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The '''Jharkhand Party''' ('''JKP''') is one of the oldest [[political parties in India]]. formed on 5 March 1949 by ''Marang Gomke'' [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] in [[Ranchi]]. The party grew out of the demand for a separate [[Jharkhand]] state. | The '''Jharkhand Party''' ('''JKP''') is one of the oldest [[political parties in India]]. formed on 5 March 1949 by ''Marang Gomke'' [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] in [[Ranchi]]. The party grew out of the demand for a separate [[Jharkhand]] state. | ||
The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elections of [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]], [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]], and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]. For more than 15 years, the Jharkhand Party was the only major opposition political party against the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bihar. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand to the [[States Reorganisation Commission|States Reorganization Commission]], but the state was not created for linguistic and economic reasons. | The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elections of [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]], [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]], and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]. For more than 15 years, the Jharkhand Party was the only major opposition political party against the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bihar. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand to the [[States Reorganisation Commission|States Reorganization Commission]], but the state was not created for linguistic and economic reasons.<ref name="a">{{cite book|title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India edited by Gautam Kumar Bera|pages=45–50|isbn=9788183241458|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q=Maharaja+Kameshwar+Singh+darbhanga&pg=PA48|last1=Bera|first1=Gautam Kumar|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/reunion-bells-ring-for-jharkhand-party-factions/cid/508512|title=Reunion bells ring for Jharkhand Party factions|website=m.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Formation=== | ===Formation=== | ||
The 19th-century sociopolitical movement in the lower [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur region]], initiated by tribals to address their issues, gave rise to several tribal rights organizations, predominantly led by educated [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christian tribals]]. One of the earliest was the ''Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj'', founded in 1915 by Rev. Joel Lakra with help of Theble Oraon, Bandi Oraon and Paul Dayal, aimed at promoting education and social reform. | The 19th-century sociopolitical movement in the lower [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur region]], initiated by tribals to address their issues, gave rise to several tribal rights organizations, predominantly led by educated [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christian tribals]]. One of the earliest was the ''Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj'', founded in 1915 by Rev. Joel Lakra with help of Theble Oraon, Bandi Oraon and Paul Dayal, aimed at promoting education and social reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63VuAAAAMAAJ |title=Jharkhand, Castle Over the Graves |date=1992 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0298-1 |language=en}}</ref> The organization demanded autonomy and socio-cultural protection to the [[Simon Commission]] during its visit to [[Patna]] in 1928. Around the same time, the ''Chotanagpur Catholic Sabha'' was formed under the leadership of [[Boniface Lakra]] and Ignes Beck (1928–1929), while non-convert [[Munda people|Munda tribals]] established the ''Munda Sabha'' in 1929, although it failed to garner broad support. In 1931, peasant group broke away from the Unnati Samaj and founded the ''Chotanagpur Kisan Sabha'', with Laurentius Barla as president and Theble Oraon as secretary, focusing on agrarian and cultural concerns in the [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] belts. Similarly, in the early 1930s, some tribal traditionalists established the ''Sarna Sabha'' and began articulating the "[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]" ethno-religious identity bloc.<ref>Hembram, P. C. (1988). pp. 87–88.</ref> By this time, the Unnati Samaj had reorganized as the ''Adivasi Sabha'', a secular front for tribal consolidation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bara |first=Joseph |date=1997 |title=Western Education and Rise of New Identity: Mundas and Oraons of Chotanagpur, 1839-1939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405287 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=785–790 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> However, in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 Bihar Provincial Assembly elections]], only the Catholic Sabha managed limited success, winning two out of thirty-eight seats from Chotanagpur, while other tribal groups failed to gain representation. This electoral setback revealed the fragmented nature of tribal politics and prompted calls for unity, and in May 1938 the Adivasi Mahasabha ({{literally|Great Assembly of [[Adivasi]]s}}) was formed through consolidation of the Sabhas, with Theodore Surin as president and Paul Dayal as secretary. The Mahasabha began advocating the idea of a Jharkhand state in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in June 1938. At the Mahasabha's second annual session in [[Ranchi]] in January 1939, [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] was elected president. Following his election, the Mahasabha secured notable victories in the 1939 District Board elections, winning twenty seats in [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] and sixteen in [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]. To support its political agenda and mobilization efforts beyond Ranchi and Singhbhum, the Mahasabha began publishing materials such as "Adivasi" and "Adivasi Sakam".{{efn|The journal ''Adivasi'' was first published by the Unnati Samaj in 1932 from Ranchi and paused after its 8th edition in 1934. After the formation of the Adivasi Mahasabha in May 1938, it resumed with the 9th edition in September 1938.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sharma | first=A.P. | title=Descheduling of the Christian tribes in Chotanagpur | journal=Social Change | volume=21 | issue=4 | date=1991 | issn=0049-0857 | doi=10.1177/0049085719910407 | pages=57–76 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049085719910407 | access-date=September 16, 2025| url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Adivasi Sakam'', founded and edited by Jaipal Singh, was first published in July 1940 from Jamshedpur.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Tewari | first=Saagar | title=Framing the Fifth Schedule: Tribal agency and the making of the Indian Constitution (1937–1950) | journal=Modern Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=56 | issue=5 | year=2022 | issn=0026-749X | doi=10.1017/s0026749x21000779 | doi-access=free | pages=1556–1594 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1D3B7C94989412132E200A153633C65/S0026749X21000779a.pdf/div-class-title-framing-the-fifth-schedule-tribal-agency-and-the-making-of-the-indian-constitution-1937-1950-div.pdf | access-date=September 16, 2025}}</ref>}} | ||
However, dissatisfaction with Christian influence in the Mahasabha led to a split in July 1939, when Theble Oraon founded the ''Sanatan Adivasi Mahasabha'' to represent traditionalist, non-Christian tribals aligned with the [[Nationalist Movements in India|nationalist movement]]. At the Ramgarh session of Congress in 1940, Munda discussed with [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subash Chandra Bose]] regarding Jharkhand state. Amid rejection of Jharkhand statehood demand from influential political leaders and growing internal disagreements, the Mahasabha's performance declined in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 Bihar Assembly elections]], securing only three seats, with Jaipal Singh defeated by Congress candidate Dr. P. C. Mitra. However, in the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|1946 Constituent Assembly elections]], Jaipal Singh was elected to represent the tribal population during the drafting of the [[Constitution of India]] and, as a member of the Tribal Sub-Committee, advocated for tribal interests in the Assembly. In 1947, internal debates emerged within the Mahasabha regarding the inclusion of non-tribal populations, since tribals accounted less than half of the Chotanagpur population, although no consensus was reached. Eventually, at its session held in Ranchi on 5 March 1949, the Mahasabha was reorganized as the Jharkhand Party, with Jaipal Singh as president and Julius Tigga as secretary. Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] on 15 August 1947 and the adoption of the Constitution on 26 November 1949, which provided [[Reservation in India|reserved political representation]] in tribal-concentrated regions, the Jharkhand Party was formally launched to the public on 1 January 1950 in [[Jamshedpur]], shifting from a tribal-centric organization to a broader regional movement advocating for a separate Jharkhand state. | However, dissatisfaction with Christian influence in the Mahasabha led to a split in July 1939, when Theble Oraon founded the ''Sanatan Adivasi Mahasabha'' to represent traditionalist, non-Christian tribals aligned with the [[Nationalist Movements in India|nationalist movement]]. At the Ramgarh session of Congress in 1940, Munda discussed with [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subash Chandra Bose]] regarding Jharkhand state. Amid rejection of Jharkhand statehood demand from influential political leaders and growing internal disagreements, the Mahasabha's performance declined in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 Bihar Assembly elections]], securing only three seats, with Jaipal Singh defeated by Congress candidate Dr. P. C. Mitra. However, in the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|1946 Constituent Assembly elections]], Jaipal Singh was elected to represent the tribal population during the drafting of the [[Constitution of India]] and, as a member of the Tribal Sub-Committee, advocated for tribal interests in the Assembly. In 1947, internal debates emerged within the Mahasabha regarding the inclusion of non-tribal populations, since tribals accounted less than half of the Chotanagpur population, although no consensus was reached. Eventually, at its session held in Ranchi on 5 March 1949, the Mahasabha was reorganized as the Jharkhand Party, with Jaipal Singh as president and Julius Tigga as secretary. Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] on 15 August 1947 and the adoption of the Constitution on 26 November 1949, which provided [[Reservation in India|reserved political representation]] in tribal-concentrated regions, the Jharkhand Party was formally launched to the public on 1 January 1950 in [[Jamshedpur]], shifting from a tribal-centric organization to a broader regional movement advocating for a separate Jharkhand state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L. N. |date=1996 |title=Political Consciousness in Jharkhand, 1900-1947 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133351 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=467–484 |jstor=44133351 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L.N. |date=1992 |title=The Adivasi Mahasabha (1938-1949): Launching Pad of the Jharkhand Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142817 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=53 |pages=397–405 |jstor=44142817 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=A. P. |date=1988-06-01 |title=The Jharkhand movement: A critique |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085719880203 |journal=Social Change |language=EN |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=59–82 |doi=10.1177/0049085719880203 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
===Post-Independence=== | ===Post-Independence=== | ||
{{Prose|section|date=December 2024}} | {{Prose|section|date=December 2024}} | ||
The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] and won 34 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and become the main opposition party. | The Jharkhand Party participated in the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]] and won 34 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and become the main opposition party.<ref name=a/> In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of separate state to the [[States Reorganization Commission]], but the demand was not accepted because the region had many languages and tribal groups were in the minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> In [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] Legislative Assembly election, the winning candidates of the party reduced to 31 and 20 in subsequent elections. | ||
Jaipal Singh was disappointed by the declining popularity of his party and rejection of its demand for a separate Jharkhand state. | Jaipal Singh was disappointed by the declining popularity of his party and rejection of its demand for a separate Jharkhand state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India+Jharkhand&pg=PA118|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> In 1963 the Jharkhand Party merged with [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="a" /> The merger was quite unpopular within the party ranks, and a number of splinter groups were formed, including the [[All India Jharkhand Party]], the [[Hul Jharkhand Party]], and [[Veer Birsa Dal]]. | ||
In 1967, [[Niral Enem Horo|N.E. Horo]] became an MLA of the Jharkhand Party from Kolibera by election. | In 1967, [[Niral Enem Horo|N.E. Horo]] became an MLA of the Jharkhand Party from Kolibera by election. | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
In 1990, N.E. Horo was elected president, working president Lal Ranvijay Nath Sahdeo, Ashok Bhagat General Secretary in byniel conference. | In 1990, N.E. Horo was elected president, working president Lal Ranvijay Nath Sahdeo, Ashok Bhagat General Secretary in byniel conference. | ||
On 8 January 2009, Jharkhand Party candidate Raja Peter defeated sitting [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], [[Shibu Soren]] by over 9,000 votes in presidency of [[Anosh Ekka]] and Shri [[Ashok Kumar Bhagat]]-Principal General Secretary. | On 8 January 2009, Jharkhand Party candidate Raja Peter defeated sitting [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], [[Shibu Soren]] by over 9,000 votes in presidency of [[Anosh Ekka]] and Shri [[Ashok Kumar Bhagat]]-Principal General Secretary.<ref name="Jharkhand CM Shibu Sores loses in by-election">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jharkhand-cm-shibu-sores-loses-in-byelection/82241-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132740/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jharkhand-cm-shibu-sores-loses-in-byelection/82241-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Jharkhand CM Shibu Sores loses in by-election|date=8 January 2009|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=2009-01-08}}</ref> | ||
==Splinter groups== | ==Splinter groups== | ||
{{See also|Political parties in Jharkhand}} | {{See also|Political parties in Jharkhand}} | ||
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}} | {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}} | ||
The Jharkhand Party was fragmented into several splinter groups, including more then nine during 1967–1972, after its merger into the [[Indian National Congress]]. | The Jharkhand Party was fragmented into several splinter groups, including more then nine during 1967–1972, after its merger into the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-reports }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=L.N. |date=1991 |title=The Congress - Jharkhand Merger (1963) and the Separatist Movement in Tribal Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142668 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=634–642 |jstor=44142668 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Ambagudia | first1=Jagannath | last2=Xaxa | first2=Virginius | title=Handbook of Tribal Politics in India | publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd | publication-place=B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 | date=2021 | isbn=978-93-5388-458-1 | doi=10.4135/9789353884581.n4 | url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/handbook-of-tribal-politics-in-india | access-date=2025-09-26 | page=}}</ref> | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 129: | Line 129: | ||
|765,272 | |765,272 | ||
|8.01 | |8.01 | ||
| | |<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1952 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1951.pdf |page=13}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] | |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] | ||
| Line 138: | Line 138: | ||
|749,021 | |749,021 | ||
|7.08 | |7.08 | ||
| | |<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/biharelection/statistical%20report/1957.pdf |page=12}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] | |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] | ||
| Line 147: | Line 147: | ||
|432,643 | |432,643 | ||
|4.39 | |4.39 | ||
| | |<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1962.pdf |page=12}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
||[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] | ||[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] | ||
| Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
|90,717 | |90,717 | ||
|0.53 | |0.53 | ||
| | |<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1972.pdf |page=12}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] | |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] | ||
| Line 166: | Line 166: | ||
|0.42 | |0.42 | ||
| | | | ||
<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1977.pdf |page=12}}</ref> | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 204: | Line 204: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1. | !1. | ||
|[[Jaipal Singh Munda]] | |[[Jaipal Singh Munda]]<br>{{small|(1903–1970)}} | ||
|1949–1963 | |1949–1963 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 210: | Line 210: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2. | !2. | ||
|[[Bagun Sumbrai]] | |[[Bagun Sumbrai]]<br>{{small|(1924–2018)}} | ||
|1971–1975 | |1971–1975 | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3. | !3. | ||
|[[Niral Enem Horo]] | |[[Niral Enem Horo]]<br>{{small|(1925–2008)}} | ||
|1975–2005 | |1975–2005 | ||
|- | |- | ||
!4. | !4. | ||
|'''[[Anosh Ekka]]''' | |'''[[Anosh Ekka]]'''<br>{{small|(born 1983)}} | ||
|'''2005–Incumbent''' | |'''2005–Incumbent''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
Latest revision as of 10:39, 22 March 2026
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|
Jharkhand Party | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | JKP |
| Founder | Jaipal Singh Munda |
| Founded | 5 March 1949 |
| Dissolved | 20 June 1963 |
| Preceded by | Adivasi Mahasabha |
| Merged into | Indian National Congress |
| Headquarters | Ranchi, Jharkhand |
| Ideology | |
| Colours | Green |
| ECI Status | Registered |
| Number of states and union territories in government | Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal |
| Election symbol | |
 | |
| Website | |
| jharkhandparty | |
The Jharkhand Party (JKP) is one of the oldest political parties in India. formed on 5 March 1949 by Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Munda in Ranchi. The party grew out of the demand for a separate Jharkhand state.
The Jharkhand Party participated in the Bihar Legislative Assembly elections of 1952, 1957, and 1962. For more than 15 years, the Jharkhand Party was the only major opposition political party against the Indian National Congress in Bihar. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand to the States Reorganization Commission, but the state was not created for linguistic and economic reasons.[1][2]
History[edit | edit source]
Formation[edit | edit source]
The 19th-century sociopolitical movement in the lower Chotanagpur region, initiated by tribals to address their issues, gave rise to several tribal rights organizations, predominantly led by educated Christian tribals. One of the earliest was the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj, founded in 1915 by Rev. Joel Lakra with help of Theble Oraon, Bandi Oraon and Paul Dayal, aimed at promoting education and social reform.[3] The organization demanded autonomy and socio-cultural protection to the Simon Commission during its visit to Patna in 1928. Around the same time, the Chotanagpur Catholic Sabha was formed under the leadership of Boniface Lakra and Ignes Beck (1928–1929), while non-convert Munda tribals established the Munda Sabha in 1929, although it failed to garner broad support. In 1931, peasant group broke away from the Unnati Samaj and founded the Chotanagpur Kisan Sabha, with Laurentius Barla as president and Theble Oraon as secretary, focusing on agrarian and cultural concerns in the Oraon belts. Similarly, in the early 1930s, some tribal traditionalists established the Sarna Sabha and began articulating the "Sarna" ethno-religious identity bloc.[4] By this time, the Unnati Samaj had reorganized as the Adivasi Sabha, a secular front for tribal consolidation.[5] However, in 1937 Bihar Provincial Assembly elections, only the Catholic Sabha managed limited success, winning two out of thirty-eight seats from Chotanagpur, while other tribal groups failed to gain representation. This electoral setback revealed the fragmented nature of tribal politics and prompted calls for unity, and in May 1938 the Adivasi Mahasabha (lit. 'Great Assembly of Adivasis') was formed through consolidation of the Sabhas, with Theodore Surin as president and Paul Dayal as secretary. The Mahasabha began advocating the idea of a Jharkhand state in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in June 1938. At the Mahasabha's second annual session in Ranchi in January 1939, Jaipal Singh Munda was elected president. Following his election, the Mahasabha secured notable victories in the 1939 District Board elections, winning twenty seats in Singhbhum and sixteen in Ranchi. To support its political agenda and mobilization efforts beyond Ranchi and Singhbhum, the Mahasabha began publishing materials such as "Adivasi" and "Adivasi Sakam".[lower-alpha 2]
However, dissatisfaction with Christian influence in the Mahasabha led to a split in July 1939, when Theble Oraon founded the Sanatan Adivasi Mahasabha to represent traditionalist, non-Christian tribals aligned with the nationalist movement. At the Ramgarh session of Congress in 1940, Munda discussed with Subash Chandra Bose regarding Jharkhand state. Amid rejection of Jharkhand statehood demand from influential political leaders and growing internal disagreements, the Mahasabha's performance declined in the 1946 Bihar Assembly elections, securing only three seats, with Jaipal Singh defeated by Congress candidate Dr. P. C. Mitra. However, in the 1946 Constituent Assembly elections, Jaipal Singh was elected to represent the tribal population during the drafting of the Constitution of India and, as a member of the Tribal Sub-Committee, advocated for tribal interests in the Assembly. In 1947, internal debates emerged within the Mahasabha regarding the inclusion of non-tribal populations, since tribals accounted less than half of the Chotanagpur population, although no consensus was reached. Eventually, at its session held in Ranchi on 5 March 1949, the Mahasabha was reorganized as the Jharkhand Party, with Jaipal Singh as president and Julius Tigga as secretary. Following India's independence on 15 August 1947 and the adoption of the Constitution on 26 November 1949, which provided reserved political representation in tribal-concentrated regions, the Jharkhand Party was formally launched to the public on 1 January 1950 in Jamshedpur, shifting from a tribal-centric organization to a broader regional movement advocating for a separate Jharkhand state.[8][9][10]
Post-Independence[edit | edit source]
 |
The Jharkhand Party participated in the 1952 election and won 34 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and become the main opposition party.[1] In 1955, the Jharkhand Party submitted a memorandum for the creation of separate state to the States Reorganization Commission, but the demand was not accepted because the region had many languages and tribal groups were in the minority.[11] In 1957 and 1962 Legislative Assembly election, the winning candidates of the party reduced to 31 and 20 in subsequent elections.
Jaipal Singh was disappointed by the declining popularity of his party and rejection of its demand for a separate Jharkhand state.[12] In 1963 the Jharkhand Party merged with Indian National Congress.[1] The merger was quite unpopular within the party ranks, and a number of splinter groups were formed, including the All India Jharkhand Party, the Hul Jharkhand Party, and Veer Birsa Dal.
In 1967, N.E. Horo became an MLA of the Jharkhand Party from Kolibera by election.
In 1971, the Jharkhand Party was reorganized by Bagun Sumrai, who was elected president. Horo became general secretary of the party.
In 1975, N.E. Horo was elected president of the party and Noren Hansda was elected general secretary.
In 1990, N.E. Horo was elected president, working president Lal Ranvijay Nath Sahdeo, Ashok Bhagat General Secretary in byniel conference.
On 8 January 2009, Jharkhand Party candidate Raja Peter defeated sitting Chief Minister of Jharkhand, Shibu Soren by over 9,000 votes in presidency of Anosh Ekka and Shri Ashok Kumar Bhagat-Principal General Secretary.[13]
Splinter groups[edit | edit source]
 | This section does not cite any sources. (June 2025) |
The Jharkhand Party was fragmented into several splinter groups, including more then nine during 1967–1972, after its merger into the Indian National Congress.[14][15][16]
Electoral performance[edit | edit source]
Legislative Assembly election results[edit | edit source]
| Election Year | Party | Seats contested | Seats won | +/- seats | Overall Votes | Percentage of votes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | JKP | 53 | 32 | – | 765,272 | 8.01 | [17] |
| 1957 | 70 | 31 |  1
|
749,021 | 7.08 | [18] | |
| 1962 | 75 | 20 | 11
|
432,643 | 4.39 | [19] | |
| 1972 | JKD | 42 | 1 |
|
90,717 | 0.53 | [20] |
| 1977 | JKD | 31 | 2 | 72,303 | 0.42 |
Working committee[edit | edit source]
| This section does not cite any sources. (June 2025) |
| S.No. | Name | Designation |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Anosh Ekka | National President |
| 2. | Ajit Kumar | Executive President |
| 3. | Ashok Kumar Bhagat | Principal General Secretary |
| 4. | Kiran Kumar Aind | Executive President |
List of presidents[edit | edit source]
| This section does not cite any sources. (June 2025) |
| No. | Presidents | Term in Office |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Jaipal Singh Munda (1903–1970) |
1949–1963 |
| Merged into INC, splinted into groups | ||
| 2. | Bagun Sumbrai (1924–2018) |
1971–1975 |
| 3. | Niral Enem Horo (1925–2008) |
1975–2005 |
| 4. | Anosh Ekka (born 1983) |
2005–Incumbent |
References[edit | edit source]
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ The Jharkhand Party has used various domains for their website in the past, including www
.jharkhandparty (archived), www.com .jharkhandparty (archived), and www.org .jharkhandparty (archived). However, these websites are now defunct, and no active official website is currently maintained..in - ↑ The journal Adivasi was first published by the Unnati Samaj in 1932 from Ranchi and paused after its 8th edition in 1934. After the formation of the Adivasi Mahasabha in May 1938, it resumed with the 9th edition in September 1938.[6] Adivasi Sakam, founded and edited by Jaipal Singh, was first published in July 1940 from Jamshedpur.[7]
Sources[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bera, Gautam Kumar (2008). The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India edited by Gautam Kumar Bera. Mittal Publications. pp. 45–50. ISBN 9788183241458.
- ↑ "Reunion bells ring for Jharkhand Party factions". m.telegraphindia.com.
- ↑ Das, Victor (1992). Jharkhand, Castle Over the Graves. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 978-81-210-0298-1.
- ↑ Hembram, P. C. (1988). pp. 87–88.
- ↑ Bara, Joseph (1997). "Western Education and Rise of New Identity: Mundas and Oraons of Chotanagpur, 1839-1939". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (15): 785–790. ISSN 0012-9976.
- ↑ Sharma, A.P. (1991). "Descheduling of the Christian tribes in Chotanagpur". Social Change. 21 (4): 57–76. doi:10.1177/0049085719910407. ISSN 0049-0857. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
- ↑ Tewari, Saagar (2022). "Framing the Fifth Schedule: Tribal agency and the making of the Indian Constitution (1937–1950)" (PDF). Modern Asian Studies. 56 (5). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1556–1594. doi:10.1017/s0026749x21000779. ISSN 0026-749X. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
- ↑ Rana, L. N. (1996). "Political Consciousness in Jharkhand, 1900-1947". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 57: 467–484. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44133351.
- ↑ Rana, L.N. (1992). "The Adivasi Mahasabha (1938-1949): Launching Pad of the Jharkhand Movement". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 53: 397–405. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44142817.
- ↑ Sharma, A. P. (1 June 1988). "The Jharkhand movement: A critique". Social Change. 18 (2): 59–82. doi:10.1177/0049085719880203. ISSN 0049-0857.
- ↑ Aaku Srivastava (2022). Sensex of Regional Parties. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 251. ISBN 978-9355212368.
- ↑ Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170226918.
- ↑ "Jharkhand CM Shibu Sores loses in by-election". CNN-IBN. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
- ↑ "Election Results - Full Statistical Reports".
- ↑ Rana, L.N. (1991). "The Congress - Jharkhand Merger (1963) and the Separatist Movement in Tribal Bihar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 52: 634–642. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44142668.
- ↑ Ambagudia, Jagannath; Xaxa, Virginius (2021). Handbook of Tribal Politics in India. B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044: SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd. doi:10.4135/9789353884581.n4. ISBN 978-93-5388-458-1. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Statistical Report on General Election, 1952 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 13.
- ↑ Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 12.
- ↑ Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 12.
- ↑ Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 12.
- ↑ Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 12.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Rana, L.N. (1992). "The Adivasi Mahasabha (1938-1949): Launching Pad of the Jharkhand Movement". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 53: 397–405. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44142817.
