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Kharam people
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|
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 1,145 [1] | |
| Languages | |
| Kharam | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Inpui, Purum |
The Kharam are a tribal people located in the state of Manipur, India. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe, in accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 Indian Constitution.[2][3]
History[edit]
The history of their origin is shrouded in mysteries and so is the term "Kharam". They don't have any written documents to support their history of origin other than to rely on their folk songs, folktales and story which is passed on to generation after generation. The word Kharam is believed to have derived from the words khwa ram which is translated as "That land". According to another definition, the word Kharam is a compound word of kha (south) and ram (land or place) which literally means ‘Southland’. The speakers of Kharam are mainly found in Kangpokpi district of Manipur and their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family of the language. The Kharam dialect is mainly spoken in Tuisenphai, Laikot Kharam, Laikot Phaijol, Tampak Kharam, New Keithel Manbi and Kharam Khullen villages in the Kangpokpi district of Manipur. Kharam has close affinities with other languages such as Kom, Purum, Aimol etc. The Kharams today are inhabited in the seven villages of Manipur of which the Kharam Pallen village is the oldest and largest village of Kharam tribe. Kangpokpi District.[4] [5]
Society[edit]
Kharam society is very complex, it is headed by a chief who is elected democratically and is not a hereditary position, he is supervised by the village councils who are collectively known as Kataar (Old people). The chief has to make sure that he adheres to various rules and regulations set by the people, and he must be very strict in his food habit as well, or else it easily resulted in his termination of the term. There is no definite period for his term but in the later period especially after the conversion of most of its people to Christianity they agreed to set it at 5 years , and during the transition at one point of time the non Christian when they were in majority become the chief and one person among the Christian (Protestant) is to be the Village Secretary, but with passes of time the number of non Christian decline and today both of the post (chairman and secretary is elected) and So today it is simply called as Chairman. The whole village was divided into two major groups Lomtang Shakteng and Lomtang Thangteng, and it is they who maintain the village gate clean, safe and secure. but during emergency they took the help of other group like kalen nai etc. The Kharam have dormitory system and it is mainly based on Clan wise where eligible/marriageable male would go sleep in the house of the family from another clan who have marriageable age group, but is not mandatory that they must necessarily marry from the house where they go sleep, but if the girl where they sleep got married off, then they automatically have to change to other house. But today these systems are no longer practised.
Lapu group and Lapi Group (male and female song's leader) who are in charge of preserving the songs, dance and other cultural practices within the whole society plays an important role, and it is they maintain discipline within the upcoming younger generation, but today some member regrets that the discipline which was once very strict is no longer to be observed because there is no strict law enforcer.
Religion[edit]
Today, most of the Kharams have converted to Christianity except 2-3 household which still practice the old customary practices.
Clans[edit]
The Kharam have various clans namely: 1.Shaichal 2. Rangla ( Khouchung and khounoi) 3.Mariem. 4. Saiphu 5. Seilon 6. Makan 7. Rakhou. 8. Keilaam. 9. Jaiche. 10. Inthiet.11. Neisaam. 12 Thanjol. But as of today keilam, inthiet, Neisaam, Makan, have extinct. among the causes for the decline in their population various reasons is cited but among them 1. Plague and malaria 2. Kuki Rebellion 3. conflict with Chothe Tribe are the main contributors. The notion of clan is a contested and contrasted views among the Kharams as for example the case of Rangla: it is divided into two lineage system Rangla Khouchung and Rangla Khounoi, but both the sub clans making a different claims and are the two sub clans even related is also a matter of dispute.
References[edit]
- ↑ "Census of India, 2011".
- ↑ "1THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
- ↑ http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/7%20-%20Act%201976%20No%20108%201976.pdf
- ↑ Haokip, P. (2011). Socio-linguistic Situation in North-east India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 53. ISBN 9788180697609. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
- ↑ Singh, K. S., ed. "India's Communities A-Z", Oxford University Press, USA 1999
Further reading[edit]
- The Ethno-history of the Kharam Tribe of Manipur. Gina Shangkham, Centre for Manipur Studies, Manipur University, 1 January 2006 - Tribes - 381 pages