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{{Short description|City in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Short description|City in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{other uses|Jammu (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Jammu (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
 
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
| name                  = Jammu
| name                  = Jammu
| other_name            =
| other_name            =
| settlement_type        = City
| settlement_type        = City administered by India.<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region}}</ref>
| image_skyline          = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline          = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Hari_niwas.jpg
| photo1a = Hari_niwas.jpg
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| image_caption          =
| image_caption          =
| nickname              = City of Temples<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jammu-srinagar-nh-reopens-for-one-way-traffic-119013000622_1.html |title=Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 January 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=28 February 2019 |quote=Jammu, the '''City of Temples''', recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius}}</ref>
| nickname              = City of Temples<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jammu-srinagar-nh-reopens-for-one-way-traffic-119013000622_1.html |title=Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 January 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=28 February 2019 |quote=Jammu, the '''City of Temples''', recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius}}</ref>
| image_map1            = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Jammu division administered by India in neon blue.jpg
| map_alt                =
| map_alt                =
| map_caption           =
| map_caption1           = Jammu lies in the Jammu division (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| pushpin_map            = India Jammu and Kashmir#India#Asia
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| map_caption            = Interactive map of Jammu
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| coordinates             = {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_alt        =
| subdivision_type1      = Administering country
| pushpin_map_caption    =
| subdivision_type2      = Region of administration
| coordinates           = {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Country]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type3      = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type3      = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1      = [[India]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name3      = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| subdivision_name3      = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| established_title      = Settled
| established_title      = Settled
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| demographics1_title1  = Official
| demographics1_title1  = Official
| demographics1_info1    = [[Hindi]],<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
| demographics1_info1    = [[Hindi]],<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> [[Dogri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> [[Urdu]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> English
|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dogri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> [[Urdu]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], English
| demographics1_title2  = Other
| demographics1_title2  = Other
| demographics1_info2    = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="langoff"/><ref name="Census"/>
| demographics1_info2    = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="langoff"/><ref name="Census"/>
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| module      = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| module      = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
}}
'''Jammu''' {{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} is the [[winter capital]] of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is the headquarters and the largest city in [[Jammu district]] of the union territory. Lying on the banks of the river [[Tawi River|Tawi]], the city of Jammu, with an area of {{cvt|240|sqkm}},<ref name='JMC'/> is surrounded by the [[Himalayas]] in the north and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|northern-plains]] in the south. Jammu is the second most populous city of the union territory. Two battles have been fought in the city: the [[Battle of Jammu|first]] in 1712<ref name="jammu">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=485|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref> and the [[Battle of Jammu (1808)|second]] in 1808.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}
'''Jammu''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}) is a city in [[India]]n-administered  [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally  to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). <br/>
 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br/> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br/> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br/> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br/>(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br/>  (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; <br/> (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br/> (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br/> (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." 
Known as the ''City of Temples'' for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines, Jammu is the most visited place in the union territory. Jammu city shares its borders with the neighbouring [[Samba district]].
</ref> It is the [[winter capital]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered [[union territory]].  It is the headquarters and the largest city in [[Jammu district]]. Lying on the banks of the river [[Tawi River|Tawi]], the city of Jammu, with an area of {{cvt|240|sqkm}},<ref name='JMC'/> is surrounded by the [[Himalayas]] in the north and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|northern plains]] in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja [[Jambu Lochan|Jambulochan]], who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/priya-sethi-lays-foundation-stone-of-statue-of-jambu-lochan/ | title=Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan | work=Daily Excelsior | date=1 August 2016 | access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|p=9}}
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja [[Jambu Lochan|Jambulochan]], who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/priya-sethi-lays-foundation-stone-of-statue-of-jambu-lochan/ | title=Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan | work=Daily Excelsior | date=1 August 2016 | access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|p=9}}


==Geography==
==Geography==
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==History==
==History==
According to ''[[Tarikh-i-Azmi]]'', Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of ''Durgara'' (modern forms "Duggar" and "[[Dogra]])") is also attested from around this time.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|p=6}} The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern [[Billawar]]). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|p=184}} Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in ''Rajatarangini'', some of whose rulers occur in the ''Vamshavali'' (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]]. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarah Shah]] ({{reign|1421|1434}}).{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|pp=6–7}}
According to ''[[Tarikh-i-Azmi]]'', Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of ''Durgara'' (modern forms "Duggar" and "[[Dogra]])") is also attested from around this time.{{sfn|Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State|1980|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|p=6}} The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern [[Billawar]]). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.{{sfn|Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir|1994|p=184}} Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in ''Rajatarangini'', some of whose rulers also appear by in the ''Vamshavali'' (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]]. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarah Shah]] ({{reign|1421|1434}}).{{sfn|Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|1998|pp=6–7}}


Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of [[Timur]] ({{reign|1370|1406}}), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. In the Mughal chronicles of [[Babur]] in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by Manhas Rajputs. Emperor [[Akbar]] brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as [[Kishtwar]] and [[Rajauri]] were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.{{sfn|Jigar Mohammad, Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies|2010|pp=40–42}}
Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of [[Timur]] ({{reign|1370|1406}}), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to [[Samarkand]] via Jammu. In the Mughal chronicles of [[Babur]] in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by [[Manhas]] Rajputs. Emperor [[Akbar]] brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as [[Kishtwar]] and [[Rajauri]] were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.{{sfn|Jigar Mohammad, Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies|2010|pp=40–42}}


=== Modern history===
=== Modern history===
[[File:Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[File:Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961)]]
[[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja of Kashmir, [[Hari Singh]] (1895 - 1961)]]


After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the ''Jamuwal'' (''[[Jamwal]]'') family asserted its supremacy among all the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor Raja [[Ranjit Dev]] (r.&nbsp;1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.{{sfn|Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|1998|p=187}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10}} Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.{{sfn|Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|pp=94–95}}
After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the ''Jamuwal'' (''[[Jamwal]]'') family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r.&nbsp;1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.{{sfn|Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|1998|p=187}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10}} Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.{{sfn|Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|pp=94–95}}


Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (''[[misls]]'') gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]], [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] ''misls''. Around 1770, the Bhangi ''misl'' attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10–12}} In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]] by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the son of Mahan Singh.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=15–16}}
Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (''[[misls]]'') gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]], [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] ''misls''. Around 1770, the Bhangi ''misl'' attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=10–12}} In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]] by [[Ranjit Singh]], the son of Mahan Singh.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=15–16}}


In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh Father of Raja [[Gulab Singh]] was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu Principality hence started the Jamwal Dynasty, aka [[Dogra dynasty]], which came to rule the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43&nbsp;km long [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway line]] connecting Jammu with [[Sialkot]] was laid in 1897<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_055.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 49 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja [[Gulab Singh]], was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka [[Dogra dynasty]], which came to rule the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43&nbsp;km long [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway line]] connecting Jammu with [[Sialkot]] was laid in 1897<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_055.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 49 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>


Jammu has historically been the capital of [[Jammu Division|Jammu Province]] and the winter capital of the princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1846&ndash;1952).
Jammu has historically been the capital of [[Jammu Division|Jammu Province]] and the winter capital of the princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1846&ndash;1952).
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[[File:Night View of Jammu Tawi Railway Station2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jammu Tawi]] station]]
[[File:Night View of Jammu Tawi Railway Station2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jammu Tawi]] station]]


Jammu city has a railway station called [[Jammu Tawi]] (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway link]] to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the [[Indian Railways]] laid the [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi [[Broad Gauge]] line. The new Jammu Tawi station was opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for Express trains.
Jammu city has a railway station called [[Jammu Tawi]] (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway link]] to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the [[Indian Railways]] laid the [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi [[Broad Gauge]] line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains.
With the commencement of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], all trains to the [[Kashmir Valley]] will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. [[Jalandhar]] - [[Pathankot]] - Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.
With the commencement of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], all trains to the [[Kashmir Valley]] will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. [[Jalandhar]] - [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.


[[NH 44|National Highway 44]]  which passes through Jammu connects it to the [[Kashmir valley]]. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is {{convert|80|km|mi}} from Kathua town, while it is {{convert|68|km|mi}} from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] is {{convert|49|km|mi}} from Jammu.
[[NH 44|National Highway 44]]  which passes through Jammu connects it to the [[Kashmir valley]]. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is {{convert|80|km|mi}} from Kathua town, while it is {{convert|68|km|mi}} from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] is {{convert|49|km|mi}} from Jammu.
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==Economy==
==Economy==
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. One of the most famous local [[Basmati rice]] is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, which is then processed in rice mills in Jammu. Apart from rice mills scattered all around Jammu, industrial estate at [[Bari Brahmana|Bari Brahamna]] has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products right from carpets, electronic goods, electric goods.
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local [[basmati rice]] is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate at [[Bari Brahmana|Bari Brahamna]] has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods.


==Tourism==
==Tourism==
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{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Jammu City (2011)<ref name="Jammu City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|title=Jammu City Population|work=Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/3-jammu.html|title=Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 &#124; Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|caption = Religion in Jammu City (2011)<ref name="Jammu City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|title=Jammu City Population|work=Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416214521/https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/3-jammu.html|title=Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 &#124; Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 81.19
|value1 = 81.19
|color1 = Orange
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 7.95
|value3 = 7.95
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}}
}}


As of 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=7318|publisher=[[Census of India]]|title=Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average [[literacy]] rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-JammuKashmir.html|title=Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak [[Dogri language|Dogri]],.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Jammu and Kashmir|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
As of 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=7318|publisher=[[Census of India]]|title=Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average [[literacy]] rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-JammuKashmir.html|title=Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Jammu and Kashmir|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=21 May 2023 }}</ref>


[[File:Malika Pukhraj (1912-2004) in 1920s.jpg|thumb|upright|Singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] in 1920s]]
[[File:Malika Pukhraj (1912-2004) in 1920s.jpg|thumb|upright|Singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] in 1920s]]
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===Muslim communities===
===Muslim communities===
{{main|1947 Jammu massacres}}
{{main|1947 Jammu massacres}}
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the [[Partition of India]], 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wreford|first=R.G.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5838/1/44535_1941_TAB.pdf|title=Jammu and Kashmir|work=[[1941 Census of India]]|pages=102,103}}</ref> During the [[1947 Jammu massacres]], which preceded and continued during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War|Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir]], many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and aided and abetted by the state forces and the [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]].<ref name="Bhasin">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/|title=Jammu 1947|last=Ved Bhasin|author-link=Ved Bhasin|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Kashmir Life|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=182, 183}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498531054|pages=149|language=en}}</ref> As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamili|first=H.M.|title=Jammu and Kashmir, District Census Handbook, 7, Jammu District|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5856/1/22166_1961_JAM.pdf|work=[[1961 Census of India]]|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government|page=42}}</ref>{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=30}} The displaced Muslims took refuge in the [[Sialkot District]] and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain]], economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]], Air Marshal [[Asghar Khan]], journalist [[Khalid Hasan]] and singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] were from Jammu.{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=3,&nbsp;31}} A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=481}}: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC |year=1951 |publisher=Printed at the Ranbir Government Press |page=90}}</ref>
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the [[Partition of India]], 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wreford|first=R.G.|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5838/1/44535_1941_TAB.pdf|title=Jammu and Kashmir|work=[[1941 Census of India]]|pages=102,103}}</ref> During the [[1947 Jammu massacres]], which preceded and continued during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War|Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir]], many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and aided and abetted by the state forces and the [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]].<ref name="Bhasin">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/|title=Jammu 1947|last=Ved Bhasin|author-link=Ved Bhasin|date=17 November 2015|newspaper=Kashmir Life|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=182, 183}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498531054|pages=149|language=en}}</ref>  
 
As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamili|first=H.M.|title=Jammu and Kashmir, District Census Handbook, 7, Jammu District|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5856/1/22166_1961_JAM.pdf|work=[[1961 Census of India]]|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government|page=42}}</ref>{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=30}} The displaced Muslims took refuge in the [[Sialkot District]] and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain]], economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]], Air Marshal [[Asghar Khan]], journalist [[Khalid Hasan]] and singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] were from Jammu.{{sfn|Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=3,&nbsp;31}} A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=481}}: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC |year=1951 |publisher=Printed at the Ranbir Government Press |page=90}}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
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===Kashmiri Pandit refugees===
===Kashmiri Pandit refugees===
{{main|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus}}
{{main|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus}}
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir]] who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. As per the records approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India, out of them 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir]] who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.{{cn|date=April 2023}}


===Rohingya refugees===
===Rohingya refugees===
{{main|2015 Rohingya refugee crisis}}
{{main|2015 Rohingya refugee crisis}}
[[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] who fled [[Rohingya conflict|Myanmar during 2016]] have also currently settled in Jammu.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/as-jammu-becomes-home-for-refugees-from-four-communities-state-govt-has-to-deal-with-complex-issue-of-rights-4980561.html |title=As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights |last=Sharma |first=Arjun |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/demographic-changes-make-jammu-ticking-time-bomb/ |title=Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb" |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/rohingya-refugees--a-threat-to-jammu.html |title=Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu |last=Jain |first=Sandhya |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/demographic-changes-in-assam-bengal-j-k-kerala-aided-rise-of-fundamentalist-forces-himanta-119021901313_1.html |title=Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta |last=IANS |date=19 February 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> During the [[2018 Sunjuwan attack]], intelligence agencies had suspected involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack, but the involvement was not proved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-illegal-settlement-of-rohingya-to-be-probed-by-security-agencies/724545.html |title='Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies |last=Sharma |first=Arteev |quote=After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/examining-indias-stance-on-the-rohingya-crisis/ |title=Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis |last=Yhome |first=K. |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US |quote=In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city '''sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |last2=Dua |first2=Rohan |title=Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-intelligence-inputs-forces-were-told-to-be-on-alert/articleshow/62868233.cms |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] who fled [[Rohingya conflict|Myanmar during 2016]] have also currently settled in Jammu.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/as-jammu-becomes-home-for-refugees-from-four-communities-state-govt-has-to-deal-with-complex-issue-of-rights-4980561.html |title=As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights |last=Sharma |first=Arjun |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/demographic-changes-make-jammu-ticking-time-bomb/ |title=Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb" |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/rohingya-refugees--a-threat-to-jammu.html |title=Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu |last=Jain |first=Sandhya |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/demographic-changes-in-assam-bengal-j-k-kerala-aided-rise-of-fundamentalist-forces-himanta-119021901313_1.html |title=Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta |last=IANS |date=19 February 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> During the [[2018 Sunjuwan attack]], intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-illegal-settlement-of-rohingya-to-be-probed-by-security-agencies/724545.html |title='Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies |last=Sharma |first=Arteev |quote=After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/examining-indias-stance-on-the-rohingya-crisis/ |title=Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis |last=Yhome |first=K. |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US |quote=In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city '''sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |last2=Dua |first2=Rohan |title=Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-intelligence-inputs-forces-were-told-to-be-on-alert/articleshow/62868233.cms |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Jammu (city)}}
 
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Jammu}}
*


{{Jammu district}}
{{Jammu district}}

Latest revision as of 06:19, 22 July 2023


For other uses, see Jammu (disambiguation).
Jammu
City administered by India.[1]
Hari niwas.jpg
Bahu Fort, Jammu.jpg
Jammu skyline.jpg
Mubarak Mandi Complex.jpg
Nickname: 
City of Temples[2]
Jammu lies in the Jammu division (neon blue) of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (shaded tan) in the disputed Kashmir region.[3]
Jammu lies in the Jammu division (neon blue) of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (shaded tan) in the disputed Kashmir region.[3]
Coordinates: 32°44′N 74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E / 32.73; 74.87Coordinates: 32°44′N 74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E / 32.73; 74.87
Administering countryIndia
Region of administrationUnion territory of Jammu and Kashmir
DistrictJammu
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyJammu Municipal Corporation and Jammu Development Authority
 • MayorChander Mohan Gupta, BJP[4]
Area
[5]
 • City administered by India.[1]240 km2 (90 sq mi)
Elevation
[6]
300–400 m (1,000−1,300 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • City administered by India.[1]502,197
 • Rank94th
 • Density45/km2 (120/sq mi)
 • Metro
657,314
Demonym(s)Jammuwala, Jammuwale, Jammuites
Language
 • OfficialHindi,[7][8] Dogri,[9] Urdu,[10] Kashmiri, English
 • OtherPunjabi[10][11]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
180001[12]
Vehicle registrationJK-02
Sex ratio867 ♀/ 1000 ♂
Literacy90.14%
Distance from Delhi575 km (357 mi) NW
Distance from Mumbai1,971 km (1,225 mi) NE (land)
ClimateCwa (Köppen)
Precipitation710 mm (28 in)
Avg. summer temperature29.6 °C (85.3 °F)
Avg. winter temperature17.7 °C (63.9 °F)
Websitejammu.nic.in
Lua error in Module:Mapframe at line 764: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Jammu (/ˈdʒʌmuː/) is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.[3] It is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered union territory. It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km2 (93 sq mi),[5] is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.

Etymology[edit]

According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.[13] Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.[14]

Geography[edit]

The Valley of Jammu

Jammu is located at 32°44′N 74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E / 32.73; 74.87.[15] It has an average elevation of 300 m (980 ft). Jammu city lies at uneven ridges of low heights at the Shivalik hills. It is surrounded by the Shivalik range to the north, east, and southeast while the Trikuta Range surrounds it in the northwest. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the national capital, New Delhi.

The city spreads around the Tawi river with the old city overlooking it from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods spread around the southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges on the river. The city is built on a series of ridges.

History[edit]

According to Tarikh-i-Azmi, Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of Durgara (modern forms "Duggar" and "Dogra)") is also attested from around this time.[16][17] The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern Billawar). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[18] Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in Rajatarangini, some of whose rulers also appear by in the Vamshavali (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the Sultans of Delhi. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of Mubarah Shah (r. 1421–1434).[19]

Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of Timur (r. 1370–1406), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to Samarkand via Jammu. In the Mughal chronicles of Babur in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by Manhas Rajputs. Emperor Akbar brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as Kishtwar and Rajauri were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.[20]

Modern history[edit]

Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961)

After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the Jamuwal (Jamwal) family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.[21][22] Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.[23]

Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (misls) gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the Bhangi, Kanhaiya and Sukerchakia misls. Around 1770, the Bhangi misl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country.[24] In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh.[25]

In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja Gulab Singh, was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka Dogra dynasty, which came to rule the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43 km long railway line connecting Jammu with Sialkot was laid in 1897[26]

Jammu has historically been the capital of Jammu Province and the winter capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952).

After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Battles[edit]

  1. Battle of Jammu (1712)
  2. Battle of Jammu (1808)[27]

Climate[edit]

Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with extreme summer highs reaching 46 °C (115 °F), and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below 4 °C (39 °F). June is the hottest month with average highs of 40.6 °C (105.1 °F), while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching 7 °C (45 °F). Average yearly precipitation is about 42 inches (1,100 mm) with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to 2 °C (36 °F). In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the temperature to 46 °C (115 °F). Following the hot season, the monsoon lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to 669 mm (26.3 in) in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves.[clarification needed]

Transport[edit]

Jammu Tawi station

Jammu city has a railway station called Jammu Tawi (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old railway link to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the Indian Railways laid the Pathankot-Jammu Tawi Broad Gauge line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains. With the commencement of the Jammu–Baramulla line, all trains to the Kashmir Valley will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to Katra. Jalandhar - Pathankot-Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.

National Highway 44 which passes through Jammu connects it to the Kashmir valley. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kathua town, while it is 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of Katra is 49 kilometres (30 mi) from Jammu.

Jammu Airport is in the middle of Jammu. It has direct flights to Srinagar, Delhi, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Leh, Mumbai and Bengaluru. Jammu Airport operates daily 30 arrival and departure of flights which are served by Go First, Air India, SpiceJet, IndiGo and Vistara.

The city has JKSRTC city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service is also available. Local taxis are also available.

Administration[edit]

See also: Darbar Move
Jammu city View

Jammu city serves as the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move from Srinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October.[31] Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation.[32]

Economy[edit]

Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local basmati rice is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate at Bari Brahamna has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods.

Tourism[edit]

Main article: Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir

Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to Vaishno Devi and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces like Mubarak Mandi Palace, Purani Mandi, Rani Park, Amar Mahal, Bahu Fort, Raghunath Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city.

Demographics[edit]

Religion in Jammu City (2011)[33][34]

  Hinduism (81.19%)
  Sikhism (8.83%)
  Islam (7.95%)
  Christianity (1.35%)
  Jainism (0.33%)
  Buddhism (0.05%)
  Others (0.02%)
  Not Stated (0.28%)

As of 2011 census,[35] the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average literacy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.[36] Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak Dogri.[37]

Singer Malika Pukhraj in 1920s
Rank Language 1961[11]
1 Dogri 55%
2 Punjabi 22%
3 Hindi 11.6%
— Other 11.4%

Muslim communities[edit]

Main article: 1947 Jammu massacres

The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the Partition of India, 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census.[38] During the 1947 Jammu massacres, which preceded and continued during the Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir, many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and aided and abetted by the state forces and the Maharaja Hari Singh.[39][40][41]

As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.[42][43] The displaced Muslims took refuge in the Sialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician Chaudhry Amir Hussain, economist Mahbub ul Haq, Air Marshal Asghar Khan, journalist Khalid Hasan and singer Malika Pukhraj were from Jammu.[44] A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.[45][46]

Education[edit]

Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu

In the 2014–2015 General Budget of India, Arun Jaitley, the Finance Minister of India, proposed an Indian Institute of Technology and an Indian Institute of Management for the division. List of some educational institutions is provided below.

Engineering Colleges in Jammu:-

Medical Institutions:-

Legal Institutions:-

General Degree Courses (colleges):-

Universities:-

Schools

Cuisine[edit]

Kalari cheese

Jammu is known for its sund panjeeri, patisa, rajma with rice and Kalari cheese. Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, kulthein di dal, dal patt, maa da madra, rajma, and auriya. Pickles typical of Jammu are made of kasrod, girgle, mango with saunf, jimikand, tyaoo, seyoo, and potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with potatoes. Jammu cuisine features various chaats, especially gol gappas, kachalu, Chole bhature, gulgule, rajma kulche and dahi palla, among various others.[47]

Refugees[edit]

Kashmiri Pandit refugees[edit]

Main article: Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus

Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.[citation needed]

Rohingya refugees[edit]

Main article: 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis

Rohingyas who fled Myanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu.[48][49] Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.[50][51][52] During the 2018 Sunjuwan attack, intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.[53][54][55]

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William (22 March 2021), "Jammu and Kashmir", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., retrieved 2 April 2022, The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region
  2. ↑ "Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019. Jammu, the City of Temples, recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).
    (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
    (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
    (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
    (d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
    (e) Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
    (f) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
    (g) Bose, Sumantra (2009), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, ISBN 978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
    (h) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
    (i) Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
  4. ↑ PTI (15 November 2018). "Jammu gets new mayor, deputy mayor | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Jammu City".
  6. ↑ Akhtar, Rais (2009). Regional Planning for Health Care System in Jammu and Kashmir. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 9788180696275.
  7. ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  8. ↑ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  9. ↑ Pathak, Analiza (2 September 2020). "Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill". Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kashmir, India Superintendent of Census Operations, Jammu and; Kamili, M. H. (1966). "District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Jammu" – via Google Books.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India (16 March 2017). "Village/Locality based Pin mapping as on 16th March 2017". data.gov.in. Retrieved 4 October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan". Daily Excelsior. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  14. ↑ Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State 1980, p. 9.
  15. ↑ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jammu, India". www.fallingrain.com.
  16. ↑ Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State 1980, pp. 9–10.
  17. ↑ Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals 1998, p. 6.
  18. ↑ Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994, p. 184.
  19. ↑ Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals 1998, pp. 6–7.
  20. ↑ Jigar Mohammad, Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies 2010, pp. 40–42.
  21. ↑ Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture 1998, p. 187.
  22. ↑ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10.
  23. ↑ Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004, pp. 94–95.
  24. ↑ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10–12.
  25. ↑ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 15–16.
  26. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 49 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
  27. ↑ Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935), General Hari Singh Nalwa, Lahore: Cunningham Historical Society
  28. ↑ "Station: Jammu Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 353–354. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  29. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  30. ↑ "42056: Jammu (India)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  31. ↑ "Scheme for voting by postal ballot by a person holding any office under the Govt. and verified to be moving along with the headquarters of the Govt. from Kashmir Province to Jammu Province or vice-versa" (PDF). Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2008. ...the State Govt. functions for six months (November to April) in the winter capital Jammu after which it moves to the summer capital Srinagar...
  32. ↑ "History of Jammu Municipal Corporation". Official website of Jammu Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  33. ↑ "Jammu City Population". Census India. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  34. ↑ "Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 | Jammu and Kashmir". www.census2011.co.in.
  35. ↑ "Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics". Census of India. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  36. ↑ "Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". City Population. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  37. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 May 2023.
  38. ↑ Wreford, R.G. "Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). 1941 Census of India. pp. 102, 103.
  39. ↑ Ved Bhasin (17 November 2015). "Jammu 1947". Kashmir Life. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  40. ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, p. 182, 183.
  41. ↑ Singh, Amritjit; Iyer, Nalini; Gairola, Rahul K. (15 June 2016). Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics. Lexington Books. p. 149. ISBN 9781498531054.
  42. ↑ Kamili, H.M. "Jammu and Kashmir, District Census Handbook, 7, Jammu District" (PDF). 1961 Census of India. Jammu and Kashmir Government. p. 42.
  43. ↑ Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012, p. 30.
  44. ↑ Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012, pp. 3, 31.
  45. ↑ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015, p. 481: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."
  46. ↑ Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government, Printed at the Ranbir Government Press, 1951, p. 90
  47. ↑ "Jammu Pincode". citypincode.in. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  48. ↑ Sharma, Arjun (16 August 2018). "As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights". Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  49. ↑ Sharma, Shivani. "Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits". Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  50. ↑ Excelsior, Daily (11 January 2017). "Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb"". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  51. ↑ Jain, Sandhya (15 May 2018). "Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu". The Pioneer. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  52. ↑ IANS (19 February 2019). "Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta". Business Standard India. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  53. ↑ Sharma, Arteev (6 February 2019). "'Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies". After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.
  54. ↑ Yhome, K. "Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis". Retrieved 21 March 2019. In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.
  55. ↑ Jain, Bharti; Dua, Rohan (11 February 2018). "Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Template:Jammu district

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