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Bodoland Territorial Region: Difference between revisions
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{{about|the autonomous region|the council which controls the region|Bodoland Territorial Council}} | {{about|the autonomous region|the council which controls the region|Bodoland Territorial Council}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Bodoland | | name = Bodoland | ||
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| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| other_name = | | other_name = | ||
| settlement_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous | | settlement_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous Administrative Region]] | ||
| image_skyline = | | image_skyline = | ||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| image_seal = Emblem of Bodoland.png | | image_seal = Emblem of Bodoland.png | ||
| seal_alt = | | seal_alt = | ||
| nickname = | | nickname = | image_map = Bodoland Territorial Area Districts.svg | ||
| image_map = Bodoland Territorial Area Districts.svg | |||
| map_alt = | | map_alt = | ||
| map_caption = Bodoland | | map_caption = Bodoland Within India | ||
| image_map1 = | | image_map1 = | ||
| map_caption1 = | | map_caption1 = | ||
| Line 35: | Line 34: | ||
| subdivision_name2 = | | subdivision_name2 = | ||
| established_title = Established | | established_title = Established | ||
| established_date = 9 | | established_date = {{start date and age|2003|2|9}} | ||
| seat_type = | | seat_type = Capital | ||
| seat = [[ | | seat = [[Kokrajhar]] | ||
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]] | | parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]] | ||
| parts_style = para | | parts_style = para | ||
| p1 = [[Districts of Bodoland| | | p1 = [[Districts of Bodoland|5]] | ||
| founder = | | founder = | ||
| named_for = | | named_for = | ||
| government_type = [[ | | government_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous Administrative Region]] | ||
| governing_body = [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] | | governing_body = [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] | ||
| leader_title = [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive | | leader_title = [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive]] | ||
| leader_name = [[Pramod Boro]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Mukut |title=From student leader to BTC chief: The meteoric rise of Pramod Boro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/from-student-leader-to-btc-chief-the-meteoric-rise-of-pramod-boro/articleshow/79716613.cms |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BTC Elections Result: UPPL's Pramod Boro declared new BTC chief |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/btc-elections-result-uppls-pramod-boro-declared-new-btc-chief-516042 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Sentinel |date=13 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | | leader_name = [[Pramod Boro]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Mukut |title=From student leader to BTC chief: The meteoric rise of Pramod Boro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/from-student-leader-to-btc-chief-the-meteoric-rise-of-pramod-boro/articleshow/79716613.cms |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BTC Elections Result: UPPL's Pramod Boro declared new BTC chief |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/btc-elections-result-uppls-pramod-boro-declared-new-btc-chief-516042 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Sentinel |date=13 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| leader_title1 = Deputy Chief Executive | | leader_title1 = Deputy Chief Executive | ||
| leader_name1 = Gobinda Basumatary<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodoland Territorial Council: Five members of BJP-UPPL-GSP coalition sworn in |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bodoland-territorial-council-five-members-of-bjp-uppl-gsp-coalition-sworn-in-927615.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | | leader_name1 = Gobinda Basumatary<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodoland Territorial Council: Five members of BJP-UPPL-GSP coalition sworn in |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bodoland-territorial-council-five-members-of-bjp-uppl-gsp-coalition-sworn-in-927615.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| leader_title2 = Speaker | | leader_title2 = Speaker | ||
| Line 56: | Line 55: | ||
| area_footnotes = | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_rank = | | area_rank = | ||
| area_total_km2 = | | area_total_km2 = 8970 | ||
| elevation_footnotes = | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m = | | elevation_m = | ||
| Line 65: | Line 64: | ||
| population_demonym = | | population_demonym = | ||
| population_footnotes = | | population_footnotes = | ||
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/07/assam-govt-to-bring-ordinance-to-accord-bodo-as-associate-official-language-2207247.html |date=7 | | demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/07/assam-govt-to-bring-ordinance-to-accord-bodo-as-associate-official-language-2207247.html |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |title=Assam govt to bring ordinance to accord Bodo as associate official language}}</ref> | ||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]<ref>https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-assam-grants-bodo-language-official-status-heres-all-you-need-to-know-on-bodoland-struggle/519610/</ref> | | demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[English language|English]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<ref>{{cite news |title=As Assam grants Bodo language official status, here's all you need to know on Bodoland struggle |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-assam-grants-bodo-language-official-status-heres-all-you-need-to-know-on-bodoland-struggle/519610/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=8 October 2020}}</ref> | ||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = + | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | ||
| postal_code = | | postal_code = | ||
| Line 81: | Line 80: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Bodoland''', officially the '''Bodoland Territorial Region''', is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous region]] in [[Assam]], [[Northeast India|Northeast]] [[India]]. It is made up of [[Districts of Bodoland| | '''Bodoland''', officially the '''Bodoland Territorial Region''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/borokachariwelfarecouncil/photos/a.103227521340380/178108883852243/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/103187148011084/178108883852243 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Facebook |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=28 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous region]] in [[Assam]], [[Northeast India|Northeast]] [[India]]. It is made up of [[Districts of Bodoland| nine districts (Four districts are proposed) ]] on the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra river]] below the foothills of [[Bhutan]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is administered by an elected body known as the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] which came into existence under the terms of a peace agreement signed in February 2003 and its autonomy was further extended by an agreement signed in January 2020. The agreement materialised as a result of the efforts taken by a naval veteran - Cdr Robin Sharma (Retd), who is now the present president of the Bodoland. The region covers an area of over nine thousand square kilometres and is predominantly inhabited by the [[Bodo people]] and other indigenous communities of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdpsindia.org/btc_accord.asp|title=Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Accord|website=cdpsindia.org|access-date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419131353/http://cdpsindia.org/btc_accord.asp|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE BODOLAND AUTONOMOUS COUNCIL ACT, 1993 |url=https://ucdpged.uu.se/peaceagreements/fulltext/India%2019930220.pdf |website=ucdpged.uu.se |access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
== Etymology of ''Bodoland'' == | == Etymology of ''Bodoland'' == | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[File:Album Pose.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Brahma Temple at Kokrajhar]] | [[File:Album Pose.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Brahma Temple at Kokrajhar]] | ||
{{see also|Protected tribal belts and blocks in Assam}} | {{see also|Protected tribal belts and blocks in Assam|Dooars}} | ||
Originally a part of ancient [[Kamarupa]] this region came under the control of [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] king [[Vishwa Singha]] in the early 16th century.<ref>"When Biswa Singha (1515-40) rose to power, the local chiefs, who ruled the country between the river Sonkosh and the Baradi were subdued and the Koch occupied the Duar areas." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=29}}</ref> | Originally a part of ancient [[Kamarupa]] this region came under the control of [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] king [[Vishwa Singha]] in the early 16th century.<ref>"When Biswa Singha (1515-40) rose to power, the local chiefs, who ruled the country between the river Sonkosh and the Baradi were subdued and the Koch occupied the Duar areas." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=29}}</ref> Around 1562, the successor king [[Nara Narayan]] determined that the Meches and Koches peoples north of the newly constructed [[Gohain Kamal Ali]] could follow their indigenous customs whereas peoples to its south had to follow Hindu Brahmanical rites.<ref>"[Nara Narayana] further instructed the Meches and Koches living to the north of the ''Gosain Kamal Ali'' to follow their tribal customs, but in the territory south of this road as far as the Brahmaputra Brahmanic rites were to be continued." {{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=55}}</ref><ref>Naranarayan placed an image of Goddess Durga and appointed a Kachari as its priest. He then collected all the Bhutias of Duars, the Kacharis and Meches living between the Bhutan hills and the Gohain Kamal Ali and ordered that the former could follow their tribal custom in the territory upto the Gohain Kamal Ali.{{harvcol|Das|1998|pp=31-32}}</ref> After the split of the Koch kingdom and subsequent collapse of the eastern [[Koch Hajo]] due to the Mughals and during the period of [[Ahom-Mughal conflicts]] in early 17th century the Bhutan kingdom pushed south and took control of the region down to the Gohain Kamal Ali.<ref>"Taking advantage of [the collapse of Koch Hajo], the Bhutias pushed their southern boundary towards the plains and occupied the land upto the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=13}}</ref><ref>"During the period of political uncertainty caused by the Ahom-Mughal conflict in the middle of seventeenth century, the Bhutias had taken possession of the whole of the fertile plain south of their hills as far as the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=59}}</ref> By the end of the 17th century the Ahom kingdom had extended their control up to the [[Manas River|Manas river]], and the region north of the Gohain Kamal Ali became divided into different ''[[Dooars|Duars]]''.<ref>"These Duars play crucial role in the determination of the relations between Assam and Bhutan. The term ‘Duar’ literally meaning ‘door’ in English, is used to refer to the areas below the foothills is equivalent to Bhutanese ‘las-sgo’ (lit. work-door) which always carries the sense of a border mart at the foot of a pass and the area in its immediate vicinity." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref> Duars between [[Sankosh river]] and Manas river were collectively known as the Eastern Duars, those between Manas river and [[Barnadi River|Barnadi river]] were collectively known as Kamrup Duars, and those between Barnadi river and Dhansiri river were collectively known as Darrang duar.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref> The duars to the west of Goalpara were called Western Duars. | ||
The ''Duars'' in the Goalpara region (which was outside the Ahom kingdom) were under Bhutan's control, but the administration of the Duars to east were shared between Bhutan or Tibet and the Ahom kingdom under different mechanisms.<ref>{{harvtxt|Das|1998|p=32}}</ref><ref>"While Bhutan generally enjoyed absolute possession of the eleven Bengal duars, its control over the seven Assam duars was not straightforward. Even during the Ahom rule, the Bhutanese did not gain full possession of the duar tracts. As a result, they are said to have harassed the population along the Assam frontiers with persistent incursions and raids." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> The ''Duars'' in the Kamrup region followed the ''posa'' system in which the Bhutanese were given possession of the duars in lieu of an annual payment;<ref>"In order to avoid these violent attacks, the Ahom rulers gave possession of the five duar tracts along the Kamrup district to Bhutan in exchange for an annual payment. The payment included about thirty-seven tola of gold, thirty-seven bags of musk, thirty-seven yak tails, thirty-seven daggers, thirty-seven blankets, fifty-seven ponies and about 4785 Narrainee rupees in cash in total." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> and the those in the Darrang region were alternately controlled by the Bhutanese and the Ahoms in an annual cycle.<ref>"It was also provided that the Darrang Duars were to be annually surrendered to the Ahom government for four months from ''Ashar'' to ''Aswin''. (that is from the 15th of June to the 15th of October)." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=30}}</ref> After the British took control of Ahom kingdom in 1826, they maintained the Ahom-Bhutan arrangement for a while<ref>"This arrangement between Bhutan and Ahom rulers of control over the seven Assam duars | |||
continued with the British after their annexation of Assam in 1826." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=395}}</ref> but annexed the Kamrup and Darrang Duars in 1841 and the Kariapar Duar in 1844;<ref>{{harvtxt|Das|1998|p=31}}</ref> and following the [[Duar War]] in 1865 took complete possession of the Duars and removed Bhutanese interest for good. The duars associated with the historical regions of Goalpara, Kamrup, and Darrang were added to these districts. | |||
===Demand for statehood=== | ===Demand for statehood=== | ||
Along with the other parts of [[Northeast India]], regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession. | Along with the other parts of [[Northeast India]], regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession. | ||
The region is also the gateway to the [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region of India]], where one of the main students organization, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with [[National Democratic Front of Boroland - Progressive|National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P)]], [[National Democratic Front of Boroland (D.R. Nabla faction)|National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction]], People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodo-groups-impose-12-hour-bandh-in-assam-over-statehood-demand/story-nGRNnkfVZaCV0IAqKBmPiI.html|title=Bodo groups impose 12-hour 'bandh' in Assam over statehood demand|date=11 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> and its supporters are demanding from the [[Government of India]] that a separate state (within the Indian Union) be created comprising the seven districts of [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] of Assam which have a significant Bodo population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/a-demand-for-bodoland-with-blood/cid/1423329|title=A demand for Bodoland, with blood|work=The Telegraph|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{ | The region is also the gateway to the [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region of India]], where one of the main students organization, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with [[National Democratic Front of Boroland - Progressive|National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P)]], [[National Democratic Front of Boroland (D.R. Nabla faction)|National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction]], People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodo-groups-impose-12-hour-bandh-in-assam-over-statehood-demand/story-nGRNnkfVZaCV0IAqKBmPiI.html|title=Bodo groups impose 12-hour 'bandh' in Assam over statehood demand|date=11 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> and its supporters are demanding from the [[Government of India]] that a separate state (within the Indian Union) be created comprising the seven districts of [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] of Assam which have a significant Bodo population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/a-demand-for-bodoland-with-blood/cid/1423329|title=A demand for Bodoland, with blood|work=The Telegraph|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://teerinshillong.in/|title=Teer in Shillong: Teer Result Online | F/R & S/R » [2020]|website=TeerinShillong}}</ref> On the other hand, it is also claimed as a sovereign state (complete independence from India) by the separatist insurgent group [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.time8.in/ndfbs-eyes-bodoland-sovereignty/|title=NDFB(S) eyes Bodoland sovereignty|last=T8N|date=14 September 2017|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316055853/https://www.time8.in/ndfbs-eyes-bodoland-sovereignty/|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
====1993 and 2003 peace agreements==== | ====1993 and 2003 peace agreements==== | ||
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==== 2020 peace agreement and the formation of the Bodoland Territorial Region ==== | ==== 2020 peace agreement and the formation of the Bodoland Territorial Region ==== | ||
A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Assam]] on one side and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] | A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Assam]] on one side and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB), the All Bodo Students’ Union and United Bodo People's Organisation on the other.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-historic-bodo-peace-accord-sign-assam-1640584-2020-01-27|title=Govt signs historic Bodo peace accord, Amit Shah says golden future awaits Assam|date=27 January 2020|work=India Today|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> Under the terms of this agreement, a Bodoland Territorial Region was formed with enhanced executive and legislative powers. The Bodoland Territorial Council will have competency over almost all areas defined by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and its membership will be increased to 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/how-the-bodo-accord-was-accomplished-establishing-a-wider-template-for-peace-in-the-northeast/|title=How the Bodo Accord was accomplished, establishing a wider template for peace in the Northeast|date=6 February 2020|work=Times of India Blog|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The boundary of BTR will be redrawn to make Boro speakers majority within the region. This will be done by forming new districts and the boundary of the region will be adjusted to include contiguous Bodo inhabited areas from neighbouring districts and exclude the non-Bodo inhabited territories which are currently under the jurisdiction of the BTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kmss-leader-akhil-gogois-judicial-custody-extended-2496251.html|title=KMSS Leader Akhil Gogoi's Judicial Custody Extended|date=10 February 2020|website=News18}}</ref> Bodoland will also have the right to be represented at national level sports and cultural events such as the [[National Games of India]] and the [[Khelo India Youth Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-bodo-peace-accord-read-the-full-text-of-draft-bodo-treaty/|title=What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty|first=Ananta Ram|last=Bharati|date=28 January 2020|work=Indus Scrolls|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The agreement also makes the Bodo language with Devnagri script an associate official language of Assam. | ||
==Government and politics== | ==Government and politics== | ||
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===Districts=== | ===Districts=== | ||
The Bodoland region is made up of [[Districts of Bodoland| | The Bodoland region is made up of [[Districts of Bodoland|five districts]] which are further subdivided into 10 Civil Subdivisions and 40 Development Blocks.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://bodoland.in/index.php/2016-02-26-07-47-07/48-bodoland-at-a-glance|title=About Bodoland|date=2 December 2018|website=www.bodoland.in}}</ref> | ||
The area and population | The area and population of these districts has been estimated as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| 3 | | 3 | ||
| [[Baksa district|Baksa]] | | [[Baksa district|Baksa]] | ||
| style="text-align:right;"| | | style="text-align:right;"|1,573 | ||
| | | 560,925 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 | | 4 | ||
| Line 155: | Line 157: | ||
| style="text-align:right;" |2,012 | | style="text-align:right;" |2,012 | ||
| 831,668 | | 831,668 | ||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]] | |||
| style="text-align:right;" |884 | |||
| 389,150 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of the region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharati |first1=Ananta Ram |title=What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty |url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-bodo-peace-accord-read-the-full-text-of-draft-bodo-treaty/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=Indus Scrolls |date=28 January 2020}}</ref> | Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of the region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharati |first1=Ananta Ram |title=What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty |url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-bodo-peace-accord-read-the-full-text-of-draft-bodo-treaty/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=Indus Scrolls |date=28 January 2020}}</ref> In January 2022, [[Tamulpur district]] was created by separating the Tamulpur sub-division from [[Baksa district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Assam Govt Forms Tamulpur As New District In State|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-govt-forms-tamulpur-as-new-district-in-state-574587 | ||
|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref> | |||
; The proposed new districts created from districts currently within the Bodoland region are: | ; The proposed new districts created from districts currently within the Bodoland region are: | ||
*[[Gossaigaon]] district, from [[Kokrajhar district]] | *[[Gossaigaon]] district, from [[Kokrajhar district]] | ||
*[[Bhergaon]] district, from [[Udalguri district]] | *[[Bhergaon]] district, from [[Udalguri district]] | ||
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==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7<nowiki>'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and is in the North Western part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38''</nowiki> E Longitude. | The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7<nowiki>'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and is in the North Western part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38''</nowiki> E Longitude. | ||
Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests of flora and | Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests full of flora and fauna.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
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===Tourism=== | ===Tourism=== | ||
Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. Manas National Park is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodolandtourism.org|title=Bodoland Tourism|website=www.bodolandtourism.org|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> | Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. [[Manas National Park]] is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodolandtourism.org|title=Bodoland Tourism|website=www.bodolandtourism.org|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> | ||
====Manas National Park==== | ====Manas National Park==== | ||
{{main|Manas National Park}} | {{main|Manas National Park}} | ||
[[File:Manas National Park.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of Manas National Park in Chirang]] | [[File:Manas National Park.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of Manas National Park in Chirang]] | ||
Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of the dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for [[Asian elephant|Elephant]], [[Indian rhinoceros|Rhino]], [[Tiger]], [[Gaur]], [[Wild water buffalo|Wild Buffalo]], [[Deer]], [[Wild boar|Wild Hogs]], and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like [[Pygmy Hog]], [[Golden Langur]] & [[Bengal Florican]]. It is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with [[Wildlife Trust of India|Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI)]], Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, [[International Rhino Foundation]], and US Fish and Wildlife Service. | Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of the dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972]]. The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for [[Asian elephant|Elephant]], [[Indian rhinoceros|Rhino]], [[Tiger]], [[Gaur]], [[Wild water buffalo|Wild Buffalo]], [[Deer]], [[Wild boar|Wild Hogs]], and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like [[Pygmy Hog]], [[Golden Langur]] & [[Bengal Florican]]. It is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with [[Wildlife Trust of India|Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI)]], Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, [[International Rhino Foundation]], and US Fish and Wildlife Service. | ||
=== Gethsemane Man-made Forest === | ====Gethsemane Man-made Forest==== | ||
{{Main|Bhairabkunda}} | {{Main|Bhairabkunda}} | ||
Situated in [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]'s [[Bhairabkunda]], it is a forest-grown entirely by local [[Joint Forest Management|JFMC]] of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam.<ref>{{ | Situated in [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]'s [[Bhairabkunda]], it is a forest-grown entirely by local [[Joint Forest Management|JFMC]] of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afforestation changes life and landscape: How a district in Assam lost a forest, gained a future|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afforestation-changes-life-and-landscape-how-a-district-in-assam-lost-a-forest-gained-a-future-4997615/|date=25 December 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Spread across more than 6 km<sup>2</sup>, the forest contains more than 1.4 million plus trees of over 35 varieties. A number of animals, birds and reptiles<ref>{{cite news |title=Man-made forest houses rare flying snake |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=apr0616/state051 |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=The Assam Tribune Online}}</ref> can also be spotted in the area. Visitors can trek through the trail in the forest and stay the night in their guest house.<ref>{{cite news |title=New tourist guest house at Bhairabkunda |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/12351 |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=Assam Times |date=17 November 2014 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
===Trekking of Baukungri Hill=== | ====Trekking of Baukungri Hill==== | ||
{{Main|Baukungri Hajw Gakhwnai}} | {{Main|Baukungri Hajw Gakhwnai}} | ||
Baukungri hill trekking is an adventurous event held annually in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland]]. It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arunachal24.in/kokrajhar-three-day-baokhungri-festival-begins/|title=Kokrajhar- Three Day Baokhungri festival Begins|date=2017 | Baukungri hill trekking is an adventurous event held annually in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland]]. It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arunachal24.in/kokrajhar-three-day-baokhungri-festival-begins/|title=Kokrajhar- Three Day Baokhungri festival Begins|date=12 April 2017|work=Arunachal24.in|access-date=13 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
==Infrastructure== | ==Infrastructure== | ||
| Line 208: | Line 216: | ||
===Energy=== | ===Energy=== | ||
====Electricity==== | ====Electricity==== | ||
State Power Sector Reform Programme under the provision of electricity act 2019 resulted in the unbundling of | State Power Sector Reform Programme under the provision of electricity act 2019 resulted in the unbundling of Bodoland Territory Electricity Board. | ||
The Bodoland Power Generation Corporation Limited is mainly responsible for maximum energy generation to meet up the energy demand in the territory of Bodoland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpgcl.org/comp_prf.html|title=company profile|website=www.bpgcl.org}}</ref> while the latter is responsible to efficiently transport electrical power from electrical power bulk heads to the distribution company networks in the territory of Bodoland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.begcl.co.in/comprofile.html|title=comprofile|website=www.aegcl.co.in}}</ref> | The Bodoland Power Generation Corporation Limited is mainly responsible for maximum energy generation to meet up the energy demand in the territory of Bodoland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpgcl.org/comp_prf.html|title=company profile|website=www.bpgcl.org}}</ref> while the latter is responsible to efficiently transport electrical power from electrical power bulk heads to the distribution company networks in the territory of Bodoland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.begcl.co.in/comprofile.html|title=comprofile|website=www.aegcl.co.in}}</ref> | ||
The primary purpose of the Bodoland Power Distribution Company Limited is to undertake distribution, trading and supply of electricity in the territory of Bodoland or outside of it.<ref> | The primary purpose of the Bodoland Power Distribution Company Limited is to undertake distribution, trading and supply of electricity in the territory of Bodoland or outside of it.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140503024736/http://www.bpdcl.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/internet/BODOLAND/webpage/pages/Company_Profile.html {{dead link|date=November 2021}}</ref> | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
===Population=== | ===Population=== | ||
[[Bodo people|Bodos]] | [[Bodo people|Bodos]] constitute the largest community in the region numbering around 1 million (31%) followed by [[Bengali Muslims]], who form the largest minority group.<ref name="economictimes_assam">{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/assam-violence-chief-reasons-behind-the-rivalry/bodos-say-most-muslim-settlers-are-illegal-migrants/amp_slideshow/15570061.cms|title=Bodos say most Muslim settlers are illegal migrants – Assam violence: Chief reasons behind the rivalry |work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The population of BTC area as per 2001 Census report is 2,920,000 out which the ST{{clarify|date=August 2020}} population is around 35% of which only 3% of the total population live in urban areas. The average density of the population in BTC is 326 per Sq.K.m. compared to 340 per Sq.K.m. of Assam. Amongst the ST/SC population Bodos, Rabhas, Keots (Kaibartas) and less quantity of [[Garo people|Garo]]s are inhabiting in this area out which Bodos will be 90% or approximately 1.2 million.<ref name="economictimes_assam"/> The other minority communities like [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbongshi]], Sarania are inhabiting in large part of BTC. Tea and Ex Tea-tribes including [[Santal people|Santhal]], Oraon etc. are also available. Moreover, other general communities like Bengali, [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] and few numbers of Hindi speaking people are also found in the Council area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bodoland.gov.in/btcataglance.html|title=Bodoland Territorial Council {{!}} Kokrajhar|website=bodoland.gov.in|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> | ||
{{ | {{Pie chart | ||
| | |thumb = right | ||
|caption = Religions in Bodoland (2011) <ref name="Religion">{{cite web|title=C-16 Population By Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in}}</ref> | |||
| | |label1 = [[Hinduism]] | ||
| | |value1 = 71.25 | ||
| | |color1 = Orange | ||
| | |label2 = [[Islam]] | ||
|value2 = 19.21 | |||
|color2 = Green | |||
|label3 = [[Christianity]] | |||
|value3 = 9.14 | |||
|color3 = Blue | |||
|label4 = Others | |||
|value4 = 0.16 | |||
|color4 = Red | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{bar box | {{bar box | ||
| Line 252: | Line 264: | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
===Literacy rate=== | ===Literacy rate=== | ||
Bodoland has a literacy rate (7 years and above) of 71. | Bodoland has a literacy rate (7 years and above) of 71.62%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_assam.pdf|title=2011 Estimates as per Census report 2001}}</ref> | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
| Line 260: | Line 272: | ||
==Sports== | ==Sports== | ||
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in the region. The region has many Football clubs of which | [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in the region. The region has many Football clubs of which Barhungkha FC, Udalguri FC and Global FC is the most widely known as they participate in [[Assam State Premier League]], the premier football league of the state. [[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]] is organised every year in memory of Bodoland martyrs, who sacrificed their lives for the cause of Bodoland movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/20275|title=Bodoland martyrs gold cup kicks off|website=Assam Times|date=19 November 2017}}</ref> The region has also produced many national level athletes. Other sports followed in the region are [[Badminton]], [[Basketball]], [[Volleyball]], [[Cricket]], [[Taekwondo]], [[Boxing]], [[Kabaddi]], [[Chess]], [[Archery]], and other indigenous sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asplsoccer.com/|title=日本播放一区二区三区,亚洲性线免费观看视频成熟,欧美XXXXXX69,国产在线播放原创精品|website=www.asplsoccer.com|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]] | * [[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]] | ||
*[[Bodo people]] | * [[Bodo people]] | ||
*[[Bodo culture]] | * [[Bodo culture]] | ||
*[[Bodo language]] | * [[Bodo language]] | ||
*[[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]] | * [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]] | ||
*[[2012 Assam violence]] | * [[2012 Assam violence]] | ||
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]] | |||
* [[North Eastern Council]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
[http://bodolandlotteryresult.in/ Bodoland Lottery] | |||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
| Line 277: | Line 292: | ||
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463813/page/n71/mode/2up|title=Assam District Gazetteers-kamrup Vol. 4|last=Allen|first=B.C|publisher=The Pioneer Press, Allahabad|year=1905}} | * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463813/page/n71/mode/2up|title=Assam District Gazetteers-kamrup Vol. 4|last=Allen|first=B.C|publisher=The Pioneer Press, Allahabad|year=1905}} | ||
* {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}} | * {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}} | ||
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949 |type=PhD |publisher=Guwahati University |hdl=10603/67909}} | * {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949 |type=PhD |publisher=Guwahati University |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195 |hdl=10603/67909}} | ||
* {{Cite thesis|last=Deka|first=Hira Moni|date=2009|title=Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of Bodo Movement|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67844}} | * {{Cite thesis|last=Deka|first=Hira Moni|date=2009|title=Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of Bodo Movement|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67844}} | ||
*{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Sudhir Jacob |year=1994|title=The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord |journal=Asian Survey |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=878–892 |doi=10.2307/2644967 |jstor=2644967}} | *{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Sudhir Jacob |year=1994|title=The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord |journal=Asian Survey |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=878–892 |doi=10.2307/2644967 |jstor=2644967}} | ||
| Line 283: | Line 298: | ||
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flRuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Bodo Imbroglio|last=Roy|first=Ajoy|publisher=Spectrum Publications|year=1995|isbn=8185319588}} | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flRuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Bodo Imbroglio|last=Roy|first=Ajoy|publisher=Spectrum Publications|year=1995|isbn=8185319588}} | ||
* {{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |pages=375–376}} | * {{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |pages=375–376}} | ||
* {{Cite book |last1=Phuntsho |first1=Karma |title=The History of Bhutan |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9781908323583}} | |||
{{Refend}} | {{Refend}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://bodoland.in | * [https://bodoland.gov.in/ Bodoland Territorial Council] | ||
* [https://bodolandtourism.org/ Bodoland Tourism] | * [https://bodolandtourism.org/ Bodoland Tourism] | ||
{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}} | {{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}} | ||
{{Proposed states and territories of India}} | {{Proposed states and territories of India}} | ||
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}} | |||
{{Assam}} | |||
{{coord|26|24|00|N|90|16|12|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} | {{coord|26|24|00|N|90|16|12|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} | ||
Latest revision as of 08:00, 2 July 2022
Bodoland | |
|---|---|
| Bodoland Territorial Region | |
 Seal | |
| Motto(s): | |
 Bodoland Within India | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Assam |
| Established | February 9, 2003 |
| Capital | Kokrajhar |
| Districts | 5 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Autonomous Administrative Region |
| • Body | Bodoland Territorial Council |
| • Chief Executive | Pramod Boro[1][2] |
| • Deputy Chief Executive | Gobinda Basumatary[3] |
| • Speaker | Katiram Boro |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8,970 km2 (3,460 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 3,155,359 |
| • Density | 350/km2 (910/sq mi) |
| Languages[4] | |
| • Official | Bodo, English, Assamese[5] |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Website | bodoland |
Bodoland, officially the Bodoland Territorial Region,[6] is an autonomous region in Assam, Northeast India. It is made up of nine districts (Four districts are proposed) on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river below the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council which came into existence under the terms of a peace agreement signed in February 2003 and its autonomy was further extended by an agreement signed in January 2020. The agreement materialised as a result of the efforts taken by a naval veteran - Cdr Robin Sharma (Retd), who is now the present president of the Bodoland. The region covers an area of over nine thousand square kilometres and is predominantly inhabited by the Bodo people and other indigenous communities of Assam.[7][8]
Etymology of Bodoland[edit]
The Plains Tribes Council of Assam had demanded, since its inception in 1967, for a separate union territory for the Boro and other plain tribes to be called Udayachal.[9] With the failure of PTCA, the All Bodo Students' Union launched the Bodo Movement in 1987 with the demand for a separate state to be called Bodoland,[10] ending with the Bodo Accord of 1993 with the formation of Bodoland Autonomous Council.[11] Bodoland is named after Bodo, an alternative spelling of the Boro people who live primarily in the Dooars regions of Goalpara and Kamrup districts.
History[edit]
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Originally a part of ancient Kamarupa this region came under the control of Koch king Vishwa Singha in the early 16th century.[12] Around 1562, the successor king Nara Narayan determined that the Meches and Koches peoples north of the newly constructed Gohain Kamal Ali could follow their indigenous customs whereas peoples to its south had to follow Hindu Brahmanical rites.[13][14] After the split of the Koch kingdom and subsequent collapse of the eastern Koch Hajo due to the Mughals and during the period of Ahom-Mughal conflicts in early 17th century the Bhutan kingdom pushed south and took control of the region down to the Gohain Kamal Ali.[15][16] By the end of the 17th century the Ahom kingdom had extended their control up to the Manas river, and the region north of the Gohain Kamal Ali became divided into different Duars.[17] Duars between Sankosh river and Manas river were collectively known as the Eastern Duars, those between Manas river and Barnadi river were collectively known as Kamrup Duars, and those between Barnadi river and Dhansiri river were collectively known as Darrang duar.[18] The duars to the west of Goalpara were called Western Duars.
The Duars in the Goalpara region (which was outside the Ahom kingdom) were under Bhutan's control, but the administration of the Duars to east were shared between Bhutan or Tibet and the Ahom kingdom under different mechanisms.[19][20] The Duars in the Kamrup region followed the posa system in which the Bhutanese were given possession of the duars in lieu of an annual payment;[21] and the those in the Darrang region were alternately controlled by the Bhutanese and the Ahoms in an annual cycle.[22] After the British took control of Ahom kingdom in 1826, they maintained the Ahom-Bhutan arrangement for a while[23] but annexed the Kamrup and Darrang Duars in 1841 and the Kariapar Duar in 1844;[24] and following the Duar War in 1865 took complete possession of the Duars and removed Bhutanese interest for good. The duars associated with the historical regions of Goalpara, Kamrup, and Darrang were added to these districts.
Demand for statehood[edit]
Along with the other parts of Northeast India, regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession.
The region is also the gateway to the North Eastern Region of India, where one of the main students organization, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P), National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction, People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations[25] and its supporters are demanding from the Government of India that a separate state (within the Indian Union) be created comprising the seven districts of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa, Udalguri, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji of Assam which have a significant Bodo population.[26][27] On the other hand, it is also claimed as a sovereign state (complete independence from India) by the separatist insurgent group NDFB.[28]
1993 and 2003 peace agreements[edit]
Following an agreement in 1993, Bodoland became an autonomous administrative unit constituted under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India covering an area of 8,795 km2 administered by the Bodoland Autonomous Council.
Following a further peace agreement, the Bodoland Territorial Council was formed in 2003, with a mission to accomplish development in the area of economic, education, preservation of land right, linguistic aspiration, socio-culture and ethnic identity of Bodos and above all to speed up the infrastructure development of communities in the Bodoland area. The actual functioning of the council was started on 7 December 2003 by constituting the 12 members of the Council provisionally.
After the Council Election on 13 May 2005 and subsequent bye-election in November 2005, the 40-member Legislative Council has been formed to look after the development works in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts. The remaining six members are nominated by the Governor of Assam from the unrepresented Communities. Thus there are altogether 46 members of the council, representing all communities of BTC Area known as Member of Council Legislative Assembly (MCLA).
2020 peace agreement and the formation of the Bodoland Territorial Region[edit]
A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the Government of India and the Government of Assam on one side and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), the All Bodo Students’ Union and United Bodo People's Organisation on the other.[29] Under the terms of this agreement, a Bodoland Territorial Region was formed with enhanced executive and legislative powers. The Bodoland Territorial Council will have competency over almost all areas defined by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and its membership will be increased to 60.[30] The boundary of BTR will be redrawn to make Boro speakers majority within the region. This will be done by forming new districts and the boundary of the region will be adjusted to include contiguous Bodo inhabited areas from neighbouring districts and exclude the non-Bodo inhabited territories which are currently under the jurisdiction of the BTC.[31] Bodoland will also have the right to be represented at national level sports and cultural events such as the National Games of India and the Khelo India Youth Games.[32] The agreement also makes the Bodo language with Devnagri script an associate official language of Assam.
Government and politics[edit]
Bodoland Territorial Council[edit]
The region is administered by an elected body known as the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) which was established according to the Memorandum of Settlement of 10 February 2003. BTC came into existence immediately after the surrender of Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF). The BLTF laid down their weapons on 6 December 2003 under the leadership of Hagrama Mohilary and Hagrama was sworn in as the Chief Executive Member (CEM) on 7 December 2003.
The BTC has 46 members (30 seats reserved for scheduled Tribes, 5 seats for non-scheduled tribes and 5 open seats) and 6 seats of which are nominated by Governor of Assam from unrepresented communities. The council appoints a cabinet of 14 executive members each looking after a specific area of control.
Districts[edit]
The Bodoland region is made up of five districts which are further subdivided into 10 Civil Subdivisions and 40 Development Blocks.[33]
The area and population of these districts has been estimated as follows:
| No | Name | Area (km2) | Population (census 2011) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kokrajhar | 3,169 | 887,142 |
| 2 | Chirang | 1,974 | 482,162 |
| 3 | Baksa | 1,573 | 560,925 |
| 4 | Udalguri | 2,012 | 831,668 |
| 5 | Tamulpur | 884 | 389,150 |
| Total | 9,612 | 3,151,047 |
Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of the region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine.[34] In January 2022, Tamulpur district was created by separating the Tamulpur sub-division from Baksa district.[35]
- The proposed new districts created from districts currently within the Bodoland region are
- Gossaigaon district, from Kokrajhar district
- Bhergaon district, from Udalguri district
- The proposed new districts created from districts currently outside the Bodoland region are
- Mainaosri district, from Sonitpur district
- Holongi district, from Biswanath district and Lakhimpur district
Geography[edit]
The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and is in the North Western part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38'' E Longitude.
Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests full of flora and fauna.[33]
Economy[edit]
The economy is largely agricultural based and is lagging behind in urbanization and development. The region is industrially backward with most of its population depending on agriculture for livelihood. Most of the industries like oil, gas and major industries of the state are located in upper Assam.
Urbanisation[edit]
The region is one of the most underdeveloped and backward regions of India of which only 3 percent of the population live in urban areas.
Tourism[edit]
Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. Manas National Park is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events.[36]
Manas National Park[edit]
Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of the dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for Elephant, Rhino, Tiger, Gaur, Wild Buffalo, Deer, Wild Hogs, and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like Pygmy Hog, Golden Langur & Bengal Florican. It is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI), Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, International Rhino Foundation, and US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Gethsemane Man-made Forest[edit]
Situated in Udalguri's Bhairabkunda, it is a forest-grown entirely by local JFMC of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam.[37] Spread across more than 6 km2, the forest contains more than 1.4 million plus trees of over 35 varieties. A number of animals, birds and reptiles[38] can also be spotted in the area. Visitors can trek through the trail in the forest and stay the night in their guest house.[39]
Trekking of Baukungri Hill[edit]
Baukungri hill trekking is an adventurous event held annually in Kokrajhar, Bodoland. It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April.[40]
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
The Bodoland Transport Service (BTS) manages bus services in the region. Bodoland Transport Service buses have a direct bus service to the capital of assam Guwahati and capital of Meghalaya shillong[41] The service initially ran 4 buses across the four districts but currently operates 16 buses that generates INR 1,800,000 annually according to a recent report.
Energy[edit]
Electricity[edit]
State Power Sector Reform Programme under the provision of electricity act 2019 resulted in the unbundling of Bodoland Territory Electricity Board.
The Bodoland Power Generation Corporation Limited is mainly responsible for maximum energy generation to meet up the energy demand in the territory of Bodoland,[42] while the latter is responsible to efficiently transport electrical power from electrical power bulk heads to the distribution company networks in the territory of Bodoland.[43]
The primary purpose of the Bodoland Power Distribution Company Limited is to undertake distribution, trading and supply of electricity in the territory of Bodoland or outside of it.[44]
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
Bodos constitute the largest community in the region numbering around 1 million (31%) followed by Bengali Muslims, who form the largest minority group.[45] The population of BTC area as per 2001 Census report is 2,920,000 out which the ST[clarification needed] population is around 35% of which only 3% of the total population live in urban areas. The average density of the population in BTC is 326 per Sq.K.m. compared to 340 per Sq.K.m. of Assam. Amongst the ST/SC population Bodos, Rabhas, Keots (Kaibartas) and less quantity of Garos are inhabiting in this area out which Bodos will be 90% or approximately 1.2 million.[45] The other minority communities like Rajbongshi, Sarania are inhabiting in large part of BTC. Tea and Ex Tea-tribes including Santhal, Oraon etc. are also available. Moreover, other general communities like Bengali, Gorkha and few numbers of Hindi speaking people are also found in the Council area.[46]
Religions in Bodoland (2011) [47]
Hinduism (71.25%)
Islam (19.21%)
Christianity (9.14%)
Others (0.16%)
Education[edit]
Literacy rate[edit]
Bodoland has a literacy rate (7 years and above) of 71.62%.[48]
Culture[edit]
The Bodos have a distinct culture from the rest of the world, ranging from dance and music to festivals and attires. It also contributed significantly to the development of the Bodo culture and Bodo language.
Sports[edit]
Football is the most popular sport in the region. The region has many Football clubs of which Barhungkha FC, Udalguri FC and Global FC is the most widely known as they participate in Assam State Premier League, the premier football league of the state. Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup is organised every year in memory of Bodoland martyrs, who sacrificed their lives for the cause of Bodoland movement.[49] The region has also produced many national level athletes. Other sports followed in the region are Badminton, Basketball, Volleyball, Cricket, Taekwondo, Boxing, Kabaddi, Chess, Archery, and other indigenous sports.[50]
See also[edit]
- Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council
- Bodo people
- Bodo culture
- Bodo language
- Bodo Sahitya Sabha
- 2012 Assam violence
- Hill tribes of Northeast India
- North Eastern Council
References[edit]
- ↑ Das, Mukut (14 December 2020). "From student leader to BTC chief: The meteoric rise of Pramod Boro". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ↑ "BTC Elections Result: UPPL's Pramod Boro declared new BTC chief". The Sentinel. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ "Bodoland Territorial Council: Five members of BJP-UPPL-GSP coalition sworn in". Deccan Herald. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ↑ "Assam govt to bring ordinance to accord Bodo as associate official language". The New Indian Express. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ "As Assam grants Bodo language official status, here's all you need to know on Bodoland struggle". ThePrint. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ↑ "Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ↑ "Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Accord". cdpsindia.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ↑ "THE BODOLAND AUTONOMOUS COUNCIL ACT, 1993" (PDF). ucdpged.uu.se. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "(T)he Bodo leadership in 1967 formed a political party called the Plains Tribals Council of Assam (PTCA). Since its formation, the PTCA has categorically demanded a union territory for the Bodosand other Plains tribals of the region called Udayachal." (George 1994:879)
- ↑ "ABSU took over the leadership of the Bodos; it launched a movement for greater autonomy on March 2, 1987, with the demand for creation of a full fledged state of Bodoland outside of Assam." (George 1994:880)
- ↑ "These efforts ultimately resulted in the Bodo Accord, signed at Guwahati on February 20, formally ending the six-year Bodoland agitation...The Bodo Accord provides for a Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC)..." (George 1994:887)
- ↑ "When Biswa Singha (1515-40) rose to power, the local chiefs, who ruled the country between the river Sonkosh and the Baradi were subdued and the Koch occupied the Duar areas." (Das 1998:29)
- ↑ "[Nara Narayana] further instructed the Meches and Koches living to the north of the Gosain Kamal Ali to follow their tribal customs, but in the territory south of this road as far as the Brahmaputra Brahmanic rites were to be continued." (Nath 1989:55)
- ↑ Naranarayan placed an image of Goddess Durga and appointed a Kachari as its priest. He then collected all the Bhutias of Duars, the Kacharis and Meches living between the Bhutan hills and the Gohain Kamal Ali and ordered that the former could follow their tribal custom in the territory upto the Gohain Kamal Ali.(Das 1998:31-32)
- ↑ "Taking advantage of [the collapse of Koch Hajo], the Bhutias pushed their southern boundary towards the plains and occupied the land upto the Gohain Kamal Ali." (Das 1998:13)
- ↑ "During the period of political uncertainty caused by the Ahom-Mughal conflict in the middle of seventeenth century, the Bhutias had taken possession of the whole of the fertile plain south of their hills as far as the Gohain Kamal Ali." (Das 1998:59)
- ↑ "These Duars play crucial role in the determination of the relations between Assam and Bhutan. The term ‘Duar’ literally meaning ‘door’ in English, is used to refer to the areas below the foothills is equivalent to Bhutanese ‘las-sgo’ (lit. work-door) which always carries the sense of a border mart at the foot of a pass and the area in its immediate vicinity." (Das 1998:26)
- ↑ (Das 1998:26)
- ↑ Das (1998, p. 32)
- ↑ "While Bhutan generally enjoyed absolute possession of the eleven Bengal duars, its control over the seven Assam duars was not straightforward. Even during the Ahom rule, the Bhutanese did not gain full possession of the duar tracts. As a result, they are said to have harassed the population along the Assam frontiers with persistent incursions and raids." (Phuntsho 2013:394)
- ↑ "In order to avoid these violent attacks, the Ahom rulers gave possession of the five duar tracts along the Kamrup district to Bhutan in exchange for an annual payment. The payment included about thirty-seven tola of gold, thirty-seven bags of musk, thirty-seven yak tails, thirty-seven daggers, thirty-seven blankets, fifty-seven ponies and about 4785 Narrainee rupees in cash in total." (Phuntsho 2013:394)
- ↑ "It was also provided that the Darrang Duars were to be annually surrendered to the Ahom government for four months from Ashar to Aswin. (that is from the 15th of June to the 15th of October)." (Das 1998:30)
- ↑ "This arrangement between Bhutan and Ahom rulers of control over the seven Assam duars continued with the British after their annexation of Assam in 1826." (Phuntsho 2013:395)
- ↑ Das (1998, p. 31)
- ↑ "Bodo groups impose 12-hour 'bandh' in Assam over statehood demand". Hindustan Times. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "A demand for Bodoland, with blood". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "Teer in Shillong: Teer Result Online | F/R & S/R » [2020]". TeerinShillong.
- ↑ T8N (14 September 2017). "NDFB(S) eyes Bodoland sovereignty". Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ↑ "Govt signs historic Bodo peace accord, Amit Shah says golden future awaits Assam". India Today. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "How the Bodo Accord was accomplished, establishing a wider template for peace in the Northeast". Times of India Blog. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "KMSS Leader Akhil Gogoi's Judicial Custody Extended". News18. 10 February 2020.
- ↑ Bharati, Ananta Ram (28 January 2020). "What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty". Indus Scrolls. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "About Bodoland". www.bodoland.in. 2 December 2018.
- ↑ Bharati, Ananta Ram (28 January 2020). "What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty". Indus Scrolls. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ↑ "Assam Govt Forms Tamulpur As New District In State". www.sentinelassam.com. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ↑ "Bodoland Tourism". www.bodolandtourism.org. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ↑ "Afforestation changes life and landscape: How a district in Assam lost a forest, gained a future". The Indian Express. 25 December 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ "Man-made forest houses rare flying snake". The Assam Tribune Online. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ "New tourist guest house at Bhairabkunda". Assam Times. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ↑ "Kokrajhar- Three Day Baokhungri festival Begins". Arunachal24.in. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ↑ "Bodoland Transport Service Takes Off". 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 – via www.highbeam.com.
- ↑ "company profile". www.bpgcl.org.
- ↑ "comprofile". www.aegcl.co.in.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140503024736/http://www.bpdcl.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/internet/BODOLAND/webpage/pages/Company_Profile.html [dead link]
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Bodos say most Muslim settlers are illegal migrants – Assam violence: Chief reasons behind the rivalry". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ↑ "Bodoland Territorial Council | Kokrajhar". bodoland.gov.in. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
- ↑ "C-16 Population By Religion - Andhra Pradesh". census.gov.in.
- ↑ "2011 Estimates as per Census report 2001" (PDF).
- ↑ "Bodoland martyrs gold cup kicks off". Assam Times. 19 November 2017.
- ↑ "日本播放一区二区三区,亚洲性线免费观看视频成熟,欧美XXXXXX69,国产在线播放原创精品". www.asplsoccer.com. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
Bibliography[edit]
- Allen, B.C (1905). Assam District Gazetteers-kamrup Vol. 4. The Pioneer Press, Allahabad.
- Brahma, Nirjay Kumar (2008). "Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro". Socio political institutions in Bodo society (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/66535.
- Das, Smriti (1998). Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949 (PhD). Guwahati University. hdl:10603/67909.
- Deka, Hira Moni (2009). "The Historical Background of Bodo Movement". Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/67844.
- George, Sudhir Jacob (1994). "The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord". Asian Survey. 34 (10): 878–892. doi:10.2307/2644967. JSTOR 2644967.
- Nath, D. (1989). History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615. Mittal Publications. ISBN 8170991099.
- Roy, Ajoy (1995). The Bodo Imbroglio. Spectrum Publications. ISBN 8185319588.
- Dikshit, K. R.; Dikshit, Jutta K. (2013). North-East India: Land, People and Economy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3.
- Phuntsho, Karma (2013). The History of Bhutan. Penguin Books. ISBN 9781908323583.
External links[edit]
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Coordinates: 26°24′00″N 90°16′12″E / 26.40000°N 90.27000°E