Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Historic terminal train station in Mumbai, India}}
{{short description|Historic terminal train station in Mumbai, India}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Victoria Terminus|Victoria station (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox historic building
{{Infobox historic building
| name = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| name             = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
| address = [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], 400001
| address         = [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], 400001
| image = Chhatrapati_shivaji_terminus,_esterno_01.jpg
| image           = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 350px
| image_size       = 350px
| image_caption = [[Façade]] of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| image_caption   = [[Façade]] of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.9398|72.8354|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| coordinates     = {{Coord|18.9398|72.8354|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| location_town = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| location_town   = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| embedded         = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| child = yes
| ID = 945
| ID = 945
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| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv
}}
}}
| architect = [[Frederick William Stevens]], [[Axel Haig]]
| architect       = [[Frederick William Stevens]], [[Axel Haig]]
| client = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| client           = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| engineer = Wilson Bell
| engineer         = Wilson Bell
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><ref>[[:File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg]]</ref><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><ref>[[:File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg]]</ref><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| completion_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| completion_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1888|5}}<ref name="WHS" /><!-- Please do not edit war. If you want to change the date, please provide a better source than the one provided -->
| date_demolished =  
| date_demolished =  
| cost = {{INRConvert|1614000}} (at the time)<br />now {{INRConvert|2013|m}}
| cost             = {{INRConvert|1614000}} (at the time)<br />now {{INRConvert|2013|m}}
| structural_system =  
| structural_system =  
| style = Indo-Saracenic
| style           = Indo-Saracenic
Victorian Gothic Revival
Victorian Gothic Revival
| former_names = *Victoria Terminus
| former_names     = *Victoria Terminus
*Bori Bunder Railway Station
*Bori Bunder Railway Station
| alternate_names = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (official)
| alternate_names = Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
| start_date = 1878
| start_date       = 1878
| website = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
| website         = https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
}}
}}
{{Infobox station
{{Infobox station
| name = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
| name = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
| native_name = <hr/>Victoria Terminus
| image = Victoria Terminus on Republic Day eve.jpg
| image = Victoria Terminus on Republic Day eve.jpg
| type = [[Indian Railways]] Terminus
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| style = Indian Railways
| address = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Area, [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] 400001
| address = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Area, [[Fort, Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] 400001
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| coordinates = {{Coord|18.9398|N|72.8355|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.9398|N|72.8355|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| line = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Mumbai–Nagpur–Howrah line]]<br /> [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]
| line = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Mumbai–Nagpur–Howrah line]]<br /> [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]
Mumbai-Ahmednagar railway line via Kalyan was also in planning stage with survey of this project carried out on 1970, 2000, 2014 etc.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/development-route-of-kalyan-ahmednagar-railway/amp_articleshow/59907427.cms |title=कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग |trans-title=Kalyan-Nagar Railway is the path of development |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>
[[Mumbai-Ahmednagar railway line]] via [[Kalyan]] was also in planning stage with survey of this project carried out on 1970, 2000, 2014 etc.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/development-route-of-kalyan-ahmednagar-railway/amp_articleshow/59907427.cms |title=कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग |trans-title=Kalyan-Nagar Railway is the path of development |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>
| structure = At-grade
| structure = At-grade
| platform = 18
| platform = 18
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| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[50 Hz]]
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[50 Hz]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = {{Indian railway code
   |code = CSTM<!--Don't add CSMT, see talk page for discussion--><br />BBVT ''(former)''
   |code = CSMT<!--Don't add CSMT, see talk page for discussion--><br />BBVT ''(former)''
   |zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
   |zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
   |division ={{rwd|Mumbai CR}}
   |division ={{rwd|Mumbai CR}}
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| map_state = collapsed
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India#Mumbai
| map_type = India#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Mumbai CSTM
| map_dot_label = Mumbai CSMT
| services =  
| services =  
}}'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''' (officially '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus''', formerly '''Victoria Terminus''', [[Bombay]] station code: '''CSTM''' ([[Indian Railways|mainline]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |year=2015}}</ref>/'''ST''' ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])), is a historic [[Train station#Terminus|railway terminus]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.
}}'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus''' (officially '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus,''' [[Bombay]] station code: '''CSMT''' ([[Indian Railways|mainline]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |year=2015}}</ref>/'''ST''' ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])), is a historic [[Train station#Terminus|railway terminus]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.


The terminus was designed by a British born architectural engineer [[Frederick William Stevens]] from an initial design by [[Axel Haig]], in an exuberant [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old [[Bori Bunder railway station]],<ref name="mu2006">{{cite book |last=Aruṇa Ṭikekara |first=Aroon Tikekar |title=The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai |year=2006 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-293-0 |page=357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC}}Page 64</ref> and was completed in 1887, the year marking [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|50 years of Queen Victoria's rule]].
The terminus was designed by a British born architectural engineer [[Frederick William Stevens]] from an initial design by [[Axel Haig]], in an exuberant [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old [[Bori Bunder railway station]],<ref name="mu2006">{{cite book |last=Aruṇa Ṭikekara |first=Aroon Tikekar |title=The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai |year=2006 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-293-0 |page=357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC}}Page 64</ref> and was completed in 1887, the year marking [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|50 years of Queen Victoria's rule]].
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In March 1996 the station name was changed from Victoria Terminus to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after [[Shivaji]], the 17th-century warrior king who employed [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] to contest the [[Mughal Empire]] and found a new [[State (polity)|state]] in the western [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Eaton2019">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198–}} Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."</ref><ref name="Kedourie2013">{{cite book|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|title=Nationalism in Asia and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6wsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-27613-2|pages=71–}} Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."</ref><ref name="Subramaniam2016">{{cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Arjun|title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSlMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|year=2016|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5177-750-2|pages=30–}} Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire till it covered much of the Indian heartland.</ref>
In March 1996 the station name was changed from Victoria Terminus to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after [[Shivaji]], the 17th-century warrior king who employed [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] to contest the [[Mughal Empire]] and found a new [[State (polity)|state]] in the western [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="Eaton2019">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198–}} Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."</ref><ref name="Kedourie2013">{{cite book|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|title=Nationalism in Asia and Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6wsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-27613-2|pages=71–}} Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."</ref><ref name="Subramaniam2016">{{cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Arjun|title=India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSlMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|year=2016|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5177-750-2|pages=30–}} Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire till it covered much of the Indian heartland.</ref>


Shivaji's name is often preceded by "[[Chhatrapati]]", a title with literal meaning, "a king dignified by the emblem of a parasol; a great king."<ref name="McGregor1993-chatrapati">{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA338|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2|page=338|chapter=छत्रपति chatrapati (n)}}</ref> In 2017, the station was again renamed "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" (with code CSMT), where the title [[Maharaj]] has literal meaning, "Great king; emperor."<ref name="McGregor1993-maharaj">{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA800|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2|page=800|chapter=महाराज maharaj (n)}}</ref>  Both former initials "VT" and the current, "CST", are also commonly used.<ref>{{cite news |title=From VT to CST: Interesting facts about Mumbai's busiest railway station |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/victoria-terminus-cst-interesting-facts-mumbai-news-busiest-railway-station/17353184 |access-date=1 June 2019 |agency=Mid-day |date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
In 2017, the station was again renamed "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" (with code CSMT), where the title [[Maharaj]] has literal meaning, "Great king; emperor."<ref name="McGregor1993-maharaj">{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzMwAAAACAAJ&pg=PA800|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563846-2|page=800|chapter=महाराज maharaj (n)}}</ref>  Both former initials "VT" and the current, "CST", are also commonly used.<ref>{{cite news |title=From VT to CST: Interesting facts about Mumbai's busiest railway station |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/victoria-terminus-cst-interesting-facts-mumbai-news-busiest-railway-station/17353184 |access-date=1 June 2019 |agency=Mid-day |date=20 June 2017}}</ref>


The terminus is the headquarters of India's [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-impressive-railway-stations/20111013.htm |title=India's impressive railway stations |work=Rediff.com |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> serving as a terminal for both long-distance and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]] trains.
The terminus is the headquarters of India's [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-incredible-railway-stations/20111013.htm |title=India's impressive railway stations |work=Rediff.com |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> serving as a terminal for both long-distance and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]] trains.


== History ==
== History ==
=== Victoria Terminus ===
=== Victoria Terminus ===  
This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]].
This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]].


The railway station was built to replace the [[Bori Bunder railway station]], in the [[Bori Bunder]] area of Bombay, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Bombay became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning [[Empress of India]], [[Queen Victoria]]. The station was designed by [[Frederick William Stevens]], a British born engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received {{INRConvert|1614000}} as the payment for his services.<ref name="WHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Station |work=World Heritage Site |publisher=worldheritagesite.org |access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman [[Axel Haig]].<ref name="WHS" /> The design has been compared to [[George Gilbert Scott]]'s 1873 [[St Pancras railway station]] in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to<ref name="WHS" /><ref name="UNESCOABE" /> Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7508-329-8}}</ref> The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Bombay, such as the Elphinstone College but especially the buildings of [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]], also designed by G G Scott.
The railway station was built to replace the [[Bori Bunder railway station]], in the [[Bori Bunder]] area of Mumbai, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Mumbai became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning [[Empress of India]], [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]. The station was designed by [[Frederick William Stevens]], a British born engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received {{INRConvert|1614000}} as the payment for his services.<ref name="WHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Station |work=World Heritage Site |publisher=worldheritagesite.org |access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman [[Axel Haig]].<ref name="WHS" /> The design has been compared to [[George Gilbert Scott]]'s 1873 [[St Pancras railway station]] in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to<ref name="WHS" /><ref name="UNESCOABE" /> Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7508-329-8}}</ref> The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Mumbai, such as the Elphinstone College but especially the buildings of [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]], also designed by G G Scott.


The station took ten years to complete,<ref name="UNESCOABE">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> the longest for any building of that era in Bombay.
The station took ten years to complete,<ref name="UNESCOABE">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> the longest for any building of that era in Mumbai.


=== Missing statue ===
=== Missing statue ===
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== Structure ==
== Structure ==
{{Gallery
[[File:Victoriaterminus1903 (cropped).JPG|left|thumb|A 1903 photo of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.]]
| width = 250
| height = 200
| align = center
| File:Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Victoria Terminus Station).jpg
| An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Teminus
| File:Victoriaterminus1903 (cropped).JPG
| A 1903 photo of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888
|title=}}
The station building is designed in the High [[Victorian Gothic]] style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]]. The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CSMT was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CSMT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/14/kasab-bridge-mumbai-collapses.html |title=6 dead, 31 injured as 'Kasab bridge' in Mumbai collapses |website=OnManorama |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
The station building is designed in the High [[Victorian Gothic]] style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]]. The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CSMT was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CSMT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/14/kasab-bridge-mumbai-collapses.html |title=6 dead, 31 injured as 'Kasab bridge' in Mumbai collapses |website=OnManorama |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
 
[[File:Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Victoria Terminus Station).jpg|thumb|An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Teminus.]]
The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – IND 945 AN.doc |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain.<ref name="BombayGothic">{{cite book |title=Bombay Gothic |first=Christopher |last=W |location=London |year=2002 |publisher=India Book House PVT Ltd. |isbn=81-7508-329-8}}</ref> Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.<ref name="BombayGothic" />
The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – IND 945 AN.doc |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by [[Maw & Co]] of Britain.<ref name="BombayGothic">{{cite book |title=Bombay Gothic |first=Christopher |last=W |location=London |year=2002 |publisher=India Book House PVT Ltd. |isbn=81-7508-329-8}}</ref> Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.<ref name="BombayGothic" />


== Platforms ==
== Platforms ==
Line 142: Line 134:


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
The station has been the location of filming the "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" song in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'';<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book |author=Outlook Publishing |title=Outlook |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=7 November 2011 |date=6 October 2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n36 69]–}}</ref> and the 2011 [[Bollywood|Indian film]] ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=3,500 VFX shots in RA.One |date=n.d. |url=http://www.mahiram.com/2011/09/28/3500-vfx-shots-in-ra-one/ |work=Mahiram |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref>
 
* The station has been the location of filming the "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" song in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'';<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book |author=Outlook Publishing |title=Outlook |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=7 November 2011 |date=6 October 2008 |publisher=Outlook Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n36 69]–}}</ref> and the 2011 [[Bollywood|Indian film]] ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=3,500 VFX shots in RA.One |date=n.d. |url=http://www.mahiram.com/2011/09/28/3500-vfx-shots-in-ra-one/ |work=Mahiram |access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Mumbai]]
* [[Timeline of Mumbai]]
{{Clear}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 187: Line 178:
[[Category:Italianate architecture in India]]
[[Category:Italianate architecture in India]]
[[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Revision as of 20:35, 23 December 2022


Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station (cropped).jpg
Façade of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station (cropped).jpg
Façade of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Former names
  • Victoria Terminus
  • Bori Bunder Railway Station
Alternative namesChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
General information
Architectural styleIndo-Saracenic Victorian Gothic Revival
AddressFort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400001
Town or cityMumbai, Maharashtra
Country India
Coordinates18°56′23″N 72°50′07″E / 18.9398°N 72.8354°E / 18.9398; 72.8354
Construction started1878
CompletedMay 1888; 137 years ago (1888-05)[1]
Cost₹1,614,000 (US$19,000) (at the time)
now ₹2,013 million (US$23 million)
ClientCentral Railway
Design and construction
ArchitectFrederick William Stevens, Axel Haig
EngineerWilson Bell
Website
https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference945
Inscription2004 (28th session)
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus

Victoria Terminus
Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg Indian Railways and Mumbai Suburban Railway station
Victoria Terminus on Republic Day eve.jpg
LocationChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Area, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001
India
Coordinates18°56′23″N 72°50′08″E / 18.9398°N 72.8355°E / 18.9398; 72.8355
Owned byIndian Railways
Operated byCentral Railway zone
Line(s)Mumbai–Nagpur–Howrah line
Mumbai–Chennai line Mumbai-Ahmednagar railway line via Kalyan was also in planning stage with survey of this project carried out on 1970, 2000, 2014 etc.[3]
Platforms18
Tracks40 (Multiple)
ConnectionsIndian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg Bus interchange
Construction
Structure typeAt-grade
Platform levels01
ParkingYes
Other information
Station codeCSMT
BBVT (former)
Zone(s) Central Railway zone
Division(s) Mumbai CR
Websitehttps://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
History
OpenedMay 1853; 172 years ago (1853-05)[1]
RebuiltMay 1888; 137 years ago (1888-05)[1]
Electrified25 kV AC 50 Hz
Previous namesVictoria Terminus Railway Station
Bori Bunder railway station
Location
Mumbai CSMT is located in India
Mumbai CSMT
Mumbai CSMT
Location within India
Mumbai CSMT is located in Mumbai
Mumbai CSMT
Mumbai CSMT
Mumbai CSMT (Mumbai)

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (officially Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Bombay station code: CSMT (mainline)[4]/ST (suburban)), is a historic railway terminus and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

The terminus was designed by a British born architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens from an initial design by Axel Haig, in an exuberant Italian Gothic style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old Bori Bunder railway station,[5] and was completed in 1887, the year marking 50 years of Queen Victoria's rule.

In March 1996 the station name was changed from Victoria Terminus to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after Shivaji, the 17th-century warrior king who employed guerrilla tactics to contest the Mughal Empire and found a new state in the western Marathi-speaking regions of the Deccan Plateau.[6][7][8]

In 2017, the station was again renamed "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" (with code CSMT), where the title Maharaj has literal meaning, "Great king; emperor."[9] Both former initials "VT" and the current, "CST", are also commonly used.[10]

The terminus is the headquarters of India's Central Railway. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India,[11] serving as a terminal for both long-distance and suburban trains.

History

Victoria Terminus

This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway.

The railway station was built to replace the Bori Bunder railway station, in the Bori Bunder area of Mumbai, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Mumbai became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning Empress of India, Victoria. The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens, a British born engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received ₹1,614,000 (US$19,000) as the payment for his services.[1] Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig.[1] The design has been compared to George Gilbert Scott's 1873 St Pancras railway station in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to[1][12] Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome.[13] The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Mumbai, such as the Elphinstone College but especially the buildings of Mumbai University, also designed by G G Scott.

The station took ten years to complete,[12] the longest for any building of that era in Mumbai.

Missing statue

  • A photo of Victoria Terminus from 1910. Note the seated statue in the canopy under the clock

    A photo of Victoria Terminus from 1910. Note the seated statue in the canopy under the clock

During its construction, a marble statue of Queen Victoria was installed in the main façade of the building, in a canopy under the clock. In the 1950s, authorities had begun to remove statues of the British figures from government buildings and public spaces based on a directive from the Government of India.[14] Most of the statues, including that of Queen Victoria, were sent to Victoria Gardens (later renamed Rani Baug) where they were left lying on the grass in the open until at least the 1980s. A Right to Information report was filed, but had no records of the missing statue being exported out of India. Historians now believe that the statue was smuggled out, sold by politicians, or destroyed.[15] The symbol of Progress, another statue, featured on the top of the dome, is often mistaken for that of Queen Victoria.

Renaming

The station has been renamed several times. It was built to replace Bori Bunder, the terminus of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from 1853 to 1888, and was named Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1996, the station was renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus[16][17] in honour of Emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire.

In December 2016, the Fadnavis Ministry passed a resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, the home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. However, both the former names "VT" as well as "CST" along with the current name "CSMT" are popularly used.[18][19]

2008 Mumbai attacks

Main article: 2008 Mumbai attacks

On 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles. One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,[20][21] The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[21] their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to Cama hospital back entrance. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab.[20] In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged.[22]

Structure

A 1903 photo of the Victoria Terminus, Bombay which was completed in 1888.

The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art. The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CSMT was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CSMT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era.[23]

An evening view of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Teminus.

The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques.[24] Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain.[15] Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.[15]

Platforms

CSMT has a total of 18 platforms—seven platforms are for suburban EMU trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for long-distance trains. Rajdhani, Duronto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leave from Platform No. 18.[25] Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CST on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women.[26]

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Chhatrapati Shivaji Station". World Heritage Site. worldheritagesite.org. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
  2. ↑ File:India Mumbai Victor Grigas 2011-15.jpg
  3. ↑ "कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग" [Kalyan-Nagar Railway is the path of development]. Maharashtra Times. 4 August 2017.
  4. ↑ "Station Code Index" (PDF). Portal of Indian Railways. 2015. p. 46. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  5. ↑ Aruṇa Ṭikekara, Aroon Tikekar (2006). The cloister's pale: a biography of the University of Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. p. 357. ISBN 81-7991-293-0.Page 64
  6. ↑ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7. Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."
  7. ↑ Kedourie, Elie (2013). Nationalism in Asia and Africa. Routledge. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-1-136-27613-2. Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."
  8. ↑ Subramaniam, Arjun (2016). India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971. HarperCollins Publishers India. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-93-5177-750-2. Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire till it covered much of the Indian heartland.
  9. ↑ McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993). "महाराज maharaj (n)". The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-19-563846-2.
  10. ↑ "From VT to CST: Interesting facts about Mumbai's busiest railway station". Mid-day. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  11. ↑ "India's impressive railway stations". Rediff.com. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  13. ↑ Bombay Gothic by Christopher W London 2002 India Book House PVT Ltd ISBN 81-7508-329-8
  14. ↑ "CST's Victoria missing without a trace". The Indian Express. 21 December 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 W, Christopher (2002). Bombay Gothic. London: India Book House PVT Ltd. ISBN 81-7508-329-8.
  16. ↑ "Suresh Kalmadi – Work Profile". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  17. ↑ "Suresh Kalmadi – In Conversation". Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  18. ↑ "Mumbai travellers, CST is now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus". Hindustan Times. 8 May 2017.
  19. ↑ "Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus". The Times of India. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage". The Economic Times. India. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks". The News International. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  22. ↑ "Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30 am". The Times of India. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  23. ↑ "6 dead, 31 injured as 'Kasab bridge' in Mumbai collapses". OnManorama. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  24. ↑ "Microsoft Word – IND 945 AN.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  25. ↑ "Mumbai CSTM Station – 24 Train Departures CR/Central Zone – Railway Enquiry". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  26. ↑ "Dormitories for women at CST, LTT get good response". The Indian Express. 19 April 2013.
  27. ↑ Outlook Publishing (6 October 2008). Outlook. Outlook Publishing. pp. 69–. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  28. ↑ "3,500 VFX shots in RA.One". Mahiram. n.d. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

External links

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