Universities and colleges of West Bengal

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
See also: List of colleges in West Bengal
Ashutosh Building of University of Calcutta at the College Street campus
Institute Main Building, IIT Kharagpur
IIM Calcutta's Auditorium
The Auditorium at IIM Calcutta
IISER Kolkata Main Entrance gate
New Academic Building, ISI Kolkata
Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata is the largest hospital in West Bengal and one of the oldest in Kolkata.
The Clock Tower, IIEST,Shibpur
Jadavpur University Central Library
St. Xavier's College

The Indian state of West Bengal is the site of India's first modern university and 33 universities are listed under the University Grants Commission (India).[1]

Background[edit]

In West Bengal the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is usually in Bengali, English. Diploma, certificate courses, advanced diploma program, post graduate course and doctoral programs are offered. Research programs offered by the universities are conducted with the aid of specialized institute.

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. Western models of education came to India through Kolkata. Many of the first schools and colleges were established by the missionaries and reformists. Sir William Jones (philologist) established the Asiatic Society in 1784 for promoting oriental studies. People like Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, asutosh mukherjee and William Carey played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The Fort William College was established in 1800. The Hindu College was established in 1817, renamed the Presidency College in 1855.[2]

William Carey established the Serampore College in the city of Serampore in 1818. It went on to become India's first modern university in 1827 when it was incorporated by a Royal Charter as a Danish University. The Sanskrit College was established in 1824. Reverend Alexander Duff of the Church of Scotland established the General Assembly's Institution in 1830 and later the Free Church Institution in 1844, which were later merged to form what is now known as the Scottish Church College, Calcutta. These institutions played a significant role in what came to be known as the Young Bengal Movement and the Bengal Renaissance. La Martiniere Calcutta was established in 1836.

The oldest medical school in Asia, the Calcutta Medical College was set up in 1835. In 1857, the University of Calcutta was established as the first full-fledged multi-disciplinary university in south Asia. It was modelled on the lines of the University of London. Today it is amongst the largest multidisciplinary universities of India and offers some of the widest number of academic disciplines for study.

John Bethune established a school for Indian girls in 1850 at a time when women's education was frowned upon in the society. The Bethune College for girls was set up by him in 1879.[3]

In 1856 technical and engineering education came with the establishment of a civil engineering college / department. This setup went through various reorganisations to finally become the Bengal Engineering College in 1921. The Jesuit administered St Xavier's College was established in 1860. Bengal Engineering and Science University is the second oldest engineering institutes in the country and it was started in the year 1864. They offer the following programs such as B.E, M.E, MCA, MBA, MSC, B. Arch. and Ph.D. programs. Apart from this they also provide part-time courses in the evening for the professionals.[4]

The nation's first homoeopathy college was established in the city in 1880. In 1883 Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu became the first women graduates from the University of Calcutta. In the process, they became the first female graduates of the British Empire. Kadambini went on to become the first female physician trained in the Western system of medicine in South Asia.

20th century[edit]

In 1906, the partition of Bengal led to widespread nationalistic and anti-British feelings.[5] This led to the setting up of the National Council of Education, Bengal. The Science College was established in 1917. The first blind school came into being in 1925.

After independence, Calcutta continued to be in the forefront of the educational scene. The Government College of Art & Craft was established in 1951. The National Council of Education became the Jadavpur University in 1955. The Rabindra Bharati University was established in 1962. This university offers courses in the fine and performing arts. The Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management was set up in 1953 as the country's first management institute and is also the first in the country to offer an MBA degree of a university. The first, Indian Institute of Technology was set up at Kharagpur about 120 km from Calcutta. In 1960 the Regional Engineering college (presently National Institute of Technology) at Durgapur was set up. It is amongst the top NITs in India and also among the oldest. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, the first among the Indian Institutes of Management, was set up in 1961 at Joka. It was the first national institute for post-graduate studies and research in management sciences. It was established with the help of the MIT Sloan School of Management and the Ford Foundation.

Institute of Eminence (IoE)[edit]

Central Universities[edit]

University Location Type Established Specialization Sources
Visva-Bharati University Santiniketan (Bolpur) Central University 1921 Arts, Sciences, Social Work, Agriculture, Fine arts, Designing, Music, Drama [7]

Institute of National Importance[edit]

Institutes Location Type Established Specialization Sources
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Joka Autonomous 1961 Social Sciences and Management [8]
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Haringhata Autonomous 2006 Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences [9]
Indian Statistical Institute Baranagar Autonomous 1959 Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Social Sciences [10]
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur Autonomous 1951 Science, Management, Engineering & Technology, Law [11]
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur Howrah Autonomous 1856 Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology [12]
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani Kalyani Autonomous 2014 Engineering & Technology, Sciences [13]
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur Durgapur Autonomous 1960 Engineering & Technology, Sciences, Management [14]
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata Kolkata Autonomous 2007 Pharmacy [15]
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani Kalyani Autonomous 2019 Medical, Nursing [16]

Research Institutes[edit]

Institutes Location Established Specialization Sources
All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health Kolkata 1932 Hygiene and Public Health [17]
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 1876 Basic and Applied Sciences [18]
S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Kolkata 1986 Basic and Applied Sciences [19]
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata 1949 Basic and Applied Sciences [20]
Bose Institute Kolkata 1917 Basic and Applied Sciences [21]
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Kolkata 1977 Basic and Applied Sciences [22]
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata 1935 Basic and Applied Sciences [23]
Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata 1950 Basic and Applied Sciences [24]
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Barrackpore 1959 Fishery science [25]
Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur 1958 Robotics, Mechatronics, Cybernetics, Manufacturing [26]
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers Barrackpore 1953 Jute and Allied Fibers [27]
Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute Berhampore 1943 Sericultural Research [28]
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics Kalyani 2009 Basic and Applied Sciences [29]
National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata 1962 Medical research [30]
National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology Kolkata 1938 Jute and Allied Fibres [31]

Deemed universities[edit]

University Location Type Established Specialization Sources
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata Deemed university 1876 Basic sciences, applied sciences [18]
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Belur Math Deemed university 2005 Agricultural Management, Rural Development, Basic Sciences, Indian Culture and Spirituality [32]

National Law University[edit]

University Location Type Established Specialization Sources
West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences Kolkata National Law University 1999 Law [33]

State Universities[edit]

University Location Type Established Specialization Sources
Aliah University Kolkata State 2008 Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Management, Islamic Studies [34]
Alipurduar University Alipurduar State 2020 Arts, Sciences, Commerce [35]
Bankura University Bankura State 2014 Arts, Sciences, Law [36]
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Nadia State 1974 Agriculture, Horticulture and Agricultural Engineering [37]
Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay Bolpur State 2020 Arts, Sciences [38]
University of Burdwan Purba Bardhaman State 1960 Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law [39]
University of Calcutta Kolkata State 1857 Arts, Sciences, Commerce, Engineering and Law [40]
Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar State 2012 Arts, Sciences [41]
Dakshin Dinajpur University Dakshin Dinajpur State 2021 Arts, Sciences [42]
Diamond Harbour Women's University Diamond Harbour State 2013 Humanities and Basic Sciences [43]
University of Gour Banga Malda State 2008 Arts, Sciences, and Commerce [44]
Harichand Guruchand University North 24 Parganas State 2019 Arts, Sciences, and Management [45]
Hindi University Howrah State 2019 Languages
Jadavpur University Jadavpur
1955 Engineering, Technology, Science, Arts and Commerce [46]
University of Kalyani Kalyani State 1960 Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law [47]
Kanyashree University Krishnanagar State 2020 Arts, Sciences, and Commerce [48]
Kazi Nazrul University Asansol State 2012 Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Law and Commerce [49]
Mahatma Gandhi University, West Bengal Mahishadal, Purba Medinipur State 2020 Arts, Sciences [50]
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata State 2000 Engineering and Management [51]
Murshidabad University Murshidabad State 2020 Arts, Sciences [52]
Netaji Subhas Open University Kolkata State and distance education 1998 Arts, Sciences, and Commerce [53]
University of North Bengal Siliguri State 1962 Arts, Sciences, Commerce, and Law [54]
Presidency University Kolkata State 1817 Arts and Sciences [55]
Rabindra Bharati University Kolkata State 1962 Arts, Fine Arts, and Performing Arts [56]
Raiganj University Raiganj State 2015 Humanities, Science [57]
Rani Rashmoni Green University Tarakeswar State 2020 Science, Environmental Science [58]
Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University Jhargram State 2020 Arts, Science [59]
Senate of Serampore College (University) Serampore State 1818 Theology [60]
Sidho Kanho Birsha University Purulia State 2010 Arts and Sciences [61]
The Sanskrit College and University Kolkata State 2015 Sanskrit, Languages [62]
Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Cooch Behar State 2001 Agriculture, Horticulture [63]
Vidyasagar University Midnapur State 1981 Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law [64]
West Bengal State University Barasat State 2008 Arts, Sciences, Commerce and Law [65]
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Kolkata State 1995 Veterinary & Animal Sciences [66]
West Bengal University of Health Sciences Kolkata State 2003 Medicine [67]
West Bengal University of Teachers' Training, Education Planning and Administration Kolkata State 2015 Teachers Training, B.Ed. M.Ed [68]

Private Universities[edit]

University Location Type Established Specialization Sources
Adamas University Barasat Private 2014 Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology [69]
Amity University, Kolkata New Town Global Private 2015 Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology [70]
Brainware University Kolkata Private 2015 Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology [71]
International Management Institute Kolkata Kolkata Autonomous Management Institute 2011 Management [72]
JIS University Agarpara Private 2014 Science, Engineering & Technology, Pharmacy, Management, Law [73]
Neotia University Sarisha Private 2015 Sciences, Management, Humanities, Engineering & Technology [74]
Seacom Skills University Santiniketan (Bolpur) Private 2014 Sciences, Engineering & Technology [75]
Sister Nivedita University New Town Private 2017 Science, Engineering & Technology, Management, Social Science & Women Studies [76]
St. Xavier's University, Kolkata Kolkata Private 2017 Management, Commerce, Humanities, Law, Mass Communication [77]
Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore Barrackpore Private 2020 Science, Engineering & Technology, Management, Social Science & Women Studies [78]
Techno India University Kolkata Private 2012 Sciences, Management, Engineering & Technology [79]
University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata New Town Private 2015 Engineering, Technology & Management [80]

List of medical colleges[edit]

Name Established City University Type Degree Comments Ref.
Bankura Sammilani Medical College 1956 Bankura WBUHS State Funded [81]
Burdwan Medical College 1969 Purba Bardhaman WBUHS State Funded [82]
Calcutta National Medical College 1948 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
College Of Medicine & JNM Hospital 2009 Kalyani WBUHS State Funded
College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital 2010 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
Coochbehar Government Medical College and Hospital 2019 Coochbehar WBUHS State Funded
Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital 2019 Diamond Harbour WBUHS State Funded
ESIC Medical College, Kolkata 2013 Joka WBUHS Central Funded
Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital 2016 Durgapur WBUHS Private [83]
ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research 2011 Haldia WBUHS Private
IPGMER and SSKM Hospital 1707 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
IQ City Medical College 2016 Durgapur WBUHS Private
Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital 2016 Kolkata WBUHS Private [84]
KPC Medical College and Hospital 2006 Kolkata WBUHS Private
Malda Medical College and Hospital 2011 Malda WBUHS State Funded
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1835 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
Midnapore Medical College and Hospital 2004 Midnapore WBUHS State Funded
Murshidabad Medical College 2012 Berhampore WBUHS State Funded
Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital 1873 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
North Bengal Medical College 1968 Siliguri WBUHS State Funded
Purulia Government Medical College and Hospital 2020 Purulia WBUHS State Funded
R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital 1886 Kolkata WBUHS State Funded
Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital 2019 Raiganj WBUHS State Funded
Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital 2019 Birbhum WBUHS State Funded
Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital 2015 Durgapur WBUHS Private [85]

List of colleges by districts[edit]

Dakshin Dinajpur[edit]

Darjeeling[edit]

Kalimpong[edit]

Jalpaiguri[edit]

Cooch Behar[edit]

Alipurduar[edit]

Uttar Dinajpur[edit]

Malda[edit]

Murshidabad[edit]

Nadia[edit]

Hooghly[edit]

Howrah[edit]

Birbhum[edit]

Bankura[edit]

Purulia[edit]

Paschim Bardhaman[edit]

Purba Bardhaman[edit]

Pashim Medinipur[edit]

Jhargram[edit]

Purba Medinipur[edit]

North 24 Parganas[edit]

South 24 Parganas[edit]

Kolkata[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Universities & Colleges".
  2. ↑ "Welcome to Presidency University". presiuniv.ac.in. Presidency University, Kolkata. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  3. ↑ "Bethune College". bethuneadmissions.ac.in.
  4. ↑ http://www.bestcollegehunt.com/universities/west-bengal
  5. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Partition of Bengal" http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal
  6. ↑ "IIT Kharagpur get Institution of Eminence tag". India Today 10:14 IST. India. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  7. ↑ "Visva-Bharati University". visva-bharati.ac.in. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  8. ↑ "IIM Calcutta". iimcal.ac.in. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  9. ↑ "IISER Kolkata". iiserkol.ac.in. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  10. ↑ "ISI Kolkata". isical.ac.in/. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  11. ↑ "IIT Kharagpur". iitkgp.ac.in. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "IIEST Shibpur". iiests.ac.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  13. ↑ "IIIT Kalyani". Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  14. ↑ "NIT Durgapur". nitdgp.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  15. ↑ "NIPER Kolkata". niperkolkata.edu.in. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  16. ↑ "AIIMS Kalyani". aiimskalyani.edu.in. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  17. ↑ "AIIHPH Kolkata". aiihph.gov.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science". iacs.res.in. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  19. ↑ "SNBNCBS Kolkata". bose.res.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  20. ↑ "SINP Kolkata". saha.ac.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  21. ↑ "Bose Institute". jcbose.ac.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "VECC Kolkata". vecc.gov.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "IICB Kolkata". iicb.res.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  24. ↑ "ICAR-CGCRI Kolkata". cgcri.res.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  25. ↑ "CIFRI Barrackpore". cifri.res.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "CMERI Durgapur". cmeri.res.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  27. ↑ "ICAR-CRIJAF". crijaf.icar.gov.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  28. ↑ "CSRTIBER Berhampore". csrtiber.res.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  29. ↑ "NIBG Kalyani". nibmg.ac.in. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  30. ↑ "ICMR-NICED Kolkata". niced.org.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  31. ↑ "ICAR-NIRJAFT Kolkata". nirjaft.res.in. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  32. ↑ "Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University". www.rkmvu.ac.in. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  33. ↑ "West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences". www.nujs.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  34. ↑ "Aliah University, Kolkata". aliah.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  35. ↑ "Alipurduar University, Alipurduar". alipurduarcollege.ac.in.
  36. ↑ "Bankura University". bankurauniv.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  37. ↑ "Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya". www.bckv.edu.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  38. ↑ "Biswa Bangla Biswabidyalay". biswabanglabiswabidyalay.org. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  39. ↑ "University of Burdwan". buruniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  40. ↑ "Calcutta University". caluniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  41. ↑ "Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University". cbpbu.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  42. ↑ "Dakshin Dinajpur University Gazette notification" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  43. ↑ "Diamond Harbour Women's University". dhwu.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  44. ↑ "Gaur Banga University". ugb.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  45. ↑ "Harichand Gurcuchand University Act" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  46. ↑ "Jadavpur University". jaduniv.edu.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  47. ↑ "Kalyani University". klyuniv.ac.in. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  48. ↑ "Kanyashree University". kanyashreeuniversity.in. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  49. ↑ "Kazi Nazrul University". knu.ac.in. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  50. ↑ "Mahatma Gandhi University". mguwb.org.in/.
  51. ↑ "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology". www.wbut.net. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  52. ↑ "Murshidabad University". mu.org.in/.
  53. ↑ "Netaji Subhas Open University". www.wbnsou.ac.in. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  54. ↑ "North Bengal University". nbu.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  55. ↑ "Presidency University". www.presiuniv.ac.in. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  56. ↑ "Rabindra Bharati University". www.rbu.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  57. ↑ "Raiganj University". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  58. ↑ "Rani Rashmoni Green University". Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  59. ↑ "Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University". Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  60. ↑ "Senate of Serampore College (University)". www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  61. ↑ "Sidho Kanho Birsha University". www.skbu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  62. ↑ "The Sanskrit College and University". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  63. ↑ "Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  64. ↑ "Vidyasagar University". vidyasagar.ac.in. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  65. ↑ "Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University Of Technology(Formerly known as West Bengal University Of Technology)". wbut.ac.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  66. ↑ "West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences". wbuafscl.ac.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  67. ↑ "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". thewbuhs.in. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  68. ↑ "West Bengal University of Teachers' Training, Education Planning and Administration". Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  69. ↑ "Adamas University". adamasuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  70. ↑ "Amity University, Kolkata". www.amity.edu/kolkata/. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  71. ↑ "Brainware University". brainware-india.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  72. ↑ "International Management Institute, Kolkata". Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  73. ↑ "Jis University". jisuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  74. ↑ "The Neotia University". www.tnu.in. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  75. ↑ "Seacom Skills University". www.seacomskillsuniversity.org. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  76. ↑ "Sister Nivedita University". snuniv.ac.in. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  77. ↑ "Seacom St. Xavier's University, Kolkata". St. Xavier's University, Kolkata. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  78. ↑ "Swami Vivekananda University". swamivivekanandauniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  79. ↑ "Techno India University". technoindiauniversity.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  80. ↑ "Welcome to UEM KOLKATA". uem.edu.in.
  81. ↑ "Welcome". Bankura Sammilani Medical College. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  82. ↑ "Burdwan Medical College". Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  83. ↑ "Gouri Devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital". Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  84. ↑ "Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital". Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  85. ↑ "Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital". Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  86. ↑ http://www.accollege.org/
  87. ↑ "Welcome to Maynaguri College". Maynaguricollege.org.in. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  88. ↑ "Brainware Engineering College – Great Futures Begin Here". www.brainwaretechnologies.org.
  89. ↑ "VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE - Official Website". www.vckolkata63.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
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