Hindu American Foundation

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Hindu American Foundation
File:HAF Logo 2019 color.svg
AbbreviationHAF
FormationSeptember 22, 2003; 22 years ago (2003-09-22)
FoundersSanjay Garg, Nikhil Joshi, Mihir Meghani, Nagendra Rao, Aseem Shukla
68-0551525[1]
Legal status501(c)(3) non-profit
PurposeHindu advocacy, civil rights advocacy, religious freedom, and public education
Headquarters910 17th St NW Washington, D.C.[citation needed]
Region served
United States
Executive Director
Suhag Shukla
Websitewww.hinduamerican.org

The Hindu American Foundation (abbr. HAF) is an American non-profit Hindu advocacy organization founded in 2003. The organization states that its mission is to promote dignity, mutual respect, pluralism, civil rights, and religious freedom for Hindu Americans while increasing public understanding of Hindu traditions and concerns.[2][3]

The organization has engaged in advocacy relating to religious freedom, hate-crime reporting, educational curricula, yoga, caste-discrimination policy, and the treatment of Hindu communities in South Asia.[4][5]

HAF has been described by several scholars, journalists, and advocacy organizations as aligned with or influenced by the ideology of Hindutva and as part of wider Hindu nationalist networks in the United States.[6][7][8] HAF disputes those characterizations and describes itself as an independent, non-partisan advocacy organization representing Hindu Americans.[9]

Establishment[edit | edit source]

The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) was founded in September 2003 by Mihir Meghani, an emergency care physician; Aseem Shukla, an associate professor in urologic surgery; his wife, Suhag Shukla, an attorney; Nikhil Joshi, a labor law attorney; and his wife, Adeeti Joshi, a speech therapist.[10]

Describing itself as a human-rights and advocacy group, the organization emphasized the Hindu and American ideals of understanding, tolerance, and pluralism.[3] Vinay Lal, a professor of South Asian history at the University of California, Los Angeles, noted that the organization appeared to have benefited from the goodwill associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the West.[11]

Previously, Meghani had founded the University of Michigan chapter of the Hindu Students Council (HSC), a nationwide network affiliated with the Vishwa Hindu Parishad America (VHPA).[12] He later served on the governing council of VHPA and authored an essay that attracted scholarly attention because of its discussion of Hindutva and Indian politics.[13][12][14]

Some scholars and advocacy organizations have argued that HAF emerged from networks associated with the broader Sangh Parivar and sought to frame Hindu concerns through the language of civil rights and multiculturalism in the United States.[15][5] HAF has rejected those characterizations and has maintained that it is an independent organization focused on advocacy for Hindu Americans.[5]

Activism[edit | edit source]

The HAF was the first American Hindu advocacy organization to develop a professional organizational structure with full-time staff and is widely regarded as one of the most prominent organizations in the Hindu advocacy field.[4][5]

The organization has collaborated with a variety of advocacy groups and religious organizations and has participated in public-policy discussions concerning religious freedom, civil rights, education, and minority rights.[16]

Highlighting Hindu persecution[edit | edit source]

During 2004–05, the organization held events to educate legislators about issues affecting Hindu Americans, including the treatment of Hindus in Kashmir, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.[14] Since then, it has continued to publish reports and advocacy materials concerning the status of Hindu communities worldwide.[5]

The HAF has advocated for greater attention to the treatment of Hindu minorities in South Asia and has supported efforts aimed at improving conditions for refugees and displaced persons from those communities.[17]

The organization has also advocated closer strategic cooperation among India, Israel, and the United States in addressing terrorism and regional security concerns.[18]

Advocacy for Hindu rights in the United States[edit | edit source]

In 2004, HAF challenged the public display of the Ten Commandments in Texas, appearing as amicus curiae in Van Orden v. Perry before the United States Supreme Court. The organization argued that the display represented government preference for particular religious traditions and was inconsistent with principles of religious neutrality.[19][20]

In 2008, HAF joined a coalition of religious groups in litigation challenging Christian-themed license plates in South Carolina.[21][22]

In 2015, as part of the Hate Crimes Coalition, HAF participated in efforts to encourage improved federal tracking of hate crimes directed at Hindus and other religious minorities.[23]

Some scholars have questioned HAF's characterization of trends in anti-Hindu hate crimes in the United States, arguing that available data do not necessarily support claims of a significant increase in such incidents.[24]

In 2016, HAF joined other organizations in supporting the issuance of a United States Postal Service commemorative stamp recognizing the festival of Diwali.[25]

Pro-India advocacy[edit | edit source]

HAF has participated in public-policy debates concerning India and South Asia and has frequently advocated stronger relations between India and the United States.

In 2005, when members of Congress introduced a resolution criticizing Narendra Modi in connection with the 2002 Gujarat riots, HAF opposed the measure. The organization argued that the resolution unfairly focused on India while overlooking religious persecution and extremism elsewhere in South Asia.[26][5]

In 2013, HAF similarly opposed congressional legislation that criticized India's anti-conversion laws and called for additional scrutiny of religious-freedom conditions in India. The organization argued that the legislation selectively targeted Hindu-majority India while minimizing the impact of terrorism and political violence.[5]

Critics of HAF have argued that these efforts contributed to defending or promoting policies associated with Hindu nationalism in India, while supporters describe them as advocacy on behalf of Indian and Hindu-American interests.[27]

In 2016, HAF organized legislative briefings concerning Pakistan's support for militancy in Kashmir and broader regional security issues.[5]

Following the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status in 2019, HAF published materials emphasizing potential benefits of the policy, including equal legal protections and expanded economic opportunities.[24]

Critics disputed those assessments and argued that the organization downplayed concerns regarding civil liberties and political rights in the region.[24]

Anti-conversion laws and religious freedom[edit | edit source]

HAF has been a vocal defender of anti-conversion laws enacted by several Indian states, arguing that such legislation protects vulnerable populations from being induced into changing religion through material incentives, fraud, or coercion.[28]

The organization maintains that freedom of religion includes protection against coercive conversion efforts and has argued that anti-conversion laws can be consistent with religious liberty when applied fairly.[28]

Critics, including human-rights organizations and religious-freedom advocates, have argued that such laws have often been used disproportionately against Christians and Muslims and have contributed to discrimination against religious minorities.[29]

Some journalists and advocacy groups have further criticized HAF's position, arguing that the organization has focused more heavily on conversions away from Hinduism than on campaigns encouraging conversion to Hinduism.[30]

In 2013, HAF opposed House Resolution 417, which called attention to religious violence in India and criticized anti-conversion laws in several Indian states.[31]

HAF argued that the resolution selectively targeted Hindu-majority India and failed to adequately address religious extremism and violence elsewhere in South Asia. Critics contended that the organization's lobbying efforts contributed to opposition against measures intended to address religious-freedom concerns in India.[31][32]

Take Back Yoga campaign[edit | edit source]

In 2010, HAF launched the Take Back Yoga campaign, arguing that contemporary presentations of yoga often overlooked or minimized the tradition's historical and philosophical roots in Hinduism.[33][34][35]

The campaign encouraged greater public awareness of yoga's historical development within Hindu traditions and criticized what HAF viewed as the commercialization and secularization of yoga in popular culture.[35]

Supporters viewed the initiative as an effort to educate the public about the origins of yoga and acknowledge Hindu contributions to global culture.

Several scholars disagreed with aspects of the campaign's interpretation of yoga's history. They argued that yoga evolved through complex interactions among multiple religious and philosophical traditions and cautioned against presenting it as the exclusive product of any single tradition.[35][36]

Caste[edit | edit source]

HAF has frequently addressed questions concerning caste and caste discrimination in both South Asia and the diaspora.

In 2010, the organization published a report titled Hinduism: Not Cast in Caste, which argued that caste discrimination should be opposed while also maintaining that caste is not an intrinsic or defining component of Hindu theology.[5]

The report called for reform efforts led by Hindus themselves and argued that caste discrimination should not be treated as an essential feature of Hindu identity.[5]

Over time, HAF has continued to oppose caste discrimination while also objecting to portrayals that, in its view, equate Hinduism with caste hierarchy.[37]

Critics, including scholars and anti-caste activists, have argued that caste remains a significant social reality both in South Asia and among diaspora communities and that efforts to minimize its role may hinder attempts to address discrimination.[38][39]

SB403[edit | edit source]

In 2023, HAF became one of the most prominent opponents of California Senate Bill 403, which sought to explicitly add caste to anti-discrimination protections under California law.[40]

Supporters of the legislation argued that explicit protections were necessary because caste discrimination existed within diaspora communities and was not adequately addressed under existing law.[41]

HAF opposed the bill, arguing that caste discrimination was already prohibited under existing anti-discrimination laws and that the proposal risked unfairly targeting Hindu and South Asian communities by reinforcing stereotypes linking caste exclusively to Hinduism.[42]

After the bill passed the California Legislature, Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed it, stating that existing civil-rights protections already covered caste discrimination.[41]

Supporters of SB403 criticized the veto and continued advocating for explicit caste protections. HAF welcomed the decision and argued that it preserved equal treatment under existing law while avoiding unnecessary religious profiling.

The debate became one of the most prominent public discussions concerning caste, religion, civil rights, and identity within the South Asian American community.[43]

Academic controversies and criticism[edit | edit source]

Several scholars and commentators have criticized HAF's interventions in academic and educational debates, while the organization has argued that its efforts seek to challenge what it regards as inaccurate or biased portrayals of Hindu traditions and Hindu communities.[7]

California textbook controversies[edit | edit source]

Main articles: California textbook controversy over Hindu history and 2016–17 California textbook controversy over South Asian topics

In March 2006, HAF filed a lawsuit challenging California's Curriculum Commission after it rejected most of the textbook revisions proposed by the Vedic Foundation and Hindu Education Foundation.[44]

Supporters of the proposed changes argued that existing textbooks contained inaccuracies and negative portrayals of Hindu traditions and Indian civilization. They also contended that some descriptions of caste, gender, and ancient Indian history unfairly stigmatized Hindu students.[44]

Numerous historians, Indologists, and South Asia scholars opposed the revisions, arguing that several proposed changes conflicted with established academic scholarship regarding caste, gender, and the history of ancient India.[45][46]

The court ultimately ruled against HAF and retained the textbooks.[47]

In 2016, HAF opposed proposals to replace the term "Indian" with "South Asian" in portions of California's middle-school curriculum. The organization argued that the changes diminished India's historical and cultural identity.[48]

Opponents argued that the broader terminology more accurately reflected regional history and diversity and accused supporters of the revisions of attempting to minimize discussion of caste and other controversial historical topics.[49]

Wendy Doniger controversy[edit | edit source]

In 2010, HAF publicly criticized the selection of Wendy Doniger's The Hindus: An Alternative History for recognition by the National Book Critics Circle.[50]

HAF argued that the book contained factual inaccuracies and interpretations that many Hindus found offensive. The organization criticized what it viewed as sensationalized portrayals of Hindu traditions and deities.[50]

Supporters of Doniger defended her scholarship and argued that criticism of controversial interpretations should not be used to restrict academic freedom or scholarly inquiry.[50]

Defamation lawsuit[edit | edit source]

In May 2021, HAF filed a defamation lawsuit against several activists, scholars, and advocacy organizations who had publicly characterized the organization as linked to Hindu nationalist movements.[51][52]

HAF argued that statements alleging ties to Hindu supremacist organizations were false and defamatory.[51]

A number of academics and public intellectuals criticized the lawsuit, arguing that it could have a chilling effect on public debate and scholarship concerning Hindu nationalism and diaspora politics.[53]

The lawsuit was dismissed in December 2022.[51]

Opposition to Dismantling Global Hindutva conference[edit | edit source]

In 2021, HAF opposed the virtual academic conference Dismantling Global Hindutva: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, organized by scholars affiliated with numerous universities.[54]

HAF argued that the conference promoted one-sided portrayals of Hinduism and included speakers who had previously made statements that many Hindus considered offensive or prejudicial.[24]

Conference organizers and participating scholars rejected those claims and maintained that the conference examined Hindutva as a political ideology rather than Hinduism as a religion.[55]

Several academic organizations subsequently issued statements supporting academic freedom and condemning threats directed at conference participants.[56]

Following the conference, HAF filed a complaint with the Department of Education concerning the University of Pennsylvania's involvement, arguing that Hindu students and scholars had been subjected to discriminatory treatment.[57]

Multiple faculty members disagreed with HAF's position and argued that criticism of Hindutva should not be conflated with criticism of Hinduism.[57][58]

Funding Controversies[edit | edit source]

The HAF's funding sources have drawn scrutiny in this context. In April 2021, Al Jazeera reported that the HAF was one of five U.S.-based organizations linked to Sangh Parivar networks that had together received approximately $833,000 in federal Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans and Economic Injury Disaster Loan Advances during the COVID-19 pandemic; the HAF received the largest individual share, around $378,064 in PPP funds and an additional $10,000 in EIDL Advance.[59] The reporting placed the HAF alongside Sewa International, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America, the Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation, and Rajiv Malhotra's Infinity Foundation, entities described in the article as having documented links to organizations that have been associated in India with violence against Christian, Muslim and Dalit communities.[59] The HAF rejected this characterization and subsequently filed the defamation action.

Tax filings reviewed by Frontline and other outlets indicate substantial donor overlap between the HAF and U.S. foundations that fund Sangh-affiliated groups in India. The Bhutada Family Foundation, whose principal Ramesh Bhutada has served as a national vice-president of the Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (the U.S. arm of the RSS), donated $362,242 to the HAF between 2005 and 2018 while contributing more than $1 million during the same period to Sangh-affiliated organizations including Sewa International, Ekal Vidyalaya, the HSS and the VHPA, according to publicly filed IRS Form 990 records.[13] Several of these recipient organizations, particularly Ekal Vidyalaya, which operates schools in Indian tribal areas, have been documented by scholars and journalists as participating in ghar wapasi and "Hinduization" programmes among Adivasi and tribal communities, including in regions where Christian populations have subsequently come under attack.[60][31]

The HAF has also lobbied against United States legislative measures that drew attention to anti-Christian violence in India. In addition to its 2013 campaign against H.Res. 417, the HAF opposed the 2019 resolution introduced by Representative Pramila Jayapal urging India to lift its Kashmir communications blackout and end mass detentions, and has issued statements criticising the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom for placing India on its Country of Particular Concern recommendation list which was a designation USCIRF has based in part on documented violence against Christians, including the destruction of churches during the 2023 Manipur violence.[32][61][62] Writing in Harper's Magazine, Andrew Cockburn observed that the HAF's pattern of advocacy has functioned to insulate the Indian government from sustained Congressional engagement on its religious-freedom record, even as the conflict in Manipur produced documented attacks on Kuki-Zo Christians and the destruction of more than three hundred churches.[32][63]

Reception[edit | edit source]

Scholarly consensus is that the HAF purveys a politics embedded in Hindutva. Sailaja Krishnamurti, a professor at Saint Mary's University (Halifax) who specializes in religious traditions of the South Asian diaspora, summarized that the HAF has "earned a reputation" of being a conservative group purveying Hindu nationalist politics.[6][64] Ilyse Morgenstein Fuerst, a historian specializing in South Asian religions at the University of Vermont, qualified the HAF as a "deeply conservative" outfit.[65] Sangay K. Mishra, an assistant professor of political science at Drew University, argued that the HAF had remolded Hindutva-leaning politics into the language of "Hindu rights" to be palatable in the American mainstream.[8] Truschke finds the HAF to be an integral component of the "wider Sangh Parivar" and Hindu right in the United States.[7]

Sundaram found among the group's aims to sanitize the exclusionary nature of Hindutva, in part by borrowing from decolonial vocabulary, misleadingly portraying terms like "Hindutva", "Brahminism", etc. as oriental pejoratives.[66] Chad Bauman, a professor of religion at Butler University, contended the HAF's portrayal of Hinduism to be misleadingly monolithic and in service of a political agenda.[67] Nishant Upadhyay, a professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, specializing in gender and sexuality studies found the group's queer-friendly portrayal of Hinduism to be embedded within a discourse of Hindutva homonationalism.[68]

The BBC has noted that the HAF has lobbied support in favor of Narendra Modi, the incumbent Prime Minister of India, amongst the diaspora.[69][70] Georgetown University's Bridge Initiative found the HAF board member Rishi Bhutada to have also served as the official spokesperson of "Howdy Modi", a Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)-backed rally in support of India's incumbent prime minister Narendra Modi held in Houston, Texas in 2020.[69] They — as well as several journalists — documented numerous anti-Muslim statements made by the HAF board members, past and present.[13][69][71] Academics and journalists have also investigated money trails linking the HAF to other Sangh Parivar groups via their donors.[13]

Response[edit | edit source]

The HAF denies these charges, claims to be non-partisan, and has unsuccessfully filed defamation suits against a wide range of organizations and individuals that alleged its links to Hindutva.[52][72] However, Arun Chaudhuri, an anthropologist of religion and politics at York University, cautions that such disavowals should not be taken at face value but rather as efforts at distancing the HAF from the overtly negative connotations of Hindu nationalism. Sonia Sikka, an academic specializing in the intersection of religion and politics, also rejects the HAF's claims of non-partisanship.[73]

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Hindu American Foundation Guidestar Profile". Guidestar. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  2. ↑ Melwani, Lavina (April 2009). "Meet the Young Hindu American Foundation". Hinduism Today.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Prema Kurien 2007, p. 159.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Hindu Group Stirs a Debate Over Yoga's Soul". The New York Times. 27 November 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Prema Kurien 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sailaja Krishnamurti
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Audrey Truschke (2022), "The Hindu Right in the United States", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.1070
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mishra, Sangay K. (1 March 2016). Desis Divided : The Political Lives of South Asian Americans. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 101–103, 215. ISBN 978-0-8166-8115-0.
  9. ↑ McDermott, Mat (27 May 2021). "Letter to the Editor of India Abroad from Mihir Meghani, April 2006". Hindu American Foundation.
  10. ↑ Melwani, Lavina (April 2009). "Meet the Young Hindu American Foundation". Hinduism Today.
  11. ↑ Vinay Lal 2012, p. 123.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Prema Kurien 2007, pp. 145-146.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Raqib Hameed Naik; Divya Trivedi (16 July 2021). "Sangh Parivar's U.S. funds trail". Frontline.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Prema Kurien 2007a.
  15. ↑ Coalition Against Genocide (2013), Sec. 2
  16. ↑ Niraj Sheth (20 August 2007). "Jews, Hindus in Bay Area discover common ground". East Bay Times.
  17. ↑ Raheja, Natasha (1 September 2018). "Neither Here nor There: Pakistani Hindu Refugee Claims at the Interface of the International and South Asian Refugee Regimes". Journal of Refugee Studies. 31 (3): 334–352. doi:10.1093/jrs/fey013. ISSN 0951-6328.
  18. ↑ Vinay Lal 2012, p. 122.
  19. ↑ Prema Kurien 2007, p. 1.
  20. ↑ Vinay Lal 2012, pp. 122-123.
  21. ↑ "Lawsuit filed over 'I Believe' plates in S.C." NBC News. 19 June 2008.
  22. ↑ Jon Hood (5 November 2009). "Religious License Plate Banned in South Carolina". Consumer Affairs.
  23. ↑ Sunita Sohrabji (26 March 2015). "FBI Adds Hindus, Sikhs to New Hate Crime Tracking Manual". IndiaWest.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Essa, Azad (2023). Hostile Homelands: The New Alliance Between India and Israel. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-4505-5. JSTOR jj.168341.
  25. ↑ "Diwali stamp to be released by the United States Postal Service on 5 October". American Bazaar. 23 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "Hindu American Foundation Condemns Hinduphobic Resolution in House of Representatives". Hindu American Foundation. 24 August 2007.
  27. ↑ "Their Master's Voice In Washington". Outlook. 4 February 2022.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "State Anti-conversion Laws in India". Law Library of Congress. Retrieved 25 April 2026.
  29. ↑ "USCIRF Calls on the U.S. Government to Urge Indian Officials to Hold Perpetrators of Targeted Violence Accountable". United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. February 2026.
  30. ↑ CJ Werleman (21 October 2021). "Under the Radar: How the Hindutva Lobbying Campaign Has Extended to the US". Byline Times.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Savera (15 October 2024). HAF Way to Supremacy: How the Hindu American Foundation Rebrands Bigotry as Minority Rights (Report). Political Research Associates.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Andrew Cockburn (18 September 2024). "The Hindutva Lobby: How Hindu nationalism spreads in America". Harper's Magazine.
  33. ↑ Meera Nanda (12 February 2011). "Not as Old as You Think". OPEN Magazine.
  34. ↑ Farai Chideya (24 March 2011). "Has Yoga Strayed Too Far From Its Hindu Roots?". NPR.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Andrea Jain 2014.
  36. ↑ Christopher Patrick Miller (31 December 2020). "Christian and Hindu responses to Christian yoga practice in North America". The Routledge Handbook of Hindu–Christian Relations. Routledge Handbooks Online. pp. 280–293. doi:10.4324/9781003139843-27.
  37. ↑ Prema Kurien 2022.
  38. ↑ Rohit Chopra; Ajantha Subramaniam (11 February 2022). "Caste Discrimination Exists in the U.S., Too—But a Movement to Outlaw It Is Growing". TIME.
  39. ↑ "Not Even Indian Students in American Colleges Can Escape Caste Discrimination". VICE. 3 February 2022.
  40. ↑ Eric He (7 October 2023). "Newsom vetoes a proposed ban on caste discrimination in California". Politico.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Amy Qin (7 October 2023). "Newsom Vetoes Bill Banning Caste Discrimination". The New York Times.
  42. ↑ Hatch, Jenavieve (3 May 2023). "Republican-backed recall committee forms against Bay Area Democratic Sen. Aisha Wahab". The Sacramento Bee.
  43. ↑ "The divisive debate over California's anti-caste bill". BBC News. 9 June 2023.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Bose, Purnima (2008). "Hindutva Abroad: The California Textbook Controversy". The Global South. 2 (1): 11–34. ISSN 1932-8648.
  45. ↑ Visweswaran, Kamala; Witzel, Michael; Manjrekar, Nandini; Bhog, Dipta; Chakravarti, Uma (2009). "The Hindutva View of History: Rewriting Textbooks in India and the United States". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 10 (1): 101–112. ISSN 1526-0054.
  46. ↑ Witzel, Michael; et al. (8 November 2005). "Letter to California State Board of education" (PDF).
  47. ↑ "US text row resolved by Indian". The Times of India. 9 September 2006.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  48. ↑ Medina, Jennifer (4 May 2016). "Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on India's History". The New York Times.
  49. ↑ Medina, Jennifer (4 May 2016). "Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on India's History". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Michael Jerryson (10 April 2014). "Policing Academic Freedom: A Book, a Controversy, and the Ominous Aftermath". Religion Dispatches.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Anisha Sircar (24 May 2021). "Explained: The Hindu American Foundation's defamation case against Hindus for Human Rights founders". Scroll.in.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Mythili Sampathkumar (20 May 2021). "Hindu American Foundation files defamation suit against Hindu rights nonprofit". Religion News Service.
  53. ↑ "Over 300 Writers, Academics and Scholars Repudiate HAF's Attempt to Silence Hindus for Human Rights". Hindus for Human Rights.
  54. ↑ "Death threats sent to participants of US conference on Hindu nationalism". The Guardian. 9 September 2021.
  55. ↑ "AAS Statement on the Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference". Association for Asian Studies. 10 September 2021.
  56. ↑ "AHA Releases Statement on Threats to Academic Conferences". American Historical Association.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Tori Sousa (26 October 2021). "Penn faces federal complaint for participation in conference discussing Hindu nationalism". The Daily Pennsylvanian.
  58. ↑ Susan Snyder (17 October 2021). "A Hindu foundation has filed a complaint against University of Pennsylvania, saying an online conference perpetuated stereotypes". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Raqib Hameed Naik (2 April 2021). "Hindu right-wing groups in US got $833,000 of federal COVID fund". Al Jazeera.
  60. ↑ Aarefa Johari (2 July 2014). "New report shows how Hindutva groups operate in US, send money to India". Scroll.in.
  61. ↑ "USCIRF Calls on the U.S. Government to Urge Indian Officials to Hold Perpetrators of Targeted Violence Accountable". United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2026.
  62. ↑ "Violence Against Tribal Christians in Manipur, India". United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 22 June 2023.
  63. ↑ "Indian Christians Observe Second Anniversary of Manipur Violence". International Christian Concern. 5 May 2025.
  64. ↑ Jenkins, Laura Dudley; Teater, Kristina M (2020). "Hindu perspectives on the right to religious freedom". Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief. Taylor & Francis. pp. 102–116. doi:10.4324/9780203732625-11. ISBN 9780203732625. S2CID 228820013.
  65. ↑ Fuerst, Ilyse R. Morgenstein (28 June 2022). "Survivals: The Stakes of Religious Literacy". Method & Theory in the Study of Religion. 34 (5): 435–445. doi:10.1163/15700682-bja10078. ISSN 0943-3058. S2CID 251185536.
  66. ↑ Dheepa Sundaram 2023.
  67. ↑ Bauman & Saunders 2009.
  68. ↑ Nishant Upadhyay 2020.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Factsheet: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)". Bridge Initiative. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  70. ↑ "Why the West is reckoning with caste bias now". BBC News. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  71. ↑ Ram Vishwanathan (29 October 2020). "How the American Sangh hopes to win the 2020 US elections". The Caravan.
  72. ↑ Menon, Vandana (14 June 2022). "A mysterious new report tells you who funds Hindu nationalism in US, and with how much money". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  73. ↑ Sikka, Sonia (12 July 2022). "Indian Islamophobia as Racism". The Political Quarterly. 93 (3): 1467–923X.13152. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13152. ISSN 0032-3179. S2CID 250515835.

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