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Punjabi calendar: Difference between revisions
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The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ | The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕੈਲੰਡਰ}}, {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پنجابی کیلنڈر}}}}) is a [[luni-solar calendar]] used by the [[Punjabi people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], but varies by religions. Historically, the [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]] have used the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] and ancient Indian [[Bikrami]] (Vikrami) calendar respectively. [[Punjabi Muslims]] use the Arabic [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tej Bhatia|title=Punjabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89460-2|page=210}}</ref> Some festivals in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] are determined by the Punjabi calendar,<ref>Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6jNrHyp_TAhWBIsAKHUqtDW4Q6AEIMzAE]</ref> such as [[Muharram]] which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of Jeth.<ref>Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA107&dq=punjabi+desi+hindu+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVzYyKvKbTAhUkLsAKHeKqDdsQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20desi%20hindu%20calendar%20pakistan&f=false]</ref> The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications s[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YCMeAAAAIAAJ&dq=agriculture+punjab+bikrami&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=agrarian]</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Punjabi periodicals published in Pakistan print Punjabi calendar figures.<ref>Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsc-AQAAIAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirwvio5qvTAhUMJsAKHUPQB0kQ6AEIIjAA]</ref>}} | ||
In | In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is purnimanta.<ref name="autogenerated1">S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&pg=PA44&dq=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGycbL3J_TAhVpAsAKHQ12CT4Q6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20lunisolar%20calendar&f=false]</ref> The lunar month is calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.<ref>Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGYxXjZXIGwC&pg=PA13&dq=purnimanta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2nNis3p_TAhVGLMAKHYbfC9o4ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=purnimanta&f=false]</ref> Chaitra is considered to be the first month of the lunar year.<ref>Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ&dq=punjab++chaitra+new+moon&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=punjab++consider]</ref> The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in [[Chet (month)|Chet]].<ref>Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkluAAAAMAAJ&q=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&dq=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ8ZetxaTTAhVJDcAKHRUgBTgQ6AEIIjAA]</ref> This means that the first half of the purnimanta month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> | ||
The | The regional new year is observed on [[Vaisakhi]] which is determined by the solar calendar.<ref>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&dq=punjabi+new+year+solar+calendar&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=solar++vaisalhi]</ref> The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the sankranti<ref>Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FPUnAAAAYAAJ&dq=oriss+ane+punjab+rule+day+sunrise+to+sunrise&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=orissa]</ref> (known as sangrand in Punjabi).<ref>Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjabi++sangrand&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=++sangrand]</ref> | ||
==Months (solar)== | ==Months (solar)== | ||
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!No. || Name || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]] ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]|| Western months | !No. || Name || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]] ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]|| Western months | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || [[ | | 1 || [[Vaisakh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਵਿਸਾਖ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|وساکھ}}}}|| Mid April – Mid May | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || [[ | | 2 || [[Jeth]] || {{Lang|pa|ਜੇਠ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|جیٹھ}}}}|| Mid May – Mid June | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || [[ | | 3 || [[Harh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਹਾੜ੍ਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ہاڑھ}}}}|| Mid June – Mid July | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || [[ | | 4 || [[Sawan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਸਾਓਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ساؤݨ}}}}|| Mid July – Mid August | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || [[ | | 5 || [[Bhadon]] || {{Lang|pa|ਭਾਦੋਂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|بھادوں}}}}|| Mid August – Mid September | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || [[ | | 6 || [[Assu]] || {{Lang|pa|ਅੱਸੂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|اسو}}}}|| Mid September – Mid October | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || [[ | | 7 || [[Katak]] || {{Lang|pa|ਕੱਤਕ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|کتک}}}}|| Mid October – Mid November | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || [[ | | 8 || [[Maghar (month)|Maghar]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮੱਘਰ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|مگھر}}}}|| Mid November – Mid December | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || [[ | | 9 || [[Poh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਪੋਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پوہ}}}}|| Mid December – Mid January | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 || [[ | | 10 || [[Magh (Sikh calendar)|Magh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮਾਘ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ماگھ}}}}|| Mid January – Mid February | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || [[ | | 11 || [[Phagun]] || {{Lang|pa|ਫੱਗਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پھگݨ}}}}|| Mid February – Mid March | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || [[ | | 12 || [[Chet (month)|Chet]] || {{Lang|pa|ਚੇਤ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|چیت}}}}|| Mid March – Mid April | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* [[Indian national calendar]] | * [[Indian national calendar]] | ||
* [[Islamic calendar]] | * [[Islamic calendar]] | ||
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]] | * [[Nanakshahi calendar]] | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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[[Category:Time in India]] | [[Category:Time in India]] | ||
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]] | [[Category:Lunisolar calendars]] | ||
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] | |||
{{measurement-stub}} | {{measurement-stub}} | ||
{{India-stub}} | {{India-stub}} | ||
{{Pakistan-stub}} | {{Pakistan-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:08, 28 July 2022
The Punjabi calendar (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕੈਲੰਡਰ, پنجابی کیلنڈر) is a luni-solar calendar used by the Punjabi people of the Indian subcontinent, but varies by religions. Historically, the Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus have used the Nanakshahi calendar and ancient Indian Bikrami (Vikrami) calendar respectively. Punjabi Muslims use the Arabic Hijri calendar.[1] Some festivals in Punjab, Pakistan are determined by the Punjabi calendar,[2] such as Muharram which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of Jeth.[3] The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan.[4][note 1]
In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is purnimanta.[6] The lunar month is calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.[7] Chaitra is considered to be the first month of the lunar year.[8] The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in Chet.[9] This means that the first half of the purnimanta month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.[6]
The regional new year is observed on Vaisakhi which is determined by the solar calendar.[10] The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the sankranti[11] (known as sangrand in Punjabi).[12]
Months (solar)[edit]
| No. | Name | Punjabi Gurmukhi | Punjabi Shahmukhi | Western months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vaisakh | ਵਿਸਾਖ | وساکھ | Mid April – Mid May |
| 2 | Jeth | ਜੇਠ | جیٹھ | Mid May – Mid June |
| 3 | Harh | ਹਾੜ੍ਹ | ہاڑھ | Mid June – Mid July |
| 4 | Sawan | ਸਾਓਣ | ساؤݨ | Mid July – Mid August |
| 5 | Bhadon | ਭਾਦੋਂ | بھادوں | Mid August – Mid September |
| 6 | Assu | ਅੱਸੂ | اسو | Mid September – Mid October |
| 7 | Katak | ਕੱਤਕ | کتک | Mid October – Mid November |
| 8 | Maghar | ਮੱਘਰ | مگھر | Mid November – Mid December |
| 9 | Poh | ਪੋਹ | پوہ | Mid December – Mid January |
| 10 | Magh | ਮਾਘ | ماگھ | Mid January – Mid February |
| 11 | Phagun | ਫੱਗਣ | پھگݨ | Mid February – Mid March |
| 12 | Chet | ਚੇਤ | چیت | Mid March – Mid April |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Tej Bhatia (2013). Punjabi. Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-136-89460-2.
- ↑ Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [1]
- ↑ Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [2]
- ↑ Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications s[3]
- ↑ Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [4]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [5]
- ↑ Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [6]
- ↑ Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications [7]
- ↑ Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [8]
- ↑ World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [9]
- ↑ Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [10]
- ↑ Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [11]
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