Atmanirbhar Bharat: Difference between revisions

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Atmanirbhar Bharat^{[lower-alpha 1]} (Devanagari: आत्मनिर्भर भारत, ISO: Ātmanirbhara Bhārata) which translates to 'self-reliant India',^[8] is a phrase used and popularized by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the Government of India in relation to the economic vision and economic development in the country. In this context, the term is used as an umbrella concept with regard to making India a larger and more involved part of the world economy, pursuing policies that are efficient, competitive and resilient, that encourage equity, and being self-sustaining and self-generating.

The english phrase has been used by Modi since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular mention in hindi came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of India's COVID–19 pandemic related economic package in 2020. Since then phrase has been used across ministries such as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in relation to press releases, statements and policies. The phrase has also been used by the government in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India. The concept under the premiership of Narendra Modi has been adapted from previous explanations and usages of the concept in the Indian sub-continent.

The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. Self-reliance as a phrase and concept has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple Five-Year Plans of India between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted that India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since the day it was created. Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India encompassing sectors such as beverages, the automotive sector, cooperatives, the financial services and banking sector and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector.

History

Political self-reliance and self-rule

The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of Nai Talim.

M. S. Swaminathan's efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan.^[9]

India saw a push for political self-reliance, for swaraj (explained as self-governance or self-rule), during its independence movement.^[10] Thinkers of that time such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore also explained self-reliance not only in the terms of a nation, but of the self.^[11]^[12] This included the discipline of an individual and the values in a society.^[11]^[12] With the foundation of educational institutes such as the Visva-Bharati University, Tagore also had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.^[13] M. S. Swaminathan writes that in his youth, "like that of most others in India of the 1930s, was a period of idealism and nationalism. Young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals...".^[9]

Economic self-reliance and dependence

The swadeshi movement (where Swadeshi is an adjective explained as 'of one's own country'^[14]) was one of the sub-continents most impactful pre-independence movements.^[15]^[16] It was successfully implemented in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal in 1905.^[17]

Indian nationalists emphasized economic self-reliance in the years leading up to independence, of which planning was an important part.^[18] The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1938 under INC president Subhash Chandra Bose.^[19] The committee was multi-disciplinary and comprised well known personalities from across the sub-continent.^[20] Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an economic unit, industrialized and self-sufficient.^[19] However, there was much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and labelled the committees efforts pointless.^[21] Another pre-independence effort to chart out the course for the economic development of independent India during its years of decolonisation was the Bombay Plan, penned down by J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla and A. Dalal among others.^[22] The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a stark contrast to 21st century India.^[23] In the following years India took cue from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.^[24]

Independent India's first major policy document, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948, echoed the "national consensus" in the nation regarding how India was to proceed as a nation.^[25] This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self-reliance.^[26] Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) paved the way for India to become self-sufficient and one of world leaders in the production of various agricultural products such as milk and tea.^[27]

In a 1983 Sanjaya Baru wrote that self-reliance could be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government [...]."^[28] He based this on a lecture in 1982 at Sydenham College, in which economist Ashok Mitra had also said, "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course."^[28] Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of (colonial) dependence, something unwanted and undesirable. Also, India did not lack in pre-existing capability and infrastructure that was much needed for economic development.^[28] However, following India's decision to take International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded that "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to "self-reliance" any longer as constituting a national goal."^[29]

Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India such as— the Maruti 800 car, Thums Up beverage, Amul, HDFC, the leading pharmaceutical companies of India, and Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India.^[31]^[32]^[33]

In October 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said,^[34]

...self-reliance does not imply pursuing a policy of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world. Self-reliance in the modern world implies the ability to pursue one's interests with self-confidence and faith in one's own capabilities. We do not have to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We can, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dependence that enhance our bargaining power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nation's self-reliance by creating a web of mutually beneficial inter-relationships.

Policy and Five-Year Plans

The Planning Commission of India's lead document, it's twelve Five Year Plans published from 1951 to 2014, contained some form or other of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.^[35] The first two plans laid the foundations of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as import-substitution.^[35] When this did not achieve adequate progress, the plans shifted to a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.^[35] The aim was that India should have enough money to buy what it needed, unlike the June of 1991, when India had foreign exchange reserves for only two weeks.^[35] These situations, and practices such those during Licence Raj led to renewed calls for self-reliance.^[35] While the plans spoke of self-reliance, Bimal Jalan, who would go on to be an RBI governor, explains that the outlook towards self-reliance swung and oscillated between plans, also influenced by factors outside India.^[36] He was clear that self-reliance has to go hand in hand with improvements in other economic indicators, and thus self-reliance had to be understood and defined accordingly.^[37]

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, in an address to the National Development Council in 1976, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".^[38] The Fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) had the achievement of self-reliance as a goal in itself among the three stated objectives, the other two being related to GDP and poverty.^[39] Usage also included achieving "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to non-renewable resources.^[40] The report noted that in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.^[40]

Increase in self-reliance in oil production, in capabilities related to atomic energy, space technologies, agricultural research and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in seventh plan.^[41] In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of making it through to external shocks.^[41] Conversely "excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007). The tenth plan also stated that "Science and Technology [...] plays a lead role in contributing... self-reliance."^[42] The next plan mentioned the "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".^[43]

Defence sector

Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres

File:DASH IV HMDS of Tejas.jpg

Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight DASH-IV from Elbit Systems^[45]

Indigenous HAL Tejas, a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.^[44]

PM's statement following nuclear tests, 1998

In 1947... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.

Statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament, 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May, ^[7]^[6]

India has seen a shift in the principles governing its defence production— self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn saw changes such as an emphasis in public-private co-production and independent private production.^[46] In 1992 a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, then the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister.^[47] The committee created an index, called the self-reliance index, to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of the total procurement.^[48] The ten year target to increase self-reliance in defence was never achieved.^[48] Further, this index did not take into account factors like critical components or sanctions during an actual conflict.^[49] In 2000, K. Subrahmanyam of India's National Security Advisory Board emphasized on the need to distinguish between self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defence sector.^[50] He laid emphasis that the most pragmatic way for India would be to go towards self-reliance and not self-sufficiency. This would lead to its own challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.^[50]

Atmanirbhar Bharat

In the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic in India, the pandemic induced lockdown, and a pre-existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government came out with an adapted idea of self-reliance.^[51] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi used the hindi phrase popularly for the first time when he said,^[3] (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) "Self-reliant India" is the only path. It is said in our scriptures — EshahPanthah. That is — self-sufficient India."^[35]^[2] While the speech was in Hindi, this reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.^[35]^[2] The Indian government came out with an economic package in the coming days labelled as the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).^[5]

Swaminathan Aiyar says the same, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. India in the 1960s-70s tried self-sufficiency and it didn't work out.^[52] Aiyer says that "to go back to self-sufficiency again appears to be going in the wrong direction."^[52] Sadanand Dhume raised skepticism related to the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it signalled a revival of pre-liberalisation era policies.^[53] 'Aatmanirbharta' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020.^[54]^[8]

The adapted self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged was ready to associate with and challenge the globalised world, as opposed to past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and the matter of post-independence foreign aid.^[55] However, even swadeshi has been adapted with slogans such as 'vocal for local' while at the same time global interconnectedness is being promoted.^[55] The government aims to reconcile this, Economist Intelligence Unit explains, "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".^[56]

Usage by the Modi government

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase 'self-reliance' in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.^[57] He reiterated this over the years, including in 2018 and the need for India to make its own weapons.^[58] In August 2014 he connected self-reliance to Digital India^[59] and in September 2014 to making the poor self-reliant.^[60]

Its proponents, including Prime Minister Modi and cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said that this self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist in nature. For India, self-reliance plays out as being a larger and more important part of the world economy.^[61]^[62] The concept requires policy-making that allows this to happen, including policies that are efficient and resilient and policies that encourage equity and competitiveness.^[4] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating.^[4] This translates to creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".^[63] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman reiterated that the atmanirbhar Bharat campaign was not bringing back socialism or import substitution, rather the intention is to boost manufacturing.^[64] The five pillars of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' have been elucidated as— economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.^[65]

COVID-19 pandemic initiatives

A 5ml vial of Covaxin^[66]^[67] has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.^[68]

The research, development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India was connected to atmanirbharta by the President,^[69] Vice President,^[70] Prime Minister,^[68] and other Union Ministers in separate statements.^[71] PM Modi has stated that "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".^[68]

A total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth ₹29.87 lakh crore (US$420 billion) were announced by the government on 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020 in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.^[72]^[73]^[74] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, numerous government decisions took place such as changing the definition of MSMEs,^[75] boosting scope for private participation in numerous sectors,^[76] increasing FDI in the defence sector;^[76] and the vision has found support in many sectors such as the solar manufacturers sector.^[77]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited numbers before March 2020, to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered as a fine example of a self-reliant India.^[78]^[79] The PPE industry in India has become a ₹10,000 crore (US$1.4 billion) industry in three months, the second largest after China.^[80]

In July 2020 the ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution issued a statement placing food rationing under the ambit of atmanirbhar Bharat.^[3] In August 2020, following the migrant crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants under it.^[3]

Other initiatives

The importance of education and research has been recognized for self-reliance.^[81] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was once again connected to creating an atmanirbhar Bharat,^[82] and the Prime Minister challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.^[13] The education minister of India has also stressed the linkage between education and an atmanirbhar Bharat.^[83] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar explains the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' which combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.^[83] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote atmanirbhar Bharat.^[84]

During a speech in 2017, the Prime Minister said that the government was trying to tap human capital flight, and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.^[85] To this effect new organisations such as IN-SPCAe in the space sector would aim to channelize India's space talent.^[86]

In August 2020, the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced that the Defence Ministry is "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on dozens of military items in a staged manner over a period of 5 years.^[87]^[88] The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)^[89] were also launched with an aim towards self reliance.^[90]^[91] The 2016 Defence Procurement Procedure introduced a new category of procurement— Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured).^[92]

Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.^[93] Government backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair which was digitally launched in February 2021.^[94] The phrase was also connected to the 2021 Union Budget of India.^[95]

In July 2020 the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage app building.^[96] 6940 entries were received. 24 app were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The success of the led to a continuation of the challenge through another round of entry submission.^[97]

Slogans

Slogans initiated under atmanirbhar Bharat include 'vocal for local', 'local for global', 'make for world' and 'brain drain to brain gain'.^[98]^[99]

Vocal for local

Not only should products be 'made in India', but the promotion of those products should take place so as to make those products competitive.^[99]^[100] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said that "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."^[101]^[102] Amul Managing Director RS Sodhi explained that the phrase vocal–for–local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn’t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it."^[99] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', that local products in India should have global appeal and reach.^[99] The slogan has also been extended to sectors such as the toy sector, "time to be vocal for local toys".^[103]

Make for the world

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence speech, said that 'make for world' should go hand in hand with 'make in India' and that the slogan 'make for world' should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.^[101]^[104] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".^[105]

Difficulties and challenges

Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield - brain and talent.

Romesh Thapar, 1968^[106]

While an atmanirbhar Bharat has been promoted extensively during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this does not always play out in government policies.^[107] India's trade deficit does not allow it to reduce dependence on imports and opt instead for increased protectionism or isolation.^[108]

Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an atmanirbhar Bharat instead, are practically difficult in the short term for India as the country imports $75 billion worth of goods every year from China, to the extent that parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.^[109] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020 which resulted in a number of fatalities, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given projects such as the Delhi-Meerut RRTS.^[110]^[111] However, a Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km of the project.^[112]

In August 2021 economist Jaijit Bhattacharya said that state governments in India have made it harder for domestic companies to respond to request for proposals to the benefit of global players. In the absence of policy on self-reliance, having an atmanirbhar ombudsman would help the balance.^[113]

In sectors such as food production (food grains^{[lower-alpha 2]} such as wheat and rice; fruits, vegetables, milk, meat) India is self-sufficient. However nutrition and hunger remain a challenge.^[114]^[115]

Commentary

At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China.

Nirmala Sitharaman, Finance Minister,^[116] 25 June 2020

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called by some as a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement using new taglines such as 'Vocal for Local'.^[117]^[118]^[119] Opposition members have spoken about how India has been enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant - SAIL for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, AIIMS for medical science, DRDO for defence research, HAL for aviation, ISRO for space research , CCL, NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.^[120] Some have re-phrased it to "Fend For Yourself" Campaign,^[121] while it has also been called as "economic nationalism".^[122] It has been noted (satirically) that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy... for growth and development".^[3] Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.^[123]

References and notes

Notes

↑ Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,^[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,^[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,^[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,^[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.^[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,^[6] officially translated as self-reliance.^[7]
↑ The definition of 'food grains' varies.

Citations

↑ "PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'". Jagran English. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020". pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Mohanty, Prasanna (14 November 2020). "Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?". Business Today. Retrieved 14 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 "Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment: PM assures global investors". Outlook India. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. Hosted by National Informatics Centre. Contents via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat. 27 May 1998.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. Hosted by National Informatics Centre. Contents via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat. 27 May 1998.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 "Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020". languages.oup.com. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is… Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Gopalkrishnan, Gita (2002), M. S. Swaminathan. One Man's Quest for a Hunger-Free World (PDF), Produced for the Youth Employment Summit 2002, Education Development Center, Inc, pp. 122, 128, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2007
↑ Sarukkai 2021, p. 357.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Sarukkai 2021, p. 364.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Shrivastava, Aseem (1 October 2019). "Gandhi at 150: He believed in natural self-rule". Down to Earth. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ...both Gandhi and Rabindranath are clear that such self-rule is not crudely reducible to the struggle for national liberation that constituted anti-colonial movements like the Indian freedom struggle.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Sarkar, Shankhyaneel, ed. (19 February 2021). "New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Swadeshi". Metta Center for Nonviolence. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Mohan Jha, Anand; Kumar Jha, Amrit; Kumar Jha, Sanjeev (2020). "National Education Policy 2020: A Step towards Technology Driven Education and Self-reliant India". Solid State Technology. 63 (6).
↑ Bansal, Akhil (4 June 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: Success depends on how India negotiates terms with US, EU". The Financial Express. Retrieved 22 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Biswas 1995, p. 39.
↑ Baru 1983, p. 34.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Chakrabarty 1992, p. 279.
↑ Nehru 1992, p. 395.
↑ Chakrabarty 1992, p. 282-284.
↑ Baru 1983, p. 35.
↑ Mohanty, Prasanna (27 February 2021). "Rebooting Economy 70: The Bombay Plan and the concept of AatmaNirbhar Bharat". Business Today. Retrieved 10 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Baru 1983, p. 40.
↑ Baru 1983, p. 35-36.
↑ Baru 1983, p. 34-36.
↑ Tiwari, Brajesh Kumar (16 August 2020). "Changing scenario of Indian economy: 1947-2020". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 Baru 1983, p. 36.
↑ Baru 1983, p. 45.
↑ Reddy, Y. V. (13 July 2000). Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined (Speech). Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture. Chennai.
↑ Khanna, Sundeep (21 February 2021). "The best symbols of Atmanirbhar Bharat". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 14 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Covaxin's efficacy shows immense strength of Atmanirbhar Bharat: ICMR chief". Business Standard India. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Iconic Brands of India: Indigenous brands step into the spotlight". The Economic Times. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "PM's speech at the release of Dandi March Commemorative Coins". archivepmo.nic.in. Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 22, 2004 - 26th May 2014). 2 October 2005. Retrieved 14 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 ^35.3 ^35.4 ^35.5 ^35.6 Misra, Udit (17 August 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history". The Indian Express. Explained Desk. Retrieved 12 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Jalan 1972, p. 759, 761.
↑ Jalan 1972, p. 761.
↑ "Address of the Prime Minister to the meeting of the National Development Council on September 24, 1976 (Reproduced as foreword of the 5th Five Year Plan of India)". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
↑ Tendulkar 1974, p. 27.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 "5th Five Year Plan: Chapter 2". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 "7th Five Year Plan (Vol-1): Planned Development: Retrospect and Prospect". NITI Aayog. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
↑ "Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 (Volume 1)" (PDF). NITI Aayog. Planning Commission, Government of India. Retrieved 20 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12 (Volume 3)" (PDF). NITI Aayog. Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 344. Retrieved 20 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers". The Economic Times. PTI. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
↑ "31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016" (PDF). ada.gov.in. Aeronautical Development Agency, Ministry of Defence, India. p. 11. Retrieved 12 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Behera 2013, p. 34-35.
↑ Singh 2013, p. 248.
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 Behera 2013, p. 32.
↑ Behera 2013, p. 46.
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 Subrahmanyam, K. (October 2000). "Self-Reliant Defence and Indian Industry". Strategic Analysis. 24 (7): 1221–1234. doi:10.1080/09700160008455283. S2CID 154513315. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021 – via www.idsa-india.org (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi).
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External links

Ministry of Finance (13/05/2020 to 17/05/2020). Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5 (Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs, Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers, Part-3: Agriculture, Part-4: New Horizons of Growth, Part-5: Government Reforms and Enablers)
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[8] Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,^[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,^[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,^[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,^[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.^[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,^[6] officially translated as self-reliance.^[7]

[115] The definition of 'food grains' varies.

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[FOOTNOTEJoshiMuchhalBrennanPradhan20211-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1.

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[FOOTNOTESarukkai2021364-12] 11.0 ^11.1 Sarukkai 2021, p. 364.

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[FOOTNOTEBaru198334-19] Baru 1983, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTEChakrabarty1992279-20] 19.0 ^19.1 Chakrabarty 1992, p. 279.

[FOOTNOTENehru1992395-21] Nehru 1992, p. 395.

[FOOTNOTEChakrabarty1992282-284-22] Chakrabarty 1992, p. 282-284.

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[FOOTNOTEJalan1972761-38] Jalan 1972, p. 761.

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[FOOTNOTESingh2013248-48] Singh 2013, p. 248.

[FOOTNOTEBehera201332-49] 48.0 ^48.1 Behera 2013, p. 32.

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[81] Bhushan, Ranjit (10 June 2020). "From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

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[91] Saxena, Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK (16 October 2020). "DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation". Indian Defence Review. Retrieved 17 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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[101] "'Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali". WION. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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[FOOTNOTEJoshiMuchhalBrennanPradhan20211,_8-108] Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1, 8.

[FOOTNOTEAlamKhanGhosalSatpati20216-109] Alam et al. 2021, p. 6.

[110] HV, Harish (5 June 2020). "'Atmanirbharta' from China — easier said than done". The Hindu @businessline. Retrieved 5 June 2020.

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[112] Shrivastava, Rahul (16 June 2020). "Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid". India Today. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

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Category Commons Wikiquotes

Atmanirbhar Bharat: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:30, 3 January 2022

Contents

History

Political self-reliance and self-rule

Economic self-reliance and dependence

Policy and Five-Year Plans

Defence sector

Atmanirbhar Bharat

Usage by the Modi government

COVID-19 pandemic initiatives

Other initiatives

Slogans

Vocal for local

Make for the world

Difficulties and challenges

Commentary

See also

References and notes

Further reading

Speeches

Books

Journals

News

Think-tanks

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Initiative by the Indian Government targeting self-reliance}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}{{Infobox project
+{{short description|Initiative by the Indian Government targeting self-reliance}}
-| image =
+{{Multiple issues|
-| country =       [[India]]
+{{Copy edit|date=December 2021}}
-| type =          [[Economic development]]
+{{Over-quotation|date=December 2021}}
-| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
+{{Too few opinions|date=December 2021}}
-| ministry = [[Second Modi ministry]]
-| launched = {{Start date and age|2020|05|12|df=y}}
-| current_status = Active
-| website = {{url|https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/}}
 }}
-{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
-{{Narendra Modi series}}
+'''Atmanirbhar Bharat'''{{Efn|Alternatives and variations in spelling include '''Aatma Nirbhar Bharat''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'|url=https://english.jagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Jagran English|language=en}}</ref> '''AtmaNirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":23" /> '''AatmaNirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":9" /> '''Aatmanirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":2" /> and '''Atman Nirbhar Bharat'''.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}} In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term
+{{lang|hi|आत्मनिर्भरता}} / {{transl|hi|ISO|Aatmanirbharta}},<ref name=":hin1998">{{Cite web|date=27 May 1998|others=Hosted by [[National Informatics Centre]]. Contents via Digitisation Unit, [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]].|title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/809238?view_type=search|url-status=live|website=Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India}}</ref> officially translated as self-reliance.<ref name=":eng1998" />}} ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|hi|आत्मनिर्भर भारत}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transl|hi|ISO|Ātmanirbhara Bhārata}}) which translates to 'self-reliant India',<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020|url=https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313122622/https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/|archive-date=13 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-13|website=languages.oup.com|language=en-GB|quote=The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is… Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.}}</ref> is a phrase used and popularized by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Government of India]] in relation to the economic vision and economic development in the country. In this context, the term is used as an [[umbrella concept]] with regard to making [[India]] a larger and more involved part of the [[world economy]], pursuing policies that are efficient, competitive and resilient, that encourage equity, and being self-sustaining and self-generating.
-'''Atmanirbhar Bharat''', which translates to 'self-reliant India' or 'self-sufficient India', is a term used by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in relation to economic development in country. The term has been used in relation to making [[India]] "a bigger and more important part of the global economy", pursuing policies that are efficient, competitive and resilient, and being self-sustaining and self-generating. Atmanirbhar Bharat does not mean "self-containment", "isolating away from the world" or being "protectionist".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The first mention of this came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan<ref>{{cite web |title=Aatmnirbhar Bharat Abhiyan in India: Gearing up for the Reformation |work=aatmnirbharsena.org |url=https://aatmnirbharsena.org/aatm-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan |date= 10 July 2020}}</ref>' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission<ref>{{cite web|title=आत्मनिर्भर भारत और मेक इन इंडिया के बीच अंतर |work=aatmnirbharsena.org |url=https://aatmnirbharsena.org/blog/difference-between-self-reliant-india-and-make-in-india/ |date= 24 September 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>' during the announcement of India's [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID–19 pandemic related economic package]] on 12 May 2020.<ref name=":442">{{Cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Udit|date=13 May 2020|title=PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-coronavirus-economic-package-india-self-reliance-6406939/|access-date=13 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Subsequently, two more Atmanirbhar Bharat packages were announced on 12 October and 12 November 2020, bringing the total economic stimulus to {{INRConvert|29.87|lc|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name=":653">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Business Today}}</ref>
+The english phrase has been used by Modi since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and [[digital India]]. The first popular mention in [[hindi]] came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of India's [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID–19 pandemic related economic package]] in 2020. Since then phrase has been used across ministries such as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in relation to press releases, statements and policies. The phrase has also been used by the government in relation to India's new [[National Education Policy]] and the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 Union Budget of India]]. The concept under the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]] has been adapted from previous explanations and usages of the concept in the Indian sub-continent.
-== Definition ==
+The [[swadeshi movement]] was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. Self-reliance as a phrase and concept has been used by the country's former [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] in multiple [[Five-Year Plans of India]] between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted that India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since the day it was created. Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India encompassing sectors such as beverages, the automotive sector, cooperatives, the financial services and banking sector and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector.
-Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has said ''"''Atmanirbhar Bharat is not about being self-contained or being closed to the world, it is about being self-sustaining and self-generating. We will pursue policies that promote efficiency, equity and resilience''.''"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=''Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment'': PM assures global investors|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aatmanirbhar-bharat-not-selfcontainment-pm-assures-global-investors/1890629|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Outlook India}}</ref> Its proponents have said that this self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist in nature; the [[Finance minister of india|Finance Minister]] said, "self-reliant India does not mean cutting off from rest of the world".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/to-spur-growth-nirmala-on-pm-modi-s-atamanirbha-bharat-abhiyan/story-s71j5O0ZG21QY4qsTsUnTP.html|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The law and IT minister, [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], said that self-reliance does "not mean isolating away from the world. Foreign direct investment is welcome, technology is welcome [...] [https://aatmnirbharsena.org/blog/self-reliant-india-mission/ self-reliant India] [...] translates to being a bigger and more important part of the global economy."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/prasad-need-to-tap-artificial-intelligence-to-fight-covid/articleshow/75984783.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Further, in May 2020, Prime Minister Modi laid down the five pillars of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' are stated as economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lists-5-pillars-of-self-reliant-india/articleshow/75700425.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
-'Aatmanirbharta' was the Oxford Hindi [[Word of the year|Word of Year]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canton|first=Naomi|date=3 February 2021|title='Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
+== History==
+=== Political self-reliance and self-rule ===
+{{Multiple image
+| image1 = Spinning wheel represents Swadeshi and self suffficiency - Nai Talim-a basic education system A concept by Mahatma Gandhi implemented at Majhihira, Purulia- August 2011-P1480448-2.jpg
+| direction = horizontal
+| image2 = Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2671.JPG
+| total_width = 460
+| caption2 = [[M. S. Swaminathan]]'s efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a [[World Food Prize]] commendation from President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=":Gopalkrishnan" />
+| caption1 = The [[spinning wheel]] or ''charkha'' was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of [[Nai Talim]].
+}}
+India saw a push for political self-reliance, for [[swaraj]] (explained as [[self-governance]] or self-rule), during its [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]].{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=357}} Thinkers of that time such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] also explained self-reliance not only in the terms of a nation, but of the [[self]].{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=364}}<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Aseem|date=1 October 2019|title=Gandhi at 150: He believed in natural self-rule|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/gandhi-at-150-he-believed-in-natural-self-rule-67039|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Down to Earth|quote=...both Gandhi and Rabindranath are clear that such self-rule is not crudely reducible to the struggle for national liberation that constituted anti-colonial movements like the Indian freedom struggle.}}</ref> This included the discipline of an individual and the values in a society.{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=364}}<ref name=":20" /> With the foundation of educational institutes such as the [[Visva-Bharati University]], Tagore also had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.<ref name=":24" /> [[M. S. Swaminathan]] writes that in his youth, "like that of most others in India of the 1930s, was a period of idealism and nationalism. Young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals...".<ref name=":Gopalkrishnan">{{Citation|last=Gopalkrishnan|first=Gita|title=M. S. Swaminathan. One Man's Quest for a Hunger-Free World|date=2002|url=http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf|pages=122, 128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317214600/http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf|others=Produced for the Youth Employment Summit 2002|publisher=Education Development Center, Inc|archive-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>
+=== Economic self-reliance and dependence ===
+The [[swadeshi movement]] (where ''Swadeshi'' is an adjective explained as 'of one's own country'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-03|title=Swadeshi|url=https://mettacenter.org/definitions/gloss-concepts/swadeshi/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Metta Center for Nonviolence|language=en-US}}</ref>) was one of the sub-continents most impactful pre-independence movements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohan Jha|first1=Anand|last2=Kumar Jha|first2=Amrit|last3=Kumar Jha|first3=Sanjeev|date=2020|title=National Education Policy 2020: A Step towards Technology Driven Education and Self-reliant India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352909776|journal=Solid State Technology|volume=63|issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Akhil|date=2020-06-04|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Success depends on how India negotiates terms with US, EU|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/atmanirbhar-bharat-success-depends-on-how-india-negotiate-terms-with-us-eu/1980431/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> It was successfully implemented in the aftermath of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905.{{Sfn|Biswas|1995|p=39}}
+Indian nationalists emphasized economic self-reliance in the years leading up to independence, of which planning was an important part.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=34}} The National Planning Committee of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was formed in 1938 under INC president [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=279}} The committee was multi-disciplinary and comprised well known personalities from across the sub-continent.{{Sfn|Nehru|1992|p=395}} Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an [[economic unit]], [[industrialized]] and [[Self sufficient|self-sufficient]].{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=279}} However, there was much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and labelled the committees efforts pointless.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=282-284}} Another pre-independence effort to chart out the course for the economic development of independent India during its years of decolonisation was the [[Bombay Plan]], penned down by [[J. R. D. Tata]], [[Ghanshyam Das Birla|G. D. Birla]] and [[Ardeshir Dalal|A. Dalal]] among others.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=35}} The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a stark contrast to 21st century India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=27 February 2021|title=Rebooting Economy 70: The Bombay Plan and the concept of AatmaNirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/story/rebooting-economy-70-the-bombay-plan-and-the-concept-of-aatmanirbhar-bharat-289572-2021-02-27|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Business Today}}</ref> In the following years India took cue from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=40}}
+Independent India's first major policy document, the [[Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948]], echoed the "national consensus" in the nation regarding how India was to proceed as a nation.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=35-36}} This ''national consensus'' called for a [[mixed economy]] and self-reliance.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=34-36}} Under Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], India's [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] and [[White Revolution]] (Operation Flood) paved the way for India to become self-sufficient and one of world leaders in the production of various agricultural products such as milk and tea.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiwari|first=Brajesh Kumar|date=16 August 2020|title=Changing scenario of Indian economy: 1947-2020|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/changing-scenario-of-indian-economy--1947-2020.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
+In a 1983 [[Sanjaya Baru]] wrote that self-reliance could be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government [...]."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} He based this on a lecture in 1982 at [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]], in which economist [[Ashok Mitra]] had also said, "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of (colonial) dependence, something unwanted and undesirable. Also, India did not lack in pre-existing capability and infrastructure that was much needed for economic development.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} However, following India's decision to take [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded that "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to "self-reliance" any longer as constituting a national goal."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=45}}
+[[File:The former Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Dr. Y.V. Reddy delivering the 6th Dr. Raja J. Chelliah Memorial Lecture on the “Fiscal – Monetary Policy Interface”, in New Delhi on March 24, 2017 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|In 2000, [[Y. V. Reddy]], (representative image) then the Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), spoke at some length on self-reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture: "self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities".<ref name=":15">{{Cite speech|title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|location=Chennai|date=13 July 2000|author-link=Y. V. Reddy|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57|event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}</ref>]]
+Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India such as— the [[Maruti 800]] car, [[Thums Up]] beverage, [[Amul]], [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]], the leading pharmaceutical companies of India, and [[Bharat Biotech]] and [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanna|first=Sundeep|date=21 February 2021|title=The best symbols of Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/the-best-symbols-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-6549811.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-03-03|title=Covaxin's efficacy shows immense strength of Atmanirbhar Bharat: ICMR chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/covaxin-s-efficacy-shows-immense-strength-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-icmr-chief-121030301147_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 2020|title=Iconic Brands of India: Indigenous brands step into the spotlight|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/csr/initiatives/iconic-brands-of-india-indigenous-brands-step-into-the-spotlight/articleshow/75024049.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref>
+In October 2005, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2005|title=PM's speech at the release of Dandi March Commemorative Coins|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=198|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=archivepmo.nic.in|publisher=Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 22, 2004 - 26th May 2014)}}</ref>
+{{Blockquote|text=...self-reliance does not imply pursuing a policy of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world.
+Self-reliance in the modern world implies the ability to pursue one's interests with self-confidence and faith in one's own capabilities. We do not have to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We can, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dependence that enhance our bargaining power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nation's self-reliance by creating a web of mutually beneficial inter-relationships.}}
+=== Policy and Five-Year Plans ===
+The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]]'s lead document, it's twelve [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plans]] published from 1951 to 2014, contained some form or other of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.<ref name=":21" /> The first two plans laid the foundations of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as [[Import substitution|import-substitution]].<ref name=":21" /> When this did not achieve adequate progress, the plans shifted to a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.<ref name=":21" /> The aim was that India should have enough money to buy what it needed, unlike the June of 1991, when India had [[forex|foreign exchange reserves]] for only two weeks.<ref name=":21" /> These situations, and practices such those during [[Licence Raj]] led to renewed calls for self-reliance.<ref name=":21" /> While the plans spoke of self-reliance, [[Bimal Jalan]], who would go on to be an [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|RBI governor]], explains that the outlook towards self-reliance swung and oscillated between plans, also influenced by factors outside India.{{Sfn|Jalan|1972|p=759, 761}} He was clear that self-reliance has to go hand in hand with improvements in other economic indicators, and thus self-reliance had to be understood and defined accordingly.{{Sfn|Jalan|1972|p=761}}
+Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], in an address to the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] in 1976, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Address of the Prime Minister to the meeting of the National Development Council on September 24, 1976 (Reproduced as foreword of the 5th Five Year Plan of India)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5vfore.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206011654/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5vfore.htm|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=[[NITI Aayog]]}}</ref> The Fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) had the achievement of self-reliance as a goal in itself among the three stated objectives, the other two being related to [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and poverty.{{Sfn|Tendulkar|1974|p=27}} Usage also included achieving "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable resources]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=5th Five Year Plan: Chapter 2|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5planch2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206011722/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5planch2.html|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=[[NITI Aayog]]}}</ref> The report noted that in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.<ref name=":13" />
+Increase in self-reliance in [[oil production]], in capabilities related to [[atomic energy]], space technologies, agricultural research and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in seventh plan.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=7th Five Year Plan (Vol-1): Planned Development: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/7th/vol1/7v1ch1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818001538/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/7th/vol1/7v1ch1.html|archive-date=18 August 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|website=NITI Aayog}}</ref> In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of making it through to external shocks.<ref name=":22" /> Conversely "excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007). The tenth plan also stated that "Science and Technology [...] plays a lead role in contributing... self-reliance."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 (Volume 1)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume1/10th_vol1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|website=NITI Aayog|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref> The next plan mentioned the "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12 (Volume 3)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v3/11th_vol3.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|website=NITI Aayog|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India|page=344}}</ref>
+=== Defence sector ===
+{{Multiple image
+| image1 = HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg
+| image2 = DASH IV HMDS of Tejas.jpg
+| footer = Indigenous [[HAL Tejas]], a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers/articleshow/55498923.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>
+| caption1 = [[Initial operating capability]] variants of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] doing air manoeuvres
+| caption2 = Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight [[Helmet-mounted_display#Display_and_sight_helmet_(DASH)|DASH-IV]] from [[Elbit Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf#page=15|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2021|website=ada.gov.in|publisher=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]], Ministry of Defence, India|page=11}}</ref>
+}}
+{{Quote box
+| title = PM's statement following nuclear tests, 1998
+| quote = In 1947... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.
+| author = Statement by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in Parliament, 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May
+| source = <ref name=":eng1998">{{Cite web|date=27 May 1998|title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/808923|url-status=live|website=Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India|others=Hosted by [[National Informatics Centre]]. Contents via Digitisation Unit, [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]].}}</ref><ref name=":hin1998" />
+| width = 420px
+}}
+India has seen a shift in the principles governing its defence production— self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn saw changes such as an emphasis in public-private co-production and independent private production.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=34-35}} In 1992 a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], then the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister.{{Sfn|Singh|2013|p=248}} The committee created an index, called the self-reliance index, to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of the total procurement.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=32}} The ten year target to increase self-reliance in defence was never achieved.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=32}} Further, this index did not take into account factors like critical components or sanctions during an actual conflict.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=46}} In 2000, [[K. Subrahmanyam]] of India's [[National Security Advisory Board]] emphasized on the need to distinguish between self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defence sector.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=K.|author-link=K. Subrahmanyam|date=October 2000|title=Self-Reliant Defence and Indian Industry|journal=Strategic Analysis|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-oct-00-2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031618/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AfiGzN1gPbxsJ%3Awww.idsa-india.org%2Fan-oct-00-2.html&hl=en&gl=in&strip=0&vwsrc=0|archive-date=23 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-23|volume=24|issue=7|pages=1221–1234|via=www.idsa-india.org ([[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]], New Delhi)|doi=10.1080/09700160008455283|s2cid=154513315}}</ref> He laid emphasis that the most pragmatic way for India would be to go towards self-reliance and not self-sufficiency. This would lead to its own challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.<ref name=":1" />
+=== Atmanirbhar Bharat ===
+In the backdrop of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus pandemic in India]], the pandemic induced [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]], and a pre-existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|economic impact of the pandemic]], the government came out with an adapted idea of self-reliance.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=2}} On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi used the hindi phrase popularly for the first time when he said,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=14 November 2020|title=Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Business Today}}</ref> (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) "Self-reliant India" is the only path. It is said in our scriptures — EshahPanthah. That is — self-sufficient India."<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> While the speech was in Hindi, this reference by [[Press Information Bureau]] to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Udit|date=2020-08-17|others=Explained Desk|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523233046/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|archive-date=23 May 2020|access-date=2021-11-10|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau)|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref> The Indian government came out with an economic package in the coming days labelled as the ''Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan ({{Translation|Self-reliant India Mission}}'').{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}}
-=== Self-reliance or Self-sufficiency ===
+{{External media|topic=|headerimage=|caption=|video1={{YouTube|P4QjOhu9eIQ|''PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020)'', PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14)}}|video2=|width=220px}}
-According to [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']], "Atmanirbhar" can be understood as either "self-reliance" or as "self-sufficiency". The confusion, according to the Express started on 12 May itself, the day the phrase was first announced,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=ExplainSpeaking on economy {{!}} Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
-{{Quote|text=The state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) "Self-reliant India" is the only path. It is said in our scriptures — EshahPanthah. That is — self-sufficient India.|author=Prime Minister Narendra Modi|title=|source=PIB}}
-[[Swaminathan Aiyar]] says the same, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. India in the 1960s-70s tried self-sufficiency and it didn't work out.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/govt-needs-to-understand-the-difference-between-self-sufficiency-and-self-reliance-swaminathan-aiyar/articleshow/76710928.cms|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Aiyer says that "to go back to self-sufficiency again appears to be going in the wrong direction''.''"<ref name=":5" /> In May, in an article, [[LiveMint|Livemint]] translated the term as "self-sufficiency".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Karan|date=2020-05-15|title=‘Invest in India’ is at the heart of self-reliance|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/-invest-in-india-is-at-the-heart-of-self-reliance-11589481190881.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
-The slogan of atma nirbhar bharat is "vocal for local" and "make for the world"
-==Initiatives==
+[[Swaminathan Aiyar]] says the same, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. India in the 1960s-70s tried self-sufficiency and it didn't work out.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/govt-needs-to-understand-the-difference-between-self-sufficiency-and-self-reliance-swaminathan-aiyar/articleshow/76710928.cms|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Aiyer says that "to go back to self-sufficiency again appears to be going in the wrong direction''.''"<ref name=":5" /> [[Sadanand Dhume]] raised skepticism related to the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it signalled a revival of [[Economic liberalisation in India|pre-liberalisation era]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|author-link=Sadanand Dhume|date=2020-06-01|others=From TOI print edition|title=The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-false-promise-of-self-reliance-an-inward-looking-india-could-quickly-slide-towards-closed-mindedness-cronyism-and-mediocrity/?frmapp=yes|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'Aatmanirbharta''' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi [[Word of the year|Word of Year]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canton|first=Naomi|date=3 February 2021|title='Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" />
-===Three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages===
-A total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth {{INRConvert|29.87|lc|lk=on|year=2020}} were announced by the government:
-* On 12 May 2020, the Prime Minister announced an overall economic package worth {{INRConvert|20|lc|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-live-news-updates-pm-modi-address-to-nation-speech-today-lockdown-extension-6406297/|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
+The adapted self-reliance or ''aatmarnibharta'' that emerged was ready to associate with and challenge the globalised world, as opposed to past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and the matter of post-independence foreign aid.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} However, even swadeshi has been adapted with slogans such as 'vocal for local' while at the same time global interconnectedness is being promoted.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} The government aims to reconcile this, [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] explains, "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Samrat|date=2020-09-23|title=Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
-* On 12 October 2020, the government announced a {{INRConvert|73000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} worth economic stimulus package, labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0.<ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>
+==Usage by the Modi government==
-* On 12 November 2020, the government announced a {{INRConvert|2.65|lc|lk=on|year=2020}} worth economic stimulus package, labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 3.0.<ref name=":652"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 November 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0: FM unveils 12 new stimulus measures ahead of Diwali|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0-fm-announces-measures-to-boost-employment-120111200565_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=4 January 2020|website=Business Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 Nov 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0: Total stimulus package announced is of Rs 29.87 lakh core, 15% of GDP, says FM Sitharaman|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/atmanirbhar-bharat-3-0-total-stimulus-package-announced-is-of-rs-29-87-lakh-core-15-of-gdp-says-fm-sitharaman-6108581.html|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>
+Prime Minister Modi used the phrase 'self-reliance' in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2014-06-14|others=PTI|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He reiterated this over the years, including in 2018 and the need for India to make its own weapons.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-defence-production-must-for-indias-self-reliance-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/50427033.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref> In August 2014 he connected self-reliance to [[Digital India]]<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2014|others=PTI|title=PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Business Today}}</ref> and in September 2014 to making the poor self-reliant.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=2014-09-17|others=PTI|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
-As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, numerous government decisions have taken place such as changing the definition of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|MSMEs]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-01|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/atmanirbhar-bharat-union-cabinet-approves-changes-in-definition-of-msmes-120060100950_1.html|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> boosting scope for private participation in numerous sectors,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Hari Hari|date=1 June 2020|title=Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Business Today}}</ref> increasing FDI in the defence sector;<ref name=":0" /> and the vision has found support in many sectors such as the solar manufacturers sector.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Economic Times ETEnergyworld|language=en}}</ref>
+Its proponents, including Prime Minister Modi and cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said that this self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist in nature. For India, self-reliance plays out as being a larger and more important part of the world economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/to-spur-growth-nirmala-on-pm-modi-s-atamanirbha-bharat-abhiyan/story-s71j5O0ZG21QY4qsTsUnTP.html|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/prasad-need-to-tap-artificial-intelligence-to-fight-covid/articleshow/75984783.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The concept requires policy-making that allows this to happen, including policies that are efficient and resilient and policies that encourage equity and competitiveness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=''Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment'': PM assures global investors|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aatmanirbhar-bharat-not-selfcontainment-pm-assures-global-investors/1890629|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Outlook India}}</ref> It means being self-sustaining and self-generating.<ref name=":2" /> This translates to creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-core-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-to-create-wealth-values-for-humanity-pm-modi/articleshow/81444502.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref> In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman reiterated that the atmanirbhar Bharat campaign was not bringing back [[socialism]] or import substitution, rather the intention is to boost manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM|work=Business Today|agency=|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/atmanirbhar-bharat-move-not-to-stop-imports-but-to-boost-manufacturing-capabilities-fm/story/434446.html|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref> The five pillars of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' have been elucidated as— economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lists-5-pillars-of-self-reliant-india/articleshow/75700425.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
+=== COVID-19 pandemic initiatives ===
+[[File:Covaxin.jpg|thumb|A 5ml vial of [[Covaxin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|editor-last=Bhaduri|editor-first=Ayshee|title=Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/humbled-tweets-bharat-biotech-after-pm-modi-takes-covaxin-dose-at-aiims/2204099/|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":12" />]]
+The research, development and manufacture of [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccinations in India]] was connected to ''atmanirbharta'' by the President,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-09|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> Vice President,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|others=PTI|title=India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu|url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=ThePrint}}</ref> Prime Minister,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-31|title='Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> and other Union Ministers in separate statements.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=23 January 2021|title=Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref> PM Modi has stated that "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".<ref name=":12" />
+A total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth {{INRConvert|29.87|lc|lk=on|year=2020}} were announced by the government on 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020 in relation to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.<ref name=":442">{{Cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Udit|date=13 May 2020|title=PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-coronavirus-economic-package-india-self-reliance-6406939/|access-date=13 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-live-news-updates-pm-modi-address-to-nation-speech-today-lockdown-extension-6406297/|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Business Today}}</ref> As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, numerous government decisions took place such as changing the definition of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|MSMEs]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-01|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/atmanirbhar-bharat-union-cabinet-approves-changes-in-definition-of-msmes-120060100950_1.html|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> boosting scope for private participation in numerous sectors,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Hari Hara|date=1 June 2020|title=Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Business Today}}</ref> increasing FDI in the defence sector;<ref name=":0" /> and the vision has found support in many sectors such as the solar manufacturers sector.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Economic Times Energyworld|language=en}}</ref>
+The growth of India's [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) sector from limited numbers before March 2020, to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered as a fine example of a self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113042/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.india.gov.in (National Portal of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|title=From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The PPE industry in India has become a {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} industry in three months, the second largest after China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Ranjit|date=10 June 2020|title=From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-ppe-kits-to-sanitisers-to-ventilators-covid-19-has-sparked-off-an-indigenous-cottage-industry-boom-5384981.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
+In July 2020 the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution]] issued a statement placing food rationing under the ambit of atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":9" /> In August 2020, following the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant crisis during the pandemic]], the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants under it.<ref name=":9" />
 === Other initiatives ===
-Examples of initiatives towards self-reliance:
+The importance of education and research has been recognized for self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pm-modi-to-address-session-on-education-skill-development-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-7212071/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In an address to the students of [[Visva-Bharati University]], the new [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy]] of India was once again connected to creating an atmanirbhar Bharat,<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2020-09-22|title=NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/nep-will-play-key-role-in-creating-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi/article32669169.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the Prime Minister challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Shankhyaneel|title=New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The [[Minister of Education (India)|education minister of India]] has also stressed the linkage between education and an atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=C. Raj|author-link=C. Raj Kumar|date=2020-09-28|title=Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities|url=https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Education World}}</ref> Educationist and university administrator [[C. Raj Kumar]] explains the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' which combines the vision of [[John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman's]] work "Idea of a University" with the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]].<ref name=":25" /> Apex public education bodies such as [[AICTE]] have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2021-02-05|title=Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/use-books-by-indian-authors-to-promote-pms-atmanirbhar-bharat-mission-aicte-to-colleges/599538/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
-* The growth of India's [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) sector from zero before March, to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July, is considered as a fine example of a self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19 {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113042/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|title=From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The PPE industry in India has become a {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} in three months, the second largest after China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Ranjit|date=10 June 2020|title=From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-ppe-kits-to-sanitisers-to-ventilators-covid-19-has-sparked-off-an-indigenous-cottage-industry-boom-5384981.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
-* The largest fund in the country worth {{INRConvert|21000|c|lk=off|year=2020}} was setup by the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] Alumni Council with the aim of supporting the mission towards self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2020|title=IIT Alumni Council to create ₹21,000-cr social initiative fund|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/iit-alumni-council-to-create-21000-cr-social-initiative-fund/article31924192.ece|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>
-* India's own 'Made in India' [[5G network]] was announced in July 2020 by [[Jio|Reliance Jio]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-16|title=Reliance Jio 'Made in India' 5G solution announced at RIL AGM 2020: Details inside|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/reliance-jio-to-launch-made-in-india-5g-network-mukesh-ambani-6506961/|access-date=2020-07-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Mukesh Ambani]] announced in mid-July "Jio has created a complete 5G solution from scratch, that will enable us to launch a world-class 5G service in India, using 100 per cent homegrown technologies and solutions".<ref name=":1" /> In September 2020, [[Tech Mahindra]] announced that they have "the capability to build and run an entire 4G or 5G network in India [...] We have done that already."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Danish|date=5 September 2020|title=Eyeing BSNL: Tech Mahindra says can build and run full-fledged 4G, 5G networks|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tech-mahindra-says-can-build-and-run-full-fledged-4g-and-5g-networks/77947328|access-date=2020-09-14|website=Economic Times Telecom|language=en}}</ref>
-* In August 2020, the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] announced that the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] is "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing an "import embargo on 101 items" in a staged manner over a period of 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-10|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-08-09|title=Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future|url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-guns-assault-rifles-afvs-heres-a-list-of-101-items-mod-wont-import-in-future/478066/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP) also aims towards self reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg|thumb|The Defence Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]] addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar, jointly organised by the Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers (SIDM), the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) and [[Department of Defence Production]] (DDP), Ministry of Defence (MoD), in New Delhi on 27 August 2020. Also seen are General [[Bipin Rawat]], General [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], Admiral [[Karambir Singh]], Air Chief Marshal [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria|R.K.S. Bhadauria]], the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]], the Secretary (Defence Production) and the Secretary, Raj Kumar, Department of Defence R&D and Chairman, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], [[G. Satheesh Reddy]].]]
-* Minister of Chemicals and Fertilisers, [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda|D V Sadananda Gowda]] , in September 2020, said that "India will be self-reliant in fertiliser production by 2023".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|others=PTI|title=India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-to-be-self-reliant-in-fertilisers-production-by-2023-sadananda-gowda/2082267/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>
-* Coir Udyami Yojana aims to develop the coir-related industry’s sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evaluation Study on Coir Udyami Yojana Scheme implemented by Coir Board|url=http://coirboard.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Coir-Udyami-Yojana-Final.pdf|website=coirboard.gov.in/|language=en}}</ref>
+During a speech in 2017, the Prime Minister said that the government was trying to tap [[human capital flight]], and had the aim of engaging [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|India's diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Peermohamed|first1=Alnoor|last2=Pramanik|first2=Ayan|date=2017-01-09|title=India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-tap-nris-for-r-d-and-turn-brain-drain-into-brain-gain-modi-117010800273_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref> To this effect new organisations such as {{Abbr|IN-SPCAe|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre}} in the space sector would aim to channelize India's space talent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|title='Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg|thumb|The Defence Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders in attendance.]]In August 2020, the Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] announced that the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] is "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on dozens of military items in a staged manner over a period of 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-10|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-08-09|title=Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future|url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-guns-assault-rifles-afvs-heres-a-list-of-101-items-mod-wont-import-in-future/478066/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105203/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> were also launched with an aim towards self reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK|date=16 October 2020|title=DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pushan|date=15 April 2020|title=India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref> The 2016 Defence Procurement Procedure introduced a new category of procurement— Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured).<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2017|title=Defence Procurement Policy|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159864|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>
-* Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP), 2020 outlines strategies for strengthening India's STI ecosystem to achieve the goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat through technology self-reliance and indigenization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (Draft STIP Doc 1.4)|url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/STIP_Doc_1.4_Dec2020.pdf|website=dst.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>
+Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|others=PTI|title=India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-to-be-self-reliant-in-fertilisers-production-by-2023-sadananda-gowda/2082267/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Government backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair which was digitally launched in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2021|title='The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-18|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The phrase was also connected to the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 Union Budget of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=2020-12-16|title=Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival|url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-13|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
-== Slogans ==
+In July 2020 the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage app building.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation|work=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Electronics and IT|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119143816/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> 6940 entries were received. 24 app were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The success of the led to a continuation of the challenge through another round of entry submission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021|url=https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119152222/https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|archive-date=19 November 2021|access-date=19 November 2021|website=innovateindia.mygov.in}}</ref>
-Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include 'vocal for local', 'local for global' and 'make for world'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=James|first=Nandana|last2=Gandhi|first2=Forum|date=2 July 2020|title=How Modi’s ‘vocal for local’ campaign is going places|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/brandhub/vocalforlocal/how-modis-vocal-for-local-campaign-is-going-places/article31917030.ece|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Vocal for local ===
+=== Slogans ===
-Not only should products be 'made in India', but the promotion of those products should take place so as to make those products competitive.<ref name=":6" /> During the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said that "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|others=ANI|title='Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vocal-for-local-should-become-mantra-for-every-indian-pm-modi/articleshow/77557766.cms|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=‘Mindset for free India should be vocal for local’: PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mindset-for-free-india-should-be-vocal-for-local-pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliance-in-independence-day-speech/story-SOOqEaqmKTxEsoAYse2nwO.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Amul]] Managing Director RS Sodhi explained that the phrase vocal–for–local<ref>{{cite web | title=Vocal For Local Campaign - Nudging People To Buy Indian Products |work=Aatmnirbharsena.org |url=https://aatmnirbharsena.org/blog/vocal-for-local-campaign/ |date= 16 Oct 2020}}</ref> "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn’t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it."<ref name=":6" /> An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', that local products in India should have global appeal and reach.<ref name=":6" />
+Slogans initiated under atmanirbhar Bharat include 'vocal for local', 'local for global', 'make for world' and 'brain drain to brain gain'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=James|first1=Nandana|last2=Gandhi|first2=Forum|date=2 July 2020|title=How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/brandhub/vocalforlocal/how-modis-vocal-for-local-campaign-is-going-places/article31917030.ece|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Make for the world ===
+==== Vocal for local ====
-[[Prime Minister Modi]], during the 2020 Independence speech, said that 'make for world' should go hand in hand with 'make in India' and that the slogan 'make for world' should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayaswal|first=Rajeev|date=2020-08-15|title=New focus of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ is ‘make for world’ : PM Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/new-focus-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-make-for-world-pm-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-0hbU6CUDDi2RqklUNVZ03O.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=2020-09-11|title=L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-deal-will-help-us-make-in-india-for-the-world-schneider-india-chief-120091101127_1.html|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
+Not only should products be 'made in India', but the promotion of those products should take place so as to make those products competitive.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title='Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-13|website=[[WION]]}}</ref> During the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said that "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|others=ANI|title='Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vocal-for-local-should-become-mantra-for-every-indian-pm-modi/articleshow/77557766.cms|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title='Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mindset-for-free-india-should-be-vocal-for-local-pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliance-in-independence-day-speech/story-SOOqEaqmKTxEsoAYse2nwO.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Amul]] Managing Director RS Sodhi explained that the phrase vocal–for–local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn’t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it."<ref name=":6" /> An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', that local products in India should have global appeal and reach.<ref name=":6" /> The slogan has also been extended to sectors such as the toy sector, "time to be vocal for local toys".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-time-to-be-vocal-for-local-toys-india-can-be-major-hub-6576711/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
-== Commentary ==
+==== Make for the world ====
-Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called by some as a re-packaged version of the [[Make in India]] movement using new taglines such as 'Vocal for Local'.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2020|title='Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission|work=Hindustan Times|agency=ANI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/repackaged-version-of-make-in-india-shashi-tharoor-on-pm-modi-s-self-reliant-india-mission/story-bXuKzr5rG9XRcEnbaQpNRJ.html|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Other opposition members spoke about how India had enacted policies and built companies since its creation to make India self-reliant - [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] for medical science, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for defence research, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] for aviation, [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] for space, [[Central Coalfields|CCL]], [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and [[GAIL]] in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=2020-05-31|title=Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/shatrughan-sinha-takes-jibe-at-pm-over-atma-nirbhar-bharat-843979.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have re-phrased it to "Fend For Yourself" Campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Anand K.|date=2020-05-29|title=Anand K Sahay {{!}} 'Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
+[[Prime Minister Modi]], during the 2020 Independence speech, said that 'make for world' should go hand in hand with 'make in India' and that the slogan 'make for world' should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayaswal|first=Rajeev|date=2020-08-15|title=New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world' : PM Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/new-focus-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-make-for-world-pm-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-0hbU6CUDDi2RqklUNVZ03O.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=2020-09-11|title=L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-deal-will-help-us-make-in-india-for-the-world-schneider-india-chief-120091101127_1.html|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
+== Difficulties and challenges ==
 {{Quote box
-| quote = At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China.
+| quote = Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield - brain and talent.
-| author = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Finance Minister<ref>{{cite news |title='At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/at-least-dont-buy-ganesha-idols-from-china-fm-sitharaman-irked-over-non-essential-imports/2004026/ |access-date=26 June 2020 |work=Financial Express |date=25 June 2020}}</ref><br> 25 June 2020
+| author = [[Romesh Thapar]], 1968<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thapar|first=Romesh|date=12 October 1968|title=Myth of Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4359165|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=3|issue=4|pages=1567–1568|jstor=4359165|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
-| align = left
+| align = right
-| width = 150px
+| width = 200px
-}}Calls for India to [[boycott Chinese products]] (and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat instead), are practically difficult in the short term for India as India imports $75 billion worth of goods every year from China, to the extent that parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HV|first=Harish|date=5 June 2020|title='Atmanirbharta' from China — easier said than done|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/atmanirbharta-from-china-easier-said-than-done/article31758424.ece|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020 in which around 40 Chinese soldiers and 20 Indian soldiers died, [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]] said that if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given projects such as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=2020-06-15|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However, a Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6&nbsp;km of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-7131677/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
+}}
+While an atmanirbhar Bharat has been promoted extensively during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]], especially in rhetoric and speeches, this does not always play out in government policies.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1, 8}} India's [[trade deficit]] does not allow it to reduce dependence on imports and opt instead for increased protectionism or isolation.{{Sfn|Alam|Khan|Ghosal|Satpati|2021|p=6}}
+Calls for India to [[boycott Chinese products]] and promote an atmanirbhar Bharat instead, are practically difficult in the short term for India as the country imports $75 billion worth of goods every year from China, to the extent that parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HV|first=Harish|date=5 June 2020|title='Atmanirbharta' from China — easier said than done|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/atmanirbharta-from-china-easier-said-than-done/article31758424.ece|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020 which resulted in a number of fatalities, [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]], an affiliate of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], said that if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given projects such as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=2020-06-15|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However, a Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6&nbsp;km of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-7131677/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
+In August 2021 economist [[Jaijit Bhattacharya]] said that state governments in India have made it harder for domestic companies to respond to [[request for proposal]]s to the benefit of global players. In the absence of policy on self-reliance, having an atmanirbhar [[ombudsman]] would help the balance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Jaijit|author-link=Jaijit Bhattacharya|date=31 August 2021|title=The Assaults On Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-the-assaults-on-atmanirbhar/393232|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
-According to an [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']] article on 23 September 2020, unfinished reforms in the Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda include:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
+In sectors such as food production (food grains{{Efn|The definition of 'food grains' varies.}} such as wheat and rice; fruits, vegetables, milk, meat) India is self-sufficient. However nutrition and hunger remain a challenge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jitendra|date=19 November 2018|title=India claims to be self-sufficient in food production but facts say otherwise|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/india-claims-to-be-self-sufficient-in-food-production-but-facts-say-otherwise-62091|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Down to Earth|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Joginder|date=3 October 2016|title=India is self-sufficient, but millions go hungry|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/columnists/india-is-self-sufficient-but-millions-go-hungry.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
-{{Quote|text=civil service reform (the steel frame has become a steel cage), government reform (Delhi doesn’t need 57 ministries and 250 people with Secretary rank), financial reform (sustainably raising credit to GDP ratio from 50 per cent to 100 per cent), urban reform (having 100 cities with more than a million people rather than 52), education reform (our current regulator confuses university buildings with building universities), skill reform (our apprentice regulations are holding back employers and universities), and labour reform (our capital is handicapped without labour and labour is handicapped without capital).|author=|title=|source=}}
+== Commentary ==
+{{Quote box
+| quote = At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China.
+| author = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Finance Minister,<ref>{{cite news |title='At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/at-least-dont-buy-ganesha-idols-from-china-fm-sitharaman-irked-over-non-essential-imports/2004026/ |access-date=26 June 2020 |work=Financial Express |date=25 June 2020}}</ref> 25 June 2020
+| align = right
+| width = 200px
+}}
+Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called by some as a re-packaged version or revival of the [[Make in India]] movement using new taglines such as 'Vocal for Local'.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2020|title='Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission|work=Hindustan Times|agency=ANI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/repackaged-version-of-make-in-india-shashi-tharoor-on-pm-modi-s-self-reliant-india-mission/story-bXuKzr5rG9XRcEnbaQpNRJ.html|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijoor|first=Harish|date=26 May 2020|title=Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=M.P.|date=19 May 2020|title=OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> Opposition members have spoken about how India has been enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant - [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] for medical science, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for defence research, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] for aviation, [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] for space research , [[Central Coalfields|CCL]], [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and [[GAIL]] in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=2020-05-31|title=Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/shatrughan-sinha-takes-jibe-at-pm-over-atma-nirbhar-bharat-843979.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have re-phrased it to "Fend For Yourself" Campaign,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Anand K.|date=2020-05-29|title='Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> while it has also been called as "economic nationalism".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=27 January 2021|title=The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-success-of-atmanirbhar-bharat/592356/|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> It has been noted (satirically) that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy... for growth and development".<ref name=":9" /> Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabharwal|first=Manish|date=2020-05-18|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[Swadeshi movement]]
 * [[Make in India]]
-== References ==
+* [[Autarky]]
-<references />
+* [[Human capital flight]]
+* [[Juche]]
+* [[Import substitution industrialization]]
+== References and notes ==
+;Notes
+{{notelist}}
+;Citations
+{{Reflist}}
+;Bibliography
+{{refbegin|35em}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-Eng-JawaharlalNehru|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|location=New Delhi|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|orig-year=1946 by The Signet Press, Calcutta|via=Internet Archive}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Jalan|first=Bimal|author-link=Bimal Jalan|date=1972|title=A Policy Frame for Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4361226|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=15|pages=757–762|jstor=4361226|issn=0012-9976|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Tendulkar|first=Suresh D.|author-link=Suresh Tendulkar|date=1974|title=Planning for Growth, Redistribution and Self-Reliance in the Fifth Five-Year Plan-I|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363346|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=1/2|pages=27–40|jstor=4363346|issn=0012-9976|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|author-link=Sanjaya Baru|date=1983|title=Self-Reliance to Dependence in Indian Economic Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517074|journal=Social Scientist|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–46|doi=10.2307/3517074|jstor=3517074|issn=0970-0293|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|date=1992|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-41: India at the Crossroads|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312676|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–287|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009781|jstor=312676|issn=0026-749X|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=A. K.|date=1995|title=Paradox of Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520214|journal=Social Scientist|volume=23|issue=4/6|pages=38–57|doi=10.2307/3520214|jstor=3520214|issn=0970-0293|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|title=Indian Defence Industry: Issues of Self-Reliance|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses|date=July 2013|isbn=978-93-82169-21-5|series=IDSA Monograph Series No. 21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323024139/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2021}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Bikramdeep|date=Winter 2013|title=Defence Indigenisation: Made in India, by India, for India|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/DEfence%20Indigenisation.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=248–258}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Alam|first1=Asraful|last2=Khan|first2=Amir|last3=Ghosal|first3=Nilanjana|last4=Satpati|first4=Lakshminarayan|date=18 July 2021|title=A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of India under COVID-19 scenario|journal=Journal of Public Affairs|volume=21|issue=4|language=en|pages=e2725|doi=10.1002/pa.2725|issn=1479-1854|pmc=8420201|pmid=34512186}}
+*{{Citation|last1=Joshi|first1=Shareen|title="Atman Nirbhar Bharat" - Economic Crises and Self-Reliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic|date=February 2021|url=https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|work=International Affairs Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183606/https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|publisher=[[Center for International Relations]]|archive-date=8 March 2021|last2=Muchhal|first2=Siddharth|last3=Brennan|first3=Connor|last4=Pradhan|first4=Ria|last5=Yang|first5=Joyce}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Sarukkai|first=Sundar|date=September 2021|title=Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self?|journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development|language=en|publication-date=2 November 2020|volume=23|issue=S2|pages=357–365|doi=10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z|pmid=34720471|issn=0972-5792|pmc=7605322}}
+{{refend}}
 == Further reading ==
+{{refbegin|35em}}
+*{{Citation|last=Agarwal|first=Shriman Narayan|title=The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India|date=1944|others=Foreword by Mahatma Gandhi|place=Bombay|publisher=Padma Publications|author-link=Shriman Narayan}}
+*{{Citation|last1=Banerjee|first1=B N|title=Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India|date=1944|others=Members of the post-war reconstruction committee of the Indian Federation of Labour|place=Bombay|publisher=Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi|last2=Parikh|first2=G D|last3=Tarkunde|first3=V M}}
+===Speeches===
+*{{Cite book|title=The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches. 1877 to the Present|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2007|isbn=9780143102632|editor-last=Batabyal|editor-first=Rakesh|location=New Delhi|pages=603–611|chapter=Economy and Development. Somnath Chatterjee. Surrendering Self-reliance|quote=...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...}}
+*{{Cite speech|title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|location=Chennai|date=13 July 2000|author-link=Y. V. Reddy|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57|event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}
+*{{Cite web|last=Gandhi|first=Rajiv|author-link=Rajiv Gandhi|date=28 December 1985|title=Inaugural Speech by Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-text-of-rajiv-gandhis-famous-1985-speech-152145-2013-01-21|url-status=live|website=India Today}}
+*{{Cite speech|title=Evolution of Vision|author-link=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|last=Kalam|first=A. P. J. Abdul|event=Address at the DRDO Directors Conference, DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi|date=21 February 2007|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp210207-1.html}}
+===Books===
+*{{Cite book|title=Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance.|publisher=Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India|year=1980|authors=Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnBKEAAAQBAJ|title=An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy|date=2021|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5479-189-5|language=en|chapter=6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back}}
+===Journals===
+*{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Krishna Nath|date=1967|title=Self-Reliance and Aid: No Positive Relation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24478316|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=2|issue=50|pages=2209–2211|jstor=24478316|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Gosalia|first=Sushila|date=1979|title=The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02930202|journal=Intereconomics|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=80–83|doi=10.1007/BF02930202|hdl=10419/139599|s2cid=56358907|issn=0020-5346}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Kelkar|first=Vijay Laxman|date=February 1980|title=India and World Economy: Search for Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368372|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=5/7|pages=245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257–258|jstor=4368372|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Mehrotra|first=N. N.|date=22 August 1987|title=Indian Patents Act, Paris Convention and Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4377407|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=22|issue=34|pages=1461–1465|jstor=4377407|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last=Valluri|first=S. R.|date=3 April 1993|title=CSIR and Technological Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399551|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=14|pages=565–568|jstor=4399551|via=JSTOR}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Dedrick|first1=Jason|last2=Kraemer|first2=Kenneth L.|date=May 1993|title=Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5b5204tr/qt5b5204tr_noSplash_6de54bd467d8b946f48aad335acac3a8.pdf|journal=Asian Survey|volume=XXXIII|issue=5|pages=463–492|doi=10.2307/2645313|jstor=2645313}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Srinivas|first1=M N|last2=Shah|first2=A M|date=10 September 1960|title=The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of the Indian Village|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/37/the_myth_of_selfsufficiency_of_the_indian_village.pdf|journal=The Economic Weekly|pages=1375–1378}}
+===News===
+* {{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Shantanu Nandan|date=28 February 2021|title=Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-govt-has-been-quietly-following-the-idea-of-aatmanirbharta-for-the-past-seven-years/articleshow/81248310.cms?from=mdr|access-date=}}
+*{{Cite news|last=Weinraub|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Weinraub|date=1991-06-29|title=Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/29/world/economic-crisis-forcing-once-self-reliant-india-to-seek-aid.html|issn=0362-4331}}
+* {{Cite web|last=Panag|first=Lt Gen (Retd) H. S.|author-link=H. S. Panag|date=2021-06-03|title='Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/positive-indigenisation-list-got-lengthier-but-indias-defence-industry-far-from-ready/670630/|url-status=live|website=ThePrint}}
 * PTI (2 June 2020). [https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/pm-modi-calls-on-india-inc-to-build-an-atmanirbhar-bharat PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat']. ''Bloomberg Quint.''
 * Jagran (2 June 2020). [https://english.jagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512 PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back']. ''Jagran English.''
-* Udit Misra (21 May 2020). [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-why-the-atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-economic-package-is-being-criticised-6414905/ Why Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan economic package is being criticised]. ''The Indian Express.''
+* [[Ajoy Kumar]] (31 May 2020). [https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/india-news-atmanirbhar-bharat-and-a-clueless-government/4182 Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government]. ''Outlook India.''
-* Ajoy Kumar (31 May 2020). [https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/india-news-atmanirbhar-bharat-and-a-clueless-government/4182 Atmanirbhar Bharat And A Clueless Government]. ''Outlook India.''
+* {{Cite web|date=9 September 2020|others=NITI Aayog|title=Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative|url=http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1652751|url-status=live|website=www.pib.gov.in}}
-* Somya Ghosh (22 May 2020). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-it-is-about-channelling-indias-strengths-and-should-not-be-misconstrued-as-protectionism/ Building Atmanirbhar Bharat: It is about channelling India's strengths and should not be misconstrued as protectionism]. ''The Times of India.''
-* Shivam Bagri (26 June 2020). [https://www.fact11.in/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyan/ Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan: A step towards self-reliant India]. Fact11.
+===Think-tanks===
-{{Commons category}}
+*{{Citation|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|title=Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology|date=10 August 2020|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/atma-nirbhar-in-defence-technology-lkbehera-100820|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
+*{{Citation|last=Mohanty|first=Aayush|title=Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat|date=February 2021|url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Reforms-for-Atmanirbhar-Bharat.pdf|publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation}}
+*{{Citation|last=Bhattacharji|first=Chetan|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change|date=July 2020|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-Issue-rief-375-Revival-Package.pdf|publisher=ORF}}
+*{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Angad|date=3 June 2021|title=The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-proof-of-the-pudding-is-not-in-the-import-negative-list/|url-status=live|website=ORF}}
+{{refend}}
 == External links ==
+{{Sister project links|wikt=आत्मनिर्भरता|commonscat=yes|n=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|v=no|d=yes}}
 * Ministry of Finance (13/05/2020 to 17/05/2020). [https://covid19.india.gov.in/document-category/ministry-of-finance/ Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115945/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051717.pdf Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120655/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051751.pdf Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612121248/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051736.pdf Part-3: Agriculture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054629/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051784.pdf Part-4: New Horizons of Growth], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054925/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051740.pdf Part-5:  Government Reforms and Enablers])
+*[https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan]. [[MyGov.in]]
 {{Economy of India}}
@@ Line 94: / Line 213: @@
 [[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
 [[Category:Self-sustainability]]
-{{en-Wikipedia}}