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{{short description|Initiative by the Indian Government targeting self-reliance}}
{{short description|Concept created by the Modi government of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Multiple issues|
{{Copy edit|date=December 2021}}
{{Promotional|date=December 2024}}
{{Over-quotation|date=December 2021}}
{{Peacock|date=December 2024}}
{{Too few opinions|date=December 2021}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}


'''Atmanirbhar Bharat'''{{Efn|Alternatives and variations in spelling include '''Aatma Nirbhar Bharat''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'|url=https://english.jagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Jagran English|language=en}}</ref> '''AtmaNirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":23" /> '''AatmaNirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":9" /> '''Aatmanirbhar Bharat''',<ref name=":2" /> and '''Atman Nirbhar Bharat'''.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}} In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term
'''Atmanirbhar Bharat''' (translation: Self-Reliant India)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-new-definitions-of-mahatma-gandhis-swadeshi-movement-amit-shah|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Udayavani]]}}</ref> is a Hindi phrase and a policy framework in India. Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] first used the term "self-reliance" in English in 2014 in discussions of national security, poverty alleviation, and the [[Digital India|Digital India initiative]]. The phrase gained prominence during the announcement of India's economic stimulus package in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref name=":1" />
{{lang|hi|आत्मनिर्भरता}} / {{transl|hi|ISO|Aatmanirbharta}},<ref name=":hin1998">{{Cite web|date=27 May 1998|others=Hosted by [[National Informatics Centre]]. Contents via Digitisation Unit, [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]].|title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/809238?view_type=search|url-status=live|website=Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India}}</ref> officially translated as self-reliance.<ref name=":eng1998" />}} ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|hi|आत्मनिर्भर भारत}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transl|hi|ISO|Ātmanirbhara Bhārata}}) which translates to 'self-reliant India',<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020|url=https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313122622/https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/|archive-date=13 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-13|website=languages.oup.com|language=en-GB|quote=The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is… Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.}}</ref> is a phrase used and popularized by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Government of India]] in relation to the economic vision and economic development in the country. In this context, the term is used as an [[umbrella concept]] with regard to making [[India]] a larger and more involved part of the [[world economy]], pursuing policies that are efficient, competitive and resilient, that encourage equity, and being self-sustaining and self-generating.


The english phrase has been used by Modi since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and [[digital India]]. The first popular mention in [[hindi]] came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of India's [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID–19 pandemic related economic package]] in 2020. Since then phrase has been used across ministries such as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in relation to press releases, statements and policies. The phrase has also been used by the government in relation to India's new [[National Education Policy]] and the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 Union Budget of India]]. The concept under the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]] has been adapted from previous explanations and usages of the concept in the Indian sub-continent.
==History==
In 2022, Union [[Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] acknowledged that slogans such as "Atmanirbhar Bharat" ({{IPA|hi|ˈaːt̪mənɪrbʱərət̪|pron}}), "[[Make in India]]", and "[[Vocal for Local]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014411|title=NITI Aayog Launches 'Vocal for Local' Initiative Fostering Grassroots Entrepreneurship and Self- reliance|website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> were inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s efforts during the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|title=Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-new-definitions-of-mahatma-gandhi-s-swadeshi-movement-amit-shah-news-50305|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Outlook India}}</ref> He stated that pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived, adapted, and put into practice.


The [[swadeshi movement]] was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. Self-reliance as a phrase and concept has been used by the country's former [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] in multiple [[Five-Year Plans of India]] between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted that India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since the day it was created. Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India encompassing sectors such as beverages, the automotive sector, cooperatives, the financial services and banking sector and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector.
=== Defence Sector ===
 
== History==
=== Political self-reliance and self-rule ===
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Spinning wheel represents Swadeshi and self suffficiency - Nai Talim-a basic education system A concept by Mahatma Gandhi implemented at Majhihira, Purulia- August 2011-P1480448-2.jpg
| image1           = HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| image2            =
| image2 = Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2671.JPG
| footer            = Indigenous [[HAL Tejas]] is a multirole light fighter, with indigenous content being 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenization of a number of parts is underway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers/articleshow/55498923.cms?from=mdr|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| total_width = 460
| caption1          = [[Initial operating capability]] variants of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] doing air maneuvers.
| caption2 = [[M. S. Swaminathan]]'s efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a [[World Food Prize]] commendation from President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=":Gopalkrishnan" />
| caption2          = Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight [[Helmet-mounted display#Display and sight helmet (DASH)|DASH-IV]] from [[Elbit Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf#page=15|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2021|website=ada.gov.in|publisher=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]], Ministry of Defence, India|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214304/https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2017}}</ref>
| caption1 = The [[spinning wheel]] or ''charkha'' was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of [[Nai Talim]].
}}
}}
India saw a push for political self-reliance, for [[swaraj]] (explained as [[self-governance]] or self-rule), during its [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]].{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=357}} Thinkers of that time such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] also explained self-reliance not only in the terms of a nation, but of the [[self]].{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=364}}<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Aseem|date=1 October 2019|title=Gandhi at 150: He believed in natural self-rule|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/gandhi-at-150-he-believed-in-natural-self-rule-67039|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Down to Earth|quote=...both Gandhi and Rabindranath are clear that such self-rule is not crudely reducible to the struggle for national liberation that constituted anti-colonial movements like the Indian freedom struggle.}}</ref> This included the discipline of an individual and the values in a society.{{Sfn|Sarukkai|2021|p=364}}<ref name=":20" /> With the foundation of educational institutes such as the [[Visva-Bharati University]], Tagore also had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.<ref name=":24" /> [[M. S. Swaminathan]] writes that in his youth, "like that of most others in India of the 1930s, was a period of idealism and nationalism. Young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals...".<ref name=":Gopalkrishnan">{{Citation|last=Gopalkrishnan|first=Gita|title=M. S. Swaminathan. One Man's Quest for a Hunger-Free World|date=2002|url=http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf|pages=122, 128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317214600/http://www.yesweb.org/docs/mss_bio.pdf|others=Produced for the Youth Employment Summit 2002|publisher=Education Development Center, Inc|archive-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>
The Indian defence sector also requires self-sufficiency in [[military logistics]], including food supplies during emergencies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazalbhoy|first=Y. A.|url=https://indianliberals.in/forum-of-free-enterprise/towards-self-reliance-and-greater-productivity-y-a-fazalbhoy-b-t-dastur-april-12-1966.pdf|title=Towards Self-Reliance|publisher=Forum of Free Enterprise|year=1966|pages=3–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328015738/https://indianliberals.in/forum-of-free-enterprise/towards-self-reliance-and-greater-productivity-y-a-fazalbhoy-b-t-dastur-april-12-1966.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2022}}</ref>


=== Economic self-reliance and dependence ===
The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) amended the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123181353/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2025|reason=Has it been amended or not? It's been 5 years}} Under the new rules, the private sector was allowed to form joint ventures with [[public sector undertakings in India]] by acquiring a 51% stake. The private sector was also permitted to export up to 25% of the production. The [[Indian Armed Forces]] have also stated that they would purchase the final product. The [[Indian Multi Role Helicopter|Indian Multi-Role Helicopter]] was the first major project to follow this process.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=17 July 2022|title=Defence ministry to allow private companies to develop military helicopters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-to-allow-private-companies-to-develop-military-helicopters-101658025719093.html|access-date=4 August 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
The [[swadeshi movement]] (where ''Swadeshi'' is an adjective explained as 'of one's own country'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-03|title=Swadeshi|url=https://mettacenter.org/definitions/gloss-concepts/swadeshi/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Metta Center for Nonviolence|language=en-US}}</ref>) was one of the sub-continents most impactful pre-independence movements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohan Jha|first1=Anand|last2=Kumar Jha|first2=Amrit|last3=Kumar Jha|first3=Sanjeev|date=2020|title=National Education Policy 2020: A Step towards Technology Driven Education and Self-reliant India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352909776|journal=Solid State Technology|volume=63|issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bansal|first=Akhil|date=2020-06-04|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Success depends on how India negotiates terms with US, EU|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/atmanirbhar-bharat-success-depends-on-how-india-negotiate-terms-with-us-eu/1980431/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> It was successfully implemented in the aftermath of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905.{{Sfn|Biswas|1995|p=39}}


Indian nationalists emphasized economic self-reliance in the years leading up to independence, of which planning was an important part.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=34}} The National Planning Committee of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) was formed in 1938 under INC president [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=279}} The committee was multi-disciplinary and comprised well known personalities from across the sub-continent.{{Sfn|Nehru|1992|p=395}} Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an [[economic unit]], [[industrialized]] and [[Self sufficient|self-sufficient]].{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=279}} However, there was much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and labelled the committees efforts pointless.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|1992|p=282-284}} Another pre-independence effort to chart out the course for the economic development of independent India during its years of decolonisation was the [[Bombay Plan]], penned down by [[J. R. D. Tata]], [[Ghanshyam Das Birla|G. D. Birla]] and [[Ardeshir Dalal|A. Dalal]] among others.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=35}} The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a stark contrast to 21st century India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=27 February 2021|title=Rebooting Economy 70: The Bombay Plan and the concept of AatmaNirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/story/rebooting-economy-70-the-bombay-plan-and-the-concept-of-aatmanirbhar-bharat-289572-2021-02-27|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Business Today}}</ref> In the following years India took cue from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=40}}
=== 2020 Economic Stimulus ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus pandemic in India]], amid [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] measures and an existing economic slowdown, the government issued an adapted version of the self-reliance policy.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=2}} On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time, stating:<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=14 November 2020|title=Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114030738/https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> (trans.) "''The state of the world today teaches us that (Atmanirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures-Eshah Panthah. That is self-sufficient India''."<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by the [[Press Information Bureau]] to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" led to some confusion.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Udit|date=17 August 2020|editor=Explained Desk|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|url-status=live|access-date=12 September 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918024331/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523233046/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|archive-date=23 May 2020|access-date=10 November 2021|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau)|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] announced an economic package known as the "''Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan"'' ({{Translation|Self-reliant India Mission}}).{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}} The initiative received a mixed response.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=3}}


Independent India's first major policy document, the [[Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948]], echoed the "national consensus" in the nation regarding how India was to proceed as a nation.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=35-36}} This ''national consensus'' called for a [[mixed economy]] and self-reliance.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=34-36}} Under Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], India's [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] and [[White Revolution]] (Operation Flood) paved the way for India to become self-sufficient and one of world leaders in the production of various agricultural products such as milk and tea.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiwari|first=Brajesh Kumar|date=16 August 2020|title=Changing scenario of Indian economy: 1947-2020|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/changing-scenario-of-indian-economy--1947-2020.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
{{External media|topic=|headerimage=|caption=|video1={{YouTube|P4QjOhu9eIQ|''PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12 May 2020)'', PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14)}}|video2=|width=220px}}


In a 1983 [[Sanjaya Baru]] wrote that self-reliance could be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government [...]."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} He based this on a lecture in 1982 at [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]], in which economist [[Ashok Mitra]] had also said, "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of (colonial) dependence, something unwanted and undesirable. Also, India did not lack in pre-existing capability and infrastructure that was much needed for economic development.{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=36}} However, following India's decision to take [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded that "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to "self-reliance" any longer as constituting a national goal."{{Sfn|Baru|1983|p=45}}
According to [[Swaminathan Aiyar]], writing for [[The Economic Times]], "Atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/govt-needs-to-understand-the-difference-between-self-sufficiency-and-self-reliance-swaminathan-aiyar/articleshow/76710928.cms|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> and doing the same thing again was not advisable.<ref name=":5" /> [[Sadanand Dhume]] was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it was meant for the revival of [[Economic liberalisation in India|pre-liberalization era]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|author-link=Sadanand Dhume|date=1 June 2020|quote=From TOI print edition|title=The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-false-promise-of-self-reliance-an-inward-looking-india-could-quickly-slide-towards-closed-mindedness-cronyism-and-mediocrity/?frmapp=yes|access-date=10 November 2021|website=The Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> "''Aatmanirbharta"'' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford [[Hindi]] [[Word of the year|Word of the Year]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canton|first=Naomi|date=3 February 2021|title='Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202185430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|archive-date=2 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 |url=https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313122622/https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/ |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=languages.oup.com |language=en-GB |quote=The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is... Aatmanirbhar Bharat or Self-Reliance.}}</ref>
[[File:The former Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Dr. Y.V. Reddy delivering the 6th Dr. Raja J. Chelliah Memorial Lecture on the “Fiscal – Monetary Policy Interface”, in New Delhi on March 24, 2017 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|In 2000, [[Y. V. Reddy]], (representative image) then the Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), spoke at some length on self-reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture: "self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities".<ref name=":15">{{Cite speech|title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|location=Chennai|date=13 July 2000|author-link=Y. V. Reddy|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57|event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}</ref>]]
Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India such as— the [[Maruti 800]] car, [[Thums Up]] beverage, [[Amul]], [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]], the leading pharmaceutical companies of India, and [[Bharat Biotech]] and [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanna|first=Sundeep|date=21 February 2021|title=The best symbols of Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/the-best-symbols-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-6549811.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-03-03|title=Covaxin's efficacy shows immense strength of Atmanirbhar Bharat: ICMR chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/covaxin-s-efficacy-shows-immense-strength-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-icmr-chief-121030301147_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 2020|title=Iconic Brands of India: Indigenous brands step into the spotlight|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/csr/initiatives/iconic-brands-of-india-indigenous-brands-step-into-the-spotlight/articleshow/75024049.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref>


In October 2005, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2005|title=PM's speech at the release of Dandi March Commemorative Coins|url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=198|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-14|website=archivepmo.nic.in|publisher=Prime Minister of India - Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 22, 2004 - 26th May 2014)}}</ref>
This adapted plan for self-reliance or "Atmanirbharta" emerged with a readiness to associate with and challenge the global [[economy]], unlike the past decades, when there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence [[Swadeshi movement]] and with post-independence foreign aid.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local," while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} The government aims to reconcile this; according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], "The policies created by Modi aim to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time to open the economy and export to the rest of the world."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Samrat|date=23 September 2020|title=Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925202426/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|archive-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>


{{Blockquote|text=...self-reliance does not imply pursuing a policy of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world.
Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=14}} There were calls for India to [[boycott Chinese products]] and promote an ''Atmanirbhar Bharat.'' In contrast, India faces practical challenges in the near term, as it imports ₹6.4 trillion ($75 billion USD) worth of goods from China annually, and certain sectors of its economy are reliant on China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HV|first=Harish|date=5 June 2020|title='Atmanirbharta' from China—easier said than done|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/atmanirbharta-from-china-easier-said-than-done/article31758424.ece|access-date=5 June 2020|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020, which resulted in many deaths, [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]], an affiliate of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=15 June 2020|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=18 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=18 June 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A Chinese company was awarded a contract for {{Convert|5.6|km|miles|abbr=on}} of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|title=Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-7131677/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>


Self-reliance in the modern world implies the ability to pursue one's interests with self-confidence and faith in one's own capabilities. We do not have to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We can, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dependence that enhance our bargaining power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nation's self-reliance by creating a web of mutually beneficial inter-relationships.}}
While Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]], especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies. {{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1, 8}} There has been concern that ''Atmanirbhar Bharat'' is political messaging that has no economic impact.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'souza|first=Renita|date=29 June 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: A true commitment or a cosmetic gimmick?|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-68686/|access-date=28 March 2022|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref> India's [[trade deficit]] restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, limiting protectionism and isolationism.{{Sfn|Alam|Khan|Ghosal|Satpati|2021|p=6}} Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Andy|date=17 January 2022|title=View: Will India's self-reliance stance prove to be a costly mistake?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/view-will-indias-self-reliance-stance-prove-to-be-a-costly-mistake/articleshow/88940814.cms|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> The general trend of the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=18-19}} Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.<ref name=":28" /> The initiative has been accused of [[crony capitalism]] and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=18}} On 7 December 2021, the [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] said that for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|title=States need to be 'self-reliant' for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': MP CM|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/states-need-to-be-self-reliant-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-mp-cm/81813495.html|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=PHD Research Bureau|date=December 2021|title=States' Policy Conclave 2021. Role of States in Making Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India)|url=https://www.phdcci.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/States-Conclave-Report-2021-cmprd.pdf|publisher=PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry}}</ref>


=== Policy and Five-Year Plans ===
==Use By The NDA Government==
The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]]'s lead document, it's twelve [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five Year Plans]] published from 1951 to 2014, contained some form or other of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.<ref name=":21" /> The first two plans laid the foundations of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as [[Import substitution|import-substitution]].<ref name=":21" /> When this did not achieve adequate progress, the plans shifted to a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.<ref name=":21" /> The aim was that India should have enough money to buy what it needed, unlike the June of 1991, when India had [[forex|foreign exchange reserves]] for only two weeks.<ref name=":21" /> These situations, and practices such those during [[Licence Raj]] led to renewed calls for self-reliance.<ref name=":21" /> While the plans spoke of self-reliance, [[Bimal Jalan]], who would go on to be an [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|RBI governor]], explains that the outlook towards self-reliance swung and oscillated between plans, also influenced by factors outside India.{{Sfn|Jalan|1972|p=759, 761}} He was clear that self-reliance has to go hand in hand with improvements in other economic indicators, and thus self-reliance had to be understood and defined accordingly.{{Sfn|Jalan|1972|p=761}}


Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], in an address to the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] in 1976, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Address of the Prime Minister to the meeting of the National Development Council on September 24, 1976 (Reproduced as foreword of the 5th Five Year Plan of India)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5vfore.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206011654/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5vfore.htm|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=[[NITI Aayog]]}}</ref> The Fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) had the achievement of self-reliance as a goal in itself among the three stated objectives, the other two being related to [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and poverty.{{Sfn|Tendulkar|1974|p=27}} Usage also included achieving "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to [[Non-renewable resource|non-renewable resources]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=5th Five Year Plan: Chapter 2|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5planch2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206011722/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/5planch2.html|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=[[NITI Aayog]]}}</ref> The report noted that in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.<ref name=":13" />
Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 about defense manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=14 June 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614213622/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its weapons.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-defence-production-must-for-indias-self-reliance-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/50427033.cms?from=mdr|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to [[Digital India]],<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610041434/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|archive-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> in September 2014, about making the poor self-reliant,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=17 September 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917113230/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|archive-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> and in March 2022, in relation to technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2022|title=PM Modi bats for self-reliance in technology sector|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-bats-for-self-reliance-in-technology-sector-11646199640637.html|access-date=28 March 2022|publisher=Livemint}}</ref>


Increase in self-reliance in [[oil production]], in capabilities related to [[atomic energy]], space technologies, agricultural research and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in seventh plan.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=7th Five Year Plan (Vol-1): Planned Development: Retrospect and Prospect|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/7th/vol1/7v1ch1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818001538/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/7th/vol1/7v1ch1.html|archive-date=18 August 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|website=NITI Aayog}}</ref> In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of making it through to external shocks.<ref name=":22" /> Conversely "excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007). The tenth plan also stated that "Science and Technology [...] plays a lead role in contributing... self-reliance."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 (Volume 1)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume1/10th_vol1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|website=NITI Aayog|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref> The next plan mentioned the "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12 (Volume 3)|url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v3/11th_vol3.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|website=NITI Aayog|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India|page=344}}</ref>
Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist, or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/to-spur-growth-nirmala-on-pm-modi-s-atamanirbha-bharat-abhiyan/story-s71j5O0ZG21QY4qsTsUnTP.html|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/prasad-need-to-tap-artificial-intelligence-to-fight-covid/articleshow/75984783.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient and encourage equity and competitiveness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=''Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment'': PM assures global investors|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aatmanirbhar-bharat-not-selfcontainment-pm-assures-global-investors/1890629|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Outlook India}}</ref> It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;<ref name=":2" /> and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-core-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-to-create-wealth-values-for-humanity-pm-modi/articleshow/81444502.cms|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back [[socialism]] or import substitution; rather, the intent is to boost manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/atmanirbhar-bharat-move-not-to-stop-imports-but-to-boost-manufacturing-capabilities-fm/story/434446.html|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography, and demand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lists-5-pillars-of-self-reliant-india/articleshow/75700425.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>


=== Defence sector ===
=== COVID-19 Pandemic Initiatives ===
{{Multiple image
[[File:Covaxin.jpg|thumb|A 5ml vial of [[Covaxin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|editor-last=Bhaduri|editor-first=Ayshee|title=Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303143201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|archive-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2021|title=Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/humbled-tweets-bharat-biotech-after-pm-modi-takes-covaxin-dose-at-aiims/2204099/|access-date=18 March 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> has been conveyed as a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":12" />]]
| image1 = HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg
 
| image2 = DASH IV HMDS of Tejas.jpg
The research, development, and manufacture of [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccinations in India]] were connected in separate statements to ''atmanirbharta'' by the President,<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109142812/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> Vice-president,<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|agency=Press Trust of India|title=India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu|url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104144218/https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Prime Minister,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=31 January 2021|title='Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131084300/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|archive-date=31 January 2021|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Livemint}}</ref> and other Union ministers.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=23 January 2021|title=Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143018/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588/|archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Modi stated, "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".<ref name=":12" />
| footer = Indigenous [[HAL Tejas]], a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers/articleshow/55498923.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>
 
| caption1 = [[Initial operating capability]] variants of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] doing air manoeuvres
On May 12, October 12, and November 12, 2020, the government announced three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth {{INRConvert|29.87|t|lk=on|year=2020}} in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.<ref name=":442">{{Cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Udit|date=13 May 2020|title=PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-coronavirus-economic-package-india-self-reliance-6406939/|access-date=13 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-live-news-updates-pm-modi-address-to-nation-speech-today-lockdown-extension-6406297/|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116015509/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises]] (MSMEs),<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/atmanirbhar-bharat-union-cabinet-approves-changes-in-definition-of-msmes-120060100950_1.html|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> boosting the scope for private participation in several sectors,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Hari Hara|date=1 June 2020|title=Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609201808/https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|archive-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> increasing [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the defence sector;<ref name=":0" /> and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Economic Times Energyworld|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610153801/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|archive-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
| caption2 = Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight [[Helmet-mounted_display#Display_and_sight_helmet_(DASH)|DASH-IV]] from [[Elbit Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf#page=15|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2021|website=ada.gov.in|publisher=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]], Ministry of Defence, India|page=11}}</ref>
 
}}
The growth of India's [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 450,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020 is considered an example of a self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113042/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=india.gov.in (National Portal of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|author=ANI|title=From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=12 June 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The PPE industry in India became a {{INRConvert|100|b|lk=on|year=2020}} industry in three months, the second largest after China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Ranjit|date=10 June 2020|title=From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-ppe-kits-to-sanitisers-to-ventilators-covid-19-has-sparked-off-an-indigenous-cottage-industry-boom-5384981.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
{{Quote box
| title = PM's statement following nuclear tests, 1998
| quote = In 1947... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.
| author = Statement by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in Parliament, 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May
| source = <ref name=":eng1998">{{Cite web|date=27 May 1998|title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/808923|url-status=live|website=Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India|others=Hosted by [[National Informatics Centre]]. Contents via Digitisation Unit, [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]].}}</ref><ref name=":hin1998" />
| width = 420px
}}
India has seen a shift in the principles governing its defence production— self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn saw changes such as an emphasis in public-private co-production and independent private production.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=34-35}} In 1992 a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], then the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister.{{Sfn|Singh|2013|p=248}} The committee created an index, called the self-reliance index, to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of the total procurement.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=32}} The ten year target to increase self-reliance in defence was never achieved.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=32}} Further, this index did not take into account factors like critical components or sanctions during an actual conflict.{{Sfn|Behera|2013|p=46}} In 2000, [[K. Subrahmanyam]] of India's [[National Security Advisory Board]] emphasized on the need to distinguish between self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defence sector.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=K.|author-link=K. Subrahmanyam|date=October 2000|title=Self-Reliant Defence and Indian Industry|journal=Strategic Analysis|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-oct-00-2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031618/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AfiGzN1gPbxsJ%3Awww.idsa-india.org%2Fan-oct-00-2.html&hl=en&gl=in&strip=0&vwsrc=0|archive-date=23 March 2021|access-date=2021-03-23|volume=24|issue=7|pages=1221–1234|via=www.idsa-india.org ([[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]], New Delhi)|doi=10.1080/09700160008455283|s2cid=154513315}}</ref> He laid emphasis that the most pragmatic way for India would be to go towards self-reliance and not self-sufficiency. This would lead to its own challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.<ref name=":1" />


=== Atmanirbhar Bharat ===
In July 2020, the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution]] issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":9" /> In August 2020, following the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant workers crisis during the pandemic]], the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.<ref name=":9" />
In the backdrop of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus pandemic in India]], the pandemic induced [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]], and a pre-existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India|economic impact of the pandemic]], the government came out with an adapted idea of self-reliance.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=2}} On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi used the hindi phrase popularly for the first time when he said,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=14 November 2020|title=Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Business Today}}</ref> (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) "Self-reliant India" is the only path. It is said in our scriptures — EshahPanthah. That is — self-sufficient India."<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> While the speech was in Hindi, this reference by [[Press Information Bureau]] to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Udit|date=2020-08-17|others=Explained Desk|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523233046/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|archive-date=23 May 2020|access-date=2021-11-10|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau)|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref> The Indian government came out with an economic package in the coming days labelled as the ''Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan ({{Translation|Self-reliant India Mission}}'').{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}}


{{External media|topic=|headerimage=|caption=|video1={{YouTube|P4QjOhu9eIQ|''PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020)'', PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14)}}|video2=|width=220px}}
=== Other initiatives ===


[[Swaminathan Aiyar]] says the same, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. India in the 1960s-70s tried self-sufficiency and it didn't work out.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/govt-needs-to-understand-the-difference-between-self-sufficiency-and-self-reliance-swaminathan-aiyar/articleshow/76710928.cms|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Aiyer says that "to go back to self-sufficiency again appears to be going in the wrong direction''.''"<ref name=":5" /> [[Sadanand Dhume]] raised skepticism related to the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it signalled a revival of [[Economic liberalisation in India|pre-liberalisation era]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|author-link=Sadanand Dhume|date=2020-06-01|others=From TOI print edition|title=The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-false-promise-of-self-reliance-an-inward-looking-india-could-quickly-slide-towards-closed-mindedness-cronyism-and-mediocrity/?frmapp=yes|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'Aatmanirbharta''' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi [[Word of the year|Word of Year]] 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canton|first=Naomi|date=3 February 2021|title='Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" />
The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pm-modi-to-address-session-on-education-skill-development-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-7212071/|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In an address to the students of [[Visva-Bharati University]], the new [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy]] of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=22 September 2020|title=NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/nep-will-play-key-role-in-creating-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi/article32669169.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=11 November 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2021|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Shankhyaneel|title=New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219091642/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|archive-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> The [[Minister of Education (India)|Indian Minister of Education]] has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=C. Raj|author-link=C. Raj Kumar|date=28 September 2020|title=Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities|url=https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Education World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031154415/https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Educationist and university administrator [[C. Raj Kumar]] said the vision of an "Atmanirbhar University" combines the vision of [[John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman's]] work "Idea of a University" with the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]].<ref name=":25" /> Apex public education bodies such as [[AICTE]] have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=5 February 2021|title=Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/use-books-by-indian-authors-to-promote-pms-atmanirbhar-bharat-mission-aicte-to-colleges/599538/|access-date=11 November 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] acknowledged that the new policy also gives due importance to ''svabhasha'', the [[Languages of India|Indian language]].<ref name=":26" />


The adapted self-reliance or ''aatmarnibharta'' that emerged was ready to associate with and challenge the globalised world, as opposed to past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and the matter of post-independence foreign aid.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} However, even swadeshi has been adapted with slogans such as 'vocal for local' while at the same time global interconnectedness is being promoted.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} The government aims to reconcile this, [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] explains, "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Samrat|date=2020-09-23|title=Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap [[human capital flight]] and had the aim of engaging [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|India's diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Peermohamed|first1=Alnoor|last2=Pramanik|first2=Ayan|date=9 January 2017|title=India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-tap-nris-for-r-d-and-turn-brain-drain-into-brain-gain-modi-117010800273_1.html|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> To this effect, new organisations such as the [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)]] in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2020|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|title='Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626004126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Dependence in the [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceutical sector]] upon [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=29 March 2022|title=Inching towards self-reliance: India now makes 35 drug raw materials that were imported before|url=https://theprint.in/health/inching-towards-self-reliance-india-now-makes-35-drug-raw-materials-that-were-imported-before/893653/|access-date=24 April 2022|website=ThePrint}}</ref>
==Usage by the Modi government==
Prime Minister Modi used the phrase 'self-reliance' in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2014-06-14|others=PTI|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He reiterated this over the years, including in 2018 and the need for India to make its own weapons.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-defence-production-must-for-indias-self-reliance-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/50427033.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref> In August 2014 he connected self-reliance to [[Digital India]]<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2014|others=PTI|title=PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Business Today}}</ref> and in September 2014 to making the poor self-reliant.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=2014-09-17|others=PTI|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>


Its proponents, including Prime Minister Modi and cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said that this self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist in nature. For India, self-reliance plays out as being a larger and more important part of the world economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/to-spur-growth-nirmala-on-pm-modi-s-atamanirbha-bharat-abhiyan/story-s71j5O0ZG21QY4qsTsUnTP.html|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/prasad-need-to-tap-artificial-intelligence-to-fight-covid/articleshow/75984783.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The concept requires policy-making that allows this to happen, including policies that are efficient and resilient and policies that encourage equity and competitiveness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=''Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment'': PM assures global investors|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aatmanirbhar-bharat-not-selfcontainment-pm-assures-global-investors/1890629|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Outlook India}}</ref> It means being self-sustaining and self-generating.<ref name=":2" /> This translates to creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-core-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-to-create-wealth-values-for-humanity-pm-modi/articleshow/81444502.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14}}</ref> In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman reiterated that the atmanirbhar Bharat campaign was not bringing back [[socialism]] or import substitution, rather the intention is to boost manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM|work=Business Today|agency=|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/atmanirbhar-bharat-move-not-to-stop-imports-but-to-boost-manufacturing-capabilities-fm/story/434446.html|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref> The five pillars of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' have been elucidated as— economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lists-5-pillars-of-self-reliant-india/articleshow/75700425.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg|thumb|The Defence Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], addressed an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders are in attendance.]]


=== COVID-19 pandemic initiatives ===
In August 2020, Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] announced the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] was "now ready for a big push to the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=10 August 2020|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=11 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=9 August 2020|title=Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future|url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-guns-assault-rifles-afvs-heres-a-list-of-101-items-mod-wont-import-in-future/478066/|access-date=11 August 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=29 December 2021|title=India stops import of 2,851 components used in defence platforms|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-stops-import-of-2-851-components-used-in-defence-platforms-121122900626_1.html|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2021|title=Defence ministry puts restrictions on import of 351 items under staggered timeline|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-stops-import-of-2851-components-used-in-defence-platforms/articleshow/88564208.cms|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|date=7 April 2022|title=Defence ministry's third negative import list prohibits import of another 101 items|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/defence-ministrys-third-negative-import-list-prohibits-import-of-another-101-items-1098572.html|access-date=24 April 2022|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The new legislation{{Efn|The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105203/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>}} was portrayed as an initiative towards increasing India's self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK|date=16 October 2020|title=DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2020|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017225803/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pushan|date=15 April 2020|title=India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2021|website=ORF|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509131456/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|archive-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM), was created.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2017|title=Defence Procurement Policy|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159864|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Defence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181913/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D159864|archive-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> Reform of the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] and giving the new defence public sector undertaking (PSU) units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=16 October 2021|title=PM push to Atmanirbhar Bharat: Goal is to make India major military power|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-military-power-7574181/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM has been handed over to the military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2021|title=PM Modi to lay foundation of defence plant in Jhansi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-of-defence-plant-in-jhansi-7624735/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shreya|date=31 December 2021|title=From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Women's Empowerment: A year of reforms for defence ministry|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/from-atmanirbhar-bharat-to-women-s-empowerment-a-year-of-reforms-for-defence-ministry-3353984.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defence decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=20 April 2022|title=Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of FY22 capital budget on domestic procurement|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mod-spends-65-of-fy22-capital-budget-on-domestic-procurement-122042000520_1.html|website=Business Standard}}</ref> Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Navy becoming self-reliant for Atmanirbhar Bharat, says Prez at fleet review|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/feb/22/navy-becoming-self-reliant-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-prez-at-fleet-review-2422338.html|access-date=24 April 2022|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
[[File:Covaxin.jpg|thumb|A 5ml vial of [[Covaxin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|editor-last=Bhaduri|editor-first=Ayshee|title=Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/humbled-tweets-bharat-biotech-after-pm-modi-takes-covaxin-dose-at-aiims/2204099/|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":12" />]]
The research, development and manufacture of [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccinations in India]] was connected to ''atmanirbharta'' by the President,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-09|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> Vice President,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|others=PTI|title=India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu|url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=ThePrint}}</ref> Prime Minister,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-31|title='Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> and other Union Ministers in separate statements.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=23 January 2021|title=Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Outlook India}}</ref> PM Modi has stated that "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".<ref name=":12" />


A total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth {{INRConvert|29.87|lc|lk=on|year=2020}} were announced by the government on 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020 in relation to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.<ref name=":442">{{Cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Udit|date=13 May 2020|title=PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-coronavirus-economic-package-india-self-reliance-6406939/|access-date=13 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-live-news-updates-pm-modi-address-to-nation-speech-today-lockdown-extension-6406297/|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Business Today}}</ref> As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, numerous government decisions took place such as changing the definition of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|MSMEs]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-01|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/atmanirbhar-bharat-union-cabinet-approves-changes-in-definition-of-msmes-120060100950_1.html|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> boosting scope for private participation in numerous sectors,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Hari Hara|date=1 June 2020|title=Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Business Today}}</ref> increasing FDI in the defence sector;<ref name=":0" /> and the vision has found support in many sectors such as the solar manufacturers sector.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Economic Times Energyworld|language=en}}</ref>
The phrase was also connected to the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=16 December 2020|title=Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival|url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216024830/https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|archive-date=16 December 2020|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> and [[2022 Union budget of India|2022]] Union budgets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Budget 2022-2023 Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/budget_speech.pdf|website=Union Budget|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Shivani|date=1 February 2022|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Union Budget 2022: In push for Atmanirbhar defence, procurement budget raised to 68%|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/budget/union-budget-2022-in-push-for-atmanirbhar-defence-procurement-budget-raised-to-68-101643698848986.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Targets for self-reliance in [[Fertilizer|fertiliser]] production by 2023 have been announced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|title=India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-to-be-self-reliant-in-fertilisers-production-by-2023-sadananda-gowda/2082267/|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as "vocal for local", have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2021|title='The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513233116/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=18 February 2021|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> and the associated brainstorming event [[Toycathon]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ministry of Textiles|date=11 February 2021|title=First Ever India Toy Fair to be held from 27 February to 02 March, 2021; website launched today|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1697163|access-date=26 March 2022|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation|publisher=Ministry of Electronics and IT, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119143816/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps, and a cricket video game. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021|url=https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119152222/https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|archive-date=19 November 2021|access-date=19 November 2021|website=innovateindia.mygov.in}}</ref> Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandaviya|first=Mansukh|date=25 October 2021|title=Making India self-reliant in health care|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/making-india-self-reliant-in-health-care-101635170292699.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 April 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>


The growth of India's [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) sector from limited numbers before March 2020, to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered as a fine example of a self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113042/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.india.gov.in (National Portal of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|title=From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The PPE industry in India has become a {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} industry in three months, the second largest after China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Ranjit|date=10 June 2020|title=From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-ppe-kits-to-sanitisers-to-ventilators-covid-19-has-sparked-off-an-indigenous-cottage-industry-boom-5384981.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
=== Slogans ===
Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "Vocal for Local", "Local for Global", "Make for the World" and "Brain Drain to Brain Gain".<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|url-status=live|access-date=12 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|archive-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=James|first1=Nandana|last2=Gandhi|first2=Forum|date=2 July 2020|title=How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/brandhub/vocalforlocal/how-modis-vocal-for-local-campaign-is-going-places/article31917030.ece|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>


In July 2020 the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution]] issued a statement placing food rationing under the ambit of atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":9" /> In August 2020, following the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant crisis during the pandemic]], the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants under it.<ref name=":9" />
==== Vocal for local ====


=== Other initiatives ===
Products should be "Made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title='Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|url-status=live|access-date=13 November 2021|publisher=[[WION]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061207/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> During the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said: "The mindset of free India should be 'Vocal for local" We should appreciate our local products if we don't do this, then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|author=ANI|title='Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vocal-for-local-should-become-mantra-for-every-indian-pm-modi/articleshow/77557766.cms|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title='Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mindset-for-free-india-should-be-vocal-for-local-pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliance-in-independence-day-speech/story-SOOqEaqmKTxEsoAYse2nwO.html|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Amul]] managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local, "meant that products be made competitive ''vis-à-vis'' global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo ,'Made in India' on it".<ref name=":6" /> An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.<ref name=":6" /> The slogan has been extended to sectors such as toy manufacturing: "Time to be vocal for local toys".<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2020|title=PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-time-to-be-vocal-for-local-toys-india-can-be-major-hub-6576711/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2021|title=Toycathon Grand Finale: PM Modi urges people to be 'vocal for local toys'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-vocal-for-local-toycathon-grand-finale-7373697/|access-date=26 March 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
The importance of education and research has been recognized for self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pm-modi-to-address-session-on-education-skill-development-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-7212071/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In an address to the students of [[Visva-Bharati University]], the new [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy]] of India was once again connected to creating an atmanirbhar Bharat,<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2020-09-22|title=NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/nep-will-play-key-role-in-creating-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi/article32669169.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the Prime Minister challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Shankhyaneel|title=New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The [[Minister of Education (India)|education minister of India]] has also stressed the linkage between education and an atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=C. Raj|author-link=C. Raj Kumar|date=2020-09-28|title=Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities|url=https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Education World}}</ref> Educationist and university administrator [[C. Raj Kumar]] explains the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' which combines the vision of [[John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman's]] work "Idea of a University" with the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]].<ref name=":25" /> Apex public education bodies such as [[AICTE]] have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2021-02-05|title=Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/use-books-by-indian-authors-to-promote-pms-atmanirbhar-bharat-mission-aicte-to-colleges/599538/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>


During a speech in 2017, the Prime Minister said that the government was trying to tap [[human capital flight]], and had the aim of engaging [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|India's diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Peermohamed|first1=Alnoor|last2=Pramanik|first2=Ayan|date=2017-01-09|title=India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-tap-nris-for-r-d-and-turn-brain-drain-into-brain-gain-modi-117010800273_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref> To this effect new organisations such as {{Abbr|IN-SPCAe|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre}} in the space sector would aim to channelize India's space talent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|title='Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
==== Make for the world ====
[[File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg|thumb|The Defence Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders in attendance.]]In August 2020, the Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] announced that the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] is "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on dozens of military items in a staged manner over a period of 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-08-10|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-08-09|title=Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future|url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-guns-assault-rifles-afvs-heres-a-list-of-101-items-mod-wont-import-in-future/478066/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105203/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> were also launched with an aim towards self reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK|date=16 October 2020|title=DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pushan|date=15 April 2020|title=India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref> The 2016 Defence Procurement Procedure introduced a new category of procurement— Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured).<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2017|title=Defence Procurement Policy|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159864|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref>


Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|others=PTI|title=India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-to-be-self-reliant-in-fertilisers-production-by-2023-sadananda-gowda/2082267/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Government backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair which was digitally launched in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2021|title='The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-18|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The phrase was also connected to the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 Union Budget of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=2020-12-16|title=Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival|url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-13|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>  
[[Prime Minister Modi]], during the 2020 Independence Day speech, said 'Make for the World' should go together with 'Make in India' and that the slogan 'Make for the World' should be a key slogan like 'Make in India' is.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayaswal|first=Rajeev|date=15 August 2020|title=New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world': PM Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/new-focus-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-make-for-world-pm-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-0hbU6CUDDi2RqklUNVZ03O.html|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=11 September 2020|title=L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-deal-will-help-us-make-in-india-for-the-world-schneider-india-chief-120091101127_1.html|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> [[Arvind Panagariya]], the first vice-chairperson of [[NITI Aayog]], said in an interview with [[Govindraj Ethiraj]] that implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[Govindraj Ethiraj]], IndiaSpend|date=28 August 2020|title=Arvind Panagariya interview: India can't become an export powerhouse unless it's open to imports|url=https://scroll.in/article/971526/arvind-panagariya-interview-india-cant-become-an-export-powerhouse-unless-its-open-to-imports|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>


In July 2020 the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage app building.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation|work=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Electronics and IT|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119143816/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> 6940 entries were received. 24 app were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The success of the led to a continuation of the challenge through another round of entry submission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021|url=https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119152222/https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|archive-date=19 November 2021|access-date=19 November 2021|website=innovateindia.mygov.in}}</ref>
Under the Make for the World vision, India in 2025 became the top [[smartphone]] exporter to the U.S. for the first time, fueled by Apple's shift in manufacturing amid global trade realignments, overtaking China with a 240% year-on-year surge in shipments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=2025-07-29 |title=India overtakes China as biggest smartphone exporter to the United States, report says {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/29/business/india-china-us-smartphone-supplier-intl |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>


=== Slogans ===
== Domestic Commentary ==
Slogans initiated under atmanirbhar Bharat include 'vocal for local', 'local for global', 'make for world' and 'brain drain to brain gain'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=James|first1=Nandana|last2=Gandhi|first2=Forum|date=2 July 2020|title=How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/brandhub/vocalforlocal/how-modis-vocal-for-local-campaign-is-going-places/article31917030.ece|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>
In June 2020, India's Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] said, "At least don't [[Chinese made Ganesha idols|buy]] Ganesha idols from China" after commenting on India's over-reliance on 'non-essential' Chinese imports.<ref>{{cite news|title='At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/at-least-dont-buy-ganesha-idols-from-china-fm-sitharaman-irked-over-non-essential-imports/2004026/|access-date=26 June 2020|work=The Financial Express|date=25 June 2020}}</ref>


==== Vocal for local ====
Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the [[Make in India]] movement, using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2020|title='Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission|work=Hindustan Times|agency=ANI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/repackaged-version-of-make-in-india-shashi-tharoor-on-pm-modi-s-self-reliant-india-mission/story-bXuKzr5rG9XRcEnbaQpNRJ.html|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijoor|first=Harish|date=26 May 2020|title=Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613095333/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=M.P.|date=19 May 2020|title=OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2021|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519182726/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|archive-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its independence to make the nation Self-reliant-[[Steel Authority of India]] (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) for medical science, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for defence research, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for aviation, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for space research, [[Central Coalfields]] (CCL), [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and [[GAIL]] in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=31 May 2020|title=Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/shatrughan-sinha-takes-jibe-at-pm-over-atma-nirbhar-bharat-843979.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have rephrased it as the "Fend For Yourself" campaign;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Anand K.|date=29 May 2020|title='Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608004632/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> it has also been called "economic nationalism".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=27 January 2021|title=The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-success-of-atmanirbhar-bharat/592356/|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> It has been noted that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy for growth and development".<ref name=":9" /> Unfinished reforms in the Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabharwal|first=Manish|date=18 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522164244/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|archive-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
Not only should products be 'made in India', but the promotion of those products should take place so as to make those products competitive.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title='Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-13|website=[[WION]]}}</ref> During the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said that "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|others=ANI|title='Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vocal-for-local-should-become-mantra-for-every-indian-pm-modi/articleshow/77557766.cms|access-date=2020-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title='Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mindset-for-free-india-should-be-vocal-for-local-pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliance-in-independence-day-speech/story-SOOqEaqmKTxEsoAYse2nwO.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Amul]] Managing Director RS Sodhi explained that the phrase vocal–for–local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn’t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it."<ref name=":6" /> An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', that local products in India should have global appeal and reach.<ref name=":6" /> The slogan has also been extended to sectors such as the toy sector, "time to be vocal for local toys".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-time-to-be-vocal-for-local-toys-india-can-be-major-hub-6576711/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>


==== Make for the world ====
[[Arvind Panagariya]] has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Panagariya|date=17 November 2021|title=Why we must trade freely|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-we-must-trade-freely/articleshow/87764256.cms|url-access=subscription|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Panagariya|date=3 March 2021|title=Self-sufficiency held India back: Some useful economic history lessons on how we manage to handicap ourselves|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/self-sufficiency-held-india-back-some-useful-economic-history-lessons-on-how-we-manage-to-handicap-ourselves/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Our love of self-reliance and the perils of autarky|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/our-love-of-self-reliance-and-the-perils-of-autarky-11614786433278.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Livemint}}</ref>
[[Prime Minister Modi]], during the 2020 Independence speech, said that 'make for world' should go hand in hand with 'make in India' and that the slogan 'make for world' should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayaswal|first=Rajeev|date=2020-08-15|title=New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world' : PM Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/new-focus-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-make-for-world-pm-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-0hbU6CUDDi2RqklUNVZ03O.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=2020-09-11|title=L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-deal-will-help-us-make-in-india-for-the-world-schneider-india-chief-120091101127_1.html|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>


== Difficulties and challenges ==
== International Reactions ==
{{Quote box
| quote = Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield - brain and talent.
| author = [[Romesh Thapar]], 1968<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thapar|first=Romesh|date=12 October 1968|title=Myth of Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4359165|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=3|issue=4|pages=1567–1568|jstor=4359165|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 200px
}}
While an atmanirbhar Bharat has been promoted extensively during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]], especially in rhetoric and speeches, this does not always play out in government policies.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1, 8}} India's [[trade deficit]] does not allow it to reduce dependence on imports and opt instead for increased protectionism or isolation.{{Sfn|Alam|Khan|Ghosal|Satpati|2021|p=6}}


Calls for India to [[boycott Chinese products]] and promote an atmanirbhar Bharat instead, are practically difficult in the short term for India as the country imports $75 billion worth of goods every year from China, to the extent that parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HV|first=Harish|date=5 June 2020|title='Atmanirbharta' from China — easier said than done|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/atmanirbharta-from-china-easier-said-than-done/article31758424.ece|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020 which resulted in a number of fatalities, [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]], an affiliate of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], said that if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given projects such as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=2020-06-15|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However, a Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6&nbsp;km of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-7131677/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
By mid-2021, many global policy experts and those in the [[Indian diaspora]] acknowledged that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a promising initiative while also expressing concerns.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat. Marching to a $5 trillion Economy|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/AB-Compendium-Final.pdf|publisher=Amway. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations.}}</ref> In June 2021, [[Vinai Thummalapally]], former [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Belize|US ambassador to Belize]], said India's global exports of manufacturing products remain low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.<ref name=":29" /> [[Nisha Desai Biswal]], an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counterproductive.<ref name=":29" /> Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and [[Himanshu Gulati]], a Member of Parliament in Norway, have both stated that Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.<ref name=":29" />


In August 2021 economist [[Jaijit Bhattacharya]] said that state governments in India have made it harder for domestic companies to respond to [[request for proposal]]s to the benefit of global players. In the absence of policy on self-reliance, having an atmanirbhar [[ombudsman]] would help the balance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Jaijit|author-link=Jaijit Bhattacharya|date=31 August 2021|title=The Assaults On Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-the-assaults-on-atmanirbhar/393232|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Outlook India}}</ref>  
In June 2021, the [[UK India Business Council]] conducted a survey that found a majority of companies thought of Atmanirbhar Bharat as an opportunity to increase business in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Finnigan|first=Kealan|date=29 June 2021|title=UKIBC launch report in support of UK-India ETP and Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.ukibc.com/ukibc-launch-report-in-support-of-uk-india-etp-and-atmanirbhar-bharat/|access-date=25 April 2022|website=UK India Business Council|language=en-GB}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Kenneth Juster]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to India|US ambassador to India]], said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=5 January 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat may limit trade ties: US envoy|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-trade-policies-a-barrier-for-new-investments-says-outgoing-us-envoy-11609862974726.html|access-date=25 April 2022|website=Livemint}}</ref> In April 2022, the [[United States Trade Representative]] wrote in a report on foreign trade barriers in India: "U.S. exporters continue to encounter significant tariff and non-tariff barriers that impede imports of U.S. goods and services into India. While the Government of India has pursued ongoing economic reform efforts, it also continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2022|title=Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat seek to increase India's self-sufficiency: US report|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-seek-to-increase-indias-self-sufficiency-us-report-2436726.html|access-date=25 April 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers|url=https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2022%20National%20Trade%20Estimate%20Report%20on%20Foreign%20Trade%20Barriers.pdf|publisher=Office of the United States Trade Representative|page=245}}</ref>


In sectors such as food production (food grains{{Efn|The definition of 'food grains' varies.}} such as wheat and rice; fruits, vegetables, milk, meat) India is self-sufficient. However nutrition and hunger remain a challenge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jitendra|date=19 November 2018|title=India claims to be self-sufficient in food production but facts say otherwise|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/india-claims-to-be-self-sufficient-in-food-production-but-facts-say-otherwise-62091|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Down to Earth|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Joginder|date=3 October 2016|title=India is self-sufficient, but millions go hungry|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/columnists/india-is-self-sufficient-but-millions-go-hungry.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
In July 2020, the Chief Executive of [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin India]] stated that the company is "fully committed to supporting Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=28 July 2020|title=Lockheed Martin committed to strengthening India's strategic security, industrial capabilities: William L Blair, VP, Chief Executive, LM India|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lockheed-martin-committed-to-strengthening-indias-strategic-security-industrial-capabilities-william-l-blair-vp-chief-executive-lm-india/2037107/|access-date=25 April 2022|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>


== Commentary ==
== Impact on Domestic Industries ==
{{Quote box
{| class="wikitable"
| quote = At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China.
|+
| author = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Finance Minister,<ref>{{cite news |title='At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/at-least-dont-buy-ganesha-idols-from-china-fm-sitharaman-irked-over-non-essential-imports/2004026/ |access-date=26 June 2020 |work=Financial Express |date=25 June 2020}}</ref> 25 June 2020
!sector
| align = right
!Indicator
| width = 200px
!Earlier data
}}
!Latest Data
Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called by some as a re-packaged version or revival of the [[Make in India]] movement using new taglines such as 'Vocal for Local'.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2020|title='Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission|work=Hindustan Times|agency=ANI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/repackaged-version-of-make-in-india-shashi-tharoor-on-pm-modi-s-self-reliant-india-mission/story-bXuKzr5rG9XRcEnbaQpNRJ.html|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijoor|first=Harish|date=26 May 2020|title=Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=M.P.|date=19 May 2020|title=OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> Opposition members have spoken about how India has been enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant - [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] for medical science, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for defence research, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] for aviation, [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] for space research , [[Central Coalfields|CCL]], [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and [[GAIL]] in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=2020-05-31|title=Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/shatrughan-sinha-takes-jibe-at-pm-over-atma-nirbhar-bharat-843979.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have re-phrased it to "Fend For Yourself" Campaign,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Anand K.|date=2020-05-29|title='Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> while it has also been called as "economic nationalism".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=27 January 2021|title=The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-success-of-atmanirbhar-bharat/592356/|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> It has been noted (satirically) that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy... for growth and development".<ref name=":9" /> Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabharwal|first=Manish|date=2020-05-18|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
!Source
|-
|Defence
|Defence production
|₹46,429 crore (2014-15)
|₹1.54 lakh crore(2024-24)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2191937&reg=3&lang=2 PIB]
|-
|Defence
|Defence exports
|₹686 crore(2013-14)
|₹21,083 crore
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2114546&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=Unprecedented%20Growth%20in%20Defence%20Exports,in%20the%20global%20defence%20sector. PIB]
|-
|Electronics
|Electronics production value
|$31 billion (2014–15)
|$133 billion (2024–25)
|[https://www.thehansindia.com/business/indias-electronics-production-reaches-133-billion-in-a-decade-exports-surge-997812# HANS INDIA]
|-
|Electronics
|Mobile phone manufacturing unit
|2 units (2014)
|300+(2025)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154037&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 PIB]
|-
|Electronics
|Electronics Exports
|₹38,000 crore (2014–15)
|₹3.27 lakh crore (2024–25)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2177755&reg=3&lang=2 PIB]
|-
|Solar energy
|Solar module manufacturing capacity
|~3 GW (2018)
|60+ GW capacity pipeline
|[https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/12/06/india-hits-solar-module-manufacturing-capacity-of-63-gw/ Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Swadeshi movement]]
* [[Swadeshi movement]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Autarky]]
* [[Autarky]]
* [[Human capital flight]]
* [[Human capital flight]]
* [[Juche]]
* [[Import substitution industrialisation]]
* [[Import substitution industrialization]]
* [[Strategic autonomy]]
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|Non-alignment and India]]
{{Div col end}}


== References and notes ==
== References and notes ==
Line 151: Line 166:
;Bibliography
;Bibliography
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-Eng-JawaharlalNehru|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|location=New Delhi|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|orig-year=1946 by The Signet Press, Calcutta|via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-Eng-JawaharlalNehru|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|location=New Delhi|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|orig-date=1946 by The Signet Press, Calcutta|via=Internet Archive}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Jalan|first=Bimal|author-link=Bimal Jalan|date=1972|title=A Policy Frame for Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4361226|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=15|pages=757–762|jstor=4361226|issn=0012-9976|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jalan|first=Bimal|author-link=Bimal Jalan|year=1972|title=A Policy Frame for Self-Reliance|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=15|pages=757–762|jstor=4361226|issn=0012-9976}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tendulkar|first=Suresh D.|author-link=Suresh Tendulkar|date=1974|title=Planning for Growth, Redistribution and Self-Reliance in the Fifth Five-Year Plan-I|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363346|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=1/2|pages=27–40|jstor=4363346|issn=0012-9976|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tendulkar|first=Suresh D.|author-link=Suresh Tendulkar|year=1974|title=Planning for Growth, Redistribution and Self-Reliance in the Fifth Five-Year Plan-I|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=1/2|pages=27–40|jstor=4363346|issn=0012-9976}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|author-link=Sanjaya Baru|date=1983|title=Self-Reliance to Dependence in Indian Economic Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517074|journal=Social Scientist|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–46|doi=10.2307/3517074|jstor=3517074|issn=0970-0293|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|author-link=Sanjaya Baru|year=1983|title=Self-Reliance to Dependence in Indian Economic Development|journal=Social Scientist|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–46|doi=10.2307/3517074|jstor=3517074|issn=0970-0293}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|date=1992|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-41: India at the Crossroads|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312676|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–287|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009781|jstor=312676|issn=0026-749X|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|year=1992|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-41: India at the Crossroads|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–287|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009781|jstor=312676|s2cid=143462773|issn=0026-749X}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=A. K.|date=1995|title=Paradox of Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520214|journal=Social Scientist|volume=23|issue=4/6|pages=38–57|doi=10.2307/3520214|jstor=3520214|issn=0970-0293|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=A. K.|year=1995|title=Paradox of Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905)|journal=Social Scientist|volume=23|issue=4/6|pages=38–57|doi=10.2307/3520214|jstor=3520214|issn=0970-0293}}
*{{Cite book|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|title=Indian Defence Industry: Issues of Self-Reliance|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses|date=July 2013|isbn=978-93-82169-21-5|series=IDSA Monograph Series No. 21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323024139/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2021}}
* {{Cite book|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|title=Indian Defence Industry: Issues of Self-Reliance|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|date=July 2013|isbn=978-93-82169-21-5|series=IDSA Monograph Series No. 21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323024139/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2021}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Bikramdeep|date=Winter 2013|title=Defence Indigenisation: Made in India, by India, for India|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/DEfence%20Indigenisation.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=248–258}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Bikramdeep|date=Winter 2013|title=Defence Indigenisation: Made in India, by India, for India|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/DEfence%20Indigenisation.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=248–258}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Alam|first1=Asraful|last2=Khan|first2=Amir|last3=Ghosal|first3=Nilanjana|last4=Satpati|first4=Lakshminarayan|date=18 July 2021|title=A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of India under COVID-19 scenario|journal=Journal of Public Affairs|volume=21|issue=4|language=en|pages=e2725|doi=10.1002/pa.2725|issn=1479-1854|pmc=8420201|pmid=34512186}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Alam|first1=Asraful|last2=Khan|first2=Amir|last3=Ghosal|first3=Nilanjana|last4=Satpati|first4=Lakshminarayan|date=18 July 2021|title=A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of India under COVID-19 scenario|journal=Journal of Public Affairs|volume=21|issue=4|language=en|article-number=e2725|doi=10.1002/pa.2725|issn=1479-1854|pmc=8420201|pmid=34512186}}
*{{Citation|last1=Joshi|first1=Shareen|title="Atman Nirbhar Bharat" - Economic Crises and Self-Reliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic|date=February 2021|url=https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|work=International Affairs Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183606/https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|publisher=[[Center for International Relations]]|archive-date=8 March 2021|last2=Muchhal|first2=Siddharth|last3=Brennan|first3=Connor|last4=Pradhan|first4=Ria|last5=Yang|first5=Joyce}}
* {{Citation|last1=Joshi|first1=Shareen|title="Atman Nirbhar Bharat" - Economic Crises and Self-Reliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic|date=February 2021|url=https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|work=International Affairs Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183606/https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|publisher=[[Center for International Relations]]|archive-date=8 March 2021|last2=Muchhal|first2=Siddharth|last3=Brennan|first3=Connor|last4=Pradhan|first4=Ria|last5=Yang|first5=Joyce}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Sarukkai|first=Sundar|date=September 2021|title=Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self?|journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development|language=en|publication-date=2 November 2020|volume=23|issue=S2|pages=357–365|doi=10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z|pmid=34720471|issn=0972-5792|pmc=7605322}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sarukkai|first=Sundar|date=September 2021|title=Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self?|journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development|language=en|publication-date=2 November 2020|volume=23|issue=S2|pages=357–365|doi=10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z|pmid=34720471|issn=0972-5792|pmc=7605322}}
* {{Citation|last1=Sen|first1=Ronojoy|title=India's Self-Reliance Initiative: Old Idea or New Direction?|date=October 2021|url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final-Special-Report-17.pdf|place=Singapore|publisher=Institute of South Asian Studies|ref={{sfnref|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021}}|last2=Murali|first2=Vani Swarupa}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{Citation|last=Agarwal|first=Shriman Narayan|title=The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India|date=1944|others=Foreword by Mahatma Gandhi|place=Bombay|publisher=Padma Publications|author-link=Shriman Narayan}}
* {{Citation |last=Agarwal |first=Shriman Narayan |title=The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India |year=1944 |place=Bombay |publisher=Padma Publications |author-link=Shriman Narayan}}
*{{Citation|last1=Banerjee|first1=B N|title=Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India|date=1944|others=Members of the post-war reconstruction committee of the Indian Federation of Labour|place=Bombay|publisher=Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi|last2=Parikh|first2=G D|last3=Tarkunde|first3=V M}}
* {{Citation |last1=Banerjee |first1=B N |title=Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India |year=1944 |place=Bombay |publisher=Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi |last2=Parikh |first2=G D |last3=Tarkunde |first3=V M}}
* {{Citation |title=65th Members Annual Conference 2021 on 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat its various aspects' |date=30 October 2021 |url=https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/uploads/174901633932963.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328112210/https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/uploads/174901633932963.pdf}}


===Speeches===
===Speeches===
*{{Cite book|title=The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches. 1877 to the Present|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2007|isbn=9780143102632|editor-last=Batabyal|editor-first=Rakesh|location=New Delhi|pages=603–611|chapter=Economy and Development. Somnath Chatterjee. Surrendering Self-reliance|quote=...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches. 1877 to the Present |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310263-2 |editor-last=Batabyal |editor-first=Rakesh |location=New Delhi |pages=603–611 |chapter=Economy and Development. Somnath Chatterjee. Surrendering Self-reliance |quote=...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...}}
*{{Cite speech|title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined|last=Reddy|first=Y. V.|location=Chennai|date=13 July 2000|author-link=Y. V. Reddy|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57|event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}
* {{Cite speech |title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined |last=Reddy |first=Y. V. |location=Chennai |date=13 July 2000 |author-link=Y. V. Reddy |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57 |event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}
*{{Cite web|last=Gandhi|first=Rajiv|author-link=Rajiv Gandhi|date=28 December 1985|title=Inaugural Speech by Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-text-of-rajiv-gandhis-famous-1985-speech-152145-2013-01-21|url-status=live|website=India Today}}
* {{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Rajiv |author-link=Rajiv Gandhi |date=28 December 1985 |title=Inaugural Speech by Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-text-of-rajiv-gandhis-famous-1985-speech-152145-2013-01-21 |website=India Today}}
*{{Cite speech|title=Evolution of Vision|author-link=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|last=Kalam|first=A. P. J. Abdul|event=Address at the DRDO Directors Conference, DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi|date=21 February 2007|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp210207-1.html}}
* {{Cite speech |title=Evolution of Vision |author-link=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam |last=Kalam |first=A. P. J. Abdul |event=Address at the DRDO Directors Conference, DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi |date=21 February 2007 |url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp210207-1.html}}
* {{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi at IIT Global Summit: 'Pan IIT movement can help realise dream of Aatmanirbhar Bharat' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pm-narendra-modi-at-iit-global-summit-pan-iit-movement-can-help-realise-dream-of-aatmanirbhar-india-1746797-2020-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Lalmani |date=29 December 2021 |title=Be impatient for self-reliant India, PM Modi tells students at IIT Kanpur's 54th convocation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/pm-narendra-modi-addresses-students-iit-kanpur-convocation-7694941/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}


===Books===
===Books===
*{{Cite book|title=Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance.|publisher=Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India|year=1980|authors=Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK}}
* {{Cite book |title=Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. |publisher=Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India |year=1980 |vauthors=Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnBKEAAAQBAJ|title=An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy|date=2021|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5479-189-5|language=en|chapter=6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Prasanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnBKEAAAQBAJ |title=An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy |date=2021 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5479-189-5 |language=en |chapter=6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back}}


===Journals===
===Journals===
*{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Krishna Nath|date=1967|title=Self-Reliance and Aid: No Positive Relation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24478316|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=2|issue=50|pages=2209–2211|jstor=24478316|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Krishna Nath |year=1967 |title=Self-Reliance and Aid: No Positive Relation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=2 |issue=50 |pages=2209–2211 |jstor=24478316}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Gosalia|first=Sushila|date=1979|title=The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02930202|journal=Intereconomics|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=80–83|doi=10.1007/BF02930202|hdl=10419/139599|s2cid=56358907|issn=0020-5346}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gosalia |first=Sushila |year=1979 |title=The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02930202 |journal=Intereconomics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1007/BF02930202 |hdl=10419/139599 |s2cid=56358907 |issn=0020-5346 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Kelkar|first=Vijay Laxman|date=February 1980|title=India and World Economy: Search for Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4368372|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=5/7|pages=245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257–258|jstor=4368372|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kelkar |first=Vijay Laxman |date=February 1980 |title=India and World Economy: Search for Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=15 |issue=5/7 |pages=245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257–258 |jstor=4368372}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Mehrotra|first=N. N.|date=22 August 1987|title=Indian Patents Act, Paris Convention and Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4377407|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=22|issue=34|pages=1461–1465|jstor=4377407|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mehrotra |first=N. N. |date=22 August 1987 |title=Indian Patents Act, Paris Convention and Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |issue=34 |pages=1461–1465 |jstor=4377407}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Valluri|first=S. R.|date=3 April 1993|title=CSIR and Technological Self-Reliance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399551|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=14|pages=565–568|jstor=4399551|via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Valluri |first=S. R. |date=3 April 1993 |title=CSIR and Technological Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=565–568 |jstor=4399551}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Dedrick|first1=Jason|last2=Kraemer|first2=Kenneth L.|date=May 1993|title=Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5b5204tr/qt5b5204tr_noSplash_6de54bd467d8b946f48aad335acac3a8.pdf|journal=Asian Survey|volume=XXXIII|issue=5|pages=463–492|doi=10.2307/2645313|jstor=2645313}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dedrick |first1=Jason |last2=Kraemer |first2=Kenneth L. |date=May 1993 |title=Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5b5204tr/qt5b5204tr_noSplash_6de54bd467d8b946f48aad335acac3a8.pdf |journal=Asian Survey |volume=XXXIII |issue=5 |pages=463–492 |doi=10.2307/2645313 |jstor=2645313 |s2cid=153517732}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Srinivas|first1=M N|last2=Shah|first2=A M|date=10 September 1960|title=The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of the Indian Village|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/37/the_myth_of_selfsufficiency_of_the_indian_village.pdf|journal=The Economic Weekly|pages=1375–1378}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Srinivas |first1=M N |last2=Shah |first2=A M |date=10 September 1960 |title=The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of the Indian Village |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/37/the_myth_of_selfsufficiency_of_the_indian_village.pdf |journal=The Economic Weekly |pages=1375–1378}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aggarwal |first=Aradhna |date=22 January 2022 |title=Export Performance and India's Tryst with Self-reliance in the Globalised World |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/4/special-articles/export-performance-and-indias-tryst-self-reliance.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=7–8 |url-access=subscription}}


===News===
===News===
* {{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Shantanu Nandan|date=28 February 2021|title=Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-govt-has-been-quietly-following-the-idea-of-aatmanirbharta-for-the-past-seven-years/articleshow/81248310.cms?from=mdr|access-date=}}
* {{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shantanu Nandan |date=28 February 2021 |title=Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-govt-has-been-quietly-following-the-idea-of-aatmanirbharta-for-the-past-seven-years/articleshow/81248310.cms?from=mdr}}
*{{Cite news|last=Weinraub|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Weinraub|date=1991-06-29|title=Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/29/world/economic-crisis-forcing-once-self-reliant-india-to-seek-aid.html|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Weinraub |date=29 June 1991 |title=Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/29/world/economic-crisis-forcing-once-self-reliant-india-to-seek-aid.html |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web|last=Panag|first=Lt Gen (Retd) H. S.|author-link=H. S. Panag|date=2021-06-03|title='Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/positive-indigenisation-list-got-lengthier-but-indias-defence-industry-far-from-ready/670630/|url-status=live|website=ThePrint}}
* {{Cite web |last=Panag |first=Lt Gen (Retd) H. S. |author-link=H. S. Panag |date=3 June 2021 |title='Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/positive-indigenisation-list-got-lengthier-but-indias-defence-industry-far-from-ready/670630/ |website=ThePrint}}
* PTI (2 June 2020). [https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/pm-modi-calls-on-india-inc-to-build-an-atmanirbhar-bharat PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat']. ''Bloomberg Quint.''
* PTI (2 June 2020). [https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/pm-modi-calls-on-india-inc-to-build-an-atmanirbhar-bharat PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat']. ''Bloomberg Quint.''
* Jagran (2 June 2020). [https://english.jagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512 PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back']. ''Jagran English.''
* Jagran (2 June 2020). [https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512 PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back']. ''Jagran English.''
* [[Ajoy Kumar]] (31 May 2020). [https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/india-news-atmanirbhar-bharat-and-a-clueless-government/4182 Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government]. ''Outlook India.''
* [[Ajoy Kumar]] (31 May 2020). [https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/india-news-atmanirbhar-bharat-and-a-clueless-government/4182 Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government]. ''Outlook India.''
* {{Cite web|date=9 September 2020|others=NITI Aayog|title=Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative|url=http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1652751|url-status=live|website=www.pib.gov.in}}
* {{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |author=NITI Aayog |title=Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative |url=http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1652751 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}


===Think-tanks===
===Think-tanks===
*{{Citation|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|title=Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology|date=10 August 2020|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/atma-nirbhar-in-defence-technology-lkbehera-100820|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
* {{Citation |last=Behera |first=Laxman Kumar |title=Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology |date=10 August 2020 |url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/atma-nirbhar-in-defence-technology-lkbehera-100820 |publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
*{{Citation|last=Mohanty|first=Aayush|title=Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat|date=February 2021|url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Reforms-for-Atmanirbhar-Bharat.pdf|publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation}}
* {{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=Aayush |title=Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat |date=February 2021 |url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Reforms-for-Atmanirbhar-Bharat.pdf |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation}}
*{{Citation|last=Bhattacharji|first=Chetan|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change|date=July 2020|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-Issue-rief-375-Revival-Package.pdf|publisher=ORF}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharji |first=Chetan |title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change |date=July 2020 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-Issue-rief-375-Revival-Package.pdf |publisher=ORF}}
*{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Angad|date=3 June 2021|title=The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-proof-of-the-pudding-is-not-in-the-import-negative-list/|url-status=live|website=ORF}}
* {{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Angad |date=3 June 2021 |title=The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-proof-of-the-pudding-is-not-in-the-import-negative-list/ |website=ORF}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=आत्मनिर्भरता|commonscat=yes|n=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|v=no|d=yes}}
{{Sister project links|wikt=आत्मनिर्भरता|commonscat=yes|n=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|v=no|d=yes}}
* Ministry of Finance (13/05/2020 to 17/05/2020). [https://covid19.india.gov.in/document-category/ministry-of-finance/ Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115945/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051717.pdf Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120655/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051751.pdf Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612121248/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051736.pdf Part-3: Agriculture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054629/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051784.pdf Part-4: New Horizons of Growth], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054925/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051740.pdf Part-5: Government Reforms and Enablers])
* Ministry of Finance (13 May 2020 to 17 May 2020). [https://covid19.india.gov.in/document-category/ministry-of-finance/ Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115945/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051717.pdf Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120655/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051751.pdf Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612121248/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051736.pdf Part-3: Agriculture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054629/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051784.pdf Part-4: New Horizons of Growth], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054925/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051740.pdf Part-5: Government Reforms and Enablers])
*[https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan]. [[MyGov.in]]
* [https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan]. [[MyGov.in]]
* [https://events.eletsonline.com/abs/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Summit]


{{Economy of India}}
{{Economy of India}}
[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Self-sustainability]]
[[Category:Self-sustainability]]

Latest revision as of 21:33, 26 March 2026



Atmanirbhar Bharat (translation: Self-Reliant India)[1] is a Hindi phrase and a policy framework in India. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi first used the term "self-reliance" in English in 2014 in discussions of national security, poverty alleviation, and the Digital India initiative. The phrase gained prominence during the announcement of India's economic stimulus package in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[1]

History[edit | edit source]

In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged that slogans such as "Atmanirbhar Bharat" (hi), "Make in India", and "Vocal for Local"[2] were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's efforts during the Swadeshi movement.[3] He stated that pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived, adapted, and put into practice.

Defence Sector[edit | edit source]

Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air maneuvers.
Indigenous HAL Tejas is a multirole light fighter, with indigenous content being 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenization of a number of parts is underway.[4]

The Indian defence sector also requires self-sufficiency in military logistics, including food supplies during emergencies.[6]

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) amended the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) in 2020.[7][needs update] Under the new rules, the private sector was allowed to form joint ventures with public sector undertakings in India by acquiring a 51% stake. The private sector was also permitted to export up to 25% of the production. The Indian Armed Forces have also stated that they would purchase the final product. The Indian Multi-Role Helicopter was the first major project to follow this process.[8]

2020 Economic Stimulus[edit | edit source]

During the coronavirus pandemic in India, amid lockdown measures and an existing economic slowdown, the government issued an adapted version of the self-reliance policy.[9] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time, stating:[10] (trans.) "The state of the world today teaches us that (Atmanirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures-Eshah Panthah. That is self-sufficient India."[11][12] While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by the Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" led to some confusion.[11][12] The Government of India announced an economic package known as the "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan" (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).[13] The initiative received a mixed response.[14]

External video
PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12 May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) at YouTube

According to Swaminathan Aiyar, writing for The Economic Times, "Atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,[15] and doing the same thing again was not advisable.[15] Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it was meant for the revival of pre-liberalization era policies.[16] "Aatmanirbharta" or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of the Year in 2020.[17][18]

This adapted plan for self-reliance or "Atmanirbharta" emerged with a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike the past decades, when there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence Swadeshi movement and with post-independence foreign aid.[19] Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local," while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.[19] The government aims to reconcile this; according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "The policies created by Modi aim to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time to open the economy and export to the rest of the world."[20]

Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.[21] There were calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat. In contrast, India faces practical challenges in the near term, as it imports ₹6.4 trillion ($75 billion USD) worth of goods from China annually, and certain sectors of its economy are reliant on China.[22] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020, which resulted in many deaths, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System.[23][24] A Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the project.[25]

While Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies. [26] There has been concern that Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact.[27] India's trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, limiting protectionism and isolationism.[28] Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.[29] The general trend of the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.[30] Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.[29] The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.[31] On 7 December 2021, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said that for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.[32][33]

Use By The NDA Government[edit | edit source]

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 about defense manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[34] He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its weapons.[35] In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to Digital India,[36] in September 2014, about making the poor self-reliant,[37] and in March 2022, in relation to technologies.[38]

Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist, or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[39][40] The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient and encourage equity and competitiveness.[41] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;[41] and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[42] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution; rather, the intent is to boost manufacturing.[43] The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography, and demand.[44]

COVID-19 Pandemic Initiatives[edit | edit source]

A 5ml vial of Covaxin[45][46] has been conveyed as a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[47]

The research, development, and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India were connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President,[48] Vice-president,[49] Prime Minister,[47] and other Union ministers.[50] Modi stated, "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[47]

On May 12, October 12, and November 12, 2020, the government announced three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth ₹29.87 trillion (US$420 billion) in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.[51][52][53] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of Small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs),[54] boosting the scope for private participation in several sectors,[55] increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in the defence sector;[55] and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturing.[56]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 450,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020 is considered an example of a self-reliant India.[57][58] The PPE industry in India became a ₹100 billion (US$1.4 billion) industry in three months, the second largest after China.[59]

In July 2020, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[10] In August 2020, following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.[10]

Other initiatives[edit | edit source]

The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.[60] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,[61] and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.[62] The Indian Minister of Education has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.[63] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar said the vision of an "Atmanirbhar University" combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.[63] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.[64] The home minister acknowledged that the new policy also gives due importance to svabhasha, the Indian language.[3]

During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap human capital flight and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.[65] To this effect, new organisations such as the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.[66] Dependence in the pharmaceutical sector upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.[67]

The Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, addressed an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders are in attendance.

In August 2020, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was "now ready for a big push to the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.[68][69] In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.[70][71][72] The new legislation[lower-alpha 1] was portrayed as an initiative towards increasing India's self-reliance.[74][75] A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM), was created.[76] Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence public sector undertaking (PSU) units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.[77] Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM has been handed over to the military.[78][79] In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defence decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.[80] Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.[81]

The phrase was also connected to the 2021,[82] and 2022 Union budgets.[83][84] Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[85] Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as "vocal for local", have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,[86] and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon.[87] In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.[88] 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps, and a cricket video game. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.[89] Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.[90]

Slogans[edit | edit source]

Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "Vocal for Local", "Local for Global", "Make for the World" and "Brain Drain to Brain Gain".[91][92]

Vocal for local[edit | edit source]

Products should be "Made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.[92][93] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said: "The mindset of free India should be 'Vocal for local" We should appreciate our local products if we don't do this, then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[94][95] Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local, "meant that products be made competitive vis-à-vis global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo ,'Made in India' on it".[92] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.[92] The slogan has been extended to sectors such as toy manufacturing: "Time to be vocal for local toys".[96][97]

Make for the world[edit | edit source]

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence Day speech, said 'Make for the World' should go together with 'Make in India' and that the slogan 'Make for the World' should be a key slogan like 'Make in India' is.[94][98] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".[99] Arvind Panagariya, the first vice-chairperson of NITI Aayog, said in an interview with Govindraj Ethiraj that implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.[100]

Under the Make for the World vision, India in 2025 became the top smartphone exporter to the U.S. for the first time, fueled by Apple's shift in manufacturing amid global trade realignments, overtaking China with a 240% year-on-year surge in shipments.[101]

Domestic Commentary[edit | edit source]

In June 2020, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said, "At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China" after commenting on India's over-reliance on 'non-essential' Chinese imports.[102]

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement, using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".[103][104][105] Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its independence to make the nation Self-reliant-Steel Authority of India (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) for medical science, Defence Research and Development Organisation for defence research, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for aviation, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for space research, Central Coalfields (CCL), NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.[106] Some have rephrased it as the "Fend For Yourself" campaign;[107] it has also been called "economic nationalism".[108] It has been noted that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy for growth and development".[10] Unfinished reforms in the Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.[109]

Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.[110][111][112]

International Reactions[edit | edit source]

By mid-2021, many global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a promising initiative while also expressing concerns.[113] In June 2021, Vinai Thummalapally, former US ambassador to Belize, said India's global exports of manufacturing products remain low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.[113] Nisha Desai Biswal, an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counterproductive.[113] Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and Himanshu Gulati, a Member of Parliament in Norway, have both stated that Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.[113]

In June 2021, the UK India Business Council conducted a survey that found a majority of companies thought of Atmanirbhar Bharat as an opportunity to increase business in India.[114] In January 2021, Kenneth Juster, the US ambassador to India, said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.[115] In April 2022, the United States Trade Representative wrote in a report on foreign trade barriers in India: "U.S. exporters continue to encounter significant tariff and non-tariff barriers that impede imports of U.S. goods and services into India. While the Government of India has pursued ongoing economic reform efforts, it also continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods.[116][117]

In July 2020, the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated that the company is "fully committed to supporting Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".[118]

Impact on Domestic Industries[edit | edit source]

sector Indicator Earlier data Latest Data Source
Defence Defence production ₹46,429 crore (2014-15) ₹1.54 lakh crore(2024-24) PIB
Defence Defence exports ₹686 crore(2013-14) ₹21,083 crore PIB
Electronics Electronics production value $31 billion (2014–15) $133 billion (2024–25) HANS INDIA
Electronics Mobile phone manufacturing unit 2 units (2014) 300+(2025) PIB
Electronics Electronics Exports ₹38,000 crore (2014–15) ₹3.27 lakh crore (2024–25) PIB
Solar energy Solar module manufacturing capacity ~3 GW (2018) 60+ GW capacity pipeline Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

See also[edit | edit source]

References and notes[edit | edit source]

Notes
  1. ↑ The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)[73]
Citations
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah". Udayavani. Press Trust of India. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  2. ↑ "NITI Aayog Launches 'Vocal for Local' Initiative Fostering Grassroots Entrepreneurship and Self- reliance". www.pib.gov.in.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah". Outlook India. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  4. ↑ "Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  5. ↑ "31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016" (PDF). ada.gov.in. Aeronautical Development Agency, Ministry of Defence, India. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  6. ↑ Fazalbhoy, Y. A. (1966). Towards Self-Reliance (PDF). Forum of Free Enterprise. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2022.
  7. ↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). www.mod.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2025. Retrieved 7 September 2025. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  8. ↑ Gupta, Shishir (17 July 2022). "Defence ministry to allow private companies to develop military helicopters". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  9. ↑ Joshi et al. 2021, p. 2.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Mohanty, Prasanna (14 November 2020). "Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?". Business Today. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Misra, Udit (17 August 2020). Explained Desk (ed.). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020". pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  13. ↑ Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1.
  14. ↑ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 3.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar". The Economic Times. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  16. ↑ Dhume, Sadanand (1 June 2020). "The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity". The Times of India Blog. Retrieved 10 November 2021. From TOI print edition
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  18. ↑ "Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020". languages.oup.com. 12 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is... Aatmanirbhar Bharat or Self-Reliance.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Joshi et al. 2021, p. 7.
  20. ↑ Sharma, Samrat (23 September 2020). "Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  21. ↑ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 14.
  22. ↑ HV, Harish (5 June 2020). "'Atmanirbharta' from China—easier said than done". The Hindu @businessline. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  23. ↑ Arnimesh, Shanker (15 June 2020). "RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  24. ↑ Shrivastava, Rahul (16 June 2020). "Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid". India Today. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  25. ↑ "Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor". The Indian Express. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  26. ↑ Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1, 8.
  27. ↑ D'souza, Renita (29 June 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: A true commitment or a cosmetic gimmick?". ORF. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  28. ↑ Alam et al. 2021, p. 6.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Mukherjee, Andy (17 January 2022). "View: Will India's self-reliance stance prove to be a costly mistake?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  30. ↑ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 18-19.
  31. ↑ Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative (2021), p. 18.
  32. ↑ "States need to be 'self-reliant' for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': MP CM". Ahmedabad Mirror. Indo-Asian News Service. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  33. ↑ PHD Research Bureau (December 2021). "States' Policy Conclave 2021. Role of States in Making Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India)" (PDF). PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
  34. ↑ "PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 14 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  35. ↑ "Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi". The Economic Times. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  36. ↑ "PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance". Business Today. Press Trust of India. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  37. ↑ "Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  38. ↑ "PM Modi bats for self-reliance in technology sector". Livemint. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  39. ↑ "'To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan". Hindustan Times. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  40. ↑ "Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad". The Economic Times. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment: PM assures global investors". Outlook India. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  42. ↑ "Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  43. ↑ "Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM". Business Today. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  44. ↑ "Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars". The Times of India. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  45. ↑ Bhaduri, Ayshee, ed. (3 March 2021). "Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS". The Financial Express. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "'Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". Livemint. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  48. ↑ "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind". Livemint. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  49. ↑ "India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu". ThePrint. Press Trust of India. 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  50. ↑ "Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar". Outlook India. 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  51. ↑ Misra, Udit (13 May 2020). "PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  52. ↑ "PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package". The Indian Express. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  53. ↑ Sharma, Manoj (12 November 2020). "Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore". Business Today. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  54. ↑ "Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs". Business Standard India. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Mishra, Hari Hara (1 June 2020). "Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution". Business Today. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  56. ↑ "Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan". Economic Times Energyworld. 2 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  57. ↑ "Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19". india.gov.in (National Portal of India). Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  58. ↑ ANI (5 May 2020). "From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
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  60. ↑ "National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi". The Indian Express. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  61. ↑ "NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 22 September 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Kumar, C. Raj (28 September 2020). "Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities". Education World. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  67. ↑ Ghosh, Abantika (29 March 2022). "Inching towards self-reliance: India now makes 35 drug raw materials that were imported before". ThePrint. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  68. ↑ Kaushik, Krishn (10 August 2020). "Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  69. ↑ Philip, Snehesh Alex (9 August 2020). "Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future". ThePrint. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
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  71. ↑ "Defence ministry puts restrictions on import of 351 items under staggered timeline". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 29 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
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  74. ↑ Saxena, Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK (16 October 2020). "DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation". Indian Defence Review. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
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  77. ↑ Kaushik, Krishn (16 October 2021). "PM push to Atmanirbhar Bharat: Goal is to make India major military power". The Indian Express. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  78. ↑ "PM Modi to lay foundation of defence plant in Jhansi". The Indian Express. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  79. ↑ Shreya (31 December 2021). "From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Women's Empowerment: A year of reforms for defence ministry". Oneindia. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  80. ↑ Shukla, Ajai (20 April 2022). "Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of FY22 capital budget on domestic procurement". Business Standard.
  81. ↑ "Navy becoming self-reliant for Atmanirbhar Bharat, says Prez at fleet review". The Indian Express. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  82. ↑ Prasad, Gireesh Chandra (16 December 2020). "Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival". Livemint. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  83. ↑ "Budget 2022-2023 Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance" (PDF). Union Budget. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 1 February 2022.
  84. ↑ Kumar, Shivani (1 February 2022). Chaturvedi, Amit (ed.). "Union Budget 2022: In push for Atmanirbhar defence, procurement budget raised to 68%". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
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  86. ↑ "'The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
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  88. ↑ "MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation". Ministry of Electronics and IT, Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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  91. ↑ "PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call". The Times of India. 16 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 James, Nandana; Gandhi, Forum (2 July 2020). "How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places". The Hindu @businessline. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  93. ↑ "'Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali". WION. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 ANI (15 August 2020). "'Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
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  96. ↑ "PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub". The Indian Express. 31 August 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  97. ↑ "Toycathon Grand Finale: PM Modi urges people to be 'vocal for local toys'". The Indian Express. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  98. ↑ Jayaswal, Rajeev (15 August 2020). "New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world': PM Modi in Independence Day speech". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  99. ↑ Mukul, Jyoti (11 September 2020). "L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief". Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  100. ↑ Govindraj Ethiraj, IndiaSpend (28 August 2020). "Arvind Panagariya interview: India can't become an export powerhouse unless it's open to imports". Scroll.in. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
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Bibliography

Further reading[edit | edit source]

Speeches[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

  • Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK (1980). Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India.
  • Mohanty, Prasanna (2021). "6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back". An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5479-189-5.

Journals[edit | edit source]

News[edit | edit source]

Think-tanks[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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