20	01	45.21%	Opposition

List of elected members[edit | edit source]

State legislature[edit | edit source]

Map of Kerala showing 2021 state Legislative Assembly election results

The United Democratic Front currently has 41 members in the 140-member Kerala Legislative Assembly. The alliance currently forms the Opposition in the Assembly.

Key

INC IUML [[Kerala Congress|Template:Kerala Congress/meta/shortname]] [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Template:Kerala Congress (Jacob)/meta/shortname]] RMRI [[Kerala Democratic party|Template:Kerala Democratic party/meta/shortname]]

No.	Constituency	Member	Party
Kasaragod district
1	Manjeshwaram	A. K. M. Ashraf	IUML
2	Kasaragod	N. A. Nellikkunnu	IUML
Kannur district
3	Irikkur	Sajeev Joseph	INC
4	Peravoor	Sunny Joseph	INC
Wayanad district
5	Sulthan Bathery	I. C. Balakrishnan	INC
6	Kalpetta	T Siddique	INC
Kozhikode district
7	Koduvally	M. K. Muneer	IUML
8	Vadakara	K. K. Rema	RMPI
Malappuram district
9	Kondotty	T. V. Ibrahim	IUML
10	Eranad	P. K. Basheer	IUML
11	Wandoor	A. P. Anil Kumar	INC
12	Manjeri	U. A. Latheef	IUML
13	Perinthalmanna	Najeeb Kanthapuram	IUML
14	Mankada	Manjalamkuzhi Ali	IUML
15	Malappuram	P. Ubaidulla	IUML
16	Vengara	P. K. Kunhalikutty	IUML
17	Vallikkunnu	P. Abdul Hameed	IUML
18	Tirurangadi	K. P. A. Majeed	IUML
19	Tirur	Kurukkoli Moideen	IUML
20	Kottakkal	K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal	IUML
Palakkad district
21	Mannarkkad	N. Samsudheen	IUML
22	Palakkad	Rahul Mamkootathil	INC
Thrissur district
23	Chalakudy	T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph	INC
Ernakulam district
24	Perumbavoor	Eldhose Kunnappilly	INC
25	Angamaly	Roji M. John	INC
26	Aluva	Anwar Sadath	INC
27	Paravur	V. D. Satheesan	INC
28	Thrippunithura	K. Babu	INC
29	Ernakulam	T. J. Vinod	INC
30	Thrikkakara	Uma Thomas	INC
31	Piravom	Anoop Jacob	KC (J)
32	Muvattupuzha	Mathew Kuzhalnadan	INC
Idukki district
33	Thodupuzha	P. J. Joseph	KEC
Kottayam district
34	Pala	Mani C. Kappan	Kerala Democratic Party
35	Kaduthuruthy	Monce Joseph	KEC
36	Kottayam	Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan	INC
37	Puthuppally	Chandy Oommen	INC
Alappuzha district
38	Haripad	Ramesh Chennithala	INC
Kollam district
39	Karunagappally	C. R. Mahesh	INC
40	Kundara	P. C. Vishnunadh	INC
Thiruvananthapuram district
41	Kovalam	M. Vincent	INC

Lok Sabha[edit | edit source]

Out of the 20 Lok Sabha (House of the People) constituencies in Kerala, 18 were won by the United Democratic Front in 2024 Lok Sabha election.

The following is the list of United Democratic Front Lok Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

Key

INC IUML [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Template:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)/meta/shortname]]

No.	Parliamentary Constituency	Member (M. P.)	Party affiliation
1	Kasaragod	Rajmohan Unnithan	INC
2	Kannur	K. Sudhakaran	INC
3	Vatakara	Shafi Parambil	INC
4	Wayanad	Priyanka Gandhi Vadra	INC
5	Kozhikode	M. K. Raghavan	INC
6	Malappuram	E. T. Muhammed Basheer	IUML
7	Ponnani	M.P. Abdussamad Samadani	IUML
8	Palakkad	V. K. Sreekandan	INC
9	Chalakudy	Benny Behanan	INC
10	Ernakulam	Hibi Eden	INC
11	Idukki	Dean Kuriakose	INC
12	Kottayam	K. Francis George	KEC
13	Alappuzha	K. C. Venugopal	INC
14	Mavelikkara	Kodikunnil Suresh	INC
15	Pathanamthitta	Anto Antony Punnathaniyil	INC
16	Kollam	N. K. Premachandran	RSP
17	Attingal	Adoor Prakash	INC
18	Thiruvananthapuram	Shashi Tharoor	INC

Rajya Sabha[edit | edit source]

The following is the list of United Democratic Front Rajya Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

Key

INC IUML

No.	State	Member (M. P.)	Party affiliation
1	Kerala	Jebi Mather	INC
2	Kerala	P. V. Abdul Wahab	IUML

References[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019. The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats.
↑ "Election history of Kerala". CEO Kerala. Chief Election Officer, Kerala. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
↑ PTI (23 December 2010). "Who was K Karunakaran?". NDTV. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
↑ Isaac, T. M. Thomas; Kumar, S. Mohana (1991). "Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (47): 2691–2704. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4398338.
↑ Menon, Girish (14 May 2001). "LDF swept out in Kerala". Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
↑ Anantha Krishnan (13 May 2011). "This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin". Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Chandran, Cynthia (3 October 2020). "MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener". The New Indian Express.
↑ Heller, Patrick (18 April 2020). "A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
↑ https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/
↑ Web Desk (23 April 2024). "ലോക്‌സഭാ തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: കേരള പ്രവാസി അസോസിയേഷൻ പിന്തുണ യുഡിഎഫിന്". www.mediaoneonline.com (in മലയാളം). Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
↑ https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/anvar-janu-join-udf-as-associate-members-kkc-leader-chandrasekharan-declines-offer-3839344
↑ "As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala". Hindustan Times. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
↑ PTI (30 May 2016). "Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly". NDTV. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
↑ ANI (3 May 2021). "LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41". ANI. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ Manoj C G (22 May 2021). "Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
↑ Daily, Keralakaumudi. "Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says". Keralakaumudi Daily. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
↑ Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957 Archived 3 October 2013 at Archive.today. Kerala Legislature
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 150. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ "I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan". Mathrubhumi. 3 June 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Special Currespondent (20 September 2018). "Benny Behanan is UDF convener". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ Express News Service (27 September 2020). "UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 ^24.3 Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ "VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
↑ "Karunakaran Pavilion". The Times of India. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
↑ "DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity". Gulf News. 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
↑ Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature. 2018. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
↑ "Kochi to turn into a job park". The New Indian Express. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
↑ Madampat, Shajahan (11 April 2019). "The importance of IUML". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
↑ "IIMK – Growth History". iimk.ac.in. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
↑ "The first E-literate district of India". The Times of India. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 "Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data" (PDF). Niyamasabha. 26 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
↑ Konikkara, Aathira. "Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues". The Caravan. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 "12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala". The Hindu. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
↑ TNN (15 January 2015). "Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
↑ Devassy, M. K. (1967). Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands.
↑ Chandran 2018, p. 422.
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Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.

United Democratic Front (Kerala): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:41, 15 March 2026

Contents

Current members[edit | edit source]

Associate Members[edit | edit source]

History[edit | edit source]

Antecedents[edit | edit source]

United Democratic Front (1979 – present)[edit | edit source]

Chief Ministers[edit | edit source]

Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956 – 1979)[edit | edit source]

United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981 – present)[edit | edit source]

List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term[edit | edit source]

Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F)[edit | edit source]

United Democratic Front Conveners[edit | edit source]

Legacy[edit | edit source]

K. Karunakaran[edit | edit source]

A. K. Antony[edit | edit source]

Oommen Chandy[edit | edit source]

Kerala Assembly Election results[edit | edit source]

Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Lok Sabha Electoral History[edit | edit source]

List of elected members[edit | edit source]

State legislature[edit | edit source]

Lok Sabha[edit | edit source]

Rajya Sabha[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Political alliance in India}}
+{{short description|Congress-led alliance in Kerala, India}}
 {{For|the political alliance in Mizoram|United Democratic Front (Mizoram)}}
+{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
-{{Infobox Indian Political Party
+{{Infobox political party
-|party_name       = United Democratic Front
+| name = United Democratic Front
-|abbreviation     = '''UDF'''
+| native_name = {{lang|ml|ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി}}
-|logo             = File:UDF kerala.jpg
+| logo = UDF logo.png
-|logo_caption     =
+| logo_size = 100
-|colorcode        = {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
+| colorcode = {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
-|leader           = [[V. D. Satheesan]]
+| leader = *[[V. D. Satheesan]]<br /> {{small|([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])}}
-|chairman         = [[V. D. Satheesan]]
+*[[Adoor Prakash]]<br /> {{small|([[convenor]])}}
-|foundation       = {{Start date and age|1979}}
+| chairman = [[V. D. Satheesan]]
-|founder          = [[K. Karunakaran]]
+| foundation = {{start date and age|1979|||df=yes}}
-|ideology         = [[Big tent]]<br />'''Factions'''<br />{{unbulleted list|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="sd">{{Cite news|title=A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|last=Heller|first=Patrick|date=18 April 2020|access-date=2 February 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref>|[[Sustainable development]]<ref name="sd"/>}}
+| headquarters = Indira Bhavan, [[Vellayambalam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram District]], [[Kerala]]
-|position         = {{nowrap|[[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="WP">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'|quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |work=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref name="British-Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|last2=Sinha|first2=Aseema|title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=40|issue=1|year=2010|pages=91–113|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226|s2cid=154767259}}</ref>}}
+| position =
-|loksabha_seats   = {{Composition bar|18|20|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| national = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
-|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|9|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| website = {{URL|udf.in}}
-|state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
+| country = India
-|state_seats      = {{Composition bar|41|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| abbreviation = UDF
-|headquarters     = Indira Bhavan, [[Vellayambalam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala
+| predecessor =
-|predecessor      =
+| student_wing = [[UDSF|The United Democratic Students' Front]]
-|eci              =
+| membership = {{increase}} 8,935,209
-|flag=|symbol=}}
+| membership_year = 2024
+| seats2_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
+| seats2 = {{composition bar|18|20|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
+| seats1 = {{composition bar|3|9|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats3_title = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
+| seats3 = {{composition bar|41|140|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats5_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]
+| seats5 = {{composition bar|505|941|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats6_title = [[Panchayat Samiti|Block Panchayats]]
+| seats6 = {{composition bar|79|152|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats7_title = [[District council (India)|District Panchayats]]
+| seats7 = {{composition bar|7|14|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats8_title = [[Municipalities]]
+| seats8 = {{composition bar|54|87|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| seats9_title = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
+| seats9 = {{composition bar|4|6|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
+| colours = {{color box|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|border=darkgray}} Blue
+| eci =
+| leader2_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader
+| leader2_name = [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
+| leader1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader
+| leader1_name = [[Jebi Mather]]
+| founders = [[K. Karunakaran]]
+| logo_upright = 1.15
+| logo_alt = Logo of the United
+ Democratic Front
+}}
+The '''United Democratic Front''' ('''UDF''') is the [[Indian National Congress]]-led alliance of political parties in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="WP">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531123638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Democratic Front]], each of which has been in power alternately since the [[First Nayanar ministry|1980 E. K. Nayanar ministry]] until the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Legislative Assembly election]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html|title=Election history of Kerala|website=CEO Kerala|publisher=Chief Election Officer, Kerala|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111050225/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The alliance currently acts as the opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislature of Kerala]]. Most of the United Democratic Front constituents are members of the [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at pan-India level.
-The '''United Democratic Front''' ('''UDF''') is an alliance of [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name="WP">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'|quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |work=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref name="British-Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Saez|first1=Lawrence|last2=Sinha|first2=Aseema|title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=40|issue=1|year=2010|pages=91–113|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226|s2cid=154767259}}</ref> political parties in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]-led [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]], each of which has been in power alternately for the last four decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html|title=Election history of Kerala|date=|access-date=|website=CEO Kerala|publisher=Chief Election Officer, Kerala}}</ref> UDF has won elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|State Legislature of Kerala]] in the years [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]],<ref name="e82">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-congressi-leader-karunakaran-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-772555-2013-10-09|title=Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM|last1=9 October|last2=June 15|first2=2013 ISSUE DATE|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 May 2019|last3=August 8|first3=1982UPDATED|last4=Ist|first4=2014 17:49}}</ref> [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isaac|first1=T. M. Thomas|last2=Kumar|first2=S. Mohana|date=1991|title=Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=47|pages=2691–2704|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4398338}}</ref> [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF swept out in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ldf-swept-out-in-kerala/article27934303.ece|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=14 May 2001|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> and [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2011-udf-wins-by-narrow-margin/articleshow/8288245.cms|last=Anantha Krishnan|date=13 May 2011|access-date=2 February 2021|work=Times of India}}</ref> its predecessor [[United Front (1970–1979, Kerala)|United Front]] (1970–79) had won two consecutive terms for first time in the [[Politics of Kerala|political history of Kerala]], by gaining the elections of [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Chronicles: How Congress and CPI ruled as allies in the 1970s|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-how-congress-and-cpi-ruled-allies-1970s-146468|last=|date=3 April 2021|work=The News Minute}}</ref> and [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=In breaking with convention, Kerala may see a surprise or two|url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2021/04/683354/breaking-convention-kerala-may-see-surprise-or-two|last=Ram|first=Suresh|date=18 April 2021|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> The alliance currently acts as the opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislature of Kerala]] post-[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|May 2016 election]].
+United Democratic Front was created by the [[Indian National Congress]] (then known as [[Indira Gandhi|Congress-Indira]]) party leader [[K. Karunakaran]] in 1979, as a successor to the existing Congress-led alliance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=23 December 2010 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022111155/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |url-status=live }}</ref> The alliance first came to power in 1981 ([[Second Karunakaran ministry|K. Karunakaran ministry]]) and has won elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislature of Kerala]] in the years [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]] ([[Third Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]] [[First Nayanar ministry|ministry]]),<ref name="e82">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-congressi-leader-karunakaran-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-772555-2013-10-09|title=Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152127/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-congressi-leader-karunakaran-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-772555-2013-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref> [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] ([[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]] and [[Second Antony ministry|A. K. Antony]] ministries),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isaac|first1=T. M. Thomas|last2=Kumar|first2=S. Mohana|date=1991|title=Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=47|pages=2691–2704|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4398338}}</ref> [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] ([[Third Antony ministry|Antony]] and [[First Oommen Chandy ministry|Oommen Chandy]] ministries),<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF swept out in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ldf-swept-out-in-kerala/article27934303.ece|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=14 May 2001|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119132313/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ldf-swept-out-in-kerala/article27934303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] ([[Second Oommen Chandy ministry|Oommen Chandy ministry]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2011-udf-wins-by-narrow-margin/articleshow/8288245.cms|last=Anantha Krishnan|date=13 May 2011|access-date=2 February 2021|work=Times of India|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204194737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2011-udf-wins-by-narrow-margin/articleshow/8288245.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>  United Democratic Front leaders [[V. D. Satheesan]] and [[K. Sudhakaran]] currently serve as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] President respectively.<ref name="hs">{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Cynthia |date=3 October 2020 |title=MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/03/mm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html}}</ref>
-The alliance consists of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[Kerala Congress]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]], and a variety of other smaller parties. The front follows [[Big tent]] policy with the common principles of [[Social democracy]], and [[Sustainable development]].<ref name="sd"/> It is a part of [[United Progressive Alliance]] at national level. The front was created by the [[Indian National Congress]] (then known as [[Indira Gandhi|Congress-Indira]]) party leader [[K. Karunakaran]] in 1978, as a successor to the erstwhile [[United Front (1970-79, Kerala)|United Front]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=23 December 2010}}</ref> [[V. D. Satheesan]] is the UDF convener since May 2021.<ref name="hs"/>
+The alliance currently consists of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (Joseph)]], [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] and a variety of other smaller parties. The alliance follows [[big tent]] policy and includes a variety political parties.<ref name="sd">{{Cite news|title=A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|last=Heller|first=Patrick|date=18 April 2020|access-date=2 February 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119130557/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
+==Current members==
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
+! colspan="2" style="width:10px;" |Party
+!Abbr.
+!Flag
+! style="width:10px;" |MPs in Lok Sabha
+! style="width:10px;"|MPs in Rajya Sabha
+!MLA in state legislature
+!Kerala leader
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |1
+| [[Indian National Congress]]
+|'''INC'''
+|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 14
+| style="text-align: center;" | 01
+| style="text-align: center;" | 20
+|[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
+|-
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |2
+| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
+|'''IUML'''
+|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 03
+| style="text-align: center;" | 02
+| style="text-align: center;" | 15
+|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
+|-
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |3
+| [[Kerala Congress]]
+|'''KEC'''
+|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|center|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 01
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 02
+|[[P. J. Joseph]]
+|-
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |4
+| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
+|'''RSP'''
+|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 01
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+|[[Shibu Baby John]]
+|-
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |5
+| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
+|'''KEC(J)'''
+|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|center|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 01
+|[[Anoop Jacob]]
+|-
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |6
+| [[Democratic Congress Kerala|Kerala Democratic Party]]
+|'''KDP'''
+| [[File:Kerala Democratic Party Flag.png|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 01
+|[[Mani C. Kappan]]
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Marxist Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |7
+| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
+|'''CMP'''
+| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+| style="text-align: center;" | 00
+|[[C. P. John]]
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color| All India Forward Bloc}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |8
+|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
+|'''AIFB'''
+|
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|T. Manoj Kumar
+|-
+| style="background-color:{{party color| Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |9
+|[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]]
+|'''JSS'''
+|[[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|frameless|135x135px]]
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|style="text-align: center;" |00
+|A. N. Rajan Babu
+|-
+|}<ref>https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/</ref>
+=== Associate Members ===
+* Kerala Pravasi Association<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-04-23 |title=ലോക്‌സഭാ തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: കേരള പ്രവാസി അസോസിയേഷൻ പിന്തുണ യുഡിഎഫിന് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-pravasi-association-supports-udf-251920 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008114137/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-pravasi-association-supports-udf-251920 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+*[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
+*[[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha]]<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/anvar-janu-join-udf-as-associate-members-kkc-leader-chandrasekharan-declines-offer-3839344</ref>
 ==History==
-[[File:Karunakaran Kannoth.jpg|thumb|upright|The second-longest serving [[Chief minister of Kerala]], [[K. Karunakaran]], was the founder of UDF]]
-The coalition politics of Kerala began with [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|second election]] held to the state legislative assembly in 1960.<ref name="UN1">{{cite web|date=19 March 2007|title=India|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416005158/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,IND,,4b6fe22b5,0.html|archive-date=16 April 2013|access-date=11 August 2019|publisher=Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal|via=archive.is}}</ref> A coalition lead by [[Indian National Congress]] came into power in 1960. The formation of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1964 caused some changes in the [[Politics of Kerala]]. In 1970's, the major political parties in the state were unified under two major coalitions, one of them led by [[Indian National Congress]], and the other by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref name="UN1"/> The front led by [[Indian National Congress]] was initially called [[United Front (1970-79, Kerala)|United Front]], which had ruled the state from 1970 to 1979.<ref>Luke Koshi, Saritha S. Balan (19 June 2017). [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905 "Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart"]. ''The News Minute''. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref> The [[Second Achutha Menon ministry]], which sworn in 1970, became the first ministry in the state to complete its term. It was also the longest assembly in the state (7 years). In [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]], the United Front created history by winning two consecutive terms for first time in the state, by bagging a historical record of 111 seats to the 140-member assembly. The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed as successor to the [[United Front (1970-79, Kerala)|United Front]] just before [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 state election]].<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/p.k.-vasudevan-nair-led-coalition-government-in-kerala-runs-out-of-steam/1/427817.html "Kerala: Tenuous existence"]. ''India Today''. 30 September 1979. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref> UDF first came into power in Kerala in 1982 under [[K. Karunakaran]].<ref name="e82"/> It led the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and [[A. K. Antony]]), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and [[Oommen Chandy]]), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy). The alliance currently serves as the [[Official Opposition (India)|opposition]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly]].
-In the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]] conducted to the state legislature, UDF managed to win 47 out of 140 seats to the assembly,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html|title=As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala|date=19 May 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Ramesh Chennithala]] was elected as the [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|leader of opposition]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/congress-elects-ramesh-chennithala-as-leader-of-opposition-in-kerala-assembly-1413314 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019 Indian general election]], UDF won 19 out of 20 seats in the state. In the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|last elections]] conducted to the state legislature in 2021, UDF managed to win 40 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and [[V. D. Satheesan]] became the leader of opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ldf-retains-power-in-kerala-winning-99-seats-decimates-udf-to-4120210503031257/|last=ANI|date=3 May 2021|work=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/v-d-satheesan-kerala-congress-leader-of-opposition-7325419/|last=Manoj C G|date=22 May 2021|work=Indian Express}}</ref> UDF supported [[K. K. Rema]] for [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara]] constituency who sits as a separate block.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=555188&u=wearing-t-p%E2%80%99s-badge-k-k-rema-takes-oath-will-cooperate-with-opposition-on-issues-where-consensus-could-be-built-she-says|access-date=24 May 2021|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref>
+=== Antecedents ===
+Precursors to the United Democratic Front were,
+* Joint Front ([[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai ministry|Pattom]] and [[R. Sankar ministry|Sankar ministries]])
+** [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] - [[Praja Socialist Party]] - [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (left 1961)
+* [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-supported "Mini Front" or "Democratic Front" ([[First C. Achutha Menon ministry|Menon ministry]])
+** [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India -]] [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Kerala Congress]] - [[Indian Socialist Party]]
+* [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-supported "United Front"
+** "Mini Front" or "Maxi Front" ([[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry|Second Menon ministry]])
+*** [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (from 1971) - [[Communist Party of India]] [[Indian Union Muslim League]] [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|- Revolutionary Socialist Party -]] [[Praja Socialist Party]] [[Kerala Congress|- Kerala Congress]] (from 1975)
+** "Ruling Front" or "Maxi Front Revamped" ([[First K. Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]], [[First A. K. Antony ministry|Antony]] and [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair|P. K. V. ministries]])
+*** Congress - [[Communist Party of India]] - [[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress -]] [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
+** [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Praja Socialist Party]] - [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party]] alliance (supported by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) ([[C. H. Mohammed Koya ministry|Koya ministry]])
-===List of UDF Conveners===
+=== United Democratic Front (1979 – present) ===
-{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
+[[File:K. Karunakaran (image).jpg|thumb|220x220px|The third-longest serving [[chief minister of Kerala]], [[K. Karunakaran]], was the founder of United Democratic Front]]
-|-
+The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed just before [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 assembly election]]. In elections, the Front was defeated by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Democratic Front]]. However, the fall of the first [[Left Democratic Front]] ministry resulted in the 6th [[President's rule|President's Rule]] in Kerala (1981).
-! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Period
-! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF Convener
+United Democratic Front first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under [[K. Karunakaran]].<ref name="e82" /> It led the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and [[A. K. Antony]]), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and [[Oommen Chandy]]), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy). The alliance currently serves as the opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly]].
-! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |  Political affiliation
-|- style="text-align:center;"
+* In the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]] conducted to the Kerala state legislature, United Democratic Front managed to win 47 out of 140 seats to the assembly,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html|title=As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala|date=19 May 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629120216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Congress leader [[Ramesh Chennithala]] was chosen as the [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|Leader of Opposition]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/congress-elects-ramesh-chennithala-as-leader-of-opposition-in-kerala-assembly-1413314 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019 Indian general election]], the alliance won 19 out of 20 seats in the state.
-|1980–82
+* In the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|last elections]] conducted to the Kerala state legislature in 2021, United Democratic Front managed to win 40 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and Congress leader [[V. D. Satheesan]] chosen as the [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|Leader of Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ldf-retains-power-in-kerala-winning-99-seats-decimates-udf-to-4120210503031257/|last=ANI|date=3 May 2021|work=ANI|archive-date=19 May 2021|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112542/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ldf-retains-power-in-kerala-winning-99-seats-decimates-udf-to-4120210503031257/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/v-d-satheesan-kerala-congress-leader-of-opposition-7325419/|last=Manoj C G|date=22 May 2021|work=Indian Express|archive-date=22 May 2021|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522072929/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/v-d-satheesan-kerala-congress-leader-of-opposition-7325419/|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance supported [[K. K. Rema]] for [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara Constituency]] who sits as a separate block.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=555188&u=wearing-t-p%E2%80%99s-badge-k-k-rema-takes-oath-will-cooperate-with-opposition-on-issues-where-consensus-could-be-built-she-says|access-date=24 May 2021|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524114513/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=555188&u=wearing-t-p%E2%80%99s-badge-k-k-rema-takes-oath-will-cooperate-with-opposition-on-issues-where-consensus-could-be-built-she-says|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|[[P. J. Joseph]]
-|[[Kerala Congress (Joseph)|KC(J)]]
+== Chief Ministers ==
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|1982–85
-|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn"/>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|1985–2001
-|[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature|year=2018|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=150|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}</ref>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|2001–04
-|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn"/>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|2004–18
-|[[P. P. Thankachan]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-am-competent-to-continue-as-udf-convenor-says-p-p-thankachan-1.2859750|date=3 June 2018|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="bb">{{Cite news|title=Benny Behanan is UDF convener|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/benny-behanan-is-udf-convener/article24996840.ece|last=Special Currespondent|date=20 September 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|2018–20
-|[[Benny Behanan]]<ref name="bb"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/udf-convenor-benny-behanan-steps-down-2202596.html|last=Express News Service|date=27 September 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|- style="text-align:center;"
-|Incumbent
-|[[M. M. Hassan]]<ref name="hs">{{Cite news|title=MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/03/mm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|date=3 October 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
-|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
-|}
-==Governance==
+=== Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956 – 1979) ===
-===Chief Ministers===
+* [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] (1960–62)
-{{Gallery
+* [[R. Sankar]] (1962 – 64)
-|title=[[United Front (1970–1979, Kerala)|United Front]] (1970–79)
+* [[C. Achutha Menon]] (1970–77)
-|width=300 | height=150
+* [[K. Karunakaran]] (1977)
-|align=centre
+* [[A. K. Antony]] (1977 – 78)
-|File:C H Mohammed Koya (1979).jpg
+* [[P.K. Vasudevan Nair]] (1978–79)
-|[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] (1979)
+* [[C.H. Mohammed Koya]] (1979)
-}}
-{{Gallery
-|title=UDF (1980–)
-|width=300 | height=150
-|align=centre
-|File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg
-|[[K. Karunakaran]] (1977, 1981 – 82, 1982 – 1987, 1991 – 95)
-|File:The Defence Minister, Shri A. K. Antony addressing at the new campus of Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) at DRDO Complex in Bangalore, on June 14, 2008.jpg
-|[[A. K. Antony]] (1977 – 78, 1995 – 96, 2001 – 04)
-|File:Oommen Chandy Kerala.jpg
-|[[Oommen Chandy]] (2004 – 06, 2011 – 16)
-}}
-===Deputy Chief Ministers===
+=== United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981 –  present) ===
 {{Gallery
-|title=Deputy Chief Ministers
+|title=United Democratic Front Chief Ministers
 |width=300 | height=150
 |align=centre
-|File:C H Mohammed Koya (1979).jpg
+|K. Karunakaran, Indian politician.jpg|[[K. Karunakaran]] (1981 – 82, 1982 – 1987, 1991 – 95)
-|[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] (1981–83)
+|A. K. Antony.jpg |[[A. K. Antony]] (1995 – 96, 2001 – 04)
-|
+|Oommen Chandy 2013 4.JPG|[[Oommen Chandy]] (2004 – 06, 2011 – 16)
-|[[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]] (1983–87)
 }}
-===UDF Ministries===
+=== List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term ===
-* [[Second Chandy ministry|Second Oommen Chandy ministry]] (2011–16)
+[[File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1983_Karunakaran.jpg|thumb|308x308px|United Democratic Front ministry in 1983 ([[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry, 1982 - 87]])]]
-* [[First Chandy ministry|First Oommen Chandy ministry]] (2004–06)
+[[File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1991_Karunakaran.jpg|thumb|308x308px|United Democratic Front ministry in 1991 ([[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|4th Karunakaran ministry, 1991 - 95]])]]
-* [[Third Antony ministry]] (2001–04)
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big;"
-* [[Second Antony ministry]] (1995–96)
-* [[Fourth Karunakaran ministry]] (1991–95)
-* [[Third Karunakaran ministry]] (1982–87)
-* [[Second Karunakaran ministry]] (1981–82)
-====List of UDF Chief Ministers by length of term====
-{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
 |-
-! data-sort-type=number style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" rowspan = "2" | {{Tooltip|No.}}
+! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|No.}}
-! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" rowspan = "2" | Name (Ministry)
+! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" rowspan="2" | Name (Ministry)
-! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" colspan = "2" | Length of term<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957]. [[Kerala Legislature]]</ref>
+! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" colspan="2" | Length of term<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131003155929/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm |date=3 October 2013 }}. [[Kerala Legislature]]</ref>
 |-
-! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Longest continuous term
+! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |Longest continuous term
-! style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Total years of premiership
+! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |Total years of premiership
 |-
-! data-sort-value="1" style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | 1
+! data-sort-value="1" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 1
-| {{Sortname|K.|Karunakaran}}
+| {{Sortname|K.|Karunakaran}} (1918 - 2010)
-''[[First Karunakaran ministry|<small>1st Karunakaran ministry</small>]]''
-''[[Second Karunakaran ministry|<small>2nd Karunakaran ministry</small>]]''
+* [[First Karunakaran ministry|1st Karunakaran ministry (1977)]]
+* [[Second Karunakaran ministry|2nd Karunakaran ministry (1981 - 82)]]
-''[[Third Karunakaran ministry|<small>3rd Karunakaran ministry</small>]]''
+* [[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87)]]
+* [[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|4th Karunakaran ministry (1991 - 95)]]
-''[[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|<small>4th Karunakaran ministry</small>]]''
 | 4 years, 305 days
+(1982–87)
 | 8 years, 315 days
+(four terms)
 |-
 |-
-! data-sort-value="2" style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | 2
+! data-sort-value="2" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 2
-| {{Sortname|A. K. |Antony}}
+| {{Sortname|A. K. |Antony}} (born 1940)
-''[[First Antony ministry|<small>1st Antony ministry</small>]]''
-''[[Second Antony ministry|<small>2nd Antony ministry</small>]]''
+* [[First Antony ministry|1st Antony ministry (1977 - 78)]]
+* [[Second Antony ministry|2nd Antony ministry (1995 - 96)]]
-''[[Third Antony ministry|<small>3rd Antony ministry</small>]]''
+* [[Third Antony ministry|3rd Antony ministry (2001 - 04)]]
 | 3 years, 74 days
+(2001–04)
 | 5 years, 306 days
+(three terms)
 |-
-! data-sort-value="3" style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | 3
+! data-sort-value="3" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 3
-| {{Sortname|Oommen|Chandy}}
+| {{Sortname|Oommen|Chandy}} (born 1943)
-''[[First Chandy ministry|<small>1st Chandy ministry</small>]]''
-''[[Second Chandy ministry|<small>2nd Chandy ministry</small>]]''
+* [[First Chandy ministry|1st Chandy ministry (2004 - 06)]]
+* [[Second Chandy ministry|2nd Chandy ministry (2011 - 16)]]
 | 5 years, 6 days
+(2011–16)
 | 6 years, 256 days
+(two terms)
 |}
-==Achievements==
+== Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F) ==
+* [[K. Karunakaran]] (1980–81, 87 - 91)
+* [[A. K. Antony]] (1996 - 2001)
+* [[Oommen Chandy]] (2006–11)
+* [[Ramesh Chennithala]] (2016–21)
+* [[V. D. Satheesan]] (2021–present)
+== United Democratic Front Conveners ==
+[[File:P.J Joseph (cropped).jpg|thumb|232x232px|[[P. J. Joseph]] served as the first United Democratic Front Convener (1980–82)]]
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big; width="100%"
+! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | Period
+! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | U D F Convener
+! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | Political affiliation
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|1979–80
+| colspan="2" |Nil
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|1980–82
+|[[P. J. Joseph]]
+|[[Kerala Congress]]
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|1982–85
+|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=32 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|1985–2001
+|[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=150 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|2001–04
+|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn" />
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|2004–18
+|[[P. P. Thankachan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2018 |title=I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-am-competent-to-continue-as-udf-convenor-says-p-p-thankachan-1.2859750 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111530/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-am-competent-to-continue-as-udf-convenor-says-p-p-thankachan-1.2859750 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bb">{{Cite news |last=Special Currespondent |date=20 September 2018 |title=Benny Behanan is UDF convener |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/benny-behanan-is-udf-convener/article24996840.ece |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112157/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/benny-behanan-is-udf-convener/article24996840.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|2018–20
+|[[Benny Behanan]]<ref name="bb" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=27 September 2020 |title=UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/udf-convenor-benny-behanan-steps-down-2202596.html |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/udf-convenor-benny-behanan-steps-down-2202596.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|2020-25
+|[[M. M. Hassan]]<ref name="hs" />
+|- style="text-align:center;"
+|2025-'''incumbent'''
+|[[Adoor Prakash]]
+|}
+== Legacy ==
 === K. Karunakaran ===
-[[File:Cochin International Airport Limited.jpg|thumb|[[Cochin International Airport]] is the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy]]
+[[File:Cochin international airport terminal.jpg|thumb|226x226px|[[Cochin International Airport]]]]
-He was instrumental in several massive infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Kochi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/21/VIP-Football-Pavilion-at-Kaloor-Stadium-Named-after-K-Karunakaran-802521.html|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and the [[Cochin International Airport]], both of which were sanctioned during his last stint as Chief Minister.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=Karunakaran Pavilion|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Pavilion-to-be-named-after-Karunakaran/articleshow/48063171.cms|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> Located at [[Nedumbassery]], about {{convert|25|km|0}} northeast of the city of [[Kochi]], Cochin International Airport is first of its kind which is developed under a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) model in India. This project was funded by nearly 10,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]] from 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/dec/06inter.htm|title=Kochi airport is the first aviation venture owned by the public|date=6 December 1999|work=rediff.com|access-date=11 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120015042/http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/dec/06inter.htm|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the busiest and the largest airport in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="LAR">{{cite news|url=https://irisholidays.com/keralatourism/airports-in-kerala/|title=Airports in Kerala-Helpful guide for tourists visiting Kerala|date=8 November 2019}}</ref> [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Vallarpadam terminal]], which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the regime of Karunakaran, but its construction was commenced by [[Oommen Chandy]] government in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-in-india/dp-world-kochi-poised-to-grow-its-capacity-1.1668086 |title=DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> Other major projects introduced during the reign of Karunakaran include the [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]], [[Goshree bridges]] of [[Kochi]], [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line|Guruvayur Railway Line]], [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant]] at [[Kayamkulam]], etc.<ref name="mn_2">{{Cite book|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature|year=2018|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=22|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG University]], [[Kottayam]], was created by bifurcating [[University of Kerala]] in the year 1983. A special government department for the welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] was formed for first time in the state when K. Karunakaran became the chief minister. It was during the reign of first UDF government ([[Third Karunakaran ministry]]), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], were carved out, making the total number of districts at 14.<ref name="mn_2"/> The first phase of [[Kollam Bypass]] was completed in 1993.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
+The [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]], was established by bifurcating [[University of Kerala]] during the period of [[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87)]]. It was during the second U. D. F. government ([[Third Karunakaran ministry]]), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], were inaugurated, raising the total number of districts in Kerala to fourteen.<ref name="mn_2">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=22 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During his third tenure as Chief Minister (1982–87), Karunakaran directly handled the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] Development.<ref name="mn_2" /> [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]] was also introduced during the tenure of Karunakaran.<ref name="mn_2" />
+Chief Minister Karunakaran was instrumental in several infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Kochi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/21/vip-football-pavilion-at-kaloor-stadium-named-after-k-karunakaran-802521.html|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127212049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/21/VIP-Football-Pavilion-at-Kaloor-Stadium-Named-after-K-Karunakaran-802521.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Cochin International Airport]], both of which were sanctioned during his 1991-95 stint as the Chief Minister.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=Karunakaran Pavilion|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Pavilion-to-be-named-after-Karunakaran/articleshow/48063171.cms|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Vallarpadam Terminal]], which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the administration of Karunakaran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-in-india/dp-world-kochi-poised-to-grow-its-capacity-1.1668086 |title=DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071620/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-in-india/dp-world-kochi-poised-to-grow-its-capacity-1.1668086 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major infrastructure projects introduced during the terms of Karunakaran include the [[Goshree bridges|Goshree Bridges]] of [[Kochi]], [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line|Guruvayur Railway Line]], and [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant]] at [[Kayamkulam]].<ref name="mn_2" /> The first phase of [[Kollam Bypass]] was completed in 1993.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
 === A. K. Antony ===
-[[File:Niyamasabha Mandiram.JPG|thumbnail|The decision to construct the present ''[[Niyamasabha Mandiram]]'' was taken by the [[First Antony ministry]] in 1977]]
+Antony administration was instrumental in the establishment of [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="mn_1">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=24 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] at [[Kochi]] was established in the year 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Kochi to turn into a job park |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jan/19/kochi-to-turn-into-a-job-park-1561046.html |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521041624/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jan/19/kochi-to-turn-into-a-job-park-1561046.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also under his administration that the [[Kannur University]] was created by bifurcating the [[University of Calicut]]. The [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|University of Sanskrit]] was inaugurated in 1994.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Madampat |first=Shajahan |date=11 April 2019 |title=The importance of IUML |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120000/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Indian Institute of Management]] and the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology]] at [[Kozhikode]] were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.<ref name="growth">{{cite web |title=IIMK – Growth History |url=http://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |website=iimk.ac.in |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223513/https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-It was at Antony's behest that the decision to construct the [[Niyamasabha|new Legislature Complex]] was taken in 1977.  During his tenure, he introduced the [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment Allowance]], Festival Allowance for the State Employees, Prohibition of [[Arrack]] in the state, and the steps initiated to revive the economy of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Chief%20Ministers%20Book%20Final.pdf |title= Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data |date= 26 February 2011 |publisher=[[Niyamasabha]] |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> Several initiatives were taken in the fields of Higher education, science & technology, [[Biotechnology]] (including the [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]), and Information technology, under his ministries.<ref name="mn_1">{{Cite book|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature|year=2018|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=24|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}</ref> It was also under his reign that the [[Kannur University]] was created by bifurcating the [[University of Calicut]].  The [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|University of Sanskrit]] was founded in 1994.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Madampat|first=Shajahan|date=11 April 2019|title=The importance of IUML|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120000/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/|archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Indian Institute of Management]] and the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology]] at [[Kozhikode]] were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.<ref name=growth>{{cite web |title=IIMK – Growth History |url=http://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |website=iimk.ac.in}}</ref> Antony carried out [[Asian Development Bank]] aided "Modernization of Government Plan". He also liberalised education by allowing several private engineering and medical colleges to open in Kerala and championed the state as an investment destination.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The [[KITE Kerala|IT@school]] project and introduction of Information Technology in school level were initiated in 2001 by [[Third Antony ministry]], making Kerala the first Indian state to do so.<ref name="it">{{Cite news|title=Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE', CM Vijayan launches logo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/|last=Express Web Desk|date=7 August 2017|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The [[Akshaya project]] was implemented in 2002 to provide [[Digital literacy|E-literacy]] to the people those who haven't it and opening ''Akshaya'' centres in the remote rural areas of the state, thus ensuring Internet availability all over the state, aiming to make Kerala the first complete E-literate state of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Log-on-to-Indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms |website=The Times of India |title= The first E-literate district of India |date=18 August 2004 |access-date= 3 July 2020}}</ref> The [[InfoPark, Kochi|Infopark]] at [[Kochi]] was established in the year 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kochi to turn into a job park|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jan/19/kochi-to-turn-into-a-job-park-1561046.html|last=|date=19 January 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He also ordered the [[Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle|closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant]] in 2004 citing drought and the non-availability of drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Konikkara|first=Aathira|title=Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/coca-cola-plachimada|access-date=8 September 2020|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> Antony was ranked among top 10 Most Powerful Indians for the year 2012 by the Indian Express.<ref name="Powerful Indians 2012">{{cite web|title=Top 10: The most powerful Indians in 2012|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2012-no.-110/916161/0|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> The [[List of Prime Ministers of India|10th]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] admired Antony<ref name="PM ABV Antony"/> for his simplicity, gentleness and his zeal for reforms and change as a way to ensure acceleration of Kerala's all-round development.<ref name="PM ABV Antony">{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Inaugural Speech at the Global Investor Meet|url=http://archivepmo.nic.in/abv/speech-details.php?nodeid=9006|publisher=[[Prime Minister of India]], Archived Division|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
+The [[Akshaya project|Akshaya Project]] was implemented in 2002 to expand [[digital literacy]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Log-on-to-Indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms |website=The Times of India |title=The first E-literate district of India |date=18 August 2004 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126203012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/log-on-to-indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During his tenure as Chief Minister, [[A. K. Antony]] introduced the [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment Allowance]], Festival Allowance for the Kerala state employees.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Chief%20Ministers%20Book%20Final.pdf |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Niyamasabha]] |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025015508/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Chief%20Ministers%20Book%20Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+During his tenure as Chief Minister, [[A. K. Antony]] introduced the prohibition of [[arrack]] in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> It was at Chief Minister Antony's behest that the decision to construct the [[Niyamasabha|new Kerala Legislature Complex]] was taken in 1977.<ref name=":3" /> He also ordered the [[Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle|closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant]] in 2004 due to non-availability of drinking water in the plant area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konikkara |first=Aathira |title=Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/coca-cola-plachimada |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>
 === Oommen Chandy ===
-[[File:Manmohan Singh at the inauguration of the ‘Emerging Kerala-2012–Global Connect’, at Kochi. The Governor of Kerala, Dr. H.R. Bhardwaj, the Defence Minister, Shri A. K. Antony, the Union Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs.jpg|thumbnail|[[Oommen Chandy]] with prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and Defence Minister [[A. K. Antony]] at ''[[Emerging Kerala]]'' summit, 2012]]
+It was also during tenure of Oommen Chandy that 12 new [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluk]]s, 28 new [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|municipalities]], and [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]] were formed.<ref name="tal">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2013 |title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013905/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="new">{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=15 January 2015 |title=Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the largest [[Tehsil|taluk]] delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957.<ref name="c1961">{{Cite book |last=Devassy |first=M. K. |title=Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas) |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands |year=1967}}</ref><ref name="tal" />  The [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=422}} [[File:Oomman chandy.jpg|thumbnail|[[Oommen Chandy]] in September 2015|268x268px]]The Chandy ministry established new Government Medical Colleges in Kerala (in 2013, after a gap of 31 years).<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2 September 2013 |title=A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830004614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Special Currespondent |date=4 May 2019 |title=MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140352/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Karunya Scheme" was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with cancer, [[haemophilia]], [[kidney]], and [[heart]] diseases.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=2 April 2020 |title=Karunya Benevolent Fund Scheme extended for one more year |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/apr/02/karunya-benevolent-fund-scheme-extended-for-one-more-year-2124595.html |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/apr/02/karunya-benevolent-fund-scheme-extended-for-one-more-year-2124595.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=4 October 2012 |title=43 cochlear implant surgeries performed |work=New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/oct/04/43-cochlear-implant-surgeries-performed-412100.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/oct/04/43-cochlear-implant-surgeries-performed-412100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of organ implantation surgeries were done through the "Mruthasanjeevani Project".<ref name="clg">{{Cite news |last=Webdesk |date=4 April 2021 |title='മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയുടെ വെല്ലുവിളി ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നു'; വികസനങ്ങൾ എണ്ണിപ്പറഞ്ഞ് ഉമ്മൻചാണ്ടി |work=Malayalam Indian Express |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/takes-up-cms-challenge-oommen-chandy-enumerated-the-developments-477881/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032858/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/takes-up-cms-challenge-oommen-chandy-enumerated-the-developments-477881/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Second Chandy ministry]] had also taken the decision to prohibit [[liquor]] in Kerala by discouraging bars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=22 December 2014 |title=Oommen Chandy: Changes in liquor policy final |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/oommen-chandy-changes-in-liquor-policy-final/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518115335/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/oommen-chandy-changes-in-liquor-policy-final/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=Oommen Chandy blames CPM for political killings |work=Mathrbhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/oommen-chandy-blames-cpm-for-political-killings-1.5036983 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032857/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/oommen-chandy-blames-cpm-for-political-killings-1.5036983 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Chandy first took charge as [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] leading [[First Chandy ministry]] on 31 August 2004 and adopted the motto ''Athivegam Bahudooram'' (Fast and far). He is the only Indian Chief Minister to achieve award for public service from United Nations.<ref name="cm">{{Cite web|title=തലസ്ഥാനത്തെ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല്‍ പരിഗണിച്ച മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയാര് ? കണക്കുകള്‍ പറയുന്നു അത് ഉമ്മന്‍ചാണ്ടി|url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/news/who-is-the-best-cm-in-kerala--2020-09-19.php|access-date=6 November 2020|website=www.kaumudiplus.com|language=en}}</ref> Sanctioning of [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment allowance]], and welfare measures for the labourers, were some of the measures of his government.<ref name="mn">{{Cite book|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature|year=2018|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=32|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}</ref> Chandy attended the 35th [[World Economic Forum]] held at [[Davos]], Switzerland, in the year 2006.<ref name="mn"/> The ''Karunya'' benevolent scheme was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with Cancer, [[Haemophilia]], [[Kidney]], and [[Heart]] diseases.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karunya Benevolent Fund Scheme extended for one more year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/apr/02/karunya-benevolent-fund-scheme-extended-for-one-more-year-2124595.html|last=Express News Service|date=2 April 2020|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> More [[Cochlear implant]] surgeries were done.<ref>{{Cite news|title=43 cochlear implant surgeries performed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/oct/04/43-cochlear-implant-surgeries-performed-412100.html|last=Express News Service|date=4 October 2012|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> More Organ implantation surgeries were done through ''Mruthasanjeevani'' project.<ref name= "clg"/> Chandy also received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme (''Jana Samparkka Paripadi''), for hearing and solving the complaints of citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy bags UN award for 'mass contact programme'|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-chief-minister-oommen-chandy-bags-un-award-for-mass-contact-programme/articleshow/20206064.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Manmohan Singh being presented a memento at the inauguration of the Total E-Literacy Project, organised by P.N. Panicker Vigyan Vikas Kendra, at Thiruvananthapuram, in Kerala. The Governor of Kerala, Shri Nikhil Kumar.jpg|thumbnail|The inauguration of Complete [[Akshaya project|E-literacy project]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (2014)]]
+[[Natural rubber|Rubber]] [[subsidy]] to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=27 August 2015 |title=Subsidy for Rubber Fixed at Rs 150/kg |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/aug/27/subsidy-for-rubber-fixed-at-rs-150kg-805557.html |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208070629/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/aug/27/Subsidy-for-Rubber-Fixed-at-Rs-150kg-805557.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students, thus making Kerala the first Indian state to do so.<ref name="it"/> [[Victers TV]], which is India's first public edutainment channel broadband network on [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] for schools, was inaugurated by [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] on 28 July 2005 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers|title=KITE}}</ref> The [[Hill Highway (Kerala)|Hill highway]] project, a massive highway project that connects the eastern hilly areas of the [[List of districts of Kerala|districts of Kerala]] which was proposed in 1960, was approved by the [[First Chandy ministry]] in 2005. The [[Government of Kerala]] approved the project and funds were allocated for the same in 2005 and the same year on 17 January 2005, [[Oommen Chandy]] inaugurated the first phase of the project between [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] at a function held in [[Payyavoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=3 March 2020|title=Joseph Kanakamotta, the man behind hill highway, is no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/joseph-kanakamotta-the-man-behind-hill-highway-is-no-more/article30966821.ece|access-date=29 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
-[[File:Kochi Metro train at Palarivattom, Aug 2017.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kochi metro]] was the fastest completed metro project in India on its inauguration]]
+In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students.<ref name="it">{{Cite news |last=Express Web Desk |date=7 August 2017 |title=Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE', CM Vijayan launches logo |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/ |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152138/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Victers TV]], the children's television channel on [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] for schools, was inaugurated in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KITE |url=https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421225145/https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] at [[Kochi]] was founded in 2005 and the [[IIT Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] at [[Palakkad]] was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]] at [[Tirur]] (2012) and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|Technological University]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (2014).<ref name="Ord">{{cite web |title=Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University Ordinance, 2012 |url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/images/legg/ord56_2012.pdf |access-date=4 November 2012 |work=Kerala Gazette |publisher=Government of Kerala}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2012 |title=Kerala gifts Malayalis a university |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-gifts-malayalis-a-university/article4055548.ece |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104081841/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-gifts-malayalis-a-university/article4055548.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2012 |title=Jayakumar to take charge as Malayalam University VC |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1322139.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080058/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1322139.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts|National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] at [[Kottayam]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Information Bureau |title=Remarks by Vice President of India, Shri M. Hamid Ansari, at the inauguration of the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Sciences & Arts at Kottayam, Kerala |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134373 |access-date=12 January 2016 |publisher=Government of India |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126203416/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134373 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special currespondent |date=28 February 2016 |title=Kerala the first digital State |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415102347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Second Chandy ministry]] (2011–16) adopted the motto ''Vikasanavum Karuthalum'' (Development and care).<ref name="cm"/> Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of several massive infrastructure projects as well as some human-welfare schemes in Kerala which includes the [[Kannur International Airport]] in Kannur,<ref name="oc">{{Cite web|title=Congress kicks off poll campaign with 'Aiswarya Kerala yatra'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-kicks-poll-campaign-aiswarya-kerala-yatra-142608|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="ht"/> the [[Kochi Metro]] at [[Kochi]],<ref name="oc"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kochi Metro turns a glorious chapter today|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/07/kochi-metro-turns-a-glorious-chapter-today-2193400.html|last=|date=7 September 2020|work=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="ht"/> the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref name="oc"/><ref name="ht">{{Cite news|title=Kerala: Hitting out at 'misrule' of LDF govt, UDF launches state-wide rally|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hitting-out-at-misrule-of-ldf-govt-udf-launches-state-wide-rally-101612103005072.html|last=PTI|date=31 January 2021|work=Hindutan Times}}</ref> and [[SmartCity, Kochi|Smart City project]].<ref name="oc"/> The projects for [[Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro]] and [[Kozhikode Light Metro]] were approved in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/kozhikode/34258992_1_meenchanda-city-project-monorail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/kozhikode/34258992_1_meenchanda-city-project-monorail |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Cabinet approves detailed project report of Kozhikode monorail project |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Suburban rail project was initiated in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala gives nod for suburban rail project|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kerala-gives-nod-for-suburban-rail-project-113082201082_1.html|last=BS Reporter|date=22 August 2013|work=Business Standard}}</ref>
-The [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] became the largest Information Technology park in India with the inauguration of Phase-3 in 2014.<ref name="techno">{{Cite news|title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms|last=P K Krishnakumar|date=17 January 2014|work=Economic Times}}</ref> The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16.<ref name="techno"/> The phase-2 of [[InfoPark, Kochi]] was inaugurated in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Infopark second phase inaguration on May 6|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infopark-second-phase-inaguration-on-may-6/articleshow/47149317.cms|last=ET Bureau|date=4 May 2015|work=Economic Times}}</ref> Phase-2 of [[InfoPark Thrissur]] was completed during the same period.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CM to inaugurate Koratty infopark|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/CM-to-inaugurate-Koratty-infopark/article13998132.ece|last=Staff Reporter|date=14 January 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=nfopark Koratty Phase II starts off with Indeevaram on January 21|url=https://keralaitnews.com/5595/infopark-koratty-phase-ii-starts-off-with-indeevaram-on-january-21/|date=14 January 2014|work=Kerala IT News}}</ref> The Park Centre of [[Cyberpark|Cybercity]] at [[Kozhikode]] was formally opened by IT Minister [[P.K. Kunhalikutty]] on 15 February 2014.<ref name="Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map">{{cite news|title=Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map">{{cite news|title=Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-Cyberpark-puts-Kozhikode-on-the-IT-map/articleshow/30482192.cms|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 February 2014}}</ref> UL Cyberpark at [[Kozhikode]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece|last=Govind|first=Biju|date=24 February 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
+The [[Kerala Public Service Commission]] filled the vacant posts during 2011–16.<ref name="pen">{{Cite news |date=23 July 2016 |title=What the finance minister wouldn't tell you |work=Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/columns/straight-talk/oommen-chandy-challenges-thomas-isaac-claims-kerala-finance.html}}</ref> As many as {{formatnum:167096}} job candidates were appointed, setting a record.<ref name="pen" /> As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period.<ref name="pen" /> The Phase-3 of the [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] was inaugurated in 2014.<ref name="techno">{{Cite news |last=P K Krishnakumar |date=17 January 2014 |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16.<ref name="techno" /> The phase-2 of [[InfoPark, Kochi]] was inaugurated in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Bureau |date=4 May 2015 |title=Infopark second phase inaguration on May 6 |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infopark-second-phase-inaguration-on-may-6/articleshow/47149317.cms |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040245/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infopark-second-phase-inaguration-on-may-6/articleshow/47149317.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Phase-2 of [[InfoPark Thrissur]] was completed during the same period.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> Reporter |date=14 January 2016 |title=CM to inaugurate Koratty infopark |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/CM-to-inaugurate-Koratty-infopark/article13998132.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2014 |title=nfopark Koratty Phase II starts off with Indeevaram on January 21 |work=Kerala IT News |url=https://keralaitnews.com/5595/infopark-koratty-phase-ii-starts-off-with-indeevaram-on-january-21/ |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040316/https://keralaitnews.com/5595/infopark-koratty-phase-ii-starts-off-with-indeevaram-on-january-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Park Centre of [[Cyberpark|Cybercity]] at [[Kozhikode]] was formally opened by IT Minister [[P.K. Kunhalikutty]] on 15 February 2014.<ref name="Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map">{{cite news |date=14 February 2014 |title=Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece |access-date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040246/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map">{{cite news |date=16 February 2014 |title=Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-Cyberpark-puts-Kozhikode-on-the-IT-map/articleshow/30482192.cms |access-date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623031141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/now-cyberpark-puts-kozhikode-on-the-it-map/articleshow/30482192.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> UL Cyberpark at [[Kozhikode]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=24 February 2016 |title=UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of the [[SmartCity, Kochi|Smart City Project]].<ref name="oc" />
-[[File:Technopark Trivandum Ganga and Yamuna Buildings.jpg|thumbnail|[[Technopark, Trivandrum]] became the largest Information Technology park in India with the inauguration of Phase-3 project in the year 2014]]
-It was also during his reign that 12 new [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]s,<ref name="tal">{{Cite news|title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece|last=|date=21 March 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> 28 new [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|Municipalities]],<ref name="new">{{Cite news|title=Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms|last=TNN|date=15 January 2015|work=Times of India}}</ref> and [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]] were formed,<ref name="new"/> for the effective decentralisation and proper utilisation of resources in the state,<ref name="new"/> in all regions of the state.<ref name="new"/><ref name="tal"/> It was the largest [[Tehsil|Taluk]] delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957.<ref name="c1961">{{Cite book|title=Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands|year=1967}}</ref><ref name="tal"/> A number of [[List of state highways in Kerala|State Highways]] were constructed under Chandy government including all regions of the state, and the final decision to widen the [[National Highway (India)|National highway]]s of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala government finally decides to develop national highways at 45-meter width|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-government-finally-decides-to-develop-national-highways-at-45-meter-width/|last=Philip|first=Shaju|date=24 October 2014|work=Indian Express}}</ref> During his period, 227 Road Bridges worth nearly Rs 16&nbsp;billion were built across [[Kerala]], which was the ever-highest in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandy challenges LDF to disclose list of bridges constructed during their tenure |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chandy-challenges-ldf-to-disclose-list-of-bridges-constructed-during-their-tenure-1.5551643|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Mathrubhumi name="227 Bridges"}}</ref><ref name= "clg"/> [[Kozhikode]] bypass was completed and the works of [[Kollam Bypass]] and [[Alappuzha Bypass]] roads were restarted during 2011–16.<ref name= "clg"/> The projects of [[Karamana]]-[[Kaliyikkavila]] bypass and [[Kazhakootam]]-[[Karode]] bypass for [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city were designated and started.<ref name= "clg"/> The [[Kochi]]-[[Mangalore]] [[GAIL]] pipeline was commissioned by the [[Second Chandy ministry]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gas pipeline from Kochi to Mangaluru: hurdles crossed, and why it matters|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gas-pipeline-from-kochi-to-mangaluru-hurdles-crossed-and-why-it-matters-7141149/|last=Philip|first=Shaju|date=11 January 2021|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
-[[Second Chandy ministry|The ministry]] also took decision to built at least one Government Medical College in the districts which don't have it to ensure the presence of Public Medical College all the 14 districts of Kerala, which was instrumental in the Public health infrastructure of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece|last=Special Currespondent|date=4 May 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> As a part of the project, New Government Medical Colleges were established in the state in 2013, after a gap of 31 years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece|last=Staff Reporter|date=2 September 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] at [[Kochi]] was founded in 2005 and the [[IIT Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] at [[Palakkad]] was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] at [[Tirur]] (2012) and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (2014).<ref name="Ord">{{cite web|title=Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University Ordinance, 2012|url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/images/legg/ord56_2012.pdf|work=Kerala Gazette|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=4 November 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala gifts Malayalis a university|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-gifts-malayalis-a-university/article4055548.ece|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayakumar to take charge as Malayalam University VC|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1322139.ece|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> The [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] at [[Kottayam]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Press Information Bureau|title=Remarks by Vice President of India, Shri M. Hamid Ansari, at the inauguration of the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Sciences & Arts at Kottayam, Kerala|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134373|publisher=Government of India|access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> In 2015, the [[Cochin International Airport]] became the world's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport with the inauguration of a dedicated [[CIAL Solar Power Project|solar plant]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar-powered major airport|access-date=5 March 2021|work=LiveMint|date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |access-date=1 December 2016|work=BBC News |date=9 October 2015 }}</ref> For this entrepreneurial vision, the airport won the coveted [[Champions of the Earth|Champion of the Earth]] award in 2018, the highest environmental honour instituted by the United Nations.<ref name="UN">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jul/26/cial-chosen-for-un-environmental-honour-1848990.html|title=CIAL chosen for UN environmental honour|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2018}}</ref> The airport was awarded The Best Airport in Asia-Pacific in 2020 (5 to 15 million passengers per annum) by [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 – Best Airport by Size and Region |url=https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-airport-by-size-and-region/ |website=ACI World |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> The [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=422}} It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at [[Thevara]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=423}} Works on the last phase of [[Kollam Bypass]] was started on 27 May 2015. Chandy received the 2013 [[United Nations Public Service Awards|United Nations Public Service Award]]<ref name="ChandyUNTheHindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chandy-to-get-un-award-tomorrow/article4850295.ece "Chandy wins UN Award"] The Hindu, Thiruvananthapuram, 26 June 2013.</ref><ref name="ChandyUNPAN">[http://unpan.org/DPADM/UNPSDayAwards/UNPublicServiceAwards/tabid/1522/language/en-US/Default.aspx "UN Public Administration Programme"] UN Public Administration Programme.</ref><ref name="ChandyUNEcoTimes">[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/news/39445317_1_mass-contact-programme-chandy-3-lakh "Chandy Wins UN Award"] The Economic Times.</ref> from the Asia-Pacific region, for the category "Preventing and Combating Corruption in the Public Service." The award was presented on 27 June 2013, in [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]], by the UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, [[Wu Hongbo]]. The award was based on the theme "Transformative e-Government and Innovation: Creating a Better Future for All."
+Chandy received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme ("Jana Samparkka Paripadi").<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy bags UN award for 'mass contact programme'|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-chief-minister-oommen-chandy-bags-un-award-for-mass-contact-programme/articleshow/20206064.cms|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927115246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-chief-minister-oommen-chandy-bags-un-award-for-mass-contact-programme/articleshow/20206064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Cite web |title=തലസ്ഥാനത്തെ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല്‍ പരിഗണിച്ച മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയാര് ? കണക്കുകള്‍ പറയുന്നു അത് ഉമ്മന്‍ചാണ്ടി |url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/news/who-is-the-best-cm-in-kerala--2020-09-19.php |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=www.kaumudiplus.com |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718140430/https://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/news/who-is-the-best-cm-in-kerala--2020-09-19.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government also sanctioned of [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment Allowance]].<ref name="mn" /> Social welfare pension amounts and numbers were doubled during the [[second Chandy ministry]].<ref name="pen" /><ref name="clg" />  Old-age pension amounts were also increased.<ref name="pen" /> Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment.<ref name="cm" /> Free rice was given to those who did not belong to [[Poverty threshold|Above Poverty Line (APL)]].<ref name="clg" /> Food kits were distributed to the people during [[Onam]], the Eid, and Christmas.<ref name="clg" />
-[[File:Oomman chandy.jpg|thumbnail|[[Oommen Chandy]] in September 2015]]
-Social welfare pensions were doubled during the era of [[Second Chandy ministry]].<ref name="pen">{{Cite news|title=What the finance minister wouldn't tell you|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/columns/straight-talk/oommen-chandy-challenges-thomas-isaac-claims-kerala-finance.html|last=|date=23 July 2016|work=Onmanorama}}</ref> UDF government of 2011 increased it to Rs. 600 which was only Rs. 300 until 2011.<ref name="pen"/> The [[Second Chandy ministry|Second Chandy government]] distributed pensions ranging from Rs 800 – Rs 1,500.<ref name= "clg">{{Cite news|title='മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയുടെ വെല്ലുവിളി ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നു'; വികസനങ്ങൾ എണ്ണിപ്പറഞ്ഞ് ഉമ്മൻചാണ്ടി|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/takes-up-cms-challenge-oommen-chandy-enumerated-the-developments-477881/|last=Webdesk|date=4 April 2021|work=Malayalam Indian Express}}</ref> Social welfare pensions which had been distributed to 1290,000 people until 2011 were extended to 3443,000 during the period 2011–16.<ref name="pen"/> Pensions for the disabled and widows were increased to Rs 800.<ref name="pen"/> Old-age pensions were increased to Rs 1,500 for those above 75 years and Rs 1,100 to those above 80 years.<ref name="pen"/> Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment, and {{formatnum:414552}} houses for those who had not had homes before.<ref name="cm"/> Free rice was given to those who did not belong to [[Poverty threshold|Above Poverty Line (APL)]].<ref name= "clg"/> Food kits were distributed to the people during [[Onam]], [[Ramadan|Ramdan]], and Christmas.<ref name= "clg"/> [[Natural rubber|Rubber]] [[Subsidy]] to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Subsidy for Rubber Fixed at Rs 150/kg|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/aug/27/Subsidy-for-Rubber-Fixed-at-Rs-150kg-805557.html|last=Express News Service|date=27 August 2015|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The [[Kerala Public Service Commission]] filled the vacant posts during 2011–16.<ref name="pen"/> As many as {{formatnum:167096}} job candidates were appointed, setting a record.<ref name="pen"/> As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period.<ref name="pen"/> The [[Second Chandy ministry]] had also took decision to prohibit [[Liqueur]] in the state by discouraging bars.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oommen Chandy: Changes in liquor policy final|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/oommen-chandy-changes-in-liquor-policy-final/|last=Philip|first=Shaju|date=22 December 2014|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oommen Chandy blames CPM for political killings|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/oommen-chandy-blames-cpm-for-political-killings-1.5036983|last=|date=8 September 2020|work=Mathrbhumi}}</ref> Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala the first digital State|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece|last=Special currespondent|date=28 February 2016|access-date=17 November 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
-Twenty-six sectors were identified for showcasing in the ''[[Emerging Kerala]]'' summit of 2012 held at [[Kochi]] to attract investments. Those included:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/sectors.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915120327/http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/sectors.php |archive-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Chandy government constructed more than 400,000 houses for the homeless people in Kerala.<ref name="cm" />
-* Tourism
-* Healthcare services
-* Manufacturing including Engineering & Automotive
-* Projects under MSME Sector
-* IT / ITES / IT Infrastructure
-* Science & Technology
-* Trade & Retailing
-* Food & Agro Processing and Value-addition
-* Ports, Shipbuilding
-* Textiles & Garments
-* Electronics
-* Knowledge / Education sector
-* Green Energy
-* Bio-Technology, Nano Technology, Pharmaceuticals
-* Urban Infrastructure Development
-* Infotainment
-* Logistics
-* Petrochemicals
-* Gas based Industries
-* Airport Infrastructure, Aeroplane & Helicopter services
-* Centres of Excellence
-* Infrastructure development (Road, Rail, Power, Water Supply, Sewage)
-The first edition of Emerging Kerala summit, was held from 12 to 14 September 2012 at the Le Meridien International Convention Centre, [[Kochi]]. The event was organised by the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC), to highlight investment opportunities available in [[Kerala]] and advertise to the world its state of readiness to receive investors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/emerging-kerala-investment-meet-to-see-51-nations-taking-part-261487 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905070855/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/emerging-kerala-investment-meet-to-see-51-nations-taking-part-261487 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur Airport]],<ref name="oc">{{Cite web|title=Congress kicks off poll campaign with 'Aiswarya Kerala yatra'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-kicks-poll-campaign-aiswarya-kerala-yatra-142608|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The News Minute|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202041352/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-kicks-poll-campaign-aiswarya-kerala-yatra-142608|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht" /> the [[Kochi Metro]],<ref name="oc" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kochi Metro turns a glorious chapter today|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/07/kochi-metro-turns-a-glorious-chapter-today-2193400.html|date=7 September 2020|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/07/kochi-metro-turns-a-glorious-chapter-today-2193400.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht" /> and the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam Port]] near [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="oc" /><ref name="ht">{{Cite news|title=Kerala: Hitting out at 'misrule' of LDF govt, UDF launches state-wide rally|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hitting-out-at-misrule-of-ldf-govt-udf-launches-state-wide-rally-101612103005072.html|last=PTI|date=31 January 2021|work=Hindutan Times|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hitting-out-at-misrule-of-ldf-govt-udf-launches-state-wide-rally-101612103005072.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kochi]]-[[Mangalore]] [[GAIL]] pipeline was commissioned by the [[second Chandy ministry]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=11 January 2021 |title=Gas pipeline from Kochi to Mangaluru: hurdles crossed, and why it matters |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gas-pipeline-from-kochi-to-mangaluru-hurdles-crossed-and-why-it-matters-7141149/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731070654/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gas-pipeline-from-kochi-to-mangaluru-hurdles-crossed-and-why-it-matters-7141149/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  In 2015, the [[Cochin International Airport|Cochin Airport]] became the world's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2015 |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar-powered major airport |work=LiveMint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074258/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Supriya |date=9 October 2015 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News |work=BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his period, 227 road bridges worth nearly Rs 16&nbsp;billion were built across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandy challenges LDF to disclose list of bridges constructed during their tenure |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chandy-challenges-ldf-to-disclose-list-of-bridges-constructed-during-their-tenure-1.5551643 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi name="227 Bridges" |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328093546/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chandy-challenges-ldf-to-disclose-list-of-bridges-constructed-during-their-tenure-1.5551643 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="clg" />
-The [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] inaugurated the three-day event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/prime-minister-to-inaugurate-emerging-kerala-meet-on-september-12-258673 |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908064411/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/prime-minister-to-inaugurate-emerging-kerala-meet-on-september-12-258673 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/manmohan-to-open-emerging-kerala/article3788382.ece|title=Manmohan to open Emerging Kerala|date=18 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> The meet could bring in 45 specific project proposals with an investment of over Rs. 400&nbsp;billion, including [[Bharat Petroleum]] Corporation Ltd's [[Kochi Refinery]] expansion and another joint venture project of Rs. 180&nbsp;billion; [[Volkswagen]]’s engine assembly unit (Rs. 20&nbsp;billion); hospital and pre-cast concrete structure manufacturing unit (Rs. 5.70&nbsp;billion); and solar energy plant (Rs. 5&nbsp;billion).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3898219.ece |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917233713/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3898219.ece |archive-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A number of Mega projects were conceptualized and developed in the State following the summit, the most prominent of which are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/mega-projects.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913011742/http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/mega-projects.php |archive-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+A number of [[List of state highways in Kerala|state highways]] were constructed under Chandy government and the final decision to widen the [[National Highway (India)|national highway]]s of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=24 October 2014 |title=Kerala government finally decides to develop national highways at 45-meter width |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-government-finally-decides-to-develop-national-highways-at-45-meter-width/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520142317/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-government-finally-decides-to-develop-national-highways-at-45-meter-width/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several "bypass" roads were also constructed.<ref name="clg" />
-* [[Kochi]]-[[Mangalore]] [[GAIL]] Pipeline
-* [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]
-* [[Kochi Metro]]
-* [[Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro]] and [[Kozhikode Light Metro]]
-* Petroleum Chemicals & Petrochemical Investment Region
-* [[Kochi]]-[[Palakkad]] National Investment and Manufacturing Zone<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's nod sought for Kochi-Palakkad NIMZ|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Centres-nod-sought-for-Kochi-Palakkad-NIMZ/articleshow/15583002.cms|last=TNN|date=21 August 2012|work=Times of India}}</ref>
-* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam]]
-* [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor]]
-* [[Kerala Seaplane]]
-* Electronic hub at [[Kochi]]
-* [[Titanium Sponge Plant in India|Titanium Sponge Plant Project]] at [[Kollam]]
-* [[Oceanarium]] project at [[Kochi]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=The country's first Oceanarium project is coming up at Kochi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-countrys-first-oceanarium-project-is-coming-up-at-kochi/articleshow/9274010.cms?from=mdr|last=Sananda Kumar|date=18 July 2011|work=Economic Times}}</ref>
-* [[Bio 360 Life Sciences Park]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
-* Gas-based powerplant at [[Cheemeni]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<ref name="power">{{Cite news|title=Kerala to get three gas-based power projects|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Kerala-to-get-three-gas-based-power-projects|last=|date=26 August 2013|work=Projects Today}}</ref>
-* [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]<ref name="power"/>
 ==Kerala Assembly Election results==
+{{bar box
+|float=right
+|title={{color|white|Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections}}
+|titlebar= {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
+|width=250px
+|barwidth=
+|bars=
+{{bar percent|1982|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|48.25}}
+{{bar percent|1987|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|43.65}}
+{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.84}}
+{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.84}}
+{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|49.05}}
+{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|42.98}}
+{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|45.83}}
+{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|38.81}}
+{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|39.47}}
+}}
 {| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
-|+Assembly election results<ref name="htr">{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|title=History of Kerala Legislature|website=kerala.gov.in|publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>
+|+Assembly election results<ref name="htr">{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|title=History of Kerala Legislature|website=kerala.gov.in|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-!style="width:25%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Year
 ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Election
-! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |  Front leader
+! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Alliance leader
 ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Seats won
 ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Change in seats
 ! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Outcome
 |- style="text-align:center;"
-|1980
+|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
-|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
+| rowspan="4" |[[K. Karunakaran]]
-|[[K. Karunakaran]]
 |{{Composition bar|46|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 |New
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{partial|Opposition, later Government}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|1982
+|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
-|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
-|[[K. Karunakaran]]
 |{{Composition bar|77|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{gain}} 31
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Government
+|{{yes2|Government}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|1987
+|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
-|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
-|[[K. Karunakaran]]
 |{{Composition bar|61|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{loss}} 16
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{No2|Opposition}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|1991
+|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
-|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
-|[[K. Karunakaran]]
 |{{Composition bar|90|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{gain}} 29
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Government
+|{{yes2|Government}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|1996
+|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
-|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
+|rowspan=2|[[A. K. Antony]]
-|[[A. K. Antony]]
 |{{Composition bar|59|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{loss}} 31
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{No2|Opposition}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|2001
+|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
-|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
-|[[A. K. Antony]]
 |{{Composition bar|99|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{gain}} 40
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Government
+|{{yes2|Government}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|2006
+|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
-|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
+|rowspan=3|[[Oommen Chandy]]
-|[[Oommen Chandy]]
 |{{Composition bar|42|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{loss}} 57
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{No2|Opposition}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|2011
+|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
-|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
-|[[Oommen Chandy]]
 |{{Composition bar|72|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{gain}} 30
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |Government
+|{{yes2|Government}}
 |-
 |- style="text-align:center
-|2016
+|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
-|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
+||{{Composition bar|47|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
-|[[Oommen Chandy]]
-|{{Composition bar|47|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{loss}} 25
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{No2|Opposition}}
-|-
+|- style="text-align:center"
-|- style="text-align:center
+|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
-|2021
-|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
 |[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
 |{{Composition bar|41|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
 ||{{loss}} 6
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Opposition
+| {{No2|Opposition}}
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 317: / Line 425: @@
 ! rowspan="2" |Mandate
 ! colspan="3" |Seats secured
-! rowspan="2" |Ruling C'''oalition'''
+! rowspan="2" |Ruling coalition
 ! rowspan="2" |Majority
 |-
@@ Line 323: / Line 431: @@
 |-
 |[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
-|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''93'''
+| style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" |'''93'''
 |46
-|1
+ |1
 |style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
 |style="color:#DB0000;"|'''47'''
@@ Line 358: / Line 466: @@
 |}
-== Current allies ==
+== Lok Sabha Electoral History ==
-{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
-! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|No.
+!Election
-! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|Party
+!Seats won
+!Change in seats
+!Voteshare
+!Outcome
+|-
+|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
+|08 / 20
+|New
+| {{steady}}
+|Government
+|-
+|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
+|18 / 20
+| {{increase}} 10
+|51.29%
+|Government
+|-
+|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
+|17 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 1
+|49.29%
+|Opposition
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align: center;" | 1
+|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
-| [[Indian National Congress]]
+|16 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 1
+|48.59%
+|Government
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; text-align: center;" | 2
+|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
-| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
+|10 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 6
+|45.75%
+|Opposition
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)}}; text-align: center;" | 3
+|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
-| [[Kerala Congress]]
+|11 / 20
+| {{increase}} 1
+|46.08%
+|Opposition
 |-
-| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}; text-align: center;" | 4
+|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
-| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
+|11 / 20
+|{{steady}}
+|46.9%
+|Opposition
 |-
-| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}};" ! | 5
+|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
-| [[Nationalist Congress Kerala|Democratic Congress Kerala]]
+|01 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 10
+|38.38%
+|Government
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}; text-align: center;" | 6
+|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
-|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
+|16 / 20
+| {{increase}} 15
+|47.73%
+|Government
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Marxist Party (John)}}; text-align: center;" | 7
+|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
-| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
+|12 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 4
+|41.98%
+|Opposition
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}; text-align: center;" | 8
+|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
-| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
+|19 / 20
+| {{increase}} 7
+|47.48%
+|Opposition
 |-
-|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; text-align: center;"  | 9
+|[[Next Indian general election|2024]]
-| [[Bharatiya National Janata Dal]]
+|18 / 20
+| {{decrease}} 01
+|45.21%
+|Opposition
 |}
-== List of Elected members ==
+== List of elected members ==
-===State Legislature===
+===State legislature===
-[[File:2021 Kerala election result.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Kerala showing 2021 State Legislative Assembly Election Results]]
+[[File:2021 Kerala election result.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Kerala showing 2021 state Legislative Assembly election results]]
-The United Democratic Front currently has 41 members in the [[Kerala Niyamasabha|Kerala]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]], which consists of 140 elected seats in total. The alliance is the [[Official Opposition (India)|opposition]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly]].
+The United Democratic Front currently has 41 members in the 140-member [[Kerala Niyamasabha|Kerala]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The alliance currently forms the Opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly]].
 '''Key'''
-{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}} {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]
+{{Party index link|Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (KEC)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Kerala Congress (Jacob) (KC(J))}}{{Party index link|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India (RMPI)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Democratic party|Kerala Democratic Party (KDP)}}
-{|class="sortable" border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
-|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
 ! scope="col" | No.
 ! scope="col" | Constituency
@@ Line 461: / Line 616: @@
 ! 21 ||[[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]] ||[[N. Samsudheen]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
 |-
-! 22 || [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]] ||[[Shafi Parambil]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+! 22 || [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]] ||[[Rahul Mamkootathil]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
 | colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Thrissur district|<span style="color:white;">'''Thrissur district'''</span>]]
@@ Line 481: / Line 636: @@
 ! 29 ||[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]] ||[[T. J. Vinod]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-! 30 ||[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]] ||[[P. T. Thomas]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+! 30 ||[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]] ||[[Uma Thomas]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
 ! 31 ||[[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]] ||[[Anoop Jacob]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}"| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|<span style="color:white;">KC (J)</span>]]
@@ Line 493: / Line 648: @@
 | colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kottayam district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kottayam district'''</span>]]
 |-
-! 34 ||[[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]] ||[[Mani C. Kappan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"| [[Independent politician|<span style="color:white;">UDF Independent</span>]]
+! 34 ||[[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]] ||[[Mani C. Kappan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"| <span style="color:white;">Kerala Democratic Party</span>
 |-
 ! 35 ||[[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]||[[Monce Joseph]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"| [[Kerala Congress|<span style="color:white;">KEC</span>]]
@@ Line 499: / Line 654: @@
 ! 36 ||[[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]||[[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-! 37 || [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]] ||[[Oommen Chandy]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+! 37 || [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]] ||[[Chandy Oommen]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
 | colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Alappuzha district|<span style="color:white;">'''Alappuzha district'''</span>]]
@@ Line 513: / Line 668: @@
 | colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|<span style="color:white;">'''Thiruvananthapuram district'''</span>]]
 |-
-! 41 ||[[Kovalam]] ||[[M. Vincent]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+! 41 ||[[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]] ||[[M. Vincent]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |}
 === Lok Sabha ===
-[[File:Constituency wise Loksabha Results 2019 - Kerala.svg|thumb|250px|Map of Kerala showing 2019 Indian General Election Results]]
+Out of the 20 [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha (House of the People)]] constituencies in Kerala, 18 were won by the United Democratic Front in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]].
-Out of the 20 Lok Sabha (House of the People) constituencies in Kerala, 19 were won by the United Democratic Front in [[Indian general election, 2019|2019 Lok Sabha election]]. Later when the [[Kerala Congress (M)]] left UDF to join [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] in 2020, the number of seats of UDF fell into 18. The following is the list of United Democratic Front Parliament (Lok Sabha) members from the state of Kerala:
+[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Kerala Result Map.svg|thumb|2024 Indian general election]]
+The following is the list of United Democratic Front Lok Sabha members from the state of Kerala:
 '''Key'''
 {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}} {{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
-{|class="sortable" border="2" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
-|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
 ! No.
 ! Parliamentary Constituency
-! Member (MP)
+! Member (M. P.)
-! Party Affiliation
+! Party affiliation
 |-
 | 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || [[Rajmohan Unnithan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|[[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
@@ Line 534: / Line 689: @@
 | 2 || [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] ||[[K. Sudhakaran]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || [[k muraleedharan|K. Muraleedharan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || [[Shafi Parambil]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 4 || [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] || [[Rahul Gandhi]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 4 || [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] || [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
 | 5 || [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]] || [[M. K. Raghavan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 6 || [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] || [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani|M.P. Abdussamad Samadani]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
+| 6 || [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] || [[E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
 |-
-| 7 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || [[E. T. Muhammed Basheer]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
+| 7 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani|M.P. Abdussamad Samadani]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
 |-
 | 8 || [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]] ||[[V. K. Sreekandan]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 9 || [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]] ||[[Ramya Haridas]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 9 || [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]||[[Benny Behanan]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 10 || [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]] ||[[T. N. Prathapan]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 10 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]||[[Hibi Eden]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 11 || [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]] ||[[Benny Behanan]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 11 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]||[[Dean Kuriakose]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
-| 12 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || [[Hibi Eden]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 12 || [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]|| [[K. Francis George]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"| [[Kerala Congress|<span style="color:white;">KEC</span>]]
 |-
-| 13 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] ||[[Dean Kuriakose]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
+| 13 || [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]||[[K. C. Venugopal]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
 |-
 | 14 || [[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]] || [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
@@ Line 567: / Line 722: @@
 |}
-== Timeline ==
+=== Rajya Sabha ===
-===Before United Front (1956–1970)===
+The following is the list of United Democratic Front Rajya Sabha members from the state of Kerala:
-====1956====
-* The state of [[Kerala]] was formed on 1 November 1956, by unifying the [[Malayalam]]-speaking regions on the southwestern coast of India. Until then, the erstwhile state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] (1950–56) was ruled by [[Indian National Congress]], and the [[Madras State]] (1950–56), which had [[Malabar District]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod region]] of [[South Canara]] District within it, was also ruled by [[Indian National Congress]].
-====1957====
+'''Key'''
-* [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] defeated Congress in first election held to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]], and formed government.
-* [[P. T. Chacko]] of Congress became the first [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] in Kerala.
-====1958====
+{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
-* [[Vimochana Samaram|Liberation Struggle]] broke out against the [[First Namboodiripad ministry]].
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
+! No.
-====1959====
+! State
-* The [[President of India]] dissolved the Assembly under article 356 and brought the state under [[President's rule]].
+! Member (M. P.)
+! Party affiliation
-====1960====
+|-
-* [[Indian National Congress|INC]] contested the [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960 election]], making an alliance with [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] and [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].
+| 1 || rowspan="2" | [[Kerala]] || [[Jebi Mather]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|<span style="color:white;">INC</span>]]
-* The alliance under INC won the election by gaining 94 seats to the 126-member assembly.
+|-
-* [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]] of PSP became the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|CM]] on 22 February heading the first coalition government in India. [[R. Sankar]] of INC became the deputy CM.
+|2
+|[[P. V. Abdul Wahab]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|<span style="color:white;">IUML</span>]]
-====1961====
+|}
-* IUML quitted the coalition government on 9 November and [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] resigned as Speaker.
-====1962====
-* Pattom A. Thanu Pillai became the [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in September. [[R. Sankar]] of INC became the CM of Kerala.
-* The remaining two ministers of PSP bowed out from the ministry.
-====1964====
-* [[P. T. Chacko]] resigned as minister from the government on 16 February due to some differences of opinion with the CM.
-* [[P. T. Chacko]] died on 1 August. A political crisis broke out in the following September made a rebel group in Congress consisting of 15 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s. The rebel group supported the [[Motion of no confidence]] moved by PSP against the [[Sankar ministry]] on 8 September. The motion won and the state came under the [[President's rule]] for third time.
-* The 15 rebel MLAs quitted Congress to form [[Kerala Congress]] on 9 October at [[Kottayam]]. [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]] and [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]] were its founding leaders with the backing of [[Mannath Padmanabhan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/50-years-on-kerala-congress-tries-to-redefine-itself/article6482669.ece|title = 50 years on, Kerala Congress tries to redefine itself|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 October 2014|last1 = Jacob|first1 = George}}</ref>
-* [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] was formed through a split in PSP.
-* The [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]] caused a dispute within in the [[Communist Party of India]]. The right leaning group within CPI under [[C. Achutha Menon]] granted their support to [[Soviet Union]] and India while the left-leaning group under [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] stood with China. The [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] faction which had developed in CPI quitted CPI to form a new party called [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] on November at [[Kolkata]].
-====1965====
-* [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965 Assembly election]] was held on 4 March. INC contested alone in the election and won 36 seats to the 133-member assembly. However, due to the 1964 splits in INC and CPI, no party could get an absolute majority. Hence the state came under President Rule for the fourth time on 25 March.
-====1967====
-* A new polarization of political parties in the state had took place before [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967 Assembly election]]. An alliance called [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)|''Saptha Kakshi Munnani'']] (Seven Party front) was formed between the parties CPI(M), CPI, IUML, [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], [[Kerala Socialist Party|KSP]], and [[Karshaka Thozhilali Party|KTP]]. Congress fought the election alone. [[Kerala Congress]] had electoral understanding with [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]. The [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)|''Saptha Kakshi Munnani'']] won the election bagging 117 seats to the 133-member assembly. Congress shrunk to just 9 seats.
-====1968====
-* [[Kerala Samyukta Socialist Party|KSSP]] was formed due to a split in [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]].
-====1969====
-* [[Indian Socialist Party|ISP]] was formed as a successor to the erstwhile [[Kerala Samyukta Socialist Party|KSSP]].
-* Following the differences of opinion within the [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)|''Saptha Kakshi Munnani'']], [[Second Namboodiripad ministry|E. M. S. Nambudiripad]] resigned the post of CM.
-* [[First C. Achutha Menon ministry]] was formed on 1 November 1969 with the support of CPI, IUML, [[Kerala Congress]], [[Indian Socialist Party|ISP]], and [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]. CPI(M) became the party of opposition.
-====1970====
-* 3 [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s quitted the ISP to join PSP. It put the Achutha Menon ministry in a crisis. The ministry resigned on 1 August. The state came under President's rule for fifth time.
-===United Front (1970–1979)===
-====1970====
-* The fifth [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|election]] to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] was held on 17 September. Congress and [[Kerala Congress]] allied with the five-party front under [[C. Achutha Menon]]. It secured 79 seats to the 133-membered assembly. The [[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry]] was formed on 4 October.
-====1975====
-* Declaration of [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]]. Thus the term of assembly which was to be ended on 21 October 1975 was extended up to 1977.
-====1977====
-* The first split occurred in [[Kerala Congress]]. A group under [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]] rebelled to form [[Kerala Congress (B)]] and joined with CPI(M).
-* The United Front ministry under Achutha Menon became the first ministry in Kerala to complete its term. The 4th Kerala Legislative Assembly also became the longest assembly in the state (7 years).
 == See also ==
 * [[United Front (1970-79, Kerala)|United Front (1970–79)]]
 * [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]
+* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
 * [[Indian National Congress]]
-* [[United Progressive Alliance]]
 * [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
+* [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
 ==References==
+=== Notes ===
+{{Notelist|40em}}
+===References===
 {{Reflist}}
 {{refbegin}}
@@ Line 642: / Line 758: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}
+* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}
 {{United Democratic Front (Kerala) |state=collapsed}}
 {{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}
 {{Kerala topics}}
+[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
 [[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
 [[Category:Political party alliances in India]]

United Democratic Front ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി

Abbreviation	UDF
Leader	V. D. Satheesan (Leader of the Opposition) Adoor Prakash (convenor)
Chairman	V. D. Satheesan
Rajya Sabha Leader	Jebi Mather
Lok Sabha Leader	Priyanka Gandhi
Founders	K. Karunakaran
Founded	1979; 47 years ago (1979)
Headquarters	Indira Bhavan, Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala
Student wing	The United Democratic Students' Front
Membership (2024)	8,935,209
National affiliation	Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
Colours	Blue
Rajya Sabha	3 / 9
Lok Sabha	18 / 20
Kerala Legislative Assembly	41 / 140
Gram Panchayats	505 / 941
Block Panchayats	79 / 152
District Panchayats	7 / 14
Municipalities	54 / 87
Municipal Corporation	4 / 6
Website
udf.in
Politics of India Political parties Elections