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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Hinduism:
The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Hinduism:
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'''[[Hinduism]]''' &ndash; predominant and indigenous [[religion|religious tradition]] of the [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref name = trad>Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition" etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Gavin Flood (2003), pp. 1-17. [[René Guénon]] in his'' [[Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines]]'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, proposes a definition of the term "religion" and a discussion of its relevance (or lack of) to Hindu doctrines (part II, chapter 4, p. 58).</ref> Its followers are called [[Hindus]], who refer to it as ''{{IAST|Sanātana Dharma}}''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC&pg=PA307&dq=Sanatana+Dharma&hl=en&ei=lqsUTt2FMsLsrAfS98SHBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQuwUwAzgK#v=snippet&q=%22is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20frequently%20used%22&f=false A Historical-developmental study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], Rajendra Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Concept Publishing Company, 2009, {{ISBN|81-8069-595-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8069-595-7}}</ref> ({{Lang-sa|सनातनधर्मः|lit=the eternal law that sustains/upholds/surely preserves}}),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=giPbYfAxP7wC&pg=PA6&dq=Sanatana+Dharma&hl=en&ei=UcgATsiLOMTHrQey0oWcDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=%22that%20which%20sustains%22&f=false Hinduism that is Sanatana Dharma], R. S. Nathan, Chinmaya Mission, 1989, {{ISBN|81-7597-065-0}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7597-065-6}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&pg=PA272&dq=what+makes+%22being+what+it+is%22+Hindu&hl=en&ei=x1EDTuGiDsq4rAfwpLSLDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=5&ved=0CEkQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=%22sustains%20or%20preserves%22&f=false A conceptual-analytic study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Rajendra+Prasad%22&hl=en&ei=FlcDTrjWOojrrQegxaDtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=%22RAJENDRA%20PRASAD%2C%20formerly%20senior%20professor%20of%22&f=false Rajendra Prasad, from preface of the book], Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and Yoga, Concept Publishing Company, 2008, {{ISBN|81-8069-544-1}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8069-544-5}}</ref> amongst many other expressions.<ref name = san>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000;</ref><ref>The term "Dharma" connotes much more than simply "law". It is not only the doctrine of religious and moral rights, but also the set of religious duties, social order, right conduct and virtuous things and deeds. As such Dharma is the Code of Ethics.[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dharma] The modern use of the term can be traced to late 19th century [[Hindu reform movements]] (J. Zavos, ''Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India'', Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109-123; see also R. D. Baird, "[[Swami Bhaktivedant]]a and the Encounter with Religions", ''Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism'', edited by [[Harold Coward]], State University of New York Press, 1987); less literally also rendered "eternal way" (so {{Citation |author=Harvey, Andrew |title=Teachings of the Hindu Mystics |publisher=Shambhala |location=Boulder |year=2001 |pages=xiii |isbn=1-57062-449-6 |no-pp=true}}). See also [[René Guénon]], ''Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, part III, chapter 5 "The Law of Manu", p. 146. On the meaning of the word "Dharma", see also [[René Guénon]], ''Studies in Hinduism'', Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|978-0-900588-69-3}}, chapter 5, p. 45</ref> Hinduism has no single founder, and is formed of diverse traditions,<ref>{{Harvnb|Osborne|2005|p=9}}</ref> including a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on the notion of karma, dharma, and societal norms. Among its direct roots is the  [[historical Vedic religion]] of [[Iron Age India]] and, as such, Hinduism is often called the "[[oldest religion|oldest living religion]]"<ref>D. S. Sarma, Kenneth W. Morgan, ''The Religion of the Hindus'', 1953</ref> or the "oldest living major religion" in the world.<ref name = webster>{{Citation | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia| publisher = Merriam-Webster | year = 2000 | page = 751}}</ref><ref>in the world.{{Citation |author=Laderman, Gary |title=Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |year=2003 |pages=119|isbn=1-57607-238-X |quote=world's oldest living civilization and religion}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Turner, Jeffrey S.|title=Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/359 359]|isbn=0-313-29576-X|quote=It is also recognized as the oldest major religion in the world|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/359}}</ref><ref name="Klostermaier 1994 p=1">{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|1994|p=1}}</ref>
'''[[Hinduism]]''' &ndash; predominant and indigenous [[religion|religious tradition]] of the [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref name = trad>Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition" etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Gavin Flood (2003), pp. 1-17. [[René Guénon]] in his'' [[Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines]]'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, proposes a definition of the term "religion" and a discussion of its relevance (or lack of) to Hindu doctrines (part II, chapter 4, p. 58).</ref> Its followers are called [[Hindus]], who refer to it as ''{{IAST|Sanātana Dharma}}''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtxVmUr1ygC&pg=PA307&dq=Sanatana+Dharma&hl=en&ei=lqsUTt2FMsLsrAfS98SHBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQuwUwAzgK#v=snippet&q=%22is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20frequently%20used%22&f=false A Historical-developmental study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], Rajendra Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Concept Publishing Company, 2009, {{ISBN|81-8069-595-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8069-595-7}}</ref> ({{Lang-sa|सनातनधर्मः|lit=the eternal law that sustains/upholds/surely preserves}}),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=giPbYfAxP7wC&pg=PA6&dq=Sanatana+Dharma&hl=en&ei=UcgATsiLOMTHrQey0oWcDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=5&ved=0CEEQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=%22that%20which%20sustains%22&f=false Hinduism that is Sanatana Dharma], R. S. Nathan, Chinmaya Mission, 1989, {{ISBN|81-7597-065-0}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7597-065-6}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&pg=PA272&dq=what+makes+%22being+what+it+is%22+Hindu&hl=en&ei=x1EDTuGiDsq4rAfwpLSLDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=5&ved=0CEkQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=%22sustains%20or%20preserves%22&f=false A conceptual-analytic study of classical Indian philosophy of morals], [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Rajendra+Prasad%22&hl=en&ei=FlcDTrjWOojrrQegxaDtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=%22RAJENDRA%20PRASAD%2C%20formerly%20senior%20professor%20of%22&f=false Rajendra Prasad, from preface of the book], Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and Yoga, Concept Publishing Company, 2008, {{ISBN|81-8069-544-1}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8069-544-5}}</ref> amongst many other expressions.<ref name = san>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000;</ref><ref>The term "Dharma" connotes much more than simply "law". It is not only the doctrine of religious and moral rights, but also the set of religious duties, social order, right conduct and virtuous things and deeds. As such Dharma is the Code of Ethics.[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Dharma] The modern use of the term can be traced to late 19th century [[Hindu reform movements]] (J. Zavos, ''Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India'', Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109-123; see also R. D. Baird, "[[Swami Bhaktivedant]]a and the Encounter with Religions", ''Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism'', edited by [[Harold Coward]], State University of New York Press, 1987); less literally also rendered "eternal way" (so {{Citation |author=Harvey, Andrew |title=Teachings of the Hindu Mystics |publisher=Shambhala |location=Boulder |year=2001 |pages=xiii |isbn=1-57062-449-6 |no-pp=true}}). See also [[René Guénon]], ''Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines'' (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|0-900588-74-8}}, part III, chapter 5 "The Law of Manu", p. 146. On the meaning of the word "Dharma", see also [[René Guénon]], ''Studies in Hinduism'', Sophia Perennis, {{ISBN|978-0-900588-69-3}}, chapter 5, p. 45</ref> Hinduism has no single founder, and is formed of diverse traditions,<ref>{{Harvnb|Osborne|2005|p=9}}</ref> including a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on the notion of karma, dharma, and societal norms. Among its direct roots is the  [[historical Vedic religion]] of [[Iron Age India]] and, as such, Hinduism is often called the "[[oldest religion|oldest living religion]]"<ref>D. S. Sarma, Kenneth W. Morgan, ''The Religion of the Hindus'', 1953</ref> or the "oldest living major religion" in the world.<ref name = webster>{{Citation | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia| publisher = Merriam-Webster | year = 2000 | page = 751}}</ref><ref>in the world.{{Citation |author=Laderman, Gary |title=Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif |year=2003 |pages=119|isbn=1-57607-238-X |quote=world's oldest living civilization and religion}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Turner, Jeffrey S.|title=Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/359 359]|isbn=0-313-29576-X|quote=It is also recognized as the oldest major religion in the world|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/359}}</ref><ref name="Klostermaier 1994 p=1">{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|1994|p=1}}</ref>


{{For|timeline|Timeline of Hinduism}}{{TOC limit}}
{{TOC limit}}


== General reference ==
== General reference ==
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** [[Munitraya Sampradayam|Munitraya]]
** [[Munitraya Sampradayam|Munitraya]]
* [[Krishnaism]]
* [[Krishnaism]]
* [[Jagannath|Jagannathism]]
* [[Jagannath]]ism
* [[Warkari]]
* [[Warkari]]
* [[Mahanubhava]]
* [[Mahanubhava]]
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** [[Aegle marmelos#Religious significance|Bilva]]
** [[Aegle marmelos#Religious significance|Bilva]]
** [[Maha Shivaratri]]
** [[Maha Shivaratri]]
** [[Yamas]]-[[Niyama|Niyamas]]
** [[Yamas]]-[[Niyama]]s
** [[Guru]]-[[Lingam|Linga]]-[[Jangam]]
** [[Guru]]-[[Lingam|Linga]]-[[Jangam]]
* Philosphies and Schools
* Philosphies and Schools
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**** [[Inchegeri Sampradaya|Inchegeri]]
**** [[Inchegeri Sampradaya|Inchegeri]]
*** [[Veerashaiva]]/[[Lingayatism]]
*** [[Veerashaiva]]/[[Lingayatism]]
*** [[Siddhar|Siddharism]]
*** [[Siddhar]]ism
*** [[Śrauta|Sroutaism]]
*** [[Śrauta|Sroutaism]]
*** [[Aghori]]
*** [[Aghori]]
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* [[American Meditation Institute]]
* [[American Meditation Institute]]
* [[Ananda movement|Ananda]] ([[Ananda Yoga]])
* [[Ananda movement|Ananda]] ([[Ananda Yoga]])
* [[Swami Paramananda#In%20the%20West.%20Ananda%20Ashrama|Ananda Ashrama]]
* [[Swami Paramananda#In the West. Ananda Ashrama|Ananda Ashrama]]
* [[Ananda Marga]]
* [[Ananda Marga]]
* [[Art of Living Foundation]]
* [[Art of Living Foundation]]
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** [[Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad]]
** [[Akhil Bharatiya Adhivakta Parishad]]
** [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]]
** [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]]
** [[Nanaji Deshmukh#Deendayal%20Research%20Institute%20(DRI)|Deen Dayal Shodh Sansthan]]
** [[Nanaji Deshmukh#Deendayal Research Institute (DRI)|Deen Dayal Shodh Sansthan]]
** [[Bharat Vikas Parishad]]
** [[Bharat Vikas Parishad]]
** [[Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam (SASS)|Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam]]
** [[Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam (SASS)|Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam]]
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* [[Sri Chinmoy]] Centres
* [[Sri Chinmoy]] Centres
* [[Sri Ramana Ashram]]
* [[Sri Ramana Ashram]]
* [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon#Sri%20Sri%20Radha%20Govindaji%20Trust|Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust]]
* [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon#Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust|Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust]]
* [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
* [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
* [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale|Swadhyay Parivar]]
* [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale|Swadhyay Parivar]]

Latest revision as of 09:13, 11 December 2022

Part of a series on
Hinduism
Origins
Main traditions
Deities
Trimurti
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Other major Devas / Devis
Concepts
Worldview
Supreme Reality
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Life
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Liberation
Ethics
Liberation
Practices
Worship
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Festivals
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Six Astika schools
Other schools
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Medieval
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Upanishads
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Puranas
Itihasas
Upavedas
Shastras and Sutras
Text classification
Society
Other topics
For glossary of terms, see Glossary of Hinduism terms. For timeline, see Timeline of Hinduism.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Hinduism:

Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent.[1] Its followers are called Hindus, who refer to it as Sanātana Dharma[2] (Sanskrit: सनातनधर्मः, lit. 'the eternal law that sustains/upholds/surely preserves'),[3][4] amongst many other expressions.[5][6] Hinduism has no single founder, and is formed of diverse traditions,[7] including a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on the notion of karma, dharma, and societal norms. Among its direct roots is the historical Vedic religion of Iron Age India and, as such, Hinduism is often called the "oldest living religion"[8] or the "oldest living major religion" in the world.[9][10][11][12]

General reference[edit | edit source]

History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Hinduism

Prehistoric[edit | edit source]

Vedic history[edit | edit source]

Main article: Vedic period

Denomination[edit | edit source]

Main article: Hindu denominations

Vaishnavism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Vaishnavism
Part of a series on
Vaishnavism
Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet.
Supreme deity
Vishnu / Krishna / Rama
Important deities
Dashavatara
Other Avatars
Consorts
Related
Holy scriptures
Puranas
Sampradayas
Teachers–acharyas
Related traditions
 Hinduism portal

Shaivism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Shaivism
Part of a series on
Shaivism
Deities
Paramashiva
(Supreme being)
Shiva
Shakti
Scriptures and texts
Philosophy
Three Components
Three bondages
Practices
Schools
Adi Margam
Mantra Margam

Saiddhantika

Non - Saiddhantika

Others
Scholars
Related
 Hinduism portal

Three bondages

Newer movements[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Hindu reform movements and Neo-Vedanta
Further information: Contemporary Sant Mat movements

Practices[edit | edit source]

Festivals[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Hindu festivals

Philosophy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Hindu philosophy

Template:Vaishnava philosophy

Politics[edit | edit source]

Hindu groups and political parties[edit | edit source]

Further information: List of Hindu nationalist political parties and Hindu organisations

Organisations[edit | edit source]

Hindu texts[edit | edit source]

Part of a series on
Hindu scriptures and texts
Vedas

Divisions

Upanishads
Rig vedic

Sama vedic

Yajur vedic

Atharva vedic

Other scriptures
Related Hindu texts
Vedangas
Puranas
Brahma puranas

Vaishnava puranas

Shaiva puranas

Itihasa
Shastras and Sutras
Timeline
Main article: List of Hindu texts
For timeline of texts, see Timeline of Hindu texts.
Further information: Hindu texts

Vedas[edit | edit source]

Main article: Vedas

Upanishads[edit | edit source]

Main article: Upanishads

108 Upanishads[edit | edit source]

Rig Vedic[edit | edit source]

Sama Vedic[edit | edit source]

Yajur Vedic[edit | edit source]

Atharava Vedic[edit | edit source]

Vedangas[edit | edit source]

Main article: Vedanga

Puranas[edit | edit source]

Main article: Puranas

Brahma Puranas[edit | edit source]

Vaishnava Puranas[edit | edit source]

Shaiva Puranas[edit | edit source]

Shastras and Sutras[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Shastra and Sutra

Literary texts[edit | edit source]

Hindu people[edit | edit source]

Freedom fighters[edit | edit source]

Social leaders[edit | edit source]

Politicians[edit | edit source]

Other terms and concepts[edit | edit source]

Inter-religious[edit | edit source]

Main article: Hinduism and other religions

Template:Hinduism and other religions

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Dowson, John (1888). A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature. Trubner & Co., London.
  • Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1994). A Survey of Hinduism: First Edition. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-807-2.
  • Osborne, E (2005). Accessing R.E. Founders & Leaders, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism Teacher's Book Mainstream. Folens Limited.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition" etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Gavin Flood (2003), pp. 1-17. René Guénon in his Introduction to the Study of the Hindu doctrines (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, ISBN 0-900588-74-8, proposes a definition of the term "religion" and a discussion of its relevance (or lack of) to Hindu doctrines (part II, chapter 4, p. 58).
  2. ↑ A Historical-developmental study of classical Indian philosophy of morals, Rajendra Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Concept Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 81-8069-595-6, ISBN 978-81-8069-595-7
  3. ↑ Hinduism that is Sanatana Dharma, R. S. Nathan, Chinmaya Mission, 1989, ISBN 81-7597-065-0, ISBN 978-81-7597-065-6
  4. ↑ A conceptual-analytic study of classical Indian philosophy of morals, Rajendra Prasad, from preface of the book, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India), Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and Yoga, Concept Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 81-8069-544-1, ISBN 978-81-8069-544-5
  5. ↑ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000;
  6. ↑ The term "Dharma" connotes much more than simply "law". It is not only the doctrine of religious and moral rights, but also the set of religious duties, social order, right conduct and virtuous things and deeds. As such Dharma is the Code of Ethics.[1] The modern use of the term can be traced to late 19th century Hindu reform movements (J. Zavos, Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India, Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109-123; see also R. D. Baird, "Swami Bhaktivedanta and the Encounter with Religions", Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism, edited by Harold Coward, State University of New York Press, 1987); less literally also rendered "eternal way" (so Harvey, Andrew (2001), Teachings of the Hindu Mystics, Boulder: Shambhala, xiii, ISBN 1-57062-449-6). See also René Guénon, Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines (1921 ed.), Sophia Perennis, ISBN 0-900588-74-8, part III, chapter 5 "The Law of Manu", p. 146. On the meaning of the word "Dharma", see also René Guénon, Studies in Hinduism, Sophia Perennis, ISBN 978-0-900588-69-3, chapter 5, p. 45
  7. ↑ Osborne 2005, p. 9
  8. ↑ D. S. Sarma, Kenneth W. Morgan, The Religion of the Hindus, 1953
  9. ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia, Merriam-Webster, 2000, p. 751
  10. ↑ in the world.Laderman, Gary (2003), Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions, Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, p. 119, ISBN 1-57607-238-X, world's oldest living civilization and religion
  11. ↑ Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996), Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, pp. 359, ISBN 0-313-29576-X, It is also recognized as the oldest major religion in the world
  12. ↑ Klostermaier 1994, p. 1

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