Tamil cinema: Difference between revisions

Tamil cinema
Tamil cinema
	File:Indiafilm.svg
No. of screens	1671 (Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry)
Main distributors	AVM Productions; Modern Theatres; National Pictures; Super Good Films; Lyca Productions; Studio Green; Madras Talkies; 2D Entertainment; Sun Pictures; Avni Cinemax; Thenandal Studio Limited; V Creations; Wunderbar Films; Red Giant Movies; Aascar Films; AGS Entertainment
Produced feature films (2019)
Total	254

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 07:42, 10 May 2022

Tamil cinema, also known as Kollywood, is an Indian film industry of Tamil-language motion pictures. It is based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu,^[2] in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood, the word being a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.^[3]^[4]^[5] The first Tamil silent film, Keechaka Vadham, was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1918.^[6] The first talking motion picture, Kalidas, was a multilingual film directed by H M Reddy and was released on 31 October 1931, less than seven months after India's first talking motion picture Alam Ara.^[7] By the end of the 1930s, the legislature of the State of Madras passed the Entertainment Tax Act of 1939.

Tamil cinema later had a profound effect on other filmmaking industries of India, establishing Madras (now Chennai) as a secondary hub for Hindi cinema, other South Indian film industries, as well as Sri Lankan cinema.^[8] Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres in Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Japan, the Middle East, parts of Africa, Oceania, Europe, North America and other countries.^[9]^[10] The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and Tamil diaspora populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the Western Hemisphere.^[11]

Template:Life in Tamil Nadu

History[edit | edit source]

Early exhibitors[edit | edit source]

M. Edwards first screened a selection of silent films at the Victoria Public Hall in Madras in 1897 during the British Raj. The selected films all featured non-fictional subjects; they were mostly photographed records of day-to-day events. The film scholar Stephen Hughes points out that within a few years there were regular ticketed shows in a hall in Pophams Broadway, started by one Mrs. Klug, but this lasted only for a few months. Once it was demonstrated as a commercial proposition, a Western entrepreneur, Warwick Major, built the first cinema theatre, the Electric Theatre, which still stands. It was a favourite haunt of the British community in Madras. The theatre was shut down after a few years. This building is now part of a post office complex on Anna Salai (Mount Road). The Lyric Theatre was also built in the Mount Road area. This venue boasted a variety of events, including plays in English, Western classical music concerts, and ballroom dances. Silent films were also screened as an additional attraction.^[12] Swamikannu Vincent, a railway draftsman from Tiruchirapalli, became a travelling exhibitor in 1905. He showed short movies in a tent in Esplanade, near the present Parry's Corner, using carbide jet-burners for projection. He bought the film projector and silent films from the Frenchman Du Pont and set up a business as film exhibitor.^[13] Soon, he tied up with Path, a well-known pioneering film-producing company, and imported projectors. This helped new cinema houses to sprout across the presidency.^[14] In later years, he produced talkies and also built a cinema in Coimbatore.^[15]

To celebrate the event of King George V's visit in 1909, a grand exhibition was organised in Madras. Its major attraction was the screening of short films accompanied by sound. A British company imported a Crone megaphone, made up of a film projector to which a gramophone with a disc containing prerecorded sound was linked, and both were run in unison, producing picture and sound simultaneously. However, there was no synched dialogue. Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, a successful photographer, took over the equipment after the exhibition and set up a tent cinema near the Madras High Court.^[12] With this equipment, he screened the short films Pearl Fish and Raja's Casket in the Victoria Public Hall. When this proved successful, he screened the films in a tent set up in Esplanade. These tent events were the true precursors of the cinema shows. Venkiah travelled with this unit to Burma (now Myanmar) and Sri Lanka, and when he had gathered enough money, he put up a permanent cinema house in Madras—Gaiety, in 1914, the first cinema house in Madras to be built by an Indian. He soon added two more, Crown Theatre in Mint and Globe (later called Roxy) in Purasawalkam.

Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.^[16]

Most of the films screened then were shorts made in the United States and Britain. In 1909, an Englishman, T. H. Huffton, founded Peninsular Film Services in Madras and produced some short films for local audiences. But soon, hour-long films, which narrated dramatic stories, then known as "drama films", were imported. From 1912 onwards, feature films made in Bombay (now Mumbai) were also screened in Madras. The era of short films had ended. The arrival of drama films firmly established cinema as a popular entertainment form. More cinema houses came up in the city.

Fascinated by this new entertainment form, an automobile dealer in the Thousand Lights area of Madras, R. Nataraja Mudaliyar, decided to venture into film production. After a few days' training in Pune with the cinematographer Stewart Smith, the official cinematographer of Lord Curzon's 1903 Durbar, he started a film production concern in 1916.

The man who truly laid the foundations of south Indian cinema was A. Narayanan. After a few years in film distribution, he set up a production company in Madras, the General Pictures Corporation, popularly known as GPC. Beginning with The Faithful Wife/Dharmapathini (1929), GPC made about 24 feature films. GPC functioned as a film school and its alumni included names such as Sundara Rao Nadkarni and Jiten Banerji. The studio of GPC was housed in the Chellapalli bungalow on Thiruvottiyur High Road in Madras. This company, which produced the most Tamil silent films, had branches in Colombo, Rangoon and Singapore.

The Ways of Vishnu/Vishnu Leela, which R. Prakasa made in 1932, was the last silent film produced in Madras. Unfortunately, the silent era of south Indian cinema has not been documented well. When the talkies appeared, film producers had to travel to Bombay or Calcutta to make films. Most films of this early period were celluloid versions of well-known stage plays. Company dramas were popular among the Madras audience. The legendary Otraivadai drama theatre had been built in 1872 itself in Mint. Many drama halls had come up in the city where short silent films were screened in the afternoon and plays were enacted in the night.

The scene changed in 1934 when Madras got its first sound studio. By this time, all the cinema houses in Madras had been wired for sound. Narayanan, who had been active during the silent era, founded Srinivasa Cinetone in which his wife worked as the sound recordist. Srinivasa Kalyanam (1934), directed by Narayanan, was the first sound film (talkie) produced in Madras. The second sound studio to come up in Madras was Vel Pictures, started by M. D. Rajan on Eldams Road in the Dunmore bungalow, which belonged to the Raja of Pithapuram. Before long, more sound studios came up. Thirty-six talkies were made in Madras in 1935.

Influences[edit | edit source]

The main impacts of the early cinema were the cultural influences of the country. The Tamil-language was the medium in which many plays and stories were written since the ages as early as the Cholas. They were highly stylised and nature of the spectacle was one which could attract the people. Along with this, music and dance were one of the main entertainment sources.^[17]

There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology, history, fairy tales and so on through song and dance. Whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant, Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation, an illusion, a fiction. However, they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people's day-to-day lives in complex ways.^[18] By the end of the 1930s, the State of Madras legislature passed the Entertainment Tax Act 1939.

Studios[edit | edit source]

In 1916, a studio, the first in south India,^{[citation needed]} was set up in Madras at 10 Millers Road, Kilpauk. He called it the India Film Company. Rangavadivelu, an actor from Suguna Vilasa Sabha, a theatre company then, was hired to train the actors. Thirty-five days later, the first feature film made in south India, The Extermination of Keechakan/Keechakavatham, based on an episode from the Mahabharata, was released produced and directed by R. Nataraja, who established the India Film Company Limited (The Destruction of Keechaka).^[19]

Despite a century of increasing box office takings, Tamil cinema remains informal and dominated by shell companies, or one-film wonders, born and dead in a matter of months. Nevertheless, there are few exceptions like Modern Theatres, Gemini Studios, AVM and Sri Thenandal Films that survived beyond 100 productions.

Exhibitor strike 2017[edit | edit source]

In 2017, opposing the dual taxation of GST (28%) and entertainment tax (30%), Tamilnadu Theatre Owners Association announced indefinite closure of all cinemas in the state from 3 July 2017.^[20]^[21] The strike has been called off and the cinemas will be playing the movies starting Friday 7 July 2017.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] Government has formed a committee to decide on the existence of state's 30% entertainment tax. It's reported that, per day business loss during the strike was around ₹ 20 crores.

Distribution[edit | edit source]

Annual admissions in Chennai multiplexes and single screens averaged 11 million tickets with a standard deviation of ±1 million tickets during 2011–16. The Chennai film industry produced the first nationally distributed film across India in 1948 with Chandralekha.^[26] They have one of the widest overseas distribution, with large audience turnout from the Tamil diaspora. They are distributed to various parts of Asia, Africa, Western Europe, North America and Oceania.^[27]

Many successful Tamil films have been remade by other film industries. It is estimated by the Manorama Yearbook 2000 (a popular almanac) that over 5,000 Tamil films were produced in the 20th century. Tamil films have also been dubbed into other languages, thus reaching a much wider audience. There has been a growing presence of English in dialogue and songs in Chennai films. It is not uncommon to see movies that feature dialogue studded with English words and phrases, or even whole sentences. Some movies are also simultaneously made in two or three languages (either using subtitles or several soundtracks). Chennai's film composers have popularised their highly unique, syncretic style of film music across the world. Quite often, Tamil movies feature Madras Tamil, a colloquial version of Tamil spoken in Chennai.

Tamil film distribution territories[edit | edit source]

Territory	Maximum Business (%)^{[clarification needed]}	Division
NSC	100	6 Northern districts – Cuddalore, Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore and Viluppuram
Coimbatore	50	4 Western districts – Coimbatore, Erode, Nilgiris and Tiruppur
Chennai	37	1 Northern district – Chennai
MR	35	6 Southern districts – Dindigul, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Theni and Virudhunagar
TT	32	8 Central districts – Ariyalur, Karur, Nagapattinam, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli and Tiruvarur
Salem	28	4 Western districts – Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Namakkal and Salem
TK	13	3 Southern districts – Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari
Karnataka	83
Andhra Pradesh	79
Telangana	63
Kerala	63
Rest of India	15
USA and Canada	119
GCC	106
Malaysia	82
Rest of the world	89

The rest of India[edit | edit source]

Keechaka Vadham (1918) was the first silent film made in South India.^[28] Kalidas (1931) was the first Tamil talkie film made in 1931.^[29] Kalava was the first full-length talkie made entirely in Tamil.^[30] Nandanar (1935) was the first film for American film director Ellis R. Dungan.^[31] Balayogini released in 1937 was considered to be first children's film of South India.^[32] It is estimated by the Manorama Yearbook 2000 (a popular almanac) that over 5,000 Tamil films were produced in the 20th century. Tamil films have also been dubbed into other languages, thus reaching a much wider audience. There has been a growing presence of English in dialogue and songs in Chennai films.

In 1991, Marupakkam directed by K.S. Sethu Madhavan, became the first Tamil film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, the feat was repeated by Kanchivaram in 2007.^[33] Tamil films enjoy significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states like Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh they are generally dubbed into Telugu where they have a decent market.^[34]^[35]

International[edit | edit source]

Tamil films have enjoyed consistent popularity among populations in South East Asia. Since Chandralekha, Muthu was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as Mutu: Odoru Maharaja^[36]) and grossed a record $1.6 million in 1998.^[37] In 2010, Enthiran grossed a record $4 million in North America.^[38]

Many Tamil-language films have premiered or have been selected as special presentations at various film festivals across the globe, such as Mani Ratnam's Kannathil Muthamittal, Vasanthabalan's Veyyil and Ameer Sultan's Paruthiveeran. Kanchivaram (2009) was selected to be premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. Tamil films have been a part of films submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language on eight occasions, next only to Hindi.^[39] Mani Ratnam's Nayakan (1987) was included in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies list.^[40]

Economics[edit | edit source]

Average annual film output in Tamil film industry peaked in 1985. The Tamil film market accounts for approximately 0.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state of Tamil Nadu.^[41] For the purpose of entertainment taxes, returns have to be filed by the exhibitors weekly (usually each Tuesday).^[42]

The Government of Tamil Nadu made provisions for an entertainment tax exemption for Tamil films having titles in words from the Tamil-language only.^[43] This is in accordance with Government Order 72 passed on 22 July 2006. The first film to be released after the new Order was Unakkum Enakkum. The original title had been Something Something Unakkum Ennakkum, a half-English and a half-Tamil title.^[43] In July 2011, strict norms on entertainment tax were passed which stated that films which were given a "U" certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification alone were eligible for tax exemption and those with an "A" certificate could not fit into this category.^[44]

There are three major roles in the Tamil film value chain viz producer, distributor and exhibitor.^[45] The distributor purchases theatrical distribution rights from the producer for exhibiting the film in a defined territory. The distributor performs enhanced functions such as:

part-financing of film (in case of minimum guarantee / advance based purchase of film rights)
localised marketing of film
selection of exhibition halls
managing the logistics of physical print distribution

There are three popular approaches to transfer of distribution rights via distribution contracts:

Minimum Guarantee + Royalty – Here, the producer sells the distribution rights for a defined territory for a minimum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Any surplus is shared between the producer and distributor, in a pre-set ratio (typically 1:2) after deducting tax, show rentals, commission, print costs and publicity costs. Effectively, the distributor becomes a financier in the eyes of the market. This is the most common channel available to high budget producers.
Commission – Here, the distributor pays the producer the entire box office collection after deducting commission. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the producer. This is the most common channel available to low budget producers. By the first decade of 21st century, about 90 per cent of the films were released on commission basis.^[46]
Outright Sale – Here, the producer sells all distribution and theatrical exhibition rights for a defined territory exclusively to a distributor. Effectively, the distributor becomes a producer in the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the distributor.

There are four popular approaches to transfer of exhibition rights via exhibition contracts:

Theatre Hire – Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor the entire box office collection after deducting tax and show rentals. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the distributor. This is the most common channel for low-budget films, casting rank newcomers, with unproven track record. In Chennai, a moderate theatre with AC and DTS can fetch around ₹1 lakh as weekly rent.^[47]
Fixed Hire – Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a maximum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Rental is not chargeable per show. Any surplus after deducting tax is retained by the exhibitor. Effectively, the exhibitor becomes a distributor in the eyes of the market. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film remains with the exhibitor.
Minimum Guarantee + Royalty – Here, the exhibitor pays the distributor a minimum lump sum irrespective of the box office performance of the film. Rental is not chargeable per show. Any surplus after deducting tax and show rental is shared in a pre-set ratio (1:2) between the distributor and exhibitor typically.
Revenue Share – Here, the distributor shares with the exhibitor, in a pre-set ratio (typically 1:1), the entire box office collection of the film after deducting tax. Rental is not chargeable per show. So, the entire risk of box office performance of the film is shared between the exhibitor and distributor. This is the most common channel preferred by multiplex screens.

Highest-grossing Tamil films by year[edit | edit source]

Year	Title	Director	Studio	ref(s)
2022	Beast	Nelson DillipKumar	Sun pictures
2021	Master	Lokesh Kanagaraj	XB Creators	^[48]
2020	Darbar	AR Murugadoss	Lyca Productions	^[49]^[50]
2019	Bigil	Atlee	AGS Entertainment	^[51]
2018	2.0	S. Shankar	Lyca Productions	^[52]^[53]
2017	Baahubali 2: The Conclusion	S. S. Rajamouli	Arka Media Works	^[54]^[55]
2016	Kabali	Pa. Ranjith	V.Creations	^[56]^[57]
2015	Baahubali: The Beginning	S.S. Rajamouli	Arka Media Works	^[58]^[59]
2014	Lingaa	K.S. Ravikumar	Lyca Productions	^[60]
2013	Vishwaroopam	Kamal Haasan	Raaj Kamal Films International	^[61]
2012	Thuppaki	A.R. Murugadoss	V. Creations	^[62]^[63]
2011	Mankatha	Venkat Prabhu	Red Giant Movies	^[64]^[65]
2010	Enthiran	S. Shankar	Sun Pictures	^[66]
2009	Ayan	K.V. Anand	AVM Productions	^[67]
2008	Dasavathaaram	K.S. Ravikumar	Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd	^[68]
2007	Sivaji	S. Shankar	AVM Productions	^[69]
2006	Varalaru	K.S. Ravikumar	NIC Arts
2005	Chandramukhi	P. Vasu	Sivaji Productions	^[70]
2004	Vasool Raja MBBS	Saran	Gemini Film Circuit	^[71]
2003	Saamy	Hari	Kavithalayaa Productions	^[72]
2002	Villain (2002 film)	K.S. Ravikumar	NIC Arts
2001	Dheena	AR Murugadoss	Vijayam Cine Combines	^[73]
2000	Vaanathaippola	Vikraman	Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd	^[74]
1999	Padayappa	K.S. Ravikumar	Arunachala Cine Creations	^[75]
1998	Jeans	S.Shankar	Amritraj Solomon Communications
1997	Arunachalam*	Sundar C.	Annamalai Cine Combines	^[76]
1996	Indian	S.Shankar	Sri Surya Movies
1995	Baashha	Suresh Krissna	Sathya Movies	^[77]
1994	Nattamai	K.S. Ravikumar	Super Good Films	^[78]
1993	Walter Vetrivel*	P. Vasu	Kamalam Movies	^[79]
1989	Apoorva Sagodharargal	Singeetam Srinivasa Rao	Raaj Kamal Films International
1985	Padikkadavan*	Rajasekhar	Sri Eswari Productions	^[80]
1984	Nallavanuku Nallavan*	SP. Muthuraman	AVM Productions	^[77]
1982	Sakalakala Vallavan*	SP. Muthuraman	AVM Productions	^[81]
1981	Sattam Oru Iruttarai*	S. A. Chandrasekhar	Vadularan Combines	^[82]
1980	Billa (1980 film)	R. Krishnamoorthy	Suresh Arts	^[83]
1979	Kalyanaraman	G.N.Rangarajan	P.A.Arts	^[84]^[85]
1978	Sigappu Rojakkal	Bharathiraja	K.R.G. Productions	^[86]
1977	16 Vayathinile	Bharathiraja	S.A.Rajkannu	^[87]^[88]
1972	Vasantha Maligai	K. S. Prakash Rao	Vijaya Suresh Combines	^[89]
1971	Rickshawkaran*	M. Krishnan Nair	Sathya Movies	^[90]
1968	Thillana Mohanambal	A. P. Nagarajan	Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures	^[91]
1966	Anbe Vaa*	A. C. Tirulokchandar	AVM Productions	^[92]
1965	Enga Veettu Pillai	Tapi Chanakya	Vijaya Vauhini Studios
1959	Veerapandiya Kattabomman	B. R. Panthulu	Padmini Pictures	^[93]
1958	Nadodi Mannan	M G.Ramachandran	MGR Pictures
1956	Madurai Veeran	D. Yoganand	Krishna Pictures	^[94]
1955	Missiamma*	L. V. Prasad	Vijaya Vauhini Studios	^[95]
1954	Malaikkallan	S. M. Sriramulu Naidu	Pakshiraja Studios	^[96]
1952	Parasakthi	Krishnan–Panju	P. A. Perumal Mudaliar	^[97]
1949	Apoorva Sagodharargal*	Acharya	Gemini Studios	^[98]
1948	Chandralekha	S. S. Vasan	Gemini Studios	^{[n 2]}

Legislation[edit | edit source]

Film studios in Chennai are bound by legislation, such as the Cinematography Film Rules of 1948,^[100] the Cinematography Act of 1952,^[101] and the Copyright Act of 1957.^[102] In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of ₹50, while theatres with more than three screens may charge a maximum of ₹120 per ticket.^[103]

Awards[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

↑ 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950
↑ ₹1.55 crore^[99] (US$3.24 million)^{[n 1]} in 1948 (US$Error when using {{Inflation}}: NaN/calculation error please notify Template talk:Inflation. million or ₹215 crore in 2016)

References[edit | edit source]

↑ "STATEWISE NUMBER OF SINGLE SCREENS". Film Federation of India. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑ Hiro, Dilip (2010). After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-56858-427-0.
↑ Bureau, Our Regional (25 January 2006). "Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood". Business Standard. Retrieved 19 February 2012. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
↑ "China's Film Industry and Its Bollywood Future". Forbes.
↑ "Tamil films give Bollywood a run for its money". The Toronto Star. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
↑ "Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The pioneer'Tamil' film-maker". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
↑ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. p. 2. ISBN 9780415396806.
↑ "THE TAMIL NADU ENTERTAINMENTS TAX ACT, 1939" (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ Pillai, Sreedhar. "A gold mine around the globe". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
↑
"Eros buys Tamil film distributor". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- "With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global". The Times of India. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑
"SYMPOSIUM: SRI LANKA'S CULTURAL EXPERIENCE". Chennai, India: Frontline. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- "Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; Kaushal, Molly (2004). Folklore, public sphere, and civil society. p. 116. ISBN 9788190148146.
↑ "Pioneers in Indian Cinema - Swamikannu Vincent". Indiaheritage.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
↑ Rajmohan, Joshi (2006). Encyclopaedia of Journalism and Mass Communication: Media and mass communication. p. 68. ISBN 9788182053663.
↑ "Tamil Cinema". India Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
↑ "He brought cinema to South". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ "Abhinay Deo – "All stories can be found in Mahabharata and Ramayana" – Bollywood Movie News". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ "Indian Films vs Hollywood". Theviewspaper.net. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). "'India' in Tamil silent era cinema". Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.
↑ IANS (30 June 2017). "GST effect: Tamil Nadu theatres to shut down from July 3". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ "Tamil Nadu theatre owners go on strike after GST, lose Rs 50 crore a day". www.deccanchronicle.com/. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ "No local tax for now: Tamil Nadu theatres' owners call off strike". www.deccanchronicle.com/. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ "Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Call Off Strike Over 30% Local Body Tax". NDTV.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ "Tamil Nadu theatre owners call off strike over double taxation". The Indian Express. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ Vaitheesvaran, Bharani (6 July 2017). "Tamil Nadu screens to open tomorrow with no new movies". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ Singh, Sarina (2003). "Film Studios". India. Lonely Planet. p. 964. ISBN 978-1-74059-421-9. Chennai's film industry now rivals that of Bollywood (Mumbai) for output
↑ "Film industry isn't high risk one: Kamal Haasan". Business Line. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
↑ "Remembering a pioneer". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 May 2002. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
↑ Gokulsing, K.; Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change. Trentham Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-85856-329-1.
↑ "He drew inspiration from Shakespeare". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
↑ "He transcended barriers with aplomb". The Hindu. 1 February 2002. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
↑ "Balayogini 1937". The Hindu. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
↑ Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore (2013). The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema. Westland. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-93-83260-74-4.
↑ Movie Buzz (14 July 2011). "Tamil films dominate Andhra market". Sify. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
↑ "A few hits and many flops". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007.
↑ "Mutu: Odoru Maharaja" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ Gautaman Bhaskaran (6 January 2002). "Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
↑ "Agni Natchathiram & Kaakha Kaakha | 12 Unknown facts in Tollywood history!". Behindwoods. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
↑ "India's Oscar failures (25 Images)". Movies.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ Nayakan, All-Time 100 Best Films, Time, 2005
↑ "Superstars dominate". Hinduonnet.com. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ "tnsalestax". www.tnsalestax.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 "Va: Cutting of the Quarter! Why? - Tamil Movie Articles - Va-Quarter Cutting | Kallarai Manithan". Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
↑ "Strict norms on entertainment tax - Tamil Movie News". Indiaglitz.com. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
↑ "Microsoft Word - Draft RHP PSTL 31.07.06.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
↑ Pillai, Sreedhar (27 February 2016). "Out with the old". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
↑ "Screening a movie - an eye-opener!, Unnaipol Oruvan, kamal haasan". www.behindwoods.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
↑ "'Thalapathy 65' will be a pan-Indian project: Cinematographer Manoj Paramahamsa". The News Minute. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
↑ "'Darbar' box office collection: Superstar Rajinikanth's starrer enters 200 crore club in 11 days". The Times of India. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
↑ Kumar, Karthik (21 January 2020). "Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
↑ "Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross". www.boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
↑ Vijayaprakash R (16 January 2019). "2.0 exclusive exhibition in Chennai: Original costumes of Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar attract visitors". Times Now. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
↑ "Tamil Movies 2018 Box Office Report: Biggest Blockbusters And Hits Of This Year!". Filmibeat. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
↑ "Top Worldwide Figures – All Formats And Hindi". Box Office India. 2 November 2018.
↑ "TOP 10 Highest grossing TAMIL FILMS OF 2017". Indiaglitz. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
↑ "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' smashes all box office records, earns Rs 250 crore in India on first day - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies 2016". Filmibeat. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
↑ Hooli, Shekhar (1 May 2017). "Baahubali 2 3-day worldwide box-office collection: SS Rajamouli's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend". International Business Times.
↑ "Tollywood 2015: Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year". International Business Times. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
↑ "All Time Highest Grossing Tamil films - Photos". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Mehta, Ankita (13 March 2013). "'Vishwaroopam' Box Office Collection: Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹220 Crores". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Upadhyaya, Prakash (13 November 2017). "Mersal box office collection: Vijay crowned the king of Rs 100 crore club; consistent performer than Rajinikanth, Ajith". International Business Times. India. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
↑ "Vijay's Thuppakki makes 180 crore! - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Mankatha total Box-Office Collection – 130 Crores | Tamil Cinema News › Tollywood Movie News Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kollyinsider.com (23 December 2011). Retrieved 22 November 2015.
↑ "Mankatha's Total Collections - Mankatha - Ajith - Arjun - Venkat Prabhu - Trisha - Lakshmi Rai - - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com". www.behindwoods.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
↑ Hooli, Shekhar H (19 July 2015). "2nd Saturday Box Office Collection: Baahubali Beats Endhiran's Lifetime Record in 9 Days". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "Suriya: Bollywood's hottest six-pack - Livemint". 2 October 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "A rendezevous with Kamal Haasan - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "All Time Highest Grossing Tamil films - Photos". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "The boss, no doubt - Business Today - Business News". 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Krishna Gopalan (29 July 2007). "The boss, no doubt". Business Today. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
↑ thmrn (9 May 2003). ""Saami"". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 September 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "RACE(ing) to be a Superstar". The Hindu. 9 May 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Kumar, S. R. Ashok. "Hits and misses of the year that was". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 February 2017.^{[dead link]}
↑ "BUSINESS TODAY". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Thangavelu, Dharani (1 July 2016). "Rajinikanth's track-record at the box office". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ ^77.0 ^77.1 "Setting the Cash Registers Ringing. The Top Ten Grossers So Far". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "The Indian Express - Recherche d'archives de Google Actualités". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "Southern Supernova". Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "actor/articleshow/48215004.cms?from=mdr". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
↑ "dinakaran". 18 January 2000. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ ராம்ஜி, வி. (19 July 2020). "கமலின் கமர்ஷியல் 'குரு'வுக்கு 40 வயது! - இலங்கையில் செய்த மெகா சாதனை!". Hindu Tamil Thisai. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
↑ Shankar (7 April 2018). "நகைச்சுவைப் பேய்ப் படங்களுக்கு முன்னோடி - கல்யாணராமன்". tamil.filmibeat.com (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 12 August 2021.
↑ "Kamal's many avatars 7". Sify. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
↑ தளபதி. "கமல்ஹாசன் நடிக்க மீண்டும் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்'... இசை இளையராஜா... இயக்குநர் யார்?!". www.vikatan.com/ (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 15 September 2021.
↑ "Sigappu Rojakkal (1978) - '16 Vayathinile' to 'Moondram Pirai', Sridevi's best performances till date". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
↑ "16 வயதினிலே வெளிவந்து 43 ஆண்டுகள்: கிராமத்துக் காதல் ஓவியம்". Dinamani (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 12 August 2021.
↑ "72ல் ஏழு சிவாஜி படம்; 'வசந்தமாளிகை' மெகா ஹிட்! - இன்று டிஜிட்டலில் படம் ரிலீஸ்".
↑ "MGR's 1971 blockbuster film Rickshawkaran to be restored!". 30 July 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "சிவாஜியின் நடிப்புக்கு ஒரு படம்!".
↑ "50வது ஆண்டில் 'அன்பே வா'! - Anbe Vaa in 50th Year". 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "வீரபாண்டிய கட்டபொம்மன்". 24 August 2015.
↑ Jeshi, K. (2 September 2011). "Following a star". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "சாவித்ரி - 2. காதல் மந்திரவாதி! - Dinamani - Tamil Daily News". 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Jeshi, K. (10 September 2012). "Blockbusters of Coimbatore". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ "இதே நாளில் அன்று". Dinamalar. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
↑ "Apoorva Sahodarargal 1949". The Hindu. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑ Joshi, Namrata (19 September 2011). "Reeling It All In". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
↑ "Cinematograph film rules, 1948". Government of India. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ "Posters". Central Board of Film certification (CBFC). Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ "INDIAN COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
↑ Ashok Kumar, S.R. (2 January 2007). "Cinema ticket rate revision reflects a balancing act". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

External links[edit | edit source]

2022 Tamil Movies List

Template:World cinema

[RupeeUSD48-100] 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950

[101] ₹1.55 crore^[99] (US$3.24 million)^{[n 1]} in 1948 (US$Error when using {{Inflation}}: NaN/calculation error please notify Template talk:Inflation. million or ₹215 crore in 2016)

[1] "STATEWISE NUMBER OF SINGLE SCREENS". Film Federation of India. Retrieved 21 April 2014.

[2] Hiro, Dilip (2010). After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-56858-427-0.

[3] Bureau, Our Regional (25 January 2006). "Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood". Business Standard. Retrieved 19 February 2012. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)

[4] "China's Film Industry and Its Bollywood Future". Forbes.

[5] "Tamil films give Bollywood a run for its money". The Toronto Star. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2020.

[RANDOR-6] "Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The pioneer'Tamil' film-maker". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

[velayutham2-7] Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. p. 2. ISBN 9780415396806.

[8] "THE TAMIL NADU ENTERTAINMENTS TAX ACT, 1939" (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[9] Pillai, Sreedhar. "A gold mine around the globe". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2017.

[10] "Eros buys Tamil film distributor". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
"With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global". The Times of India. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[13] "With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global". The Times of India. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[11] "SYMPOSIUM: SRI LANKA'S CULTURAL EXPERIENCE". Chennai, India: Frontline. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
"Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[15] "Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[folklore-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; Kaushal, Molly (2004). Folklore, public sphere, and civil society. p. 116. ISBN 9788190148146.

[13] "Pioneers in Indian Cinema - Swamikannu Vincent". Indiaheritage.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

[14] Rajmohan, Joshi (2006). Encyclopaedia of Journalism and Mass Communication: Media and mass communication. p. 68. ISBN 9788182053663.

[15] "Tamil Cinema". India Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2016.

[16] "He brought cinema to South". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[IndiaGlitz-17] "Abhinay Deo – "All stories can be found in Mahabharata and Ramayana" – Bollywood Movie News". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[18] "Indian Films vs Hollywood". Theviewspaper.net. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[tcp-19] Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). "'India' in Tamil silent era cinema". Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.

[20] IANS (30 June 2017). "GST effect: Tamil Nadu theatres to shut down from July 3". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[21] "Tamil Nadu theatre owners go on strike after GST, lose Rs 50 crore a day". www.deccanchronicle.com/. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[22] "No local tax for now: Tamil Nadu theatres' owners call off strike". www.deccanchronicle.com/. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[23] "Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Call Off Strike Over 30% Local Body Tax". NDTV.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[24] "Tamil Nadu theatre owners call off strike over double taxation". The Indian Express. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[25] Vaitheesvaran, Bharani (6 July 2017). "Tamil Nadu screens to open tomorrow with no new movies". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[rivals-26] Singh, Sarina (2003). "Film Studios". India. Lonely Planet. p. 964. ISBN 978-1-74059-421-9. Chennai's film industry now rivals that of Bollywood (Mumbai) for output

[27] "Film industry isn't high risk one: Kamal Haasan". Business Line. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[28] "Remembering a pioneer". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 May 2002. Archived from the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

[29] Gokulsing, K.; Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change. Trentham Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-85856-329-1.

[pammal-30] "He drew inspiration from Shakespeare". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2011.

[dungan-31] "He transcended barriers with aplomb". The Hindu. 1 February 2002. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.

[Balayogini-32] "Balayogini 1937". The Hindu. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.

[Baskaran2013-33] Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore (2013). The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema. Westland. pp. 164–. ISBN 978-93-83260-74-4.

[sify1-34] Movie Buzz (14 July 2011). "Tamil films dominate Andhra market". Sify. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2013.

[35] "A few hits and many flops". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007.

[36] "Mutu: Odoru Maharaja" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[37] Gautaman Bhaskaran (6 January 2002). "Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.

[38] "Agni Natchathiram & Kaakha Kaakha | 12 Unknown facts in Tollywood history!". Behindwoods. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

[39] "India's Oscar failures (25 Images)". Movies.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[40] Nayakan, All-Time 100 Best Films, Time, 2005

[41] "Superstars dominate". Hinduonnet.com. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[42] "tnsalestax". www.tnsalestax.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[tax_exemption-43] 43.0 ^43.1 "Va: Cutting of the Quarter! Why? - Tamil Movie Articles - Va-Quarter Cutting | Kallarai Manithan". Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

[44] "Strict norms on entertainment tax - Tamil Movie News". Indiaglitz.com. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

[45] "Microsoft Word - Draft RHP PSTL 31.07.06.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

[46] Pillai, Sreedhar (27 February 2016). "Out with the old". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.

[47] "Screening a movie - an eye-opener!, Unnaipol Oruvan, kamal haasan". www.behindwoods.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019.

[48] "'Thalapathy 65' will be a pan-Indian project: Cinematographer Manoj Paramahamsa". The News Minute. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

[49] "'Darbar' box office collection: Superstar Rajinikanth's starrer enters 200 crore club in 11 days". The Times of India. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

[50] Kumar, Karthik (21 January 2020). "Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, fifth Rajinikanth film to achieve feat". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

[51] "Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross". www.boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[2.0_boxoffice-52] Vijayaprakash R (16 January 2019). "2.0 exclusive exhibition in Chennai: Original costumes of Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar attract visitors". Times Now. Retrieved 18 January 2019.

[53] "Tamil Movies 2018 Box Office Report: Biggest Blockbusters And Hits Of This Year!". Filmibeat. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.

[boi-worldwide-54] "Top Worldwide Figures – All Formats And Hindi". Box Office India. 2 November 2018.

[Top10TN2017-55] "TOP 10 Highest grossing TAMIL FILMS OF 2017". Indiaglitz. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.

[56] "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' smashes all box office records, earns Rs 250 crore in India on first day - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[57] "Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies 2016". Filmibeat. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2019.

[baahubali-58] Hooli, Shekhar (1 May 2017). "Baahubali 2 3-day worldwide box-office collection: SS Rajamouli's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend". International Business Times.

[59] "Tollywood 2015: Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year". International Business Times. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2019.

[60] "All Time Highest Grossing Tamil films - Photos". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[61] Mehta, Ankita (13 March 2013). "'Vishwaroopam' Box Office Collection: Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹220 Crores". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[62] Upadhyaya, Prakash (13 November 2017). "Mersal box office collection: Vijay crowned the king of Rs 100 crore club; consistent performer than Rajinikanth, Ajith". International Business Times. India. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

[63] "Vijay's Thuppakki makes 180 crore! - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[kollyinsider.com-64] Mankatha total Box-Office Collection – 130 Crores | Tamil Cinema News › Tollywood Movie News Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kollyinsider.com (23 December 2011). Retrieved 22 November 2015.

[65] "Mankatha's Total Collections - Mankatha - Ajith - Arjun - Venkat Prabhu - Trisha - Lakshmi Rai - - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com". www.behindwoods.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019.

[66] Hooli, Shekhar H (19 July 2015). "2nd Saturday Box Office Collection: Baahubali Beats Endhiran's Lifetime Record in 9 Days". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[67] "Suriya: Bollywood's hottest six-pack - Livemint". 2 October 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[68] "A rendezevous with Kamal Haasan - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[69] "All Time Highest Grossing Tamil films - Photos". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[70] "The boss, no doubt - Business Today - Business News". 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[71] Krishna Gopalan (29 July 2007). "The boss, no doubt". Business Today. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.

[72] thmrn (9 May 2003). ""Saami"". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 September 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[73] "RACE(ing) to be a Superstar". The Hindu. 9 May 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[74] Kumar, S. R. Ashok. "Hits and misses of the year that was". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 February 2017.^{[dead link]}

[BUSINESS_TODAY-75] "BUSINESS TODAY". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[76] Thangavelu, Dharani (1 July 2016). "Rajinikanth's track-record at the box office". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[newindianexpress.com-77] 77.0 ^77.1 "Setting the Cash Registers Ringing. The Top Ten Grossers So Far". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[78] "The Indian Express - Recherche d'archives de Google Actualités". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[79] "The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[80] "Southern Supernova". Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[81] "actor/articleshow/48215004.cms?from=mdr". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 December 2019.

[82] "dinakaran". 18 January 2000. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[83] ராம்ஜி, வி. (19 July 2020). "கமலின் கமர்ஷியல் 'குரு'வுக்கு 40 வயது! - இலங்கையில் செய்த மெகா சாதனை!". Hindu Tamil Thisai. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

[84] Shankar (7 April 2018). "நகைச்சுவைப் பேய்ப் படங்களுக்கு முன்னோடி - கல்யாணராமன்". tamil.filmibeat.com (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 12 August 2021.

[85] "Kamal's many avatars 7". Sify. Retrieved 12 August 2021.

[86] தளபதி. "கமல்ஹாசன் நடிக்க மீண்டும் 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்'... இசை இளையராஜா... இயக்குநர் யார்?!". www.vikatan.com/ (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 15 September 2021.

[87] "Sigappu Rojakkal (1978) - '16 Vayathinile' to 'Moondram Pirai', Sridevi's best performances till date". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 August 2021.

[88] "16 வயதினிலே வெளிவந்து 43 ஆண்டுகள்: கிராமத்துக் காதல் ஓவியம்". Dinamani (in தமிழ்). Retrieved 12 August 2021.

[89] "72ல் ஏழு சிவாஜி படம்; 'வசந்தமாளிகை' மெகா ஹிட்! - இன்று டிஜிட்டலில் படம் ரிலீஸ்".

[90] "MGR's 1971 blockbuster film Rickshawkaran to be restored!". 30 July 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[91] "சிவாஜியின் நடிப்புக்கு ஒரு படம்!".

[92] "50வது ஆண்டில் 'அன்பே வா'! - Anbe Vaa in 50th Year". 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[93] "வீரபாண்டிய கட்டபொம்மன்". 24 August 2015.

[94] Jeshi, K. (2 September 2011). "Following a star". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[95] "சாவித்ரி - 2. காதல் மந்திரவாதி! - Dinamani - Tamil Daily News". 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[96] Jeshi, K. (10 September 2012). "Blockbusters of Coimbatore". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[97] "இதே நாளில் அன்று". Dinamalar. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

[98] "Apoorva Sahodarargal 1949". The Hindu. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

[NamrataJoshi-99] Joshi, Namrata (19 September 2011). "Reeling It All In". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.

[102] "Cinematograph film rules, 1948". Government of India. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[103] "Posters". Central Board of Film certification (CBFC). Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[104] "INDIAN COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[105] Ashok Kumar, S.R. (2 January 2007). "Cinema ticket rate revision reflects a balancing act". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[n 2]

[100]

v t e Cinema of India
Industries	Assamese Bengal Bhojpuri Chakma Chhattisgarhi Deccani Dogri Gujarati Haryanvi Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Malayalam Meitei Marathi Oriya Punjabi Rajasthani Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Tulu
Other topics	List of Indian film series Science fiction films in India Highest-grossing films Highest-grossing South Indian films Most expensive films

v t e State of Tamil Nadu
Capital: Chennai
State symbols	Seal: Srivilliputhur Andal temple Animal: Nilgiri tahr Bird: Emerald dove Flower: Gloriosa lily Fruit: Jackfruit Tree: Palm tree Butterfly: Cirrochroa Thais	File:TamilNadu Logo.svg
Governance	Governors Chief ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan Chennai Ooty High Court Police
Topics	Cinema Cuisine Economy Government History Language Literature Music People Education Sports Politics Temples Protected areas Highest point Wildlife Sexual minorities Tourism Kaveri River water dispute
Major cities	Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Salem Tiruchirappalli Tiruppur
Districts	Ariyalur Chengalpattu Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kallakurichi Kanchipuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Ranipet Salem Sivaganga Tenkasi Thanjavur Theni Tirupathur Thoothukudi Tiruchirappalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar
Lists	Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI Cities in Tamil Nadu by population Towns in Tamil Nadu by population Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu
India portal