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2012 Delhi gang rape and murder: Difference between revisions
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The '''2012 Delhi gang rape and murder''', commonly known as the '''Nirbhaya case''', involved a rape and fatal assault that occurred on 16 December 2012 in [[Munirka]], a neighbourhood in [[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]. The incident took place when Jyoti Singh, a 22-year-old [[physical therapy|physiotherapy]] intern, was [[beaten]], <!-- Don't bold, per MOS:BOLD -->[[Gang rape|gang-raped]], and [[torture]]d in a private bus in which she was travelling with her male friend. There were six others in the bus, including the driver, all of whom raped the woman and beat her friend. She was rushed to Safdarjung Hospital in Delhi for treatment and transferred to Singapore eleven days after the assault, where she succumbed to her injuries 2 days later. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/safdarjung-doctors-remember-nirbhaya-as-brave-woman-say-law-has-taken-its-course/articleshow/74727735.cms |title=Safdarjung doctors remember Nirbhaya as 'brave woman', say law has taken its course |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2020-03-20 |access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref> <ref name="NYT18Dec" /><ref name="Chronology">{{cite news |title=Delhi gangrape: Chronology of events |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=2 September 2013 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902063859/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |archive-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned, both in India and abroad. Subsequently, public protests against the [[Government of Delhi|state]] and [[Government of India|central]] governments for failing to provide adequate security for women took place in [[New Delhi]], where thousands of protesters clashed with [[security forces]]. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country. Since Indian law does not allow the press to publish a rape victim's name, the victim was widely known as ''Nirbhaya'', meaning "fearless", and her struggle and death became a symbol of women's resistance to rape around the world.<ref name="Devi2018">{{cite book|author=Nunglekpam Premi Devi|title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|date=25 May 2018|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=16–|id=GGKEY:K6X6DZDQYTH}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020">{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> | The '''2012 Delhi gang rape and murder''', commonly known as the '''Nirbhaya case''', involved a rape and fatal assault that occurred on 16 December 2012 in [[Munirka]], a neighbourhood in [[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]. The incident took place when Jyoti Singh, a 22-year-old [[physical therapy|physiotherapy]] intern, was [[beaten]], <!-- Don't bold, per MOS:BOLD -->[[Gang rape|gang-raped]], and [[torture]]d in a private bus in which she was travelling with her male friend, Awindra Pratap Pandey. There were six others in the bus, including the driver, all of whom raped the woman and beat her friend. She was rushed to Safdarjung Hospital in Delhi for treatment and transferred to Singapore eleven days after the assault, where she succumbed to her injuries 2 days later. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/safdarjung-doctors-remember-nirbhaya-as-brave-woman-say-law-has-taken-its-course/articleshow/74727735.cms |title=Safdarjung doctors remember Nirbhaya as 'brave woman', say law has taken its course |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2020-03-20 |access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref> <ref name="NYT18Dec" /><ref name="Chronology">{{cite news |title=Delhi gangrape: Chronology of events |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=2 September 2013 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902063859/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |archive-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned, both in India and abroad. Subsequently, public protests against the [[Government of Delhi|state]] and [[Government of India|central]] governments for failing to provide adequate security for women took place in [[New Delhi]], where thousands of protesters clashed with [[security forces]]. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country. Since Indian law does not allow the press to publish a rape victim's name, the victim was widely known as ''Nirbhaya'', meaning "fearless", and her struggle and death became a symbol of women's resistance to rape around the world.<ref name="Devi2018">{{cite book|author=Nunglekpam Premi Devi|title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|date=25 May 2018|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=16–|id=GGKEY:K6X6DZDQYTH}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020">{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> | ||
All the accused were arrested and charged with [[sexual assault]] and murder. One of the accused, Ram Singh, died in police custody from possible suicide on 11 March 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | title=Delhi gang-rape case accused commits 'suicide' | work=The Hindu | date=11 March 2013 | access-date=11 March 2013 | location=Chennai, India | first1=Devesh K. | last1=Pandey | first2=Shubhomoy | last2=Sikdar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221918/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=13 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to some published reports, the police say Ram Singh hanged himself, but the | All the accused were arrested and charged with [[sexual assault]] and murder. One of the accused, Ram Singh, died in police custody from possible suicide on 11 March 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | title=Delhi gang-rape case accused commits 'suicide' | work=The Hindu | date=11 March 2013 | access-date=11 March 2013 | location=Chennai, India | first1=Devesh K. | last1=Pandey | first2=Shubhomoy | last2=Sikdar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221918/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=13 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to some published reports, the police say Ram Singh hanged himself, but the defence lawyers and his family allege he was murdered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi rape accused found dead in prison|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21737748|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 March 2013|date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311073707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21737748|archive-date=11 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The rest of the accused went on trial in a fast-track court; the prosecution finished presenting its evidence on 8 July 2013.<ref name=TOI87>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/delhi/40442634_1_akshay-thakur-juvenile-justice-board-moving-bus |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710142011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/delhi/40442634_1_akshay-thakur-juvenile-justice-board-moving-bus |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title=16 December gang rape: Prosecution finishes evidence |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=8 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> On 10 September 2013, the four adult defendants – Pawan Gupta, Vinay Sharma, Akshay Thakur and Mukesh Singh (Ram Singh's brother) – were found guilty of rape and murder and three days later were [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]].<ref name="BBC 13 Sep">{{cite news|title=Delhi gang rape: Four sentenced to death|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24078339|work=BBC News|access-date=13 September 2013|date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913151841/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24078339|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT Sep 13" /><ref name="vocativ1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/09-2013/photos-india-demands-death-for-gang-rape-killers/|title=Photos: Indian court echoes populist outcry, gives 4 rapists death sentence|publisher=Vocativ.com|work=Sneak Peek|last1=Sharma|first1=Betwa|date=13 September 2013|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914094558/http://www.vocativ.com/09-2013/photos-india-demands-death-for-gang-rape-killers/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the death reference case and hearing appeals on 13 March 2014, [[Delhi High Court]] upheld the guilty verdict and the death sentences.<ref name="NDTV" /> On 18 December 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] rejected the final appeals of the condemned perpetrators of the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=India court paves the way for 4 men to be hanged for fatal gang rape on bus |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-rape-appeal-rejected-today-delhi-bus-gang-rape-suspects-to-hang-death-sentence-2019-12-18/ |website=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> The four adult convicts were executed by hanging on 20 March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-gang-rape-murder-convicts-executed-hanged-delhi-tihar-jail-1657649-2020-03-20|title=Justice for Nirbhaya: 4 men convicted for gang-rape hanged 7 years after brutal crime|last=Goswami|first=Dev|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020" /> The juvenile Mohammed Afroz was convicted of rape and murder and given the maximum sentence of three years' imprisonment in a reform facility, as per the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000|Juvenile Justice Act]].<ref>{{in lang|en}} [http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Fast-Track-court-awards-death-sentences-to-convicts-of-Delhi-Rape-case_a1252.html " Fast Track court awards death sentences to convicts of Delhi Rape case "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021214001/http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Fast-Track-court-awards-death-sentences-to-convicts-of-Delhi-Rape-case_a1252.html |date=21 October 2013 }}, Ramalingam.Va, Le Journal International, 14 septembre 2013</ref> | ||
As a result of the protests, in December 2012, a judicial committee was set up to study and take public suggestions for the best ways to amend laws to provide quicker investigation and prosecution of sex offenders. After considering about 80,000 suggestions, the committee submitted a report which indicated that failures on the part of the government and police were the root cause behind crimes against women. In 2013, the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013]] was promulgated by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], several new laws were passed, and six new fast-track courts were created to hear rape cases. Critics argue that the legal system remains slow to hear and prosecute rape cases, but most agree that the case has resulted in a tremendous increase in the public discussion of crimes against women and statistics show that there has been an increase in the number of women willing to file a crime report. However, in December 2014, two years after the attack, the victim's father called the promises of reform unmet and said that he felt regret in that he had not been able to bring justice for his daughter and other women like her.<ref name="nothing changed">{{cite news |title=Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012: Nirbhaya's father |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223204716/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | As a result of the protests, in December 2012, a judicial committee was set up to study and take public suggestions for the best ways to amend laws to provide quicker investigation and prosecution of sex offenders. After considering about 80,000 suggestions, the committee submitted a report which indicated that failures on the part of the government and police were the root cause behind crimes against women. In 2013, the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013]] was promulgated by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], several new laws were passed, and six new fast-track courts were created to hear rape cases. Critics argue that the legal system remains slow to hear and prosecute rape cases, but most agree that the case has resulted in a tremendous increase in the public discussion of crimes against women and statistics show that there has been an increase in the number of women willing to file a crime report. However, in December 2014, two years after the attack, the victim's father called the promises of reform unmet and said that he felt regret in that he had not been able to bring justice for his daughter and other women like her.<ref name="nothing changed">{{cite news |title=Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012: Nirbhaya's father |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223204716/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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== Incident == | == Incident == | ||
The victims, a 22-year-old woman, | The victims, a 22-year-old woman, Jyoti Singh and her male friend, were returning home on the night of 16 December 2012 after watching the film ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' at ''[[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] [[Select Citywalk|Select City Walk]]'', [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] and then took an [[auto rickshaw]] till [[Munirka]] Bus Stand.<ref name="firstpost20121218">{{cite news|title=Delhi gangraped victim regains consciousness, next 48 hours critical |work=First Post |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-gangrape-victim-regains-consciousness-next-48-hours-critical-561535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131005824/http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-gangrape-victim-regains-consciousness-next-48-hours-critical-561535.html |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> They boarded the bus at Munirka for [[Dwarka Sub City|Dwarka]] at about 9:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). There were only six others in the bus, including the driver. One of the men, identified as minor, had called for passengers telling them that the bus was going towards their destination.<ref name="NYT18Dec">{{cite news|title=Indians Outraged by Account of Gang Rape on a Bus |first1=Nikarika |last1=Mandhana |first2=Anjani |last2=Trivedi |work=The New York Times |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/outrage-in-delhi-after-latest-gang-rape-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230152045/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/outrage-in-delhi-after-latest-gang-rape-case/ |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html|title=Delhi gangrape: Accused had tried to mow down braveheart under bus, male friend saved her|date=1 January 2013|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102035356/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> They took 10 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] each as fare from both the victims. Her friend became suspicious when the bus deviated from its normal route and its doors were shut. When he objected, the group of six men already on board, including the driver, taunted the couple, asking what they were doing alone at such a late hour.<ref name="sikdar">{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape: victim narrates the tale of horror |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |location=New Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-narrates-the-tale-of-horror/article4230038.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101021127/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-narrates-the-tale-of-horror/article4230038.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 |quote=The victim purportedly told the SDM that around 9.30 p.m. while she and her friend were standing at a bus stop at Munirka, they were called into the bus by the juvenile accused Rahul (name changed), who told them that the bus would go towards Palam. On entering the vehicle, the victims found that in all there were. A few minutes into the ride, her friend got suspicious as the bus had deviated from the supposed route and the other occupants had shut the door. When he objected, the six accused taunted them, asking what they were doing together so late in the night.}}</ref> | ||
During the argument, a scuffle ensued between her friend and the group of men. He was beaten, gagged and knocked unconscious with an iron rod. The men then dragged Jyoti to the rear of the bus, beating her with the rod and raping her while the bus driver continued to drive. A medical report later said that she suffered serious injuries to her abdomen, intestines and genitals due to the assault, and doctors said that the damage indicated that a blunt object (suspected to be the iron rod) may have been used for penetration.<ref name="firstpost20121218" /> That rod was later described by police as being a rusted, L-shaped implement of the type used as a [[Jack (device)|wheel jack handle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rape survivor airlift was govt., not medical, decision |first=Bindu Shajan |last=Perappadan |location=New Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064311/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|title=Delhi rape: how India's other half lives|first=Jason|last=Burke|date=10 September 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|via=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506002404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaul">{{cite news |title=Rape victim still critical, writes to mother 'I want to live' |last=Kaul |first=Rhythma |location=New Delhi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231003459/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref> | During the argument, a scuffle ensued between her friend and the group of men. He was beaten, gagged and knocked unconscious with an iron rod. The men then dragged Jyoti to the rear of the bus, beating her with the rod and raping her while the bus driver continued to drive. A medical report later said that she suffered serious injuries to her abdomen, intestines and genitals due to the assault, and doctors said that the damage indicated that a blunt object (suspected to be the iron rod) may have been used for penetration.<ref name="firstpost20121218" /> That rod was later described by police as being a rusted, L-shaped implement of the type used as a [[Jack (device)|wheel jack handle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rape survivor airlift was govt., not medical, decision |first=Bindu Shajan |last=Perappadan |location=New Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064311/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|title=Delhi rape: how India's other half lives|first=Jason|last=Burke|date=10 September 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|via=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506002404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaul">{{cite news |title=Rape victim still critical, writes to mother 'I want to live' |last=Kaul |first=Rhythma |location=New Delhi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231003459/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref> | ||
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| death_cause = Rape, Murder | | death_cause = Rape, Murder | ||
| resting_place_coordinates = | | resting_place_coordinates = | ||
| other_names = Nirbhaya | | other_names = Nirbhaya, Damini | ||
| known_for = | | known_for = | ||
| education = | | education = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Jyoti Singh was born in [[Delhi]] on 10 May 1990, the eldest of three children and the only daughter of family which belongs to a high Brahmin caste but are lower middle class in terms of income.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-31|title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|website=IndiaToday|date=31 December 2012|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Her parents hailed from a small village in [[Ballia district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="indiatoday.in" /> While Jyoti's mother is a home-maker, her father worked double shifts (two jobs) to support his family and send his children to good schools. In an interview, he related that as a youth, he had dreamed of becoming a schoolteacher, but his family could not afford to support his education beyond high school. "When I left school 30 years ago, I vowed to never deny my children any education, so sending them to school was fulfilling my own desire for knowledge."<ref name="autogenerated6" /><ref name="village">{{cite news|title= Far from media storm, U.P. village grieves for its daughter|last= Rashid|first= Omar|location= Ballia|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 30 December 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101040433/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2019}} He said : "It never entered our hearts to ever discriminate. How could I be happy if my son is happy and my daughter isn't? And it was impossible to refuse a little girl who loved going to school."<ref name="autogenerated6" /><ref name="village" /> | Jyoti Singh was born in [[Delhi]] on 10 May 1990, the eldest of three children and the only daughter of family which belongs to a high [[Brahmin]] caste{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} but are lower middle class in terms of income.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-31|title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|website=IndiaToday|date=31 December 2012|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Her parents hailed from a small village in [[Ballia district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="indiatoday.in" /> While Jyoti's mother is a home-maker, her father worked double shifts (two jobs) to support his family and send his children to good schools. In an interview, he related that as a youth, he had dreamed of becoming a schoolteacher, but his family could not afford to support his education beyond high school. "When I left school 30 years ago, I vowed to never deny my children any education, so sending them to school was fulfilling my own desire for knowledge."<ref name="autogenerated6" /><ref name="village">{{cite news|title= Far from media storm, U.P. village grieves for its daughter|last= Rashid|first= Omar|location= Ballia|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 30 December 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101040433/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2019}} He said : "It never entered our hearts to ever discriminate. How could I be happy if my son is happy and my daughter isn't? And it was impossible to refuse a little girl who loved going to school."<ref name="autogenerated6" /><ref name="village" /> | ||
In compliance with Indian law, the real name of the victim was initially not released to the media, so [[pseudonym]]s were used for her by various media houses instead, including ''Jagruti'' ("awareness"), ''Amanat'' ("treasure"), ''Nirbhaya'' ("fearless one"), ''Damini'' ("lightning", after the [[Damini – Lightning|1993 Hindi film]]) and ''Delhi braveheart''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html |title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother |work=India Today |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |title=Woman of the Year |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=1 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101002806/http://outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |archive-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?">{{cite news|last= Roy|first= Sandip|title= Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?|work= [[First Post (India)|First Post]]|date= 24 December 2012|url= http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121231005214/http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|archive-date= 31 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|first= Neetu|last= Chandra|location= New Delhi|work= [[India Today]]|date= 31 December 2012|url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html|access-date= 1 January 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101022245/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |title=Delhi braveheart's family turns down college offer to refund fee |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529194655/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | In compliance with Indian law, the real name of the victim was initially not released to the media, so [[pseudonym]]s were used for her by various media houses instead, including ''Jagruti'' ("awareness"), ''Amanat'' ("treasure"), ''Nirbhaya'' ("fearless one"), ''Damini'' ("lightning", after the [[Damini – Lightning|1993 Hindi film]]) and ''Delhi braveheart''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html |title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother |work=India Today |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |title=Woman of the Year |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=1 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101002806/http://outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |archive-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?">{{cite news|last= Roy|first= Sandip|title= Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?|work= [[First Post (India)|First Post]]|date= 24 December 2012|url= http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121231005214/http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|archive-date= 31 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|first= Neetu|last= Chandra|location= New Delhi|work= [[India Today]]|date= 31 December 2012|url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html|access-date= 1 January 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101022245/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |title=Delhi braveheart's family turns down college offer to refund fee |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529194655/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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=== Juvenile defendant === | === Juvenile defendant === | ||
The [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile]] defendant Mohammed Afroz,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/r-i-p-nirbhaya.html|title=R.I.P Nirbhaya|last=Hashmi|first=Musba|date=22 March 2020|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|publisher=CMYK Printech Ltd|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Anand2018">{{cite book|first=Pinky|last=Anand|author-link=Pinky Anand|title=Trials of Truth: India's Landmark Criminal Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp1IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|access-date=6 January 2021|date=28 January 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-59-0|pages=88–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhaya's 'Juvenile' Rapist Who Walked Free Last Year Is Reportedly Working As A Cook |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |website=scoopwhoop |date=5 May 2017 |publisher=scoopwhoop.com |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon takes on the rape issue headlong in her upcoming film 'Maatr' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raveena-tandon-takes-on-the-rape-issue-headlong-in-her-upcoming-film-maatr-2373998 |website=dnaindia.com |date=30 March 2017 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> whose name was later changed to Raju in the media due to his age, was declared as 17 years and six months old on the day of the crime by the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB), which relied on his [[birth certificate]] and school documents. The JJB rejected a police request for a bone ossification (age determination) test for a positive documentation of his age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |title=Most brutal rapist declared minor, victim's kin outraged |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128234008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |title=Delhi gang-rape: Board declares 6th accused a minor, does not allow bone test |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131033618/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status= | The [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile]] defendant Mohammed Afroz,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/r-i-p-nirbhaya.html|title=R.I.P Nirbhaya|last=Hashmi|first=Musba|date=22 March 2020|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|publisher=CMYK Printech Ltd|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Anand2018">{{cite book|first=Pinky|last=Anand|author-link=Pinky Anand|title=Trials of Truth: India's Landmark Criminal Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp1IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|access-date=6 January 2021|date=28 January 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-59-0|pages=88–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhaya's 'Juvenile' Rapist Who Walked Free Last Year Is Reportedly Working As A Cook |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |website=scoopwhoop |date=5 May 2017 |publisher=scoopwhoop.com |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon takes on the rape issue headlong in her upcoming film 'Maatr' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raveena-tandon-takes-on-the-rape-issue-headlong-in-her-upcoming-film-maatr-2373998 |website=dnaindia.com |date=30 March 2017 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> whose name was later changed to Raju in the media due to his age, was declared as 17 years and six months old on the day of the crime by the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB), which relied on his [[birth certificate]] and school documents. The JJB rejected a police request for a bone ossification (age determination) test for a positive documentation of his age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |title=Most brutal rapist declared minor, victim's kin outraged |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128234008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |title=Delhi gang-rape: Board declares 6th accused a minor, does not allow bone test |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131033618/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/delhi/36595368_1_jjb-juvenile-board-juvenile-justice |title=Gang-rape victim's kin appalled as 6th accused declared minor |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922230251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/delhi/36595368_1_jjb-juvenile-board-juvenile-justice |archive-date=22 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
On 28 January 2013, the JJB determined that Afroz would not be tried as an adult. A petition moved by [[Janata Party]] president [[Subramanian Swamy]] seeking the prosecution of the minor as an adult because of the violent nature of his alleged crime was rejected by the JJB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile as adult accused dismissed |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126212008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/delhi/36526479_1_subramanian-swamy-juvenile-justice-board-jjb |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile with adult gang-rape accused dismissed |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/delhi/36526479_1_subramanian-swamy-juvenile-justice-board-jjb |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/juvenile-board-rejects-subramanian-swamys-plea-seeking-trial-of-juvenile-along-with-adult-accused/1064313/ |title=Juvenile Board rejects Swamy's plea seeking trial of juvenile along with accused adults |work=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The minor was tried separately in a [[juvenile court]]. | On 28 January 2013, the JJB determined that Afroz would not be tried as an adult. A petition moved by [[Janata Party]] president [[Subramanian Swamy]] seeking the prosecution of the minor as an adult because of the violent nature of his alleged crime was rejected by the JJB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile as adult accused dismissed |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126212008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/delhi/36526479_1_subramanian-swamy-juvenile-justice-board-jjb |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile with adult gang-rape accused dismissed |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/delhi/36526479_1_subramanian-swamy-juvenile-justice-board-jjb |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/juvenile-board-rejects-subramanian-swamys-plea-seeking-trial-of-juvenile-along-with-adult-accused/1064313/ |title=Juvenile Board rejects Swamy's plea seeking trial of juvenile along with accused adults |work=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The minor was tried separately in a [[juvenile court]]. | ||
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[[Sheila Dixit]], who at that time was the Chief Minister of Delhi, said that she did not have the courage to meet the victim and described Delhi as a "rape capital" in interviews.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|date=22 December 2012|access-date=22 December 2012|title=Did not have courage to meet gangrape victim: Sheila Dixit|newspaper=IBN Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221232235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> She said that senior police officials should be held accountable for the failure to take adequate measures to stop such incidents and called for "immediate setting up of fast-track courts to try rape cases and to get justice in a time-bound manner".<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Senior police officers should be held accountable, says Delhi CM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2012|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226224353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|archive-date=26 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The three constables who had refused to take action upon Ram Adhar's complaint of robbery were suspended for dereliction of duty. | [[Sheila Dixit]], who at that time was the Chief Minister of Delhi, said that she did not have the courage to meet the victim and described Delhi as a "rape capital" in interviews.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|date=22 December 2012|access-date=22 December 2012|title=Did not have courage to meet gangrape victim: Sheila Dixit|newspaper=IBN Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221232235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> She said that senior police officials should be held accountable for the failure to take adequate measures to stop such incidents and called for "immediate setting up of fast-track courts to try rape cases and to get justice in a time-bound manner".<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Senior police officers should be held accountable, says Delhi CM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2012|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226224353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|archive-date=26 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The three constables who had refused to take action upon Ram Adhar's complaint of robbery were suspended for dereliction of duty. | ||
On 24 December 2012, in his first official reaction after the incident, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".<ref name="emirates">{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|title=Delhi gang-rape: Indian PM Manmohan Singh's 'Theek Hai' gaffe sets Twitter on fire|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=24 December 2012}}</ref> In a televised address, he assured that all possible efforts would be made to ensure the safety of women in India. Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of three daughters I feel as strongly about the incident as each one of you".<ref name="emirates" /> As a tribute to Nirbhaya, the prime minister cancelled all his official events to celebrate the new year.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |title=Muted New Year's celebrations in India after gang-rape victim's death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], announced a package of financial assistance {{INRConvert|2|m|nolink=yes}} and a government job to her family.<ref name=compensation>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Delhi gang-rape: UP govt to give Rs 20 lakh to braveheart's family|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|access-date=31 December 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102140121/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | On 24 December 2012, in his first official reaction after the incident, then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".<ref name="emirates">{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|title=Delhi gang-rape: Indian PM Manmohan Singh's 'Theek Hai' gaffe sets Twitter on fire|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=24 December 2012}}</ref> In a televised address, he assured that all possible efforts would be made to ensure the safety of women in India. Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of three daughters I feel as strongly about the incident as each one of you".<ref name="emirates" /> As a tribute to Nirbhaya, the prime minister cancelled all his official events to celebrate the new year.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |title=Muted New Year's celebrations in India after gang-rape victim's death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], announced a package of financial assistance {{INRConvert|2|m|nolink=yes}} and a government job to her family.<ref name=compensation>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Delhi gang-rape: UP govt to give Rs 20 lakh to braveheart's family|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|access-date=31 December 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102140121/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Speaking out against the protesters, President Pranab Mukherjee's son [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] argued that the women protesters did not appear to him to be students, saying, "What's basically happening in Delhi is a lot like Egypt or elsewhere, where there's something called the Pink Revolution, which has very little connection with ground realities. In India, staging candle-lit marches, going to discothèques ... I can see many beautiful women among them – highly dented-painted ... [but] I have grave doubts whether they're students ..."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |title='Dented-Painted' Women: Abhijit Mukherjee's Dumb Sexist Remark |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125072831/http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remark was widely condemned as sexist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|title=Abhijit slammed for his dented-painted women comment|website=News18|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033114/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> His sister [[Sharmistha Mukherjee|Sharmistha]] said that she and their father the president both disapproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark/1/239672.html|title=Delhi gangrape protests: Presidents son Abhijit Mukherjee withdraws his dented, painted women remark|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark/1/239672.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Then Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]] also expressed disapproval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|title=Chavan disapproves of Abhijit's 'dented painted' remarks|date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315032532/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhijit quickly withdrew his comment and apologised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|title=I officially withdraw my dented-painted comment: Prez's son Abhijit – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924232230/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Spiritual guru [[Asaram Bapu]] also provoked extensive criticism from the public<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |title=Asaram Bapu adds to shame, says victim at fault too |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212020951/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> by saying that the victim was also to blame for her own assault because she could have stopped the attack if she had "chanted God's name and fallen at the feet of the attackers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniel|first1=Frank Jack|last2=Bhattacharjya|first2=Satarupa|title=Asaram Bapu's view on Delhi rape raises anger, but shared by many|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|access-date=15 January 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210537/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | Speaking out against the protesters, President Pranab Mukherjee's son [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] argued that the women protesters did not appear to him to be students, saying, "What's basically happening in Delhi is a lot like Egypt or elsewhere, where there's something called the Pink Revolution, which has very little connection with ground realities. In India, staging candle-lit marches, going to discothèques ... I can see many beautiful women among them – highly dented-painted ... [but] I have grave doubts whether they're students ..."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |title='Dented-Painted' Women: Abhijit Mukherjee's Dumb Sexist Remark |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125072831/http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remark was widely condemned as sexist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|title=Abhijit slammed for his dented-painted women comment|website=News18|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033114/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> His sister [[Sharmistha Mukherjee|Sharmistha]] said that she and their father the president both disapproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark/1/239672.html|title=Delhi gangrape protests: Presidents son Abhijit Mukherjee withdraws his dented, painted women remark|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark/1/239672.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Then Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]] also expressed disapproval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|title=Chavan disapproves of Abhijit's 'dented painted' remarks|date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315032532/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhijit quickly withdrew his comment and apologised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|title=I officially withdraw my dented-painted comment: Prez's son Abhijit – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924232230/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Spiritual guru [[Asaram Bapu]] also provoked extensive criticism from the public<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |title=Asaram Bapu adds to shame, says victim at fault too |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212020951/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> by saying that the victim was also to blame for her own assault because she could have stopped the attack if she had "chanted God's name and fallen at the feet of the attackers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniel|first1=Frank Jack|last2=Bhattacharjya|first2=Satarupa|title=Asaram Bapu's view on Delhi rape raises anger, but shared by many|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|access-date=15 January 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210537/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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== Legacy == | == Legacy == | ||
=== Anniversary memorials === | === Anniversary memorials === | ||
On 16 December 2013, the anniversary of the attack, activists held memorials throughout New Delhi in memory of the victim widely known as Nirbhaya, meaning "fearless". Members of women's organisations lit candles in her memory and protested against exploitation of women. University students and others organised a candlelight march at the bus stand in South Delhi where Nirbhaya and her friend Pandey boarded the bus in which the rape and beatings took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|title=Dec 16 gang rape: Family to set up trust, tributes paid to victim|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314150610/https://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At a commemorative prayer meeting political leaders resolved to increase efforts to improve women's security. Speaking with the victim's mother, former chief minister Sheila Dikshit said that Delhi's society and the various authorities will work together to build a permanent legacy to her daughter: "... whatever you will want in her memory, we will try to | On 16 December 2013, the anniversary of the attack, activists held memorials throughout New Delhi in memory of the victim widely known as Nirbhaya, meaning "fearless". Members of women's organisations lit candles in her memory and protested against exploitation of women. University students and others organised a candlelight march at the bus stand in South Delhi where Nirbhaya and her friend Pandey boarded the bus in which the rape and beatings took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|title=Dec 16 gang rape: Family to set up trust, tributes paid to victim|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314150610/https://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At a commemorative prayer meeting political leaders resolved to increase efforts to improve women's security. Speaking with the victim's mother, former chief minister Sheila Dikshit said that Delhi's society and the various authorities will work together to build a permanent legacy to her daughter: "... whatever you will want in her memory, we will try to fulfil. And we will try with a conviction that such an incident is not repeated with anybody else in the future".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home | title=Trust to be set up to help rape victims: Nirbhaya's mother| access-date=21 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home | archive-date=2 February 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> The victim's parents spoke at a memorial saying that they were proud of the courage that their daughter showed, which they believe "has spurred more women to speak out instead of hiding the crimes committed against them".<ref name=autogenerated6 /> | ||
In December 2014, the two-year anniversary of the attack, referring to a woman who was raped in a car operated by an [[Uber]] driver, the parents remarked to the press that not much had changed: "Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012. All promises and statements made by our leaders and ministers have turned out to be shallow. Our suffering gives them their moment in limelight. My daughter asks me what I have done to get her justice. She asks what am I doing so that many more like her get justice and I wake up to realise how helpless and trivial I am..."<ref name="nothing changed" /> | In December 2014, the two-year anniversary of the attack, referring to a woman who was raped in a car operated by an [[Uber]] driver, the parents remarked to the press that not much had changed: "Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012. All promises and statements made by our leaders and ministers have turned out to be shallow. Our suffering gives them their moment in limelight. My daughter asks me what I have done to get her justice. She asks what am I doing so that many more like her get justice and I wake up to realise how helpless and trivial I am..."<ref name="nothing changed" /> | ||