Buxa Tiger Reserve: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Protected area
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Buxa Tiger Reserve
| name = Buxa Tiger Reserve
| alt_name = {{lang-bn|বক্সা ব‍্যাঘ্র সংরক্ষণ}}
| alt_name =
| photo = Magnificent Buxa.jpg
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a = Buxa1.jpg
| photo2b = Buxa-elephant.jpg
| photo3a = Buxa Tiger Reserve forest 2014.jpg
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 1
| color_border = #FFFFFF
}}
| iucn_category = II
| iucn_category = II
| map = India West Bengal
| map = India West Bengal#India
| map_width =
| map_width =  
| label = Buxa NP
| label = Buxa NP
| label_position = right
| label_position = right
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Alipurduar]]
| nearest_city = [[Alipurduar]]
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| visitation_num =  
| visitation_num =  
| visitation_year =  
| visitation_year =  
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| governing_body = Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change, [[Government of India]]
| governing_body = Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change, [[Government of India]]
}}
}}


'''Buxa Tiger Reserve''' is a [[tiger reserve]] in northern [[West Bengal]], [[India]], covering an area of {{convert|760|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In altitude, it ranges from {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Gangetic Plains]] to {{convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}} bordering the [[Himalayas]] in the north. At least 284 bird species inhabit the reserve.<ref name=birdsofbuxa>{{Cite journal |author1=Sivakumar, S. |author2=Varghese, J. |author3=Prakash, V. |title=Abundance of birds in different habitats in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India |pages=128–133 |journal=Forktail |date=2006 |volume=22 |url=https://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sivakumar-Buxa1.pdf |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618201023/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sivakumar-Buxa1.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mammals present include [[Asian elephant]], [[gaur]], [[Sambar deer]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Indian leopard]].<ref name=NTFPbuxa>{{Cite journal |title=Role of NTFPs Among Forest Villagers in a Protected Area of West Bengal |author=Das, B. K. |date=2005 |journal=Journal of Human Ecology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–136 |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-18-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-18-2-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-18-2-129-136-2005-1295-Das-B-Kanti/JHE-18-2-129-136-2005-1295-Das-B-Kanti-Full-Text.pdf|doi=10.1080/09709274.2005.11905820 |s2cid=55037688 }}</ref>
'''Buxa Tiger Reserve''' is a [[tiger reserve]] and [[national park]] in northern [[West Bengal]], [[India]], covering an area of {{cvt|760|km2}}. It ranges in elevation from {{cvt|60|m}} in the [[Gangetic Plains]] to {{cvt|1750|m}} bordering the [[Himalayas]] in the north. At least 284 bird species inhabit the reserve.<ref name=birdsofbuxa>{{Cite journal |author1=Sivakumar, S. |author2=Varghese, J. |author3=Prakash, V. |title=Abundance of birds in different habitats in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India |pages=128–133 |journal=Forktail |date=2006 |volume=22 |url=https://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sivakumar-Buxa1.pdf |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618201023/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Sivakumar-Buxa1.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mammals present include [[Asian elephant]], [[gaur]], [[Sambar deer]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Indian leopard]], and [[Asian golden cat]]. The [[Bengal tiger]] is also present but rarely seen; as of 2005, Buxa Tiger Reserve had only one resident tiger.<ref name=NTFPbuxa>{{Cite journal |title=Role of NTFPs among forest villagers in a protected area of West Bengal |author=Das, B. K. |date=2005 |journal=Journal of Human Ecology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–136 |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-18-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-18-2-000-000-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-18-2-129-136-2005-1295-Das-B-Kanti/JHE-18-2-129-136-2005-1295-Das-B-Kanti-Full-Text.pdf |doi=10.1080/09709274.2005.11905820 |s2cid=55037688}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Buxa fort.JPG|thumb|Buxa Fort]]
[[File:Buxa tiger reserve - WLB DSC 9753.jpg|thumb|Buxa Tiger Reserve]]
[[File:WLB DSC 9753.JPG|thumb|Buxa Tiger Reserve]]
Buxa Tiger Reserve was created in 1983 as the 15th tiger reserve in India. In 1986, Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary was constituted over {{cvt|314.52|km2}} of the reserve forests. In 1991, {{cvt|54.47|km2}} was added to Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. In 1992, the [[Government of West Bengal]] declared its intentions to constitute a national park over {{cvt|117.10|km2}} of the Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. State government finally declared national park with notification No.3403-For/11B-6/95 dt. 05.12.1997.<ref name=projecttiger>{{Cite web |title=Project Tiger on Buxa |access-date=2011-03-30 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/buxa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106022210/http://projecttiger.nic.in/buxa.htm |archive-date=2011-01-06}}</ref>
The historic [[Buxa Fort]] ({{convert|2600|ft|disp=or}} above m.s.l.). People have sentimental attachment with the fort on accounts of its association with the struggle for freedom.
 
Buxa Tiger Reserve was created in 1983 as the 15th tiger reserve in India. In 1986, Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary was constituted over 314.52&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the reserve forests. In 1991, 54.47&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> was added to Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. A year later, in 1992, the [[Government of West Bengal]] declared its intentions to constitute a national park over 117.10&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. State government finally declared national park with notification No.3403-For/11B-6/95 dt. 05.12.1997.<ref name=projecttiger>{{Cite web|title=Project Tiger on Buxa |access-date=2011-03-30 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/buxa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106022210/http://projecttiger.nic.in/buxa.htm |archive-date=2011-01-06 }}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
===Location===
===Location===
[[File:Jayanti 1.jpg|thumb|Jayanti hills]]
[[File:Jayanti 1.jpg|thumb|Jayanti hills]]
Buxa Tiger Reserve lies in [[Alipurduar district]] of [[West Bengal]]. Its northern boundary runs along the international border with [[Bhutan]]. The Sinchula hill range lies all along the northern side of BTR and the eastern boundary touches that of the [[Assam]] state. National Highway No.31&nbsp;C roughly runs along its southern boundary. It is the easternmost extension of extreme bio-diverse [[North-East India]] and represents highly endemic Indo-Malayan region. The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this reserve. The [[Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary]] of Bhutan is contiguous to the north of BTR. [[Manas National Park]] lies on east of BTR. BTR, thus, serves as international corridor for Asian elephant migration<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.wti.org.in/projects/right-of-passage/ |title = RIGHT OF PASSAGE: NATIONAL ELEPHANT CORRIDORS PROJECT &#124; Wildlife Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/elephant-corridors-in-india-threatened-says-study/article20231670.ece | title=Elephant corridors in India threatened, says study| newspaper=The Hindu| date=11 November 2017| last1=Singh| first1=Shiv Sahay| last2=Perinchery| first2=Aathira}}</ref> between India and Bhutan. To the south-west, the [[Chilapata Forests]] form an elephant corridor to the [[Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The reserve encompasses as many as eight forest types.
Buxa Tiger Reserve lies in [[Alipurduar district]] of [[West Bengal]]. Its northern boundary runs along the international border with [[Bhutan]]. The Sinchula hill range lies all along the northern side of Buxa Tiger Reserve, and the eastern boundary touches that of the [[Assam]] state. National Highway No.31&nbsp;C roughly runs along its southern boundary. It is the easternmost extension of extreme bio-diverse [[North-East India]] and represents highly endemic Indo-Malayan region. [[Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary]] is contiguous to the north of Buxa Tiger Reserve, and [[Manas National Park]] is to the east, so that Buxa Tiger Reserve serves as international corridor for Asian elephant migration between India and Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.wti.org.in/projects/right-of-passage/ |title = RIGHT OF PASSAGE: NATIONAL ELEPHANT CORRIDORS PROJECT &#124; Wildlife Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/elephant-corridors-in-india-threatened-says-study/article20231670.ece | title=Elephant corridors in India threatened, says study| newspaper=The Hindu| date=11 November 2017| last1=Singh| first1=Shiv Sahay| last2=Perinchery| first2=Aathira}}</ref>
The divisional headquarters is located at Alipurduar. The forest is divided into two divisions: East and West.
Buxa Fort is an important landmark for this reserve. This fort was captured by British-India in 1865 after the [[Bhutan War]] from Bhutan. Later this fort was used as a detention camp for Indian freedom fighters during the Indian freedom movement.


===Geology===
===Geology===
It is contiguous to the [[Buxa Formation of Mamley]] in [[Mamley]] village of [[Namchi]] neighboring state of Sikkim, the stromatolite bearing [[Dolomite (rock)|Dolomite]] [[Limestones]], which has been declared [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|national geological monument]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India], [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>
Buxa Tiger Reserve is contiguous with the [[Buxa Formation of Mamley]] in the state of Sikkim, the stromatolite bearing [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] [[limestones]], which has been declared a [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|national geological monument]] for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument |work=Geological Survey of India |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=gsi2>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites |date=2016 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>


== Biodiversity ==
== Biodiversity ==
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===Fauna===
===Fauna===
[[File:Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) at Jayanti, Duars, WB W Picture 333.jpg|thumb|Black-crested bulbul in the reserve]]
During a survey in May 2000 to July 2001, 284 bird species were recorded including [[Eurasian griffon]] (''Gyps fulvus''), [[Amur falcon]] (''Falco amurensis''), [[Malayan night heron]] (''Gorsachius melanolophus''), [[Oriental pied hornbill]] (''Anthracoceros albirostris''), [[rufous-necked hornbill]] (''Aceros nipalensis''), [[chestnut-breasted partridge]] (''Arborophila mandellii''), [[cinnamon bittern]] (''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''), [[stripe-breasted woodpecker]] (''Dendrocopos atratus''), [[velvet-fronted nuthatch]] (''Sitta frontalis'') and [[black-naped oriole]] (''Oriolus chinensis'').<ref name=birdsofbuxa/>
[[File:Fivebar Swordtail (Graphium antiphates) at 23 Mile near Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5877.jpg|thumb|Fivebar swordtail in the reserve]]
The Narathali lake, [[Raidāk River|Raidāk]] and [[Jayanti (village)|Jayanti]] rivers provide habitat to [[migratory birds]] like [[common merganser]] (''Mergus merganser''), [[Eurasian teal]] (''Anas crecca''), [[black-necked crane]]  (''Grus nigricollis''), [[black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra''), and [[ferruginous pochard]] (''Aythya nyroca''). Two new [[frog]] species were discovered in 2006.<ref name=projecttiger/>
During a survey in May 2000 to July 2001, 284 bird species were recorded including [[Eurasian griffon]] (''Gyps fulvus''), [[Amur falcon]] (''Falco amurensis''), [[Malayan night heron]] (''Gorsachius melanolophus''), [[Oriental pied hornbill]] (''Anthracoceros albirostris''), [[rufous-necked hornbill]] (''Aceros nipalensis''), [[chestnut-breasted partridge]] (''Arborophila mandellii''), [[cinnamon bittern]] (''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''), [[stripe-breasted woodpecker]] (''Dendrocopos atratus''), [[velvet-fronted nuthatch]] (''Sitta frontalis'') and [[black-naped oriole]] (''Oriolus chinensis'').<ref name = birdsofbuxa/>
The Narathali lake, [[Raidāk River|Raidāk]] and [[Jayanti (village)|Jayanti]] rivers provide habitat to [[migratory birds]] like [[common merganser]] (''Mergus merganser''), [[Eurasian teal]] (''Anas crecca''), [[black-necked crane]]  (''Grus nigricollis''), [[black stork]] (''Ciconia nigra''), and [[ferruginous pochard]] (''Aythya nyroca''). Two new [[frog]] species were discovered in 2006.<ref name = projecttiger/>
 
The 73 [[mammal]] species include Indian leopard, Bengal tiger, clouded leopard, [[giant squirrel]], gaur, [[chital]] and [[wild boar]]. 65 [[fish]], 41 [[reptile]] and four amphibian species have been identified.<ref name = NTFPbuxa/>
In February 2018, golden and spotted [[Asiatic golden cat]]s (''Catopuma temminckii'') were recorded in the reserve for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghose |first1=M. |last2=Sharma |first2=D. |last3=Murali |first3=N. S. |year=2019 |title=First photographic evidence of polymorphic Asiatic Golden Cat ''Catopuma temminckii'' Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=13502–13505 |doi=10.11609/jott.4254.11.4.13502-13505 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
Endangered species present in the reserve are [[leopard cat]], [[Bengal florican]], [[Python reticulatus|regal python]], [[Chinese pangolin]], [[hispid hare]],<ref name=hispidhare>{{Cite book| title = Rabbits, hares and pikas: status survey and conservation action plan|author =Chapman, J. A. |author2=Flux, J. E. C. | access-date = 2011-03-30|pages=128–136| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128|isbn =9782831700199 |year =1990 }}</ref> [[hog deer]]<ref name = NTFPbuxa /><ref name = projecttiger /> [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos javanicus''), [[white-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis''), [[slender-billed vulture]] (''Gyps tenuirostris''), [[chestnut-breasted partridge]] (''Arborophila mandellii''), [[rufous necked hornbill]] (''Aceros nipalensis''), [[ferruginous pochard]] (''Aythya nyroca'') and [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'').<ref name = birdsofbuxa/>
 
<gallery>
File:Indian Cabbage White (Pieris canidia) on Coffea benghalensis at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W2 Picture 085.jpg|[[Indian cabbage white]] at Buxa Tiger Reserve
File:Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) at 23 Mile near Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5861.jpg|Red junglefowl
File:Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius)- pandoo race- Female at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5808.jpg|Blue rock thrush
File:Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias thalassina) on a Kamala (Mallotus philipensis) tree W Picture 145.jpg|Verditer flycatcher
File:Hoary-bellied Squirrel at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 452.jpg|Hoary-bellied squirrel
File:Bamboo Treebrown Lethe europa at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5359.jpg|Bamboo treebrown
</gallery>
 
'''Rajabhatkhawa Vulture Breeding Centre''' at Buxa Tiger Reserve for the breeding and conservation of endangered Indian vultures was established as the second such centre with the help of [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and British charity [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]]. It emulates the success of first ever such centre at [[Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore]].<ref name=vult1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-may-host-6-nation-vulture-meet-next-nov/articleshow/67168607.cms Haryana may host 6-nation vulture meet next Nov.], Times of India, 21 Dec 2018.</ref>
 
== Tourism ==
=== Tribal and ethnic groups ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
'''Dukpa:''' the word probably comes from Drukpa, the people from the land of thunderstorm. They are the ancient ethnic group among the other inhabitants of Buxa Tiger Reserve. Dukpas used live in the hamlets of Buxa Hills from east to west. The seasonal migratory Dukpas are divided mainly into 30 different sects. They originally were the followers of (Drukpa Kagyud) Mahayani Buddhism. Some of them are converted into Christianity.
 
===Trekking===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
Buxa (2,600&nbsp;ft) is a one-hour, fifteen-minute (3.9&nbsp;km) trek through picturesque surroundings from [[Santalabari]], the starting point. The historical Buxa Fort was coming under the British India after the 2nd Dooars War (1865) between the Bhutan and the British, the subsidiary alliance of princely state [[Cooch Behar]]. This was used as a detention camp by the British, because of its remoteness during the Indian freedom movement. Many freedom fighters were imprisoned here. After [[Indian independence day|independence]], it served as a refugee camp for [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]s and [[Bangladeshis]].
There are a number of trekking routes through the jungle.
*There is a 4&nbsp;km further trek to [[Rovers' Point or Romitey Dara]] (the land of beautiful birds at {{convert|4500|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}).
*From Buxa, one can also take the 13&nbsp;km trek route for Jayanti via Mahakal Cave through the dense jungle (subjected to get permission from BTR). The Mahakal Cave is a stalactite-stalagmite cave, popularly known as the [[Mahakal cave]] near Jainty.<ref>http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/MahakalCave_3080.aspx</ref>
*The most popular route is Pagsamkha Path Trek route, which starts from Buxa Fort, Buxaduar via Aadma and ends at Raimatung.
An expert guide and entry permit are must for trekking in Buxa hills.
One may visit the very beautiful village of Dukpas called Lapchakha (1.5 hour trek) from Buxa Fort. A beautiful trekkers' hut named Dukpa's Hut (with attached bath) is located just opposite to the Buxa Fort ground and besides of Rupang Valley Trek route. Though there are eight home stays in total, but mostly are located at Lapchakha with minimum facilities. Only Rovers' Inn at Sadar bazar have maximum capacity of accommodations but far from Buxa Fort. Dukpas Hut is also called 'Birders Nest' by the bird watchers. Trekking in different short route with camping facilities arranged from the Dukpas Hut. It has a separate kitchen for trekkers also. the double storied wooden hut has two family rooms (sleeping 3) on upper floor and a dormitory with attached bath on ground floor (sleeping 6) with dining facility. Bird watching, trekking and dark sky photography tours also arrange from here. The hut became an important centre for the promotion of tourism in this region. Wongyel and Chhogyel Dukpa are the two Dukpa brothers are to run the home stay and assist the trekkers here.
The Baksha Duar Post Office is a heritage building and the highest post office in Alipurduar District.
The tribe Dukpas (Indo-Bhutanese) lived in eleven hamlets of Buxa Hills which mostly located in hilly jungles of Buxa Tiger Reserve at altitude ranging from 2400–6200 feet.
Another entry point [[Rajabhatkhawa]] (17&nbsp;km from Alipurduar) has an [[Vivarium|orchidarium]], and a nature interpretation centre.
One can go for a circular trek from Buxaduar via Chunabhati-Adma to Raimatang. This is actually 8 hours tough trek with an expert guide but usually trekkers prefer to make it as a 3-day comfortable trek to understand nature and the ethnic culture of this region.


Pukri Mai is a small sacred pond inside the park where fishes like [[magur]] and [[singi]] and turtles are kept. Festivals are held at certain time of the year by both Buddhist and Hindus and local ethnic groups like Dukpas.
The 73 [[mammal]] species include [[Indian leopard]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[clouded leopard]], [[giant squirrel]], [[gaur]], [[chital]] and [[wild boar]]. 65 [[fish]], 41 [[reptile]] and 4 [[amphibian]] species have been identified.<ref name=NTFPbuxa/> In February 2018, both plain and spotted [[Asiatic golden cat]]s (''Catopuma temminckii'') were recorded in the reserve for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghose |first1=M. |last2=Sharma |first2=D. |last3=Murali |first3=N. S. |year=2019 |title=First photographic evidence of polymorphic Asiatic Golden Cat ''Catopuma temminckii'' Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=13502–13505 |doi=10.11609/jott.4254.11.4.13502-13505 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Issues==
Endangered species present in the reserve are [[leopard cat]], [[Bengal florican]], [[Python reticulatus|reticulated python]], [[Chinese pangolin]], [[hispid hare]],<ref name=hispidhare>{{Cite book |title=Rabbits, hares and pikas: status survey and conservation action plan |author=Chapman, J. A. |author2=Flux, J. E. C. |pages=128–136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128 |isbn=9782831700199 |year=1990}}</ref> [[hog deer]]<ref name=NTFPbuxa /><ref name=projecttiger /> [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos javanicus''), [[white-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis''), [[slender-billed vulture]] (''Gyps tenuirostris''), [[chestnut-breasted partridge]] (''Arborophila mandellii''), [[rufous necked hornbill]] (''Aceros nipalensis''), [[ferruginous pochard]] (''Aythya nyroca'') and [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'').<ref name=birdsofbuxa/>
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
* Most rivers enter Buxa Tiger Reserve from Bhutan and carry huge amount of [[bed load]] obliterating beds of rivers in the reserve. Flooding is frequent. Critical habitats are lost.
* More than 100,000 cattle graze in the reserve daily. Weeds, unpalatable grasses and shrubs have invaded the overgrazed areas.
* Hilly, Bhabhar and riverine tracts of core suffer from fire. Generally non timber forest produce collectors and shepherds put forests on fire.<ref name = birdsofbuxa/>
* No frequent poaching cases. Tribal population in tea gardens poach small mammals during Holi festival illicitly as part of ritual hunting.
* Bodo militants from Assam occasionally enter core. Timber thieves operate in the area.
* Five forest hamlets in hilly tract viz. Adma, Chunabhati, Santrabari, Tobgaon and Tashigaon have some encroachments by way of unauthorised orange orchards.
*Dolomite mining in nearby areas.
*Poachers come from Assam frequently to poach [[Indian elephants]].<ref name = projecttiger />


==See also==
==Threats==
* [[List of national parks of India]]
Hilly, Bhabhar and riverine tracts of core suffer from fire. Generally non timber forest produce collectors and shepherds put forests on fire.<ref name=birdsofbuxa/> Poachers from Assam frequently come to poach Indian elephants.<ref name=projecttiger />


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://beyotee.com/buxa-tiger-reserve Everything about the Buxa Tiger Reserve]
* [http://www.webindia123.com/wildlife/parks/westbengal/buxa.htm Information about the Tiger Reserve]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120423061954/http://www.north-bengal.com/places/jalpaiguri/buxa.htm Travel information for Buxa National Park]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120423061954/http://www.north-bengal.com/places/jalpaiguri/buxa.htm Travel information for Buxa National Park]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds_of_Dooars Birds of Buxa Tiger Reserve]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds_of_Dooars Birds of Buxa Tiger Reserve]
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{{National Parks of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Nature reserves]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Dooars]]
[[Category:Dooars]]
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal tiger]]

Latest revision as of 11:56, 22 February 2026


Template:Infobox Protected area

Buxa Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve and national park in northern West Bengal, India, covering an area of 760 km2 (290 sq mi). It ranges in elevation from 60 m (200 ft) in the Gangetic Plains to 1,750 m (5,740 ft) bordering the Himalayas in the north. At least 284 bird species inhabit the reserve.[1] Mammals present include Asian elephant, gaur, Sambar deer, clouded leopard, Indian leopard, and Asian golden cat. The Bengal tiger is also present but rarely seen; as of 2005, Buxa Tiger Reserve had only one resident tiger.[2]

History[edit | edit source]

Buxa Tiger Reserve

Buxa Tiger Reserve was created in 1983 as the 15th tiger reserve in India. In 1986, Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary was constituted over 314.52 km2 (121.44 sq mi) of the reserve forests. In 1991, 54.47 km2 (21.03 sq mi) was added to Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. In 1992, the Government of West Bengal declared its intentions to constitute a national park over 117.10 km2 (45.21 sq mi) of the Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary. State government finally declared national park with notification No.3403-For/11B-6/95 dt. 05.12.1997.[3]

Geography[edit | edit source]

Location[edit | edit source]

Jayanti hills

Buxa Tiger Reserve lies in Alipurduar district of West Bengal. Its northern boundary runs along the international border with Bhutan. The Sinchula hill range lies all along the northern side of Buxa Tiger Reserve, and the eastern boundary touches that of the Assam state. National Highway No.31 C roughly runs along its southern boundary. It is the easternmost extension of extreme bio-diverse North-East India and represents highly endemic Indo-Malayan region. Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous to the north of Buxa Tiger Reserve, and Manas National Park is to the east, so that Buxa Tiger Reserve serves as international corridor for Asian elephant migration between India and Bhutan.[4][5]

Geology[edit | edit source]

Buxa Tiger Reserve is contiguous with the Buxa Formation of Mamley in the state of Sikkim, the stromatolite bearing dolomite limestones, which has been declared a national geological monument for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.[6][7]

Biodiversity[edit | edit source]

Flora[edit | edit source]

More than 450 species of trees, 250 species of shrubs, 400 species of herbs, 9 species of cane, 10 species of bamboo, 150 species of orchids, 100 species of grass and 130 species of aquatic flora including more than 70 sedges (Cyperaceae) have been identified so far. There are more than 160 species of other monocotyledons and ferns. The main trees are sal, champa, gamhar, simul and chikrasi.[3]

Forest types include:[citation needed]

  • Northern dry deciduous
  • Eastern Bhabar and Terai sal
  • East Himalayan moist mixed deciduous forest
  • Sub-Himalayan secondary wet mixed forest
  • Eastern sub-montane semi-evergreen forest
  • Northern tropical evergreen forest
  • East Himalayan subtropical wet hill forest
  • Moist sal savannah
  • Low alluvium
  • Savannah woodland

Fauna[edit | edit source]

During a survey in May 2000 to July 2001, 284 bird species were recorded including Eurasian griffon (Gyps fulvus), Amur falcon (Falco amurensis), Malayan night heron (Gorsachius melanolophus), Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii), cinnamon bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus), stripe-breasted woodpecker (Dendrocopos atratus), velvet-fronted nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) and black-naped oriole (Oriolus chinensis).[1] The Narathali lake, Raidāk and Jayanti rivers provide habitat to migratory birds like common merganser (Mergus merganser), Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), black stork (Ciconia nigra), and ferruginous pochard (Aythya nyroca). Two new frog species were discovered in 2006.[3]

The 73 mammal species include Indian leopard, Bengal tiger, clouded leopard, giant squirrel, gaur, chital and wild boar. 65 fish, 41 reptile and 4 amphibian species have been identified.[2] In February 2018, both plain and spotted Asiatic golden cats (Catopuma temminckii) were recorded in the reserve for the first time.[8]

Endangered species present in the reserve are leopard cat, Bengal florican, reticulated python, Chinese pangolin, hispid hare,[9] hog deer[2][3] lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris), chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii), rufous necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis), ferruginous pochard (Aythya nyroca) and great hornbill (Buceros bicornis).[1]

Threats[edit | edit source]

Hilly, Bhabhar and riverine tracts of core suffer from fire. Generally non timber forest produce collectors and shepherds put forests on fire.[1] Poachers from Assam frequently come to poach Indian elephants.[3]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sivakumar, S.; Varghese, J.; Prakash, V. (2006). "Abundance of birds in different habitats in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India" (PDF). Forktail. 22: 128–133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Das, B. K. (2005). "Role of NTFPs among forest villagers in a protected area of West Bengal" (PDF). Journal of Human Ecology. 18 (2): 129–136. doi:10.1080/09709274.2005.11905820. S2CID 55037688.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Project Tiger on Buxa". Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  4. ↑ "RIGHT OF PASSAGE: NATIONAL ELEPHANT CORRIDORS PROJECT | Wildlife Trust of India".
  5. ↑ Singh, Shiv Sahay; Perinchery, Aathira (11 November 2017). "Elephant corridors in India threatened, says study". The Hindu.
  6. ↑ "National Geological Monument". Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Geo-Heritage Sites". Press Information Bureau. 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  8. ↑ Ghose, M.; Sharma, D.; Murali, N. S. (2019). "First photographic evidence of polymorphic Asiatic Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (4): 13502–13505. doi:10.11609/jott.4254.11.4.13502-13505.
  9. ↑ Chapman, J. A.; Flux, J. E. C. (1990). Rabbits, hares and pikas: status survey and conservation action plan. pp. 128–136. ISBN 9782831700199.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:National Parks of India Template:Protected areas of West Bengal

Template:Geography of India by state or territory

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