Thrissur: Difference between revisions

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{{About|the city in India}}
{{About|the city in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}{{Infobox settlement
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Thrissur
| name                            = Thrissur
| blank3_name_sec1                =  
| blank3_name_sec1                =  
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| blank4_name_sec1                = Importance
| blank4_name_sec1                = Importance
| blank4_info_sec1                = Gold capital of India, Cultural capital of Kerala
| blank4_info_sec1                = Gold capital of India, Cultural capital of Kerala
| image_skyline                  = ThrissurMontage new.jpg
| image_skyline =
| image_alt                      =  
{{multiple image
| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Thrissur Pooram]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]], [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], [[Puli Kali]]
| border                  = infobox
| total_width              = 255
| image_style              =
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/2
| image3=Lourd metharapolitha cathedral thrissur (2).jpg
| image2=Vadakkumnathan Temple.jpg
| image1=JJP 112.jpg
| image4=Sakthan Thampuran Palace, Thrissur.jpg
| image5=Cape of Kodungallur.jpg
| image6=Clock tower of Thrissur Muncipal Corporation building.JPG
| image7=The View of the Athirapally Falls during the onset of Monsoon.jpg
}}
| image_caption                  = '''''Clockwise from top:'''''<br /> Thrissur city, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral|Metharapolitha Cathedral]], Cape of Kodungallur, Athiralpalli waterfalls, Sakthan Thampuran Palace, Clock tower, [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]]
| nickname                        =
| map_alt                        =  
| map_alt                        =  
| map_caption                    =  
| map_caption                    =  
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| governing_body                  = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body                  = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1                  = [[Mayor]]
| leader_title1                  = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1                    = M. K. Varghese (LDF - Independent)
| leader_name1                    = M. K. Varghese (LDF – Independent)
| leader_title2                  = [[Deputy mayor]]
| leader_title2                  = [[Deputy mayor]]
| leader_name2                    = Rajasree Gopan (LDF - CPI(M))
| leader_name2                    = Rajasree Gopan (LDF – CPI(M))
| leader_title3                  = [[Police commissioner]]
| leader_title3                  = [[Police commissioner]]
| leader_name3                    = Aadhithya R. [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_name3                    = Aadhithya R. [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| area_footnotes                  = <ref name="corporationofthrissur.org">http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/general-information</ref>
| area_footnotes                  = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/general-information |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208175131/http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/general-information |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank                      =  
| area_rank                      =  
| area_total_km2                  = 101.42
| area_total_km2                  = 101.42
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| population_metro                = {{formatnum:1854783}}
| population_metro                = {{formatnum:1854783}}
| population_metro_footnotes      = <ref name="Census2011" />
| population_metro_footnotes      = <ref name="Census2011" />
| population_demonym              = * Thrissurkaran(male) *Thrissurkari(female) *Thrissurkar(plural)
| population_demonym              = Thrissurkaran (male)<br />Thrissurkari (female)<br />Thrissurkar (plural)
| population_footnotes            = <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web
| population_footnotes            = <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title= Thrissur City
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title= Thrissur City
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}}
}}


'''Thrissur''' ({{IPA-ml|t̪r̥iʃːuːr|lang|Thrissur.ogg}}), [[Renaming of cities in India|formerly]] '''Trichur''', also known by its historical name '''Thrisshivaperur''', is a city and the headquarters of the [[Thrissur district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the [[List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala|fourth largest city in Kerala]] after Trivandrum, Kochi and Kozhikode, and the 21st largest in India. It is famous for the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival.<ref>{{cite web
'''Thrissur''' ({{IPA-ml|t̪r̥iʃːuːr|lang|Thrissur.ogg}}), [[Renaming of cities in India|formerly]] '''Trichur''', also known by its historical name '''Thrissivaperur''', is a city and the headquarters of the [[Thrissur district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the [[List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala|third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala]] after [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]], and the 21st largest in India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf
|title=PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS, CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
|title=PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS, CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
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|title=COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DECADAL GROWTH OFSTATE/DISTRICTS 1991–2001, 2001–2011
|title=COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DECADAL GROWTH OFSTATE/DISTRICTS 1991–2001, 2001–2011
|publisher=Census India
|publisher=Census India
|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> The city is built around a {{convert|65|acre|ha|adj=on}} hillock called the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan|Thekkinkaadu Maidaanam]] which seats the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]]. It is located {{convert|304|km|mi|0}} north-west of the state's capital city, [[Trivandrum]]. Thrissur was once the capital of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Thrissur is known as "Cultural Capital of Kerala" due of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.<ref name="Districts Profile">{{cite web |url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrglance.asp |title=Districts Profile |publisher=Thrissur District |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193727/http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrglance.asp |archive-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> One of its main cultural events is the [[Thrissur Pooram]], which attracts quite a number of tourists and travellers.<ref name="Thousands witness Thrissur pooram">{{cite news |title=Thousands witness Thrissur pooram |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/thousands-witness-thrissur-pooram-733669.html |location=Thiruvananthapuram |date=13 May 2019}}</ref>
|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> The city is built around a {{convert|65|acre|ha|adj=on}} hillock called the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan|Thekkinkaadu Maidaanam]] which seats a large Hindu Shiva Temple. It is located central of the state, and {{convert|304|km|mi|0}} north-west of the state's capital city, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Thrissur was once the capital of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], and was a point of contact for the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Greeks]], [[Persians]], [[Arab people|Arabs]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[English people|English]].
 
Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.<ref name="Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Thrissur|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The city centre contains the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]], [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi|Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Literary and cultural societies|url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/sectors.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218134049/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/sectors.htm|archive-date=18 February 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Kerala Government}}</ref> The city hosts the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals and Fairs of Thrissur|url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:festivals-and-fairs&catid=29:tourism&Itemid=38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313140644/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:festivals-and-fairs&catid=29:tourism&Itemid=38|archive-date=13 March 2014|access-date=6 October 2012|publisher=Kerala Government}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation}}</ref> The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.<ref name="Thrissur" />


Thrissur is also known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'' because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.<ref name="Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Thrissur|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It contains the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]], [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi|Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]].<ref name="Literary and cultural societies">{{cite web|title=Literary and cultural societies|url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/sectors.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218134049/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/sectors.htm|archive-date=18 February 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Kerala Government|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The city hosts the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Festivals and Fairs of Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Festivals and Fairs of Thrissur|url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:festivals-and-fairs&catid=29:tourism&Itemid=38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313140644/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92:festivals-and-fairs&catid=29:tourism&Itemid=38|archive-date=13 March 2014|access-date=6 October 2012|publisher=Kerala Government|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Tourism">{{cite web|title=Tourism|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The festival is held at the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.<ref name="Thrissur" /> Thrissur Pooram was not conducted in the year 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]], [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] and [[Paramekkavu temple]], and the [[Guruvayur temple]] as well as two churches, the [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]], the largest Christian church in India.<ref name="Pilgrimage">{{cite web|title=Pilgrimage|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Religion is important and varied in Thrissur. The city has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship, and [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] are believed to have entered the [[Indian subcontinent]] through Thrissur and its surrounding areas. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]], [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]],  and [[Paramekkavu temple]]. There are three major Catholic churches, the [[Saint Antony's Church, Ollur|St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] and [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]], the largest Christian church in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pilgrimage|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation}}</ref> India's first mosque, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid]], is believed to have been constructed in 629 CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank|url=http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430140709/http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1|archive-date=30 April 2010|access-date=27 April 2010|work=Forbes India}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-date=6 July 2006|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=Bahrain tribune}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=23 July 2005|title=Kalam to visit oldest mosque in sub-continent|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110190406/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref>


Thrissur has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship. The city has one of the most important temples of [[Hindu]] [[Shaivism]], that is the [[Vadakunnathan temple]]. The district is also home of one of the most holiest [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] temples, the [[Guruvayur temple]].
The city is the headquarters of four major [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled banks]], [[South Indian Bank Ltd]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=With RBI nod, ESAF is now 'scheduled bank'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/with-rbi-nod-esaf-is-now-scheduled-bank/article25853930.ece|access-date=2021-10-27|website=@businessline|date=28 December 2018|language=en}}</ref> as well as several [[chit fund]]s.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|title=Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chit-fund-cos-on-the-rise-in-kerala/513907/|access-date=15 February 2010|work=The Indian Express|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> The city is also a big centre for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.<ref name="Tourist statistics">{{cite web|title=Tourist statistics|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf|access-date=15 February 2010|publisher=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>
Christianity, [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] entered into the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the [[Thrissur District]]. The works of scholars and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] writings claim [[Thomas the Apostle]] to have set foot in [[Muziris]] near Thrissur 2,000 years ago, established two churches one in Kodungaloor and the second in Palayoor which were the oldest in Asia  (AD 51–52)<ref name="T.K. Joseph 1955 27">{{cite book|author=T.K. Joseph|title=Six St. Thomases of South India|publisher=University of California|year=1955|page=27}}</ref><ref name="Nasrani Syrian Christians">{{cite web|title=Nasrani Syrian Christians|url=http://kuzhippallil.com/nsc.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704083022/http://kuzhippallil.com/nsc.html|archive-date=4 July 2009|access-date=17 January 2010|publisher=Kuzhippallil.com}}</ref> India's first mosque, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid]], opened in AD 629.<ref name="Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank">{{cite web|title=Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank|url=http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430140709/http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1|archive-date=30 April 2010|access-date=27 April 2010|work=Forbes India}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite web|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-date=6 July 2006|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=Bahrain tribune}}</ref><ref name="Islamicvoice.com">{{cite web|title=Cheraman Juma Masjid A Secular Heritage|url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726021445/http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm|archive-date=26 July 2017|access-date=20 January 2013|publisher=Islamicvoice.com}}</ref><ref name="arrival">{{cite web|title=Hindu patron of Muslim heritage site|url=http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004005641/http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm|archive-date=4 October 2018|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=iosworld.org}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=23 July 2005|title=Kalam to visit oldest mosque in sub-continent|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110190406/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> Thrissur has opened the gates for [[Arab people|Arabs]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and the [[English people|English]]. Compared to other districts, Thrissur probably has the most number of temples {{citation needed|date=March 2019}}.


The city has served as an incubator for many [[Malayali]] entrepreneurs,<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown|work=The Economic Times|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala. There are many prominent Malayali business groups from Thrissur like the owners of Kalyan Jewellers, Joy Alukkas, [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu]] etc.<ref name="South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=Banking/Finance|publisher=(The Economic Times)|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|access-date=14 July 2009}}</ref> It flexes its economic muscle in [[India]] as the headquarters of four major [[scheduled banks]], [[South Indian Bank Ltd]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]]<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/with-rbi-nod-esaf-is-now-scheduled-bank/article25853930.ece</ref> Ltd and a clutch of [[Chit fund]]s.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|title=Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chit-fund-cos-on-the-rise-in-kerala/513907/|access-date=15 February 2010|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The city is also a big centre for shopping in [[Kerala]] for silks and gold jewellery. Major brands are originated in Thrissur - like Alukkas , Kalayan, Josco, Alappatt Palathingal, Nandilath, Manjilas, Jyothi labs, Medimix, Vadyaratnam, KP Namboothris, KLF, KPL Sudhi, Kerala Solvent, Kallada, Puzhekkadavil etc. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Tourist statistics">{{cite web|title=Tourist statistics|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf|access-date=15 February 2010|publisher=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of [[Kerala]], it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St Thomas College]] which is more than a century old, [[Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur]], Kerala Police Academy, [[College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)|Kerala Institute of Local Administration]], [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]], [[Govt.Engineering College, Thrissur|GEC]] and [[Govt. Medical College, Thrissur]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.kau.edu/institution.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317052201/http://www.kau.edu/institution.htm|archive-date=17 March 2014|access-date=6 May 2010|publisher=Kerala Agricultural University|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="kilaonline.org">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.kilaonline.org/node/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016122959/http://www.kilaonline.org/node/1|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=6 May 2010|publisher=Kerala Institute of Local Administration|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="210.212.239.30">{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy|College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], [[Sree Kerala Varma College]], [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St Thomas College]], [[Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur]], [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)|Kerala Institute of Local Administration]], [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]], [[Ramavarmapuram|Kerala Police Academy]], [[Police Dog Training Centre]], [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy]], [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]], [[Sree Rama Varma Music School|Government College Of Music And Performing Arts]], [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur|Government College of Fine Arts]], [[Government Law College, Thrissur|Government Law College]], [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur|Government Engineering College]] and [[Government Medical College, Thrissur|Government Medical College]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.kau.edu/institution.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317052201/http://www.kau.edu/institution.htm|archive-date=17 March 2014|access-date=6 May 2010|publisher=Kerala Agricultural University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.kilaonline.org/node/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016122959/http://www.kilaonline.org/node/1|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=6 May 2010|publisher=Kerala Institute of Local Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326160448/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/pilgrim.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=6 October 2010|publisher=Thrissur Corporation}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The name Thrissur ([[Malayalam]]: തൃശൂര്‍) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word ''Thrisshivaperoor'' (തൃശ്ശിവപേരൂർ, Respected-Shiva-Name-Place) literally translates to 'A Big City or Town with the three places of worship of the "Lord [[Shiva]]"'. The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]], which has [[Shiva]] as its presiding deity.<ref name="The Indian Encyclopaedia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7069 |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|access-date=20 January 2013|isbn=9788177552577|year=2002|last1=Kapoor|first1=Subodh}}</ref> Alternately, ''Thri-Shiva-Perur'' ([[Malayalam]]: ത്രി-ശിവ-പേരൂർ, Three-Shiva-Palace) means the place with three Shiva temples which are said to be – the Vadakkumnathan Temple, Asokapuram [[Shiva]] temple and the [[Irattachira Siva Temple]]. Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its [[Malayalam]] name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.<ref name="THRISSUR – HISTORY">{{cite web|title=THRISSUR – HISTORY|url=http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp|publisher=Thrissur district website|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172335/http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The name Thrissur ([[Malayalam]]: തൃശൂര്) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word ''Thirusshivaperoor'' (തിരുശ്ശിവപ്പേരൂർ, Respected-Shiva-Name-Place). The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]], which has [[Shiva]] as its presiding deity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7069 |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|access-date=20 January 2013|isbn=9788177552577|year=2002|last1=Kapoor|first1=Subodh}}</ref> Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its Malayalam name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.<ref>{{cite web|title=THRISSUR – HISTORY|url=http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp|publisher=Thrissur district website|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172335/http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|History of Thrissur}}
{{Main|History of Thrissur}}
{{See also|Timeline of Thrissur}}
The presence of numerous prehistoric [[megalith]]s and [[dolmen]]s indicate that Thrissur has been occupied since at least 1000{{nbsp}}BCE to 500{{nbsp}}CE.<ref>S Hemachandran, [http://www.kerala.gov.in/keralacalljuly_07/pg30-31.pdf "Monuments Embossing History"]{{Dead link|date=June 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=no}}, ''Kerala Calling'', July 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2009</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|date=4 December 2009|title=A tour of heritage sites in Thrissur|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208143112/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm|archive-date=8 December 2009}}</ref>
 
=== Pre-history ===
[[File:55Trichur Temple Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|right| Image of main entrance of [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] seen from [[Swaraj Round]] from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway]][[File:RVPuramImage01.JPG|right|thumb|150px|The {{convert|15|ft}} in high and {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m}} wide [[Ramavarmapuram]] menhir]]
 
<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208143112/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=8 December 2009
|title=A tour of heritage sites in Thrissur
|access-date=9 July 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=4 December 2009}}</ref> The [[Ramavarmapuram]] monument is in granite and is of the ''[[menhir]]'' type. The monument in [[Ramavarmapuram]] is {{convert|15|ft}} in height and {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m}} wide. Since 1944, it has been protected by the Department of Archaeology. The monument is locally known as ''Padakkallu'' or ''Pulachikkallu''. These menhirs are memorials put up at burial sites for the departed souls. They belong to the Megalithic Age of [[Kerala]], which is roughly estimated between 1000{{nbsp}}BCE and 500{{nbsp}}CE.<ref name="Monuments Embossing History">S Hemachandran, [http://www.kerala.gov.in/keralacalljuly_07/pg30-31.pdf "Monuments Embossing History"]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, ''Kerala Calling'', July 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2009</ref> All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The [[Ramavarmapuram]] ''[[menhir]]'' is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history.<ref name="K Valath 1992 p.217">V V K Valath (1992). ''Keralathile Sthalacharithrangal: Thrissur Jilla'',(Malayalam: കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ഥലചരിത്രങ്ങൾ: തൃശ്ശൂർ ജില്ല)  p.217. Kerala Sahithya Akadamy, Thrissur.</ref>


Another monolithic monuments like [[Dolmens]] and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. According to historians, the [[dolmens]] are burial sites. Though most of the monuments were well protected, the dolmen at Porkulam was in a neglected condition. The monument excavated under eminent Archaeologist B. K. Thapar, between 1949 and 1950, was under the Department of Archaeology.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur. This place has unravelled monuments such as the ''Kudakkallu'' or ''Thoppikkallu'' (Mushroom stones or Umbrella stones) and 'Munimada' (Saint's abode).<ref name="Students prepare manual on flora">{{cite news
[[File:55Trichur Temple Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|right| Image of main entrance of [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] seen from [[Swaraj Round]] from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway]]
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] had naval influence in many parts of [[Kerala]] in the 16th century, including Thrissur. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese naval power was reduced and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] became the main naval power. With the help of the Dutch, the royal family of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] recaptured Thrissur from the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] in 1710.<ref name="Brief History">{{cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127081644/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 November 2007
|title=Students prepare manual on flora
|access-date=9 July 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=4 March 2005}}</ref> The laterite hillocks of Ariyannur rise to about 50 metres. Another reference in Ariyannur dates back to the early 15th century in the poem ''Chandrotsavam''.<ref name="Students prepare manual on flora" />
 
=== Pre-colonial history ===
The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between [[Kerala]] and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. The early political history of Thrissur is interlinked with that of the [[Chera Dynasty]] of the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], who ruled over vast portions of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). Later, a powerful dynasty known as [[Samoothiri|Zamorins]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] captured most of the Thrissur in 14th and 15th century.
 
=== Colonial period ===
Next was the turn of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] who ruled Thrissur in the 16th century. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese power was reduced and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] became the main power. With the help of Dutch, [[Cochin Royal Family]] recaptured Thrissur from [[Samoothiri]] in 1710.<ref name="Brief History">{{cite web
  |url        = http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
  |url        = http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
  |title      = Brief History
  |title      = Brief History
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  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034630/http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034630/http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
  |archive-date = 26 April 2012
  |archive-date = 26 April 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


[[File:High-Road,-Thrissur.jpg|left|thumb|A marriage procession going through the High Road, Thrissur City.]]
Thrissur rose to importance after Maharaja [[Sakthan Thampuran]] ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin (1769–1805) and made Thrissur his capital. The Maharaja made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of [[South India]], by inviting [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] from adjoining areas.<ref name="Brief History" />
 
The modern City of Thrissur rose to importance after [[Sakthan Thampuran]] ascended the throne of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (1769–1805). He changed the capital of [[Cochin Royal Family]] to Thrissur from [[Mattancherry]] and abolished the power of [[Namboothiri]] community, which controlled most of the temples of [[Thrissur district]]. The maharaja destroyed the forest around the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] which seats the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]], and started the most spectacular cultural festival called [[Thrissur Pooram]]. [[Sakthan Thampuran]] laid the modern foundation stone of Thrissur and made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of [[South India]], by inviting [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] from adjoining areas.<ref name="Brief History" />


However, during 1750–60 [[Hyder Ali]], the Sultan of the powerful [[Kingdom of Mysore]], conquered Thrissur and Thrissur became tributary of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. [[Tipu Sultan]], his son led another invasion in 1786 to Thrissur.<ref name="Tipu Sultan: as known in Kerala">{{cite web
During 1750–60 [[Hyder Ali]], the Sultan of the powerful [[Kingdom of Mysore]], conquered Thrissur, making it a tributary of Mysore. In 1786, the son of [[Tipu Sultan]] of Mysore led another invasion of Thrissur, but retreated after the Srirangapattanam war.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://voi.org/books/tipu/ch04.htm
|url=http://voi.org/books/tipu/ch04.htm
|title=Tipu Sultan: as known in Kerala
|title=Tipu Sultan: as known in Kerala
|publisher=VOI Books
|publisher=VOI Books
|access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> Later he made a retreat from Thrissur, which served as the headquarters of the Kerala region, after the Srirangapattanam war. In the meantime, [[Rama Varma X]], the successor of [[Sakthan Thampuran]] signed a treaty with the [[East India Company]], transforming the state of [[Cochin]] into their subsidiary.{{fact|date=April 2021}}
|access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> In the meantime, [[Rama Varma X]], the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with the [[East India Company]], transforming the state of [[Cochin]] into a British Protectorate.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}[[File:Plan of the Hindu temple at Trichur.jpg|thumb|right|The first known map of Thrissur City with [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] prepared by [[John Gould]] in 1816]]


==== Indian independence movement in Thrissur ====
The [[Indian independence movement]] gained momentum after a Committee was formed at the 1919 meeting of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The civil disobedience movement attracted many people in Thrissur in subsequent years, and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927 and 1934 to promote it.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 October 2010|title=Thrissur school remembers Mahatma's visit|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550770200.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171839/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550770200.htm|archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barrister Krishna Menon's forgotten story|url=http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20110615/metro/metro_19.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204249/http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20110615/metro/metro_19.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=11 July 2011|publisher=CityJournal}}</ref>
[[File:Plan of the Hindu temple at Trichur.jpg|thumb|right|The first known map of Thrissur City with [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] prepared by [[John Gould]] in 1816]]


The [[Indian independence movement]] also grew in momentum in Thrissur after a Committee was formed in 1919 of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1921, the Civil Disobedience Movement also attracted a large number of people into the struggle for independence. In 1927 [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Vivekodayam School in the city.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news
[[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], the controversial [[Divan|Diwan]] of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing [[Thrissur Town Hall]] and [[Ramanilayam]], buildings which remain important in Kerala politics. Other important civic buildings and infrastructure constructed around this time include the [[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur|Municipal Corporation Building of Thrissur]] and the [[Swaraj Round]].<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38">C A Krishnan (2009). ''Anchuvilakku'', p.35-38. Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550770200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171839/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550770200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 October 2011
|title=Thrissur school remembers Mahatma's visit
|access-date=11 July 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=15 October 2010}}</ref> In 1934, father of the nation, again visited the city for the housewarming of Barrister Krishna Menon. The house afterwards was known "Gandhi Mandiram" in Chembukkavu.<ref name="CityJournal">{{cite web
|url          = http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20110615/metro/metro_19.html
|title        = Barrister Krishna Menon's forgotten story
|publisher    = CityJournal
|access-date  = 11 July 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204249/http://www.cityjournal.in/Newspaper/20110615/metro/metro_19.html
|archive-date = 23 September 2015
|url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> In the meantime, [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], the controversial Diwan of [[Cochin Kingdom]] from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing [[Thrissur Town Hall]] and [[Ramanilayam]]. Even now these two buildings remain important in [[Kerala]] politics. Dr. M. R. Menon, a minister in Government of [[Kochi]] was instrumental in building the [[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] and the Municipal Office Road. He concreted [[Swaraj Round]] and other peripheral roads of the city.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38">C A Krishnan (2009). ''Anchuvilakku'', p.35-38. Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}</ref><ref name="thrissur.gov.in">{{cite web
  |url          = http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp
  |url          = http://thrissur.gov.in/history.asp
  |title        = Thrissur – History
  |title        = Thrissur – History
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  |archive-date = 26 October 2011
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


=== Post-Colonial ===
In 1947, when India gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from colonial rule]], Thrissur was part of the Kingdom of Cochin. [[Thrissur district]] was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at the city of Thrissur.
In 1947, when [[India]] gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from colonial rule]], Thrissur was part of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. [[Thrissur district]] was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. The city is usually referred to as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]''. The city had been home to politicians and bureaucrats like [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], P.C. Rao, [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[K. Karunakaran]], [[Joseph Mundassery]], [[Vinod Rai]] etc. after the independence. These individuals have changed the trajectory of Thrissur City afterwards.
 
[[File:Old photo of KSRTC Bus Station.jpg|left|thumb|An old photo of [[Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station]]]].
 
P.S. Rao, advisor to the Rajapramukh and acting [[Governor of Kerala]], is another person who Thrissukkar is indebted to. He expanded Thrissur City by shifting all the administrative and government offices like Thrissur Collectorate to [[Ayyanthole]] from Chembukavu.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38" /> [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]], is another gift from [[Joseph Mundassery]], the controversial former education minister who introduced Kerala Education Act. [[C. Achutha Menon]], the former Chief Minister of Kerala gifted [[Kerala Agricultural University]] in 1971, a university for all agricultural related activities.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38" />
 
[[K. Karunakaran]], the [[Bhishma]] of [[Kerala]] politics started his career in Thrissur as a painter. Later on he became the "Leader" of city. During his regime [[Thrissur-Guruvayur Section]] and Poonkunnam Over Bridge was built.<ref name="A Leader par excellence">{{cite web
|url          = http://www.scrollindia.com/art-zone/1914k-karunakaran-was-the-one-and-only-leader-worth-to-lead-the-politically-motivated-mass-in-kerala-though-created-many-rivals-along-his-political-journey-he-was-the-herald-of-developments-in-kerala/
|title        = A Leader par excellence
|publisher    = ScrollIndia
|access-date  = 11 July 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110209141029/http://www.scrollindia.com/art-zone/1914k-karunakaran-was-the-one-and-only-leader-worth-to-lead-the-politically-motivated-mass-in-kerala-though-created-many-rivals-along-his-political-journey-he-was-the-herald-of-developments-in-kerala/
|archive-date = 9 February 2011
|url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-23/news/27569612_1_k-karunakaran-oommen-chandy-k-muraleedharan
|title=Karunakaran passes away, bringing curtains down on era in Kerala politics
|work=The Economic Times
|access-date=11 July 2011
|date=23 December 2010}}</ref> [[Vinod Rai]], the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, is another person who turned fortunes of the city by building [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar (S.T.Nagar)]] when he was collector of [[Thrissur district]]. He is also known as the second [[Sakthan Thampuran]] of Thrissur by shifting the Municipal Stand near the M.O. Road to Shaktan Thampuran Nagar, now known as [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]].<ref name="Officials recount Thrissur stories">{{cite web
|url          = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/07/11/stories/2005071100391300.htm
|title        = Officials recount Thrissur stories
|work        = Business Line
|access-date  = 11 July 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130613143743/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/07/11/stories/2005071100391300.htm
|archive-date = 13 June 2013
|url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> Another IAS officer who made remarkable contributions to the development of Trichur is Raju Narayana Swamy. He single-handedly widened five roads of the city- Pattalom Road, Inner Ring Road, Ragam Theatre Road, Padinjare Kotta and Chemputti Lane – thereby changing the face of the town.


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Thrissur}}
{{Main|Geography of Thrissur}}


[[File:Koal fileds of Thrissur.jpg|thumb|The [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands|Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]] is one of largest, highly productive and threatened wetlands in [[Kerala]]. It acts as natural drainage for City of Thrissur.|alt=]]
[[File:Koal fileds of Thrissur.jpg|thumb|The [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands|Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]] is one of largest, highly productive and threatened wetlands in Kerala. It acts as natural drainage for City of Thrissur.|alt=]]
 
Thrissur is the headquarters of [[Thrissur district]], in the centre of the Indian state of Kerala. The city is 75&nbsp;km north-east of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], 133&nbsp;km south-west of [[Coimbatore]], 124&nbsp;km south-east of [[Kozhikode]] and 151&nbsp;km north of [[Changanacherry]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Geography and Climate |publisher=ADB |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref> The city is located in a hillock called [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] which is the second highest point in city after the [[Vilangan Hills]]. The city has an average altitude of 2.83 metres above sea level.<ref name=":0" />


The city of Thrissur is situated in [[Thrissur District]] of Central [[Kerala]] in India. The city is located at {{Coord|10.52|N|76.21|E|}} and has an average altitude of 2.83 metres. The city is 75&nbsp;km north-east of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], 133&nbsp;km south-west of [[Coimbatore]] , 124&nbsp;km south-east of [[Kozhikode]] and 151&nbsp;km north of [[Changanacherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Geography and Climate |publisher=ADB |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The city is located in a hillock called [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] which is the second highest point in city after the [[Vilangan Hills]]. From the hillock, the geography of the city move towards middle land where [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands]] is situated. The Kole Wetlands act as a natural drainage for the city where the water is carried out to river and from there to the [[Laccadive Sea]], thus keeping Thrissur city safe from flood waters which affect most of the other cities in [[Kerala]].
From the hillock, the city gradually flattens into the [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], which act as a natural drainage for the city. The water from the wetlands flows via rivers into the [[Laccadive Sea]], keeping Thrissur city safe from the major flooding that affects most other cities in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web
<ref name="Warning bells in Kole">{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/10/14/stories/2007101450020200.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/10/14/stories/2007101450020200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016093454/http://hindu.com/mag/2007/10/14/stories/2007101450020200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016093454/http://hindu.com/mag/2007/10/14/stories/2007101450020200.htm
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|title=Agriculture-wetland interactions and sustainability of rice cultivation in the Kole land, Kerala
|title=Agriculture-wetland interactions and sustainability of rice cultivation in the Kole land, Kerala
|publisher=Jeena T Srinivasan
|publisher=Jeena T Srinivasan
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Project to protect kole wetlands">{{cite web
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010860470300.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010860470300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424070830/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010860470300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424070830/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010860470300.htm
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|title=Project to protect kole wetlands
|title=Project to protect kole wetlands
|date=2011-01-08
|date=2011-01-08
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Migratory fish spotted in kole land">{{cite web
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854330700.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854330700.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072933/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854330700.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072933/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854330700.htm
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|title=Migratory fish spotted in kole land
|title=Migratory fish spotted in kole land
|date=2011-04-18
|date=2011-04-18
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Different ponds, rivers and canals also keep the ground water safe from salt waters. The city is located in midland regions of [[Kerala]], with an extended part of Palakkad plains.<ref name="Jose">Jose AI, Paulose S, Prameela P & Bonny BP (eds), 2002, [http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219053217/http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm |date=19 December 2005 }}, Kerala Agricultural University. Retrieved 18 January 2006.</ref> The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by [[Archean|Archaeans]] rocks.<ref name="Geography">{{cite web
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>
 
The city is located in midland regions of Kerala, with an extended part of Palakkad plains.<ref name="Jose">Jose AI, Paulose S, Prameela P & Bonny BP (eds), 2002, [http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219053217/http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm |date=19 December 2005 }}, Kerala Agricultural University. Retrieved 18 January 2006.</ref> The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by [[Archean|Archaean]] rocks.<ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://210.212.239.30/tsr/evolution&geography.htm
  |url        = http://210.212.239.30/tsr/evolution&geography.htm
  |title      = Geography
  |title      = Geography
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  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034621/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/evolution%26geography.htm
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034621/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/evolution%26geography.htm
  |archive-date = 26 April 2012
  |archive-date = 26 April 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little [[seismic]] or [[volcanic]] activity.
}}</ref> The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little [[seismic]] or [[volcanic]] activity.
[[File:Vadakkechira 2013 december.JPG|thumb|Ponds and canals save City of Thrissur from flooding in the monsoon. A view of [[Vadakkechira, Thrissur]].|alt=]]
[[File:Vadakkechira 2013 december.JPG|thumb|Ponds and canals in [[Vadakkechira, Thrissur]] prevent flooding during monsoon season.|alt=]]


=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], City of Thrissur features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to {{convert|36|to|38|°C|°F|1}} coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the [[South-west monsoon]] from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the [[Western Ghats]]. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around {{convert|30|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |title=Climate |publisher=Kerala Government |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208205700/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |archive-date=8 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], City of Thrissur features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to {{convert|36|to|38|°C|°F|1}} coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the [[south-west monsoon]] from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the [[Western Ghats]]. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around {{convert|30|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |title=Climate |publisher=Kerala Government |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208205700/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |archive-date=8 February 2011 }}</ref>


The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|3,100|mm|in|0|disp=or}}. The [[South-west monsoon]] generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{convert|36|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{convert|27|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{convert|31|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} and a minimum average of {{convert|20|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate" />
The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|3100|mm|in|0|disp=or}}. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{convert|36|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{convert|27|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{convert|31|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} and a minimum average of {{convert|20|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate" />


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| width = auto
|location= Thrissur
| location = Thrissur
|metric first= yes
| metric first = yes
|single line= yes
| single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
| temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C= 31
| Jan high C = 31
|Feb high C= 32
| Feb high C = 32
|Mar high C= 34
| Mar high C = 34
|Apr high C= 36
| Apr high C = 36
|May high C= 35
| May high C = 35
|Jun high C= 30
| Jun high C = 30
|Jul high C= 29
| Jul high C = 29
|Aug high C= 30
| Aug high C = 30
|Sep high C= 30
| Sep high C = 30
|Oct high C= 30
| Oct high C = 30
|Nov high C= 31
| Nov high C = 31
|Dec high C= 31
| Dec high C = 31
|Jan low C= 20
| Jan low C = 22
|Feb low C= 22
| Feb low C = 22
|Mar low C= 25
| Mar low C = 25
|Apr low C= 27
| Apr low C = 27
|May low C= 27
| May low C = 27
|Jun low C= 24
| Jun low C = 24
|Jul low C= 23
| Jul low C = 23
|Aug low C= 23
| Aug low C = 23
|Sep low C= 24
| Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C= 24
| Oct low C = 24
|Nov low C= 23
| Nov low C = 23
|Dec low C= 21
| Dec low C = 23
|rain colour = green
| rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm= 32
| Jan rain mm = 32
|Feb rain mm= 26
| Feb rain mm = 26
|Mar rain mm= 39
| Mar rain mm = 39
|Apr rain mm= 147
| Apr rain mm = 147
|May rain mm= 391
| May rain mm = 391
|Jun rain mm= 576
| Jun rain mm = 576
|Jul rain mm= 391
| Jul rain mm = 391
|Aug rain mm= 367
| Aug rain mm = 367
|Sep rain mm= 417
| Sep rain mm = 417
|Oct rain mm= 467
| Oct rain mm = 467
|Nov rain mm= 223
| Nov rain mm = 223
|Dec rain mm= 47
| Dec rain mm = 47
|Jan rain days= 3
| Jan rain days = 3
|Feb rain days= 3
| Feb rain days = 3
|Mar rain days= 5
| Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days= 13
| Apr rain days = 13
|May rain days= 17
| May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days= 26
| Jun rain days = 26
|Jul rain days= 28
| Jul rain days = 28
|Aug rain days= 24
| Aug rain days = 24
|Sep rain days= 18
| Sep rain days = 18
|Oct rain days= 23
| Oct rain days = 23
|Nov rain days= 13
| Nov rain days = 13
|Dec rain days= 4
| Dec rain days = 4
|unit rain days= 0.1 mm
| unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|source= [https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/thrissur_india_1254187]
| source = [https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/thrissur_india_1254187]
|date= May 2012
| date = May 2012
}}
}}


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Thrissur}}
{{Main|Economy of Thrissur}}
Thrissur is home to many leading Malayaliee entrepreneurs,<ref name="The Economic Times" /> and is a major financial and commercial hub of [[Kerala]].<ref name="South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown" /> Historians say that King [[Sakthan Thampuran]] had invited several [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in [[Kerala]]. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and [[rolled gold]] jewellery in [[South India]]; up to 70% of [[Kerala]]'s jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news
Thrissur is home to many Malayaliee entrepreneurs,<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown|work=The Economic Times|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043838/http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.<ref name="South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=Banking/Finance|publisher=(The Economic Times)|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=14 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719043838/http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|archive-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran invited [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and [[rolled gold]] jewellery in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Kerala-shines-in-gold-ornament-export/articleshow/1205891.cms
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Kerala-shines-in-gold-ornament-export/articleshow/1205891.cms
|title=Kerala shines in gold ornament export
|title=Kerala shines in gold ornament export
|work=The Economic Times
|work=The Economic Times
|access-date=13 December 2010
|access-date=13 December 2010
|date=20 August 2005}}</ref><ref name="Business Line">{{cite web
|date=20 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blnus/08091450.htm
  |url        = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blnus/08091450.htm
  |title      = No impact of recession on gold business'
  |title      = No impact of recession on gold business'
  |work      = Business Line
  |work      = Business Line
  |access-date = 13 December 2010
  |access-date = 13 December 2010
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.<ref name="Diamonds Net">{{cite web
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=24176
|url=http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=24176
|title=Kerala Hosts First Gem & Jewellery Show
|title=Kerala Hosts First Gem & Jewellery Show
|date=20 November 2008
|publisher=Diamonds Net
|publisher=Diamonds Net
|access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Exhibition on gold jewellery from N">{{cite news
|access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100657330200.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100657330200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009062826/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100657330200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009062826/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/06/stories/2008100657330200.htm
Line 356: Line 294:
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=6 October 2008}}</ref> The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in [[Kerala]]. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in [[Kerala]] for manufacturing of ornaments daily.
|date=6 October 2008}}</ref> The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.


[[File:K. Karunakaran Smaraka Town Hall 02.JPG|thumbnail|The Town Hall in Thrissur]]
[[File:K. Karunakaran Smaraka Town Hall 02.JPG|thumbnail|The Town Hall in Thrissur]]


According to [[Reserve Bank of India]], the city in the 1930s boasted of head offices of 58 banks and was recognised by RBI as 'Banking Town'. Even now also it's the headquarters of major banks like [[South Indian Bank]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]], and non-banking institutions like [[Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd]], [[Kerala State Financial Enterprise]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]] and Investments.<ref name="The Hindu 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/esaf-to-start-with-10-branches-as-small-finance-bank/article8866748.ece|title=ESAF to start with 10 branches as small finance bank|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="About Us">{{cite web|url=http://www.southindianbank.com/content/viewContentLvl1.aspx?linkIdLvl2=5&linkid=5|title=About Us|publisher=South Indian Bank|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Genesis">{{cite web
According to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], Thrissur has been regarded as a banking town since the 1930s, when 58 banks were headquartered in the city. In the present, the city remains a significant centre for banking and finance, with the headquarters of major banks like [[South Indian Bank]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]], and other financial institutions like [[Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd|Manappuram General Finance and Leasing]], [[Kerala State Financial Enterprise]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]].<ref name="The Hindu 3">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/esaf-to-start-with-10-branches-as-small-finance-bank/article8866748.ece|title=ESAF to start with 10 branches as small finance bank|work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2016|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="About Us">{{cite web|url=http://www.southindianbank.com/content/viewContentLvl1.aspx?linkIdLvl2=5&linkid=5|title=About Us|publisher=South Indian Bank|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.csb.co.in/asp/0100text.asp?pageId=2&headId=27
  |url        = http://www.csb.co.in/asp/0100text.asp?pageId=2&headId=27
  |title      = Genesis
  |title      = Genesis
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  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100217211409/http://www.csb.co.in/asp/0100text.asp?pageID=2&headID=27
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100217211409/http://www.csb.co.in/asp/0100text.asp?pageID=2&headID=27
  |archive-date = 17 February 2010
  |archive-date = 17 February 2010
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> Many [[chit fund]]s, a type of Indian savings and credit system, are located in Thrissur. In 2010, an estimated 3,000 chit fund companies were located in Thrissur, employing approximately 35,000 people.<ref>{{cite web
}}</ref> The city's financial capabilities also saw the rise of [[Chit fund]]. According to All Kerala Kuri Foreman's Association, [[Kerala]] have around 5,000 chit companies, with [[Thrissur District]] accounting for the maximum of 3,000. These chit companies provide employment to about 35,000 persons directly and an equal number indirectly.<ref name="Chit fund companies on the rise">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_chit-fund-companies-on-the-rise_1288173
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_chit-fund-companies-on-the-rise_1288173
|title=Chit fund companies on the rise
|title=Chit fund companies on the rise
|publisher=DNA
|publisher=DNA
|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web
|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chit-fund-cos-on-the-rise-in-kerala/513907/
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chit-fund-cos-on-the-rise-in-kerala/513907/
|title=Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala
|title=Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala
|work=The Indian Express
|work=The Indian Express
|date=7 September 2009
|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref>
|access-date=15 February 2010}}</ref>


[[File:South indian bank head office.JPG|thumb|right|[[South Indian Bank]] headquarters in Thrissur City]]
[[File:South indian bank head office.JPG|thumb|right|[[South Indian Bank]] headquarters in Thrissur City]]


The city is also emerging as the largest hub for Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry in [[India]]. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing units in [[Kerala]], about 150 units, including some of the major ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the [[Kerala]] state are located in and around the city. Of these, some of the companies like the [[Oushadhi]], [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], [[KP Namboodiris]], Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Kandamkulathy Vaidyasala, SNA Oushadhasala etc. are among the leading ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the state.<ref name="Pharmabiz.com">{{cite web
The city is a hub for the [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] drug-manufacturing industry. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing companies in Kerala, about 150, including some of the largest in the state like [[Oushadhi]], [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], [[KP Namboodiris]], are located in and around the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=26402&sectionid=50
|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=26402&sectionid=50
|title=Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda
|title=Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda
|publisher=Pharmabiz.com
|publisher=Pharmabiz.com
|access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> [[Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster]], another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in [[Koratty]] in [[Thrissur District]].<ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite web
|access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> [[Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster]], another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in [[Koratty]] in Thrissur District.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/centre-to-partfund-ayurveda-testing-facility-in-thrissur/264507/
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/centre-to-partfund-ayurveda-testing-facility-in-thrissur/264507/
|title=Centre to part-fund Ayurveda testing facility in Thrissur
|title=Centre to part-fund Ayurveda testing facility in Thrissur
|work=The Financial Express
|work=The Financial Express
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Centre sanctions Rs 29 cr for ayurv">{{cite web
|date=23 January 2008
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url          = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/10/stories/2005061003711700.htm
  |url          = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/10/stories/2005061003711700.htm
  |title        = Centre sanctions Rs 29 cr for ayurveda cluster in Thrissur
  |title        = Centre sanctions Rs 29 cr for ayurveda cluster in Thrissur
Line 397: Line 336:
  |archive-date = 23 March 2010
  |archive-date = 23 March 2010
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name="Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayur">{{cite web
|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=26402&sectionid=50
|title=Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda
|publisher=Pharmabiz.com
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cii.in/WebCMS/Upload/Mr%20T%20Balakrishnan.pdf
|url=http://cii.in/WebCMS/Upload/Mr%20T%20Balakrishnan.pdf
|title=Ayurvedic Industry – Challenges And Opportunities
|title=Ayurvedic Industry – Challenges And Opportunities
Line 410: Line 344:
|title=Ayurveda Sector in India: Challenges, Potential & Way Forward
|title=Ayurveda Sector in India: Challenges, Potential & Way Forward
|publisher=Global Ayurveda Summit 2010
|publisher=Global Ayurveda Summit 2010
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Pharma biz">{{cite web |url= http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=26402&sectionid=50 |title= Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda |publisher= Pharma biz |access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>


Modern retailing is a big business and revenue earner for the city. Jewellery and textile retailing occupies a major part of the retailing business in Thrissur. The city is considered as hub of jewellery and textile business in [[Kerala]]. Most of the jewellery groups have outlets in Thrissur and provide jobs to thousands of people. [[Kalyan Group]], [[Jos Alukka & Sons]], [[Joyalukkas]] and Josco Group have their bases in city.<ref name="Thrissur, the new textile capital">{{cite web
Retail businesses in Thrissur include [[Kalyan Group]], [[Jos Alukka & Sons]], [[Joyalukkas]] and Josco Group.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=8267335&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=8267335&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@
|title=Thrissur, the new textile capital
|title=Thrissur, the new textile capital
|publisher=Manorama Online.com
|publisher=Manorama Online.com
|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> [[InfoPark Thrissur]], the fourth technology park in [[Kerala]] after [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]] is situated in [[Thrissur District]].<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite web
|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> [[InfoPark Thrissur]], the fourth technology park in Kerala, is situated in Thrissur District.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/koratty-it-park-set-to-begin-operations/394389/
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/koratty-it-park-set-to-begin-operations/394389/
|title=Koratty IT park set to begin operations
|title=Koratty IT park set to begin operations
|work=Business Standard
|work=Business Standard
|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="InfoPark Thrissur">{{cite web
|date=11 May 2010
|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url          = http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=4
  |url          = http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=1&location_id=4
  |title        = InfoPark Thrissur
  |title        = InfoPark Thrissur
Line 428: Line 363:
  |archive-date = 6 July 2010
  |archive-date = 6 July 2010
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article136596.ece
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article136596.ece
|title=Koratty Infopark first phase inauguration on Oct
|title=Koratty Infopark first phase inauguration on Oct
|work=The New Indian Express
|work=The New Indian Express
|date=8 October 2009
|date=8 October 2009
|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of [[Kerala]]. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting [[Kerala]].<ref name="Tourist statistics" />
|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.<ref name="Tourist statistics" />


== Administration ==
== Administration ==
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{{Main|Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}
{{Main|Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}
[[File:Thrissur Muncipal Corporation2.JPG|thumb|left|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road]]
[[File:Thrissur Muncipal Corporation2.JPG|thumb|left|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road]]
Thrissur city functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the [[Cochin]] Municipal Regulations.<ref name="Malayala Manorama">{{cite web
Thrissur has functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations.<ref name="Malayala Manorama">{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=8143095&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=8143095&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|title=Thrissur City Corporation turns 100
|title=Thrissur City Corporation turns 100
|publisher=Malayala Manorama
|publisher=Malayala Manorama
|access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |title=History |publisher=Thrissur Corporation |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719122634/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |archive-date=19 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972 new areas from other Panchayats were added to the municipality.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /> On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to the level of a Municipal Corporation with the Panchayats of [[Ayyanthole]], Koorkkenchery, [[Nadathara]], Vilvattom (part), [[Ollur]] and [[Ollukkara]]. The Corporation comprises three legislative assemblies Thrissur, [[Ollur]] and [[Cherpu]].<ref name="Thrissur District">{{cite web |url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp |title=DEMOGRAPHIC & AREA PARTICULARS OF URBAN LOCAL BODIES |publisher=Thrissur District |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192927/http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp |archive-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The city is administered by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], headed by a mayor. The corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of [[Kerala]] in India. The city is the only local body in [[Kerala]] which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.
|access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |title=History |publisher=Thrissur Corporation |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719122634/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |archive-date=19 July 2010 }}</ref> In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972, several village councils or [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] were added to the municipality.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /> On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] and took over the towns and villages of [[Ayyanthole]], Koorkkenchery, [[Nadathara]], Vilvattom (part), [[Ollur]] and [[Ollukkara]].


For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The corporation has its headquarters in Thrissur city.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /><ref name="Thrissur Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm |title=Thrissur Corporation |publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720233639/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm |archive-date=20 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.<ref name="adb.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Urban Planning and Land Use Management |publisher=ADB |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
The city is administered by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], headed by a mayor and comprising three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and [[Cherpu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DEMOGRAPHIC & AREA PARTICULARS OF URBAN LOCAL BODIES|url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192927/http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp|archive-date=16 June 2011|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Thrissur District}}</ref> For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years.
 
It is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The corporation, headquartered in the city of Thrissur proper, directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Thrissur Corporation|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720233639/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm|archive-date=20 July 2010|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.<ref name="adb.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Urban Planning and Land Use Management |publisher=ADB |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1836723/
|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1836723/
|title=T.N. Rugmani And Another vs C. Achutha Menon And Ors on 20 December, 1990
|title=T.N. Rugmani And Another vs C. Achutha Menon And Ors on 20 December, 1990
Line 475: Line 411:
|title=Reinstatement of Thrissur Urban Development Authority
|title=Reinstatement of Thrissur Urban Development Authority
|publisher=Kerala Government
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="TUDA is back">{{cite web
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=12696235&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=12696235&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@
|title=TUDA is back
|title=TUDA is back
Line 481: Line 417:
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>


=== Law and order ===
=== Police services ===
The city is the headquarters of [[Thrissur City Police]] and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and [[Guruvayur]]. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.<ref name="Thrissur to have city police commis">{{cite news
The city is the headquarters of [[Thrissur City Police]] and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and [[Guruvayur]]. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.<ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307193425/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307193425/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
Line 491: Line 427:
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Probe ordered into explosions">{{cite news
|date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110207215745/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110207215745/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
Line 500: Line 436:
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=3 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Thrissur gets Police Commissioner">{{cite news
|date=3 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110309055023/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110309055023/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
Line 511: Line 447:
|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>
|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>


The [[Thrissur City Police]] Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at [[Ramavarmapuram]]. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at [[Ayyanthole]]. The city is also the headquarters of [[Inspector General of Police]], Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, [[Palakkad District]] and [[Malappuram district]]. All the [[Superintendent of Police]] of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101163953/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |archive-date=1 January 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Central Prison, Viyyur]],<ref>{{cite web
The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at [[Ramavarmapuram]]. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at Ayyanthole. The city is also the headquarters of [[Inspector General of Police]], Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, [[Palakkad District]] and [[Malappuram district]]. All the [[Superintendent of Police]] of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101163953/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |archive-date=1 January 2009 }}</ref> [[Central Prison, Viyyur]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpvyr.pdf
|url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpvyr.pdf
|title=Central Prison, Viyyur
|title=Central Prison, Viyyur
|publisher=Kerala Government
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> [[Police Dog Training Centre]] and [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]]. [[State and Union Territory Police Forces#Indian Reserve Battalion|Indian Reserve Battalion]], new commando unit of [[Kerala Police]] is headquartered in [[Ramavarmapuram]].<ref name="State security force soon">{{cite news
|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> [[Police Dog Training Centre]] and [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]]. [[State and Union Territory Police Forces#Indian Reserve Battalion|Indian Reserve Battalion]], new commando unit of [[Kerala Police]] is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1047353.ece
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1047353.ece
|title=State security force soon
|title=State security force soon
Line 521: Line 457:
|access-date=3 February 2011
|access-date=3 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> [[Border Security Force]] (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.<ref name="29 more battalions for BSF">{{cite news
|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> [[Border Security Force]] (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013113835/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013113835/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
Line 530: Line 466:
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="More BSF facilities promised">{{cite news
|date=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1132711.ece
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1132711.ece
|title=More BSF facilities promised
|title=More BSF facilities promised
Line 552: Line 488:
|estyear=
|estyear=
|estref=
|estref=
|footnote= source:<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>
|footnote= source:<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS {{Bare URL spreadsheet|date=April 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}


{{As of|2011}} India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The density of population is 3,130/km<sup>2</sup>. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the [[Kerala]]'s slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.
{{As of|2011}} India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The density of population is 3,130/km<sup>2</sup>. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.


[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] is spread over an area of 101.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The city alone accounts for 38% of the urban population in the [[Thrissur District]]. [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] area encompasses the municipal corporation area and adjoining panchayats. The total area under municipal corporation jurisdiction is 101.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and the area under the Panchayats is 18.83&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> Together, these constitute an area covering 120.25&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
[[Hindu]]s constitute the majority with 58.42% of the population [[Christians]] constitute 24.27% of the population [[Muslims]] constitute 17.07% of the population in Thrissur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/district/thrissur|title=Thrissur Population 2022}}</ref>
 
[[Hindus]] constitute the majority with 54.20% of the population [[Christians]] constitute 40.02% of the population [[Muslims]] constitute 5.50% of the population in Thrissur.


== Politics ==
== Politics ==
{{Main|Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Main|Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency}}
Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of [[South India]]. The city of Thrissur is represented in the [[Kerala State Assembly]] by two elected members, one from [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and another from [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] is the representative of [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]] from [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. K. Rajan is also the finance minister of Kerala.  Thrissur city is also a part of the [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]] and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current [[Member of Parliament|MP]] is [[T. N. Prathapan]]. The [[Lok Sabha]] seat has been held by the [[Indian National Congress]] for seven terms (1951–1957, 1984–1989, 1989–1991, 1991–1996, 1999–2004 and 2009–2014, 2019 to present) and the [[Communist Party of India]] for ten terms (1957–1962, 1962–1967, 1967–1970, 1971–1977, 1977–1979, 1980–1984, 1996–1997, 1998–1999, 2004–2009 and 2014–2019).
Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. Thrissur City administration is carried out by  Municipal Corporation of Thrissur. [[MK.Varghese]] (LDF) is the Mayor of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. The city of Thrissur is represented in the [[Kerala State Assembly]] by two elected members, one from [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and another from [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. {{As of|2021|October|alt=As of 2021}}, [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]] from Ollur Assembly Constituency.


== Culture and literature ==
Thrissur city is also a part of the [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]] and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current [[Member of Parliament|MP]] is [[T. N. Prathapan]] of the Indian National Congress. The [[Lok Sabha]] seat has primarily been held by the Indian National Congress (seven terms since 1951) and the [[Communist Party of India]] (ten terms since 1957).
{{Main|Culture of Thrissur}}
 
== Culture ==
[[File:Thrissur Church6.jpg|thumb|Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] is situated in the middle of Thrissur city]]
[[File:Thrissur Church6.jpg|thumb|Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] is situated in the middle of Thrissur city]]


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[[File:Kerala Sahitya Akademy.JPG|thumb|[[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] building in Thrissur]]
[[File:Kerala Sahitya Akademy.JPG|thumb|[[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] building in Thrissur]]


Thrissur is known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'', the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries, and being the centre of [[Kerala]]'s cultural activities. [[Thrissur Pooram]] also called as 'the [[pooram]] of all poorams' is celebrated in every year in the month of [[Medam]] (mid-April to mid-may) as per the [[malayalam calendar]]. It is the biggest of all poorams held in [[Kerala]]. The city plays host, for 36 hours from the wee hours of the pooram day, to one of the most largest collection of people and elephants.<ref name="Lakhs witness Thrissur Pooram">{{cite web
Thrissur is known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries. [[Thrissur Pooram]], the largest [[pooram]] in Kerala, is sometimes referred to as 'the pooram of all poorams'. It is celebrated every year in the month of [[Medam]] (mid-April to mid-may) as per the [[Malayalam calendar]]. For thirty-six hours, the city plays host to a large gathering of people and elephants.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Lakhs witness Thrissur Pooram
|title=Lakhs witness Thrissur Pooram
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/25/stories/2010042553400400.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/25/stories/2010042553400400.htm
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|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=2010-04-25
|date=2010-04-25
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Probe into Thrissur Pooram firework">{{cite news
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050612260400.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050612260400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013113804/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050612260400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013113804/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050612260400.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=6 May 2006}}</ref><ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web
|date=6 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/04/24/hundredsof-thousands-converge-as-thrissur-poorambegins.html
|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/04/24/hundredsof-thousands-converge-as-thrissur-poorambegins.html
|title=Hundreds of thousands converge as 'Thrissur Pooram' begins in Kerala
|title=Hundreds of thousands converge as 'Thrissur Pooram' begins in Kerala
|work=OneIndia
|work=OneIndia
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Sify News">{{cite web
|date=24 April 2010
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sify.com/news/caparisoned-elephants-steal-the-show-at-thrissur-pooram-news-national-keyukeecgde.html
|url=http://www.sify.com/news/caparisoned-elephants-steal-the-show-at-thrissur-pooram-news-national-keyukeecgde.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122082035/http://www.sify.com/news/caparisoned-elephants-steal-the-show-at-thrissur-pooram-news-national-keyukeecgde.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122082035/http://www.sify.com/news/caparisoned-elephants-steal-the-show-at-thrissur-pooram-news-national-keyukeecgde.html
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|title=Caparisoned elephants steal the show at Thrissur Pooram
|title=Caparisoned elephants steal the show at Thrissur Pooram
|publisher=Sify News
|publisher=Sify News
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> [[Puli Kali]] also known as ''Kavakali'' is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of [[Onam]], an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in [[Kerala]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>
 
[[Puli Kali]], also known as ''Kavakali'', is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of [[Onam]], an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article208655.ece
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article208655.ece
|title=Thousands feast on colourful Pulikali
|title=Thousands feast on colourful Pulikali
|work=The New Indian Express
|work=The New Indian Express
|date=27 August 2010
|date=27 August 2010
|access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="'Tiger Dance' performed in Kerala">{{cite web
|access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/08/27/tigerdance-performed-inkerala.html
|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/08/27/tigerdance-performed-inkerala.html
|title='Tiger Dance' performed in Kerala
|title='Tiger Dance' performed in Kerala
|work=OneIndia
|work=OneIndia
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>
|date=27 August 2010
The most important festivals celebrated in the City include Christmas, [[Onam]], Easter, [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Vishu]]. The city is widely acclaimed as the land of elephant lovers.<ref name="Yeddyurappa's elephant gift sparks">{{cite news
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> [[Buon Natale]] is the cultural festival conducting at [[Swaraj Round]] with [[Christmas]] celebration. [[Buon Natale]] procession entered the [[Guinness World Records]] in 2014 for having the maximum number of people dressed up as [[Santa Claus]]. Other important festivals celebrated in the city include [[Christmas]], [[Onam]], [[Easter]], [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Vishu]].
 
Elephants play a major part in many of the city's festivals.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811071875.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811071875.htm
|title=Yeddyurappa's elephant gift sparks row
|title=Yeddyurappa's elephant gift sparks row
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|access-date=2 February 2011
|access-date=2 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|date=7 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web
|date=7 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_thrissur-elephants-get-a-jumbo-relief_1252194
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_thrissur-elephants-get-a-jumbo-relief_1252194
|title=Thrissur elephants get a jumbo relief
|title=Thrissur elephants get a jumbo relief
|publisher= DNA
|publisher= DNA
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>
|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> ''Aanayoottu'' (feeding of elephants), held in [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] in the City annually, is the world's largest elephant feeding ceremony. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.<ref>{{cite web
''Aanayoottu'' (feeding of elephants), is the world largest elephant feeding ceremony held in [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] in the City annually. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the [[Malayalam]] month of Karkidakam.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite web
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elephants-in-kerala-tuck-into-a-jumbo-feast/68974-3.html
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elephants-in-kerala-tuck-into-a-jumbo-feast/68974-3.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125235631/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elephants-in-kerala-tuck-into-a-jumbo-feast/68974-3.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125235631/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/elephants-in-kerala-tuck-into-a-jumbo-feast/68974-3.html
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|title=Elephants in Kerala tuck into a jumbo feast
|title=Elephants in Kerala tuck into a jumbo feast
|publisher=CNN
|publisher=CNN
|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Sify">{{cite web
|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sify.com/news/elephants-run-amok-at-thrissur-and-guruvayur-news-national-khsi4Tedech.html
|url=http://www.sify.com/news/elephants-run-amok-at-thrissur-and-guruvayur-news-national-khsi4Tedech.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721033037/http://sify.com/news/elephants-run-amok-at-thrissur-and-guruvayur-news-national-khsi4Tedech.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721033037/http://sify.com/news/elephants-run-amok-at-thrissur-and-guruvayur-news-national-khsi4Tedech.html
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|title=Elephants run amok at Thrissur and Guruvayur
|title=Elephants run amok at Thrissur and Guruvayur
|publisher=Sify
|publisher=Sify
|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="When jumbos line up to solemnise a">{{cite news
|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/29/stories/2005082910820400.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/29/stories/2005082910820400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063723/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/29/stories/2005082910820400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063723/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/29/stories/2005082910820400.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=29 August 2005}}</ref>  
|date=29 August 2005}}</ref>
 
=== Tourism ===
Tourism Circuit Tourism 2017 is being celebrated by the [[United Nations|United Nation Organisation]] as the year of sustainable development of tourism. Keeping this in mind, DTPC, Thrissur, under the department of tourism, Kerala has launched Tourism Circuits all across the District, with a view to promote and uplift these cherished hopes. In order to full fill the goals, six (06) Tourism Circuits have been formed in Thrissur District, namely, Blue Circuit, Brown Circuit, Yellow Circuit, Orange Circuit, Green Circuit and Red Circuit. These circuits were conceptualised by the Assistant Collector Under Trainee  '''Mr. M.V.R Krishna Teja IAS''' under the aegis of the District Collector '''Dr. A. Kowsigan IAS'''. They were inaugurated by the Honb Minister of Industries Sri A.C. Moideen and Honb Agriculture Minister Sri V.S. Sunil Kumar on 7 April.


=== Literature ===
=== Literature ===
Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of [[Kerala]] but it came to prominence after [[Kerala]] Government set up [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]], [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]] and [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]] for promoting literature, music and arts in [[Kerala]]. After the [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Thrissur became the ''literary capital of [[Kerala]]'' as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor [[Joseph Mundassery]], it become the abode of writer's like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kovilan]], [[V. K. N.]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]] and [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]. The area was later known as ''Current Moola'' ("Current Corner").<ref name="Ramavarman">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Thrissur-mourns-its-electric-corner/articleshow/10089257.cms | title=Thrissur mourns its 'electric' corner | first=T | last=Ramavarman | date=23 September 2011 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.<ref name="thehindu.com">http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/demolition-of-dilapidated-buildings-begins-in-thrissur/article2472410.ece</ref>
Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi|Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]], [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]] and [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]] for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Thrissur became the ''literary capital of Kerala'' as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor [[Joseph Mundassery]], it become the abode of writer's like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kovilan]], [[V. K. N.]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]] and [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]. The area was later known as ''Current Moola'' ("Current Corner").<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Thrissur-mourns-its-electric-corner/articleshow/10089257.cms | title=Thrissur mourns its 'electric' corner | first=T | last=Ramavarman | date=23 September 2011 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/demolition-of-dilapidated-buildings-begins-in-thrissur/article2472410.ece| title = Demolition of dilapidated buildings begins in Thrissur - KERALA - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 21 September 2011}}</ref>


Thrissur is home to prominent [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] literary figures like [[Kovilan]], [[Kunhunni Mash]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K. Satchidanandan]], [[Mullanezhi]], [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]], [[Attoor Ravi Varma]], [[Lalitha Lenin]], [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[Joseph Mundassery]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news
Thrissur is home to prominent [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] literary figures like [[Kovilan]], [[Kunhunni Mash]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K. Satchidanandan]], [[Mullanezhi]], [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]], [[Attoor Ravi Varma]], [[Lalitha Lenin]], [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[Joseph Mundassery]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/kochi/30193550_1_book-stall-writers-malayalam
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/kochi/30193550_1_book-stall-writers-malayalam
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103110935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/kochi/30193550_1_book-stall-writers-malayalam
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103110935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/kochi/30193550_1_book-stall-writers-malayalam
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|date=23 September 2011}}</ref>
|date=23 September 2011}}</ref>


=== Temples, Churches and Mosques ===
=== Religious buildings ===
[[File:Vadakkumnatha Kshethram - Thekke Nada.jpg|thumb|One of the four [[Vadakumnathan Temple]] Gates, inside the [[Swaraj Maidan]].|left]]
[[File:Vadakkumnatha Kshethram - Thekke Nada.jpg|thumb|One of the four [[Vadakumnathan Temple]] Gates, inside the [[Swaraj Maidan]]]]
[[File:Cheraman Masjid 2.jpg|thumb|[[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], said to be the oldest mosque in India ]]
{{for|more|Places of worship in Thrissur}}
The [[Vadakkunnathan temple]], believed to have been founded by the legendary saint [[Parasurama]], is an example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the [[Mahabharata]].
[[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]], one of the largest [[Krishna|Sree Krishna]] temples in Kerala and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] which is one of the largest [[Bagavathi]] temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Aykunnu Pandavagiri Devi Temple is situated at Venginisseri village, that around 9&nbsp;km from city center. [[Guruvayur Temple|Sree Guruvayurappan Temple]] is located in [[Guruvayur]] (28&nbsp;km from Thrissur); it is also referred to as [[Vaikuntha|Bhuloka Vaikunta]] which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".


'''Temples'''
Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] (Puthan Pally), [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] which has an underground shrine, [[Saint Antony's Syro-Malabar Church, Ollur]] which has been called as ''Chinna Roma'' (Small Rome) are masterpieces of architecture and indigenous paintings. [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal|Saint Euphrasia's]] tomb and museum also situated in the city. [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur]] (28&nbsp;km from Thrissur) is the first church in India , and [[Thomas the Apostle]] performed the first baptism in India here.
The [[Vadakkunnathan temple]], believed to have been founded by the legendary saint [[Parasurama]], is an example of the [[Kerala]] style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the [[Mahabharata]].
[[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]], one of the largest [[Krishna|Sree Krishna]] temples in [[Kerala]] and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] which is one of the largest [[Bagavathi]] temples in [[Kerala]] is also situated in the city. [[Guruvayur Temple|Sree Guruvayurappan Temple]], is located in [[Guruvayur]] (municipal town), Thrissur District. It is also referred to as [[Vaikuntha|Bhuloka Vaikunta]] which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".The Thriprayar Sreerama temple and Irinjalakuda Kudalmanikyam temple which are part of naalamabalam is also in Thrissur


'''Churches'''
The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur. [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] in [[Kodungallur]], (40&nbsp;km from Thrissur) is the first mosque in India.
Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] (Puthan Pally), [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] which has an underground shrine, is a masterpiece of architecture. [[Mart Mariam Cathedral]], the oldest church in the city, which belongs to the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] also known as [[Chaldean Syrian Church of the East]], is situated in Thrissur. The [[St. Anthony's Forane Church|St. Anthony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church]], also known as ''Chinna Roma'' (Small Rome), which is around 300 years old, are also in Thrissur.
 
'''Mosques'''
The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur.
Kalathode Mosque (Kalathode Juma Masjid) in Thrissur city has the facility of cemetery.
Kokkalai Juma Masjid, Westfort Sunni Juma Masjid (West Fort), Salafi Juma Masjid near Railway Station, MIC Juma Masjid near Shakthan Bus Stand, Ayyanthole Juma Masjid  (Ayyanthole), Olari Juma Masjid(Olari) are other mosques in Thrissur City.
[[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] in Kodungalloor, ( 40&nbsp;km from Thrissur ) is the First Mosque in India.


=== Cuisine ===
=== Cuisine ===
The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. ''Achappam'',''Kuzhalappam'' and ''Pazham Pori'' are common snacks. ''Vellayappam'', a kind of [[Hopper (food)|rice hopper]] is another dish which is special to the city.
The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. ''Achappam'', ''Kuzhalappam'', ''Vatteppam'', ''Unniyappam'' and ''Pazham Pori'' are common snacks. ''Vellayappam'', a kind of [[Hopper (food)|rice hopper]] is another dish which is special to the city, there have a food street named ''vellayappam angadi''.


== Education ==
== Education ==
[[File:Gec thrissur.jpg|thumbnail|Government Engineering College, Thrissur|left]]
[[File:Gec thrissur.jpg|thumbnail|Government Engineering College, Thrissur]]{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Thrissur district}}
* [[List of colleges and universities in Thrissur district]]
Thrissur, which has been a centre of learning from ancient times, is developing as a modern education hub.<ref>{{cite news
Already known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'', it is also fast developing as an education hub.<ref name="Call to develop Thrissur as 'educat">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021204160300.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021204160300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040311103646/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021204160300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040311103646/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021204160300.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=12 February 2004}}</ref><ref name="Thrissur set to become major educat">{{cite news
|date=12 February 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/11/stories/2010111158310300.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/11/stories/2010111158310300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013163621/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/11/stories/2010111158310300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013163621/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/11/stories/2010111158310300.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> The city has traditionally been a centre of learning from ancient times. With the decline of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] and due to the growing supremacy of Brahminism during the revival of [[Hinduism]], the City became an important centre of [[Sanskrit]] learning.<ref name="Educational Institutions">{{cite web
|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> Schools in city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. Education is generally conducted in English or [[Malayalam]], with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the [[Kerala State Education Board]] or [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE) or the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the Montessori system.<ref name="Home">{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.thrissureducation.com/|access-date=29 January 2011|publisher=Thrissur Educational District}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|title      = Educational Institutions
|publisher  = Thrissur Municipal Corporation
|access-date  = 22 September 2010
|url-status    = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|archive-date = 12 July 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="Home">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thrissureducation.com/
|title=Home
|publisher=Thrissur Educational District
|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Schools in city are either run publicly by the [[Kerala]] Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. The medium of education is either English or [[Malayalam]], with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the [[Kerala State Education Board]] or [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE) or the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the Montessori system.<ref name="Home" /><ref name="ddethrissur.org">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ddethrissur.org/
|url=http://www.ddethrissur.org/
|title=Home
|title=Home
|publisher=DDE, Thrissur
|publisher=DDE, Thrissur
|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;<ref name="Institutions">{{cite web
|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ddethrissur.org/institutions.php
|url=http://www.ddethrissur.org/institutions.php
|title=Institutions
|title=Institutions
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  |archive-date = 22 December 2009
  |archive-date = 22 December 2009
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> and 78 high schools;<ref>{{cite web
}}</ref> and 78 high schools;<ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/hs/tsr.pdf
  |url        = http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/hs/tsr.pdf
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  |publisher  = Kerala Government
  |publisher  = Kerala Government
  |access-date = 29 January 2011
  |access-date = 29 January 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 157<ref name="List of Schools">{{cite web
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 157<ref>{{cite web
  |url          = http://hscap.kerala.gov.in/CMS/school.php?cmbdist=8
  |url          = http://hscap.kerala.gov.in/CMS/school.php?cmbdist=8
  |title        = List of Schools
  |title        = List of Schools
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  |archive-date = 21 July 2011
  |archive-date = 21 July 2011
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> higher secondary schools in the city.
}}</ref> higher secondary schools in the city.
With universities like [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], Kerala Police Academy, [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[National Research Institute for Panchakarma]], Cheruthuruthy and [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration]], the city would add another feather in its crown by having 'World Class University' and a 'Science City'.
The Raj Kovu institute of Agriculture was made in 2012 to teach farmers about modern techniques of agriculture and better farming practices. The college currently has 300 students.<ref name="Charting a new course in education">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/article1119559.ece
|title=Charting a new course in education
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=28 January 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|date=24 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="World class university to come up i">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090751450300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013172759/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090751450300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 October 2011
|title=World class university to come up in Thrissur
|access-date=28 January 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=7 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Ernakulam out of race for world cla">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090760460300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916153231/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090760460300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 September 2008
|title=Ernakulam out of race for world class university
|access-date=28 January 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=7 September 2008}}</ref> With three medical colleges, [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]], [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kerala medical university]](KUHS), the city has become synonymous with medical education in [[Kerala]] The district has two ''[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s''.
Institute of cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body) have Thrissur Chapter located TC 37, CMA Bhawan, 1879/1, Kottappuram Rd.


== Healthcare ==
== Healthcare ==
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{{Main|Hospitals in Thrissur}}
{{Main|Hospitals in Thrissur}}


The city serves as a centre for healthcare in the Central [[Kerala]]. The portion covers [[Thrissur District]], [[Palakkad District]], [[Malappuram District]] and northern part of [[Ernakulam District]]. Most of the people in these districts come to city of Thrissur for their medical care. There are three medical colleges, [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]], [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], and few other hi-tech hospitals.
The city serves as a centre for healthcare in Central Kerala, with people from [[Thrissur District]], [[Palakkad District]], [[Malappuram District]] and the northern part of [[Ernakulam District]] coming to Thrissur for medical care. There are three medical colleges in the city: [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]], [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]], and [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]]. The [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala|Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College]] also situated in city.
 
The city has an ancient tradition of Ayurvedic treatment. From the [[Ashtavaidya]] tradition, [[Oushadhi]], [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy and SNA Oushadhasala is located in city of Thrissur,<ref name="Pharma biz" /> All these firms have been instrumental in spreading the fame of [[Kerala]] Ayurvedic treatment, as thousands of overseas patients visit the Ayurvedic treatment facilities in and around Thrissur, every year. Vaidyaratnam runs a medical college and ''Chikitsalayam'', with global standards. Sitaram have a 100 bedded eight storied super speciality hospital in the city of Thrissur, envisaged as the first of its kind Ayurveda super speciality hospital in the country.<ref name="Pharma biz" />
 
An [[index case]] of [[COVID-19]] was reported in Thrissur from a student in [[Wuhan University]] returning from [[Wuhan]] on 30 January 2020 and has since recovered.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|title=Its back to study time for India's first COVID-19 patient from Thrissur|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/health/its-back-to-study-time-for-india-s-first-covid-19-patient-from-thrissur-1.4727980|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|title=Kerala reports first confirmed coronavirus case in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30|last1=ThiruvananthapuramJanuary 30|first1=P. S. Gopikrishnan Unnithan|last2=January 31|first2=2020UPDATED|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|last3=Ist|first3=2020 12:16}}</ref>


== Sports ==
== Sports ==
[[File:V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium3.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] in Thrissur city]]
[[File:V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium3.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] in Thrissur city]]
{{Main|Football in Thrissur}}
{{Main|Football in Thrissur}}
Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]] and Thope Stadium. International players and former Indian captains [[C. V. Pappachan]], [[I. M. Vijayan]] and [[Jo Paul Ancheri]], the young Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The [[N.I. David Memorial Trophy]], an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.<ref name="Inter-club football">{{cite news
Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]] and Thope Stadium. International players and former Indian captains [[C. V. Pappachan]], [[I. M. Vijayan]] and [[Jo Paul Ancheri]], the young Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The [[N.I. David Memorial Trophy]], an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
|url=http://hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119171603/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119171603/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/26/stories/2010122652431400.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Football">{{cite web
|date=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
  |url        = http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
  |title      = Football
  |title      = Football
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  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520004609/http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520004609/http://www.keralapolicehistory.com/gllry3.html
  |archive-date = 20 May 2011
  |archive-date = 20 May 2011
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
}}</ref><ref name="Sudheesh fires in three">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122757671600.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122757671600.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101000217/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122757671600.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101000217/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122757671600.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Golden Threads posts win">{{cite news
|date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123157181800.htm
|url=http://hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123157181800.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104205807/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123157181800.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104205807/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/31/stories/2010123157181800.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=31 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Aneesh shines">{{cite news
|date=31 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/04/stories/2011010453562000.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/04/stories/2011010453562000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108210155/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/04/stories/2011010453562000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108210155/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/04/stories/2011010453562000.htm
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  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
  |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
  |archive-date = 12 July 2012
  |archive-date = 12 July 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> It also has two indoor stadiums, [[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] and a [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) maintained [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex]] with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to [[India]] such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.<ref name="Sports" /> Chess prodigy [[Nihal Sarin]] is from Thrissur.
}}</ref> It also has two indoor stadiums, [[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] and a [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) maintained [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex]] with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to [[India]] such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.<ref name="Sports" /> Chess prodigy [[Nihal Sarin]] is from Thrissur.


== Media ==
== Media ==
{{Main|Thrissur in popular culture}}
The first [[Malayalam]] newspaper which published from Thrissur was ''Lokamanyan'' in 1920. Then came ''[[Deenabandhu]]'' edited by [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]. ''Ezhuthachan'' started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the [[Quit India]] movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org">{{cite web
The first [[Malayalam]] newspaper which published from Thrissur was ''Lokamanyan'' in 1920. Then came ''[[Deenabandhu]]'' edited by [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]. ''Ezhuthachan'' started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the [[Quit India]] movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org">{{cite web
  |url          = http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/1692/3/UOM-1992-772-2.PDF
  |url          = http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/1692/3/UOM-1992-772-2.PDF
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  |archive-date = 21 July 2011
  |archive-date = 21 July 2011
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> Later ''Lokamanyan'' (1920); ''Kerala Chintamani'' (1905); ''Kerala Kesari'' (1924); ''Mahatma'' (1930); ''Gomathy'' (1930) and ''Navajeevan'' of [[Joseph Mundassery]] was also published from Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web
}}</ref> Later ''Lokamanyan'' (1920); ''Kerala Chintamani'' (1905); ''Kerala Kesari'' (1924); ''Mahatma'' (1930); ''Gomathy'' (1930) and ''Navajeevan'' of [[Joseph Mundassery]] was also published from Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13234/8/08_chapter%201.pdf
|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13234/8/08_chapter%201.pdf
|title=THE EVOLUTION OF PRESS IN KERALA
|title=THE EVOLUTION OF PRESS IN KERALA
|publisher=Shodhganga
|publisher=Shodhganga
|access-date= 4 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA">{{cite web
|access-date= 4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url          = http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm
  |url          = http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm
  |title        = HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA
  |title        = HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA
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  |archive-date = 7 August 2014
  |archive-date = 7 August 2014
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name="Read history as the old newspapers">{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article472437.ece?service=print
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article472437.ece?service=print
|title= Read history as the old newspapers reported
|title= Read history as the old newspapers reported
|work=The Times of India
|work=The Times of India
|access-date= 4 August 2014}}</ref>''The Express'' started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central [[Kerala]] for its nationalist and socialist views.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org" /> Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Madhyamam]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'',  ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]'', ''Veekshanam'', ''Metro Vaartha'' and ''[[Janayugom]]''. A number of evening papers, like ''[[General (Newspaper)|General]]'' in Malayalam and ''[[City Journal (Thrissur)|City Journal]]'' in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are also available in city.
|access-date= 4 August 2014}}</ref> ''The Express'' started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org" /> Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Madhyamam]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'',  ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]'', ''Veekshanam'', ''Metro Vaartha'' and ''[[Janayugom]]''. A number of evening papers, like ''[[General (Newspaper)|General]]'' in Malayalam and ''[[City Journal (Thrissur)|City Journal]]'' in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are also available in city.


The first cinema hall in [[Kerala]], with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] and was called the ''Jose Electrical Bioscope'' now known as [[Jose Theatre]].<ref name="Cinema">{{cite web
The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] and was called the ''Jose Electrical Bioscope'' now known as [[Jose Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.malayalacinema.com/Content-4/CINEMA+HISTORY.html
|url=http://www.malayalacinema.com/Content-4/CINEMA+HISTORY.html
|title=Cinema
|title=Cinema
|publisher=Malayala Cinema.com
|publisher=Malayala Cinema.com
|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="City Journal">{{cite web
|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url          = http://cityjournal.in/hundred-years-of-filial-indifference/
  |url          = http://cityjournal.in/hundred-years-of-filial-indifference/
  |title        = Hundred years of filial indifferenc
  |title        = Hundred years of filial indifferenc
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  |archive-date = 4 October 2013
  |archive-date = 4 October 2013
  |url-status    = dead
  |url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
}}</ref><ref name="A true adventurer">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-true-adventurer/article5179374.ece
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-true-adventurer/article5179374.ece
|title=A true adventurer
|title=A true adventurer
|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|work=The Hindu|date=29 September 2013
|last1=Chelangad
|first1=Saju
}}</ref>


A film festival, known as [[ViBGYOR Film Festival]], is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like [[Aircel]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Idea cellular]], [[Vodafone]], [[Reliance Infocomm]], [[Tata Docomo]], [[MTS India|MTS]], [[Uninor]], [[Tata Indicom]] and the state owned [[BSNL]]. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.<ref name="BSNL 3G services in Thrissur">{{cite news
A film festival, known as [[ViBGYOR Film Festival]], is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like [[Aircel]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Idea cellular]], [[Vodafone]], [[Reliance Infocomm]], [[Tata Docomo]], [[MTS India|MTS]], [[Uninor]], [[Tata Indicom]] and the state owned [[BSNL]]. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011753440300.htm
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011753440300.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100131075412/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011753440300.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100131075412/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011753440300.htm
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|location=Chennai, India
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> The city also have Broadband wireless services on [[WiMAX]] platform.<ref name="WiMax in Thrissur">{{cite web
|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> The city also have Broadband wireless services on [[WiMAX]] platform.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=7976335&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=7976335&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|title=WiMax in Thrissur
|title=WiMax in Thrissur
|publisher=Manoramaonline
|publisher=Manoramaonline
|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="BSNL launches WiMAX Services">{{cite web
|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |url        = http://www.kerala.bsnl.co.in/Wimax/WIHom.asp
  |url        = http://www.kerala.bsnl.co.in/Wimax/WIHom.asp
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100927223905/http://kerala.bsnl.co.in/Wimax/WIHom.asp
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100927223905/http://kerala.bsnl.co.in/Wimax/WIHom.asp
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8&nbsp;MHz, [[Radio Mango 91.9]] &nbsp;MHz,<ref name="Radio Mango Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Radio Mango Thrissur|url=http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|access-date=7 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312114947/http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|archive-date=12 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> BEST FM 95 by ([[Asianet Communications Limited]]), [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 91.1&nbsp;MHz.<ref name="RED FM Thrissur">{{cite web|title=RED FM Thrissur|url=http://www.sunnetwork.org/redfm/thrissur/index.asp|publisher=Kal Radio Limited |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] has an AM (630&nbsp;kHz) and an FM (101.1&nbsp;MHz) station for the city.<ref name="Thrissur radio stations">{{cite web
Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8&nbsp;MHz, [[Radio Mango 91.9]] &nbsp;MHz,<ref name="Radio Mango Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Radio Mango Thrissur|url=http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|access-date=7 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312114947/http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|archive-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> BEST FM 95 by ([[Asianet Communications Limited]]), [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 91.1&nbsp;MHz.<ref name="RED FM Thrissur">{{cite web|title=RED FM Thrissur|url=http://www.sunnetwork.org/redfm/thrissur/index.asp|publisher=Kal Radio Limited |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] has an AM (630&nbsp;kHz) and an FM (101.1&nbsp;MHz) station for the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/kerala-radio.htm#thrissur-radio
|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/kerala-radio.htm#thrissur-radio
|title=Thrissur radio stations
|title=Thrissur radio stations
|work=Asiawaves
|work=Asiawaves
|access-date= 3 September 2014}}</ref> The transmitter of the [[All India Radio]] (630&nbsp;kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.<ref name="allindiaradio.org">Address of AIR Station, Thrissur [http://www.allindiaradio.org/address/trissur.htm]
|access-date= 3 September 2014}}</ref> The transmitter of the [[All India Radio]] (630&nbsp;kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.<ref>Address of AIR Station, Thrissur [http://www.allindiaradio.org/address/trissur.htm]
(Retrieved 8 January 2009)</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">In euphonious harmony, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 3 February 2006</ref> Thrissur has a [[Doordarshan]] studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.<ref name="List of Doordarshan Studios">{{cite web |url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios |title=List of Doordarshan Studios |publisher=Ddindia.gov.in |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120031304/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios |archive-date=20 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="AIR Offices">{{cite web
(Retrieved 8 January 2009)</ref><ref>In euphonious harmony, ''[[The Hindu]]'' dated 3 February 2006</ref> Thrissur has a [[Doordarshan]] studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios |title=List of Doordarshan Studios |publisher=Ddindia.gov.in |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120031304/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/Doordarshan+Studios |archive-date=20 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/AIR/Air+Stations
|url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/AIR/Air+Stations
|title=AIR Offices
|title=AIR Offices
|publisher=Prasar Bharati
|publisher=Prasar Bharati
|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Doordarshan Kendra's">{{cite web
|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/DD/DD+Kendras
|url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/DD/DD+Kendras
|title=Doordarshan Kendra's
|title=Doordarshan Kendra's
Line 932: Line 812:


== Transport ==
== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Thrissur}}
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| direction = vertical
| image1 = ShakthanThampuranBusStandTCR.JPG
| image1 = ShakthanThampuranBusStandTCR.JPG
| caption1 = [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]], is the largest private bus station in [[Kerala]] State.
| caption1 = [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]], is the largest private bus station in Kerala State.
| image2 = Thrissur railway station 1.JPG
| image2 = Thrissur railway station 1.JPG
| caption2 = [[Thrissur Railway Station]]
| caption2 = [[Thrissur railway station]]
| image3 = Thrissur City Road map- Schematic.png
| image3 = Thrissur City Road map- Schematic.png
| caption3 = Schematic Road network map of Thrissur City
| caption3 = Schematic Road network map of Thrissur City
}}
}}{{Main|Transport in Thrissur}}


=== Road ===
=== Road ===
The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] [[National Highway (India)]] via the four-lane [[National Highway 47 (India)|National Highway]] 544,previously NH 47.<ref name="NHAI report on four-lane work ready">{{cite news|date=7 September 2008|title=NHAI report on four-lane work ready|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090753370500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915225345/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090753370500.htm|archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of [[Kochi]], [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH]] 544 provides two main exit points at [[Mannuthy]] and which is bypass to the Thrissur city and [[Thalore]].
The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] [[National Highway (India)]] via the four-lane [[National Highway 47 (India)|National Highway]] 544, previously NH 47.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2008|title=NHAI report on four-lane work ready|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090753370500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915225345/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090753370500.htm|archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of [[Kochi]], [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH]] 544 provides two main exit points at [[Mannuthy]] and [[Thalore]] which is bypass to the Thrissur city.


The ongoing construction of Mannuthy- Vadakkencherry 6 lane national highway is a major traffic problem in the district. A tunnel was planned to built in Kuthiran which is the main point of accidents. During 2018 floods there was a landslide in Kuthiran the roads were jammed for 5 days.
The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and [[auto rickshaws]] for public transport. A transit terminal was announced for [[Puzhakkal]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 2013|title=State govt to launch Puzhakkal mobility hub|publisher=City journal|location=Kerala, India|url=http://cityjournal.in/state-government-to-launch-puzhakkal-mobility-hub/|url-status=dead|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905083705/http://cityjournal.in/state-government-to-launch-puzhakkal-mobility-hub/|archive-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> Land was transferred to the Thissur Mobility Hub Society on a 99-year lease in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muringatheri|first=Mini|date=2015-07-20|title=Thrissur Mobility Hub to become a reality soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrissur-mobility-hub-to-become-a-reality-soon/article7442532.ece|access-date=2021-10-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


Central and state governments are not willing to take any actions. As it is one of the main roads which connect neighbouring states to Kerala. When Monsoon starts roads will be fully damaged, people were forced to risk their lives inorder to provide income in their family.
State-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]] in [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar]], Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the [[Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station]] near the [[Thrissur railway station]]. [[State Highway 69 (Kerala)|State Highway (SH 69)]] Thrissur-[[Kuttippuram]] Road, [[State Highway 22 (Kerala)|SH 22]] [[Kodungallur]] – [[Shornur]] Road, [[State Highway 75 (Kerala)|SH 75]] Thrissur – Kanjani – [[Vadanappally]] Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.


The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and [[auto rickshaws]] (called autos) for public transport. A transit terminal mobility hub situated in [[Puzhakkal]] is also under wraps to be made on lines of [[Vyttila Mobility Hub]] to reduce traffic congestion is recently approved to be realised soon.<ref name="cityjournal.in">{{cite news|date=14 August 2013|title=State govt to launch Puzhakkal mobility hub|publisher=City journal|location=Kerala, India|url=http://cityjournal.in/state-government-to-launch-puzhakkal-mobility-hub/|url-status=dead|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905083705/http://cityjournal.in/state-government-to-launch-puzhakkal-mobility-hub/|archive-date=5 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
=== Railway ===
The [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. [[Thrissur railway station]], one of the four A+ railway station in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]].
It has a satellite station, [[Punkunnam railway station]]<ref>{{cite news|date=12 August 2009|title=Guruvayur-Tirunavaya rail line soon: Ahamed|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081252800300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817125044/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081252800300.htm|archive-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> and two minor stations, [[Ollur railway station]] and [[Mulankunnathukavu railway station]]. Thrissur railway station also connects to the temple town of [[Guruvayur]] by [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line]]. In addition, Southern Railway is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to [[Kochi]] and [[Palakkad]] using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services ([[MEMU]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ekm-Thrissur Memu to chug off today|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/kochi/37959859_1_ernakulam-junction-memu-train-thrissur-railway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713024908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/kochi/37959859_1_ernakulam-junction-memu-train-thrissur-railway|archive-date=13 July 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU from tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ernakulamthrissur-memu-from-tomorrow/article4540799.ece|access-date=12 July 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MEMU services to roll out in Thrissur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/memu-services-to-roll-out-in-thrissur/article3864626.ece|access-date=12 July 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>


State-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]] in [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar]],  Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the [[Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station]] near the [[Thrissur Railway Station]]. [[State Highway 69 (Kerala)|State Highway (SH 69)]] Thrissur-[[Kuttippuram]] Road, [[State Highway 22 (Kerala)|SH 22]] [[Kodungallur]] – [[Shornur]] Road, [[State Highway 75 (Kerala)|SH 75]] Thrissur – Kanjani – [[Vadanappally]] Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.
=== Requirements ===


=== Railway ===
* Trivandrum bound KSRTC service via Irinjalakuda, Kodungallur, Paravoor, Vytilla
The [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] Zone of the [[Indian Railways]] operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. [[Thrissur Railway Station]], one of the four A+ railway station in [[Kerala]] provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy [[Shoranur-Cochin Harbour section]].
It has a satellite station, [[Punkunnam railway station]]<ref name="Guruvayur-Tirunavaya rail line soon">{{cite news|date=12 August 2009|title=Guruvayur-Tirunavaya rail line soon: Ahamed|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081252800300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817125044/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081252800300.htm|archive-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> and two minor stations, [[Ollur Railway Station]] and [[Mulankunnathukavu Railway Station]]. [[Thrissur Railway Station]] also connects to the temple town of [[Guruvayur]] by [[Thrissur-Guruvayur Section]]. In addition, [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railways]] is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to [[Kochi]] and [[Palakkad]] using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services ([[MEMU]]).<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|title=Ekm-Thrissur Memu to chug off today|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/kochi/37959859_1_ernakulam-junction-memu-train-thrissur-railway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713024908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/kochi/37959859_1_ernakulam-junction-memu-train-thrissur-railway|archive-date=13 July 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU from tomorr">{{cite web|title=Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU from tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ernakulamthrissur-memu-from-tomorrow/article4540799.ece|access-date=12 July 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="MEMU services to roll out in Thriss">{{cite web|title=MEMU services to roll out in Thrissur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/memu-services-to-roll-out-in-thrissur/article3864626.ece|access-date=12 July 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
 
=== Air ===
{{Main|Kuttanellur Heliport}}
The city is served by [[Cochin International Airport]] ([[Nedumbassery]]), which is about 55 kilometres away. Direct domestic flights are available to major Indian cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Visakhapatnam]] (proposed). International flights to Middle East cities like [[Dubai]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Jeddah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Doha]] and to Southeast Asian cities [[Bangkok]], [[Singapore]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] are available here. It has a dedicated Heli-taxi service and Chartered flights. [[Calicut International Airport]] at [[Karipur]], is 80&nbsp;kilometers from the city and [[Coimbatore Airport]], which is 114&nbsp;kilometers from the city also can be used by travellers.<ref name="Express Hospitality">{{cite web|title=Lulu Convention Centre: Where occasions become events|url=http://www.expresshospitality.com/20080630/keralahospitality06.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710212622/http://www.expresshospitality.com/20080630/keralahospitality06.shtml|archive-date=10 July 2011|access-date=23 November 2010|publisher=Express Hospitality|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


== Picture gallery ==
== Picture gallery ==
Line 975: Line 849:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]
* [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Thrissur in popular culture]]
*[[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]
* [[List of people from Thrissur]]
* [[List of people from Thrissur]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[Visitor attractions in Thrissur]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Thrissur]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Thrissur]]
* [[Thrissur Zoo]]
*[[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[Veerolipadam]]
* [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* C A Krishnan (2009), ''Anchuvilakku'' (Malayalam : അഞ്ചുവിളക്ക്). Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}
* T. R. Venugopalan (2012), ''Sampathum Adhikaravum: Thrissuril Ninnulla Oru Kazcha'', Cosmos Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-226-0935-6}}
* Robert Bradnock, Roma Bradnock (2000), ''South India Handbook: The Travel Guide''. {{ISBN|978-1-900949-81-1}}
* Sarina Singh (2001), ''South India''. {{ISBN|978-1-86450-246-6}}
* Karen Schreitmüller (2009), ''India''. {{ISBN|978-3-8297-6622-7}}
 
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Thrissur|voy=Thrissur}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
* [http://thrissur.nic.in/ Government Portal for The Thrissur City]
* [http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/ Government Portal for the district of Thrissur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017014153/http://thrissurtimes.com/ All about district of Thrissur]
 
{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
|list  =
'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|10|31|12|N|76|12|36|E|display=inline}}'''
}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Thrissur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:City]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas]]
[[Category:Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian cities articles by quality]]
{{About|the city in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Thrissur
| blank3_name_sec1                =
| blank3_info_sec1                =
| native_name_lang                = ml
| other_name                      = Trichur, Thrissivaperur
| settlement_type                = [[Metropolis]]
| blank4_name_sec1                = Importance
| blank4_info_sec1                = Gold capital of India, Cultural capital of Kerala
| image_skyline                  = ThrissurMontage new.jpg
| image_alt                      =
| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Thrissur Pooram]], [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]], [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], [[Puli Kali]]
| map_alt                        =
| map_caption                    =
| pushpin_map                    = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position          = left
| pushpin_map_alt                =
| pushpin_map_caption            =
| pushpin_label                  = Thrissur
| coordinates                    = {{coord|10.52|N|76.21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1              = State
| subdivision_name1              = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2              = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2              = [[Thrissur District]]
| established_title              = <!-- Established -->
| established_date                =
| founder                        =
| named_for                      =
| government_type                = [[Mayor–council government]]
| governing_body                  = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1                  = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1                    = M. K. Varghese (LDF - Independent)
| leader_title2                  = [[Deputy mayor]]
| leader_name2                    = Rajasree Gopan (LDF - CPI(M))
| leader_title3                  = [[Police commissioner]]
| leader_name3                    = Aadhithya R. [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| area_footnotes                  = <ref name="corporationofthrissur.org">http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/general-information</ref>
| area_rank                      =
| area_total_km2                  = 101.42
| elevation_footnotes            =
| elevation_m                    = 2.83
| population_total                = 315596
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_rank                =
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_metro                = {{formatnum:1854783}}
| population_metro_footnotes      = <ref name="Census2011" />
| population_demonym              = * Thrissurkaran(male) *Thrissurkari(female) *Thrissurkar(plural)
| population_footnotes            = <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title= Thrissur City
| publisher=Census2011
| access-date=3 November 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1              = Languages
| demographics1_title1            = Official
| demographics1_info1            = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1                      = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1                    = +5:30
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code                    = 680XXX
| area_code_type                  = Telephone code
| area_code                      = Thrissur: 91-(0)487, [[Irinjalakuda]]: 91-(0)480, [[Wadakkancherry]]: 91-(0)4884, [[Kunnamkulam]]: 91-(0)4885
| registration_plate              = KL-08
| blank1_name_sec1                = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1                = {{Convert|54|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1                = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1                = 97.24%
| blank1_name_sec2                = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2                = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| blank2_name_sec2                = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2                = {{convert|3100|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2                = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2                = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2                = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2                = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
| website                        = https://thrissur.nic.in/
| footnotes                      =
| official_name                  =
}}
 
'''Thrissur''' ({{IPA-ml|t̪r̥iʃːuːr|lang|Thrissur.ogg}}), [[Renaming of cities in India|formerly]] '''Trichur''', also known by its historical name '''Thrisshivaperur''', is a city and the headquarters of the [[Thrissur district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the [[List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala|fourth largest city in Kerala]] after Trivandrum, Kochi and Kozhikode, and the 21st largest in India. It is famous for the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf
|title=PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS, CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
|publisher=Census India
|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/kerala/ppt_at_a_glance_kerala.pdf
|title=COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DECADAL GROWTH OFSTATE/DISTRICTS 1991–2001, 2001–2011
|publisher=Census India
|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> The city is built around a {{convert|65|acre|ha|adj=on}} hillock called the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan|Thekkinkaadu Maidaanam]] which seats the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]]. It is located {{convert|304|km|mi|0}} north-west of the state's capital city, [[Trivandrum]]. Thrissur was once the capital of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Thrissur is known as "Cultural Capital of Kerala" due of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.<ref name="Districts Profile"/> One of its main cultural events is the [[Thrissur Pooram]], which attracts quite a number of tourists and travellers.<ref name="Thousands witness Thrissur pooram"/>
 
Thrissur is also known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'' because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.<ref name="Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Thrissur|url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=22 September 2010|publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It contains the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]], [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi|Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]].<ref name="Literary and cultural societies"/> The city hosts the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Festivals and Fairs of Thrissur"/><ref name="Tourism"/> The festival is held at the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.<ref name="Thrissur" /> Thrissur Pooram was not conducted in the year 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]], [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] and [[Paramekkavu temple]], and the [[Guruvayur temple]] as well as two churches, the [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]], the largest Christian church in India.<ref name="Pilgrimage"/>
 
Thrissur has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship. The city has one of the most important temples of [[Hindu]] [[Shaivism]], that is the [[Vadakunnathan temple]]. The district is also home of one of the most holiest [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] temples, the [[Guruvayur temple]].
Christianity, [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] entered into the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the [[Thrissur District]]. The works of scholars and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] writings claim [[Thomas the Apostle]] to have set foot in [[Muziris]] near Thrissur 2,000 years ago, established two churches one in Kodungaloor and the second in Palayoor which were the oldest in Asia  (AD 51–52)<ref name="T.K. Joseph 1955 27"/><ref name="Nasrani Syrian Christians"/> India's first mosque, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid]], opened in AD 629.<ref name="Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank"/><ref name="BT">{{cite web|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-date=6 July 2006|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=Bahrain tribune}}</ref><ref name="Islamicvoice.com"/><ref name="arrival">{{cite web|title=Hindu patron of Muslim heritage site|url=http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004005641/http://www.iosworld.org/interview_cheramul.htm|archive-date=4 October 2018|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=iosworld.org}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=23 July 2005|title=Kalam to visit oldest mosque in sub-continent|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110190406/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/23/stories/2005072306490500.htm|archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> Thrissur has opened the gates for [[Arab people|Arabs]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and the [[English people|English]]. Compared to other districts, Thrissur probably has the most number of temples {{citation needed|date=March 2019}}.
 
The city has served as an incubator for many [[Malayali]] entrepreneurs,<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown|work=The Economic Times|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala. There are many prominent Malayali business groups from Thrissur like the owners of Kalyan Jewellers, Joy Alukkas, [[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu]] etc.<ref name="South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown">{{cite news|date=4 March 2009|title=Banking/Finance|publisher=(The Economic Times)|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Banking-Finance-/Banking/South-Indian-Bank-sees-sunshine-in-slowdown/articleshow/4222496.cms|access-date=14 July 2009}}</ref> It flexes its economic muscle in [[India]] as the headquarters of four major [[scheduled banks]], [[South Indian Bank Ltd]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]]<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> Ltd and a clutch of [[Chit fund]]s.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web|title=Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chit-fund-cos-on-the-rise-in-kerala/513907/|access-date=15 February 2010|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The city is also a big centre for shopping in [[Kerala]] for silks and gold jewellery. Major brands are originated in Thrissur - like Alukkas , Kalayan, Josco, Alappatt Palathingal, Nandilath, Manjilas, Jyothi labs, Medimix, Vadyaratnam, KP Namboothris, KLF, KPL Sudhi, Kerala Solvent, Kallada, Puzhekkadavil etc. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Tourist statistics">{{cite web|title=Tourist statistics|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf|access-date=15 February 2010|publisher=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of [[Kerala]], it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St Thomas College]] which is more than a century old, [[Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur]], Kerala Police Academy, [[College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)|Kerala Institute of Local Administration]], [[Kerala Forest Research Institute]], [[Govt.Engineering College, Thrissur|GEC]] and [[Govt. Medical College, Thrissur]].<ref name="History"/><ref name="kilaonline.org"/><ref name="210.212.239.30"/>
 
== Etymology ==
The name Thrissur ([[Malayalam]]: തൃശൂര്‍) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word ''Thrisshivaperoor'' (തൃശ്ശിവപേരൂർ, Respected-Shiva-Name-Place) literally translates to 'A Big City or Town with the three places of worship of the "Lord [[Shiva]]"'. The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]], which has [[Shiva]] as its presiding deity.<ref name="The Indian Encyclopaedia"/> Alternately, ''Thri-Shiva-Perur'' ([[Malayalam]]: ത്രി-ശിവ-പേരൂർ, Three-Shiva-Palace) means the place with three Shiva temples which are said to be – the Vadakkumnathan Temple, Asokapuram [[Shiva]] temple and the [[Irattachira Siva Temple]]. Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its [[Malayalam]] name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.<ref name="THRISSUR – HISTORY"/>
 
== History ==
{{Main|History of Thrissur}}
{{See also|Timeline of Thrissur}}
 
=== Pre-history ===
[[File:55Trichur Temple Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|right| Image of main entrance of [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] seen from [[Swaraj Round]] from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway]][[File:RVPuramImage01.JPG|right|thumb|150px|The {{convert|15|ft}} in high and {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m}} wide [[Ramavarmapuram]] menhir]]
 
<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208143112/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=8 December 2009
|title=A tour of heritage sites in Thrissur
|access-date=9 July 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=4 December 2009}}</ref> The [[Ramavarmapuram]] monument is in granite and is of the ''[[menhir]]'' type. The monument in [[Ramavarmapuram]] is {{convert|15|ft}} in height and {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m}} wide. Since 1944, it has been protected by the Department of Archaeology. The monument is locally known as ''Padakkallu'' or ''Pulachikkallu''. These menhirs are memorials put up at burial sites for the departed souls. They belong to the Megalithic Age of [[Kerala]], which is roughly estimated between 1000{{nbsp}}BCE and 500{{nbsp}}CE.<ref name="Monuments Embossing History"/> All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The [[Ramavarmapuram]] ''[[menhir]]'' is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history.<ref name="K Valath 1992 p.217"/>
 
Another monolithic monuments like [[Dolmens]] and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. According to historians, the [[dolmens]] are burial sites. Though most of the monuments were well protected, the dolmen at Porkulam was in a neglected condition. The monument excavated under eminent Archaeologist B. K. Thapar, between 1949 and 1950, was under the Department of Archaeology.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur. This place has unravelled monuments such as the ''Kudakkallu'' or ''Thoppikkallu'' (Mushroom stones or Umbrella stones) and 'Munimada' (Saint's abode).<ref name="Students prepare manual on flora">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127081644/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 November 2007
|title=Students prepare manual on flora
|access-date=9 July 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=4 March 2005}}</ref> The laterite hillocks of Ariyannur rise to about 50 metres. Another reference in Ariyannur dates back to the early 15th century in the poem ''Chandrotsavam''.<ref name="Students prepare manual on flora" />
 
=== Pre-colonial history ===
The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between [[Kerala]] and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. The early political history of Thrissur is interlinked with that of the [[Chera Dynasty]] of the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], who ruled over vast portions of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). Later, a powerful dynasty known as [[Samoothiri|Zamorins]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] captured most of the Thrissur in 14th and 15th century.
 
=== Colonial period ===
Next was the turn of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] who ruled Thrissur in the 16th century. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese power was reduced and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] became the main power. With the help of Dutch, [[Cochin Royal Family]] recaptured Thrissur from [[Samoothiri]] in 1710.<ref name="Brief History">{{cite web
|url        = http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
|title      = Brief History
|publisher  = Kerala Government
|access-date  = 27 June 2011
|url-status    = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426034630/http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/dis/thrissur.pdf
|archive-date = 26 April 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>
 
[[File:High-Road,-Thrissur.jpg|left|thumb|A marriage procession going through the High Road, Thrissur City.]]
 
The modern City of Thrissur rose to importance after [[Sakthan Thampuran]] ascended the throne of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (1769–1805). He changed the capital of [[Cochin Royal Family]] to Thrissur from [[Mattancherry]] and abolished the power of [[Namboothiri]] community, which controlled most of the temples of [[Thrissur district]]. The maharaja destroyed the forest around the [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] which seats the [[Vadakkumnathan temple]], and started the most spectacular cultural festival called [[Thrissur Pooram]]. [[Sakthan Thampuran]] laid the modern foundation stone of Thrissur and made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of [[South India]], by inviting [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] from adjoining areas.<ref name="Brief History" />
 
However, during 1750–60 [[Hyder Ali]], the Sultan of the powerful [[Kingdom of Mysore]], conquered Thrissur and Thrissur became tributary of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. [[Tipu Sultan]], his son led another invasion in 1786 to Thrissur.<ref name="Tipu Sultan: as known in Kerala"/> Later he made a retreat from Thrissur, which served as the headquarters of the Kerala region, after the Srirangapattanam war. In the meantime, [[Rama Varma X]], the successor of [[Sakthan Thampuran]] signed a treaty with the [[East India Company]], transforming the state of [[Cochin]] into their subsidiary.{{fact|date=April 2021}}
 
==== Indian independence movement in Thrissur ====
[[File:Plan of the Hindu temple at Trichur.jpg|thumb|right|The first known map of Thrissur City with [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] prepared by [[John Gould]] in 1816]]
 
The [[Indian independence movement]] also grew in momentum in Thrissur after a Committee was formed in 1919 of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1921, the Civil Disobedience Movement also attracted a large number of people into the struggle for independence. In 1927 [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Vivekodayam School in the city.<ref name="hindu.com"/> In 1934, father of the nation, again visited the city for the housewarming of Barrister Krishna Menon. The house afterwards was known "Gandhi Mandiram" in Chembukkavu.<ref name="CityJournal"/> In the meantime, [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], the controversial Diwan of [[Cochin Kingdom]] from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing [[Thrissur Town Hall]] and [[Ramanilayam]]. Even now these two buildings remain important in [[Kerala]] politics. Dr. M. R. Menon, a minister in Government of [[Kochi]] was instrumental in building the [[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] and the Municipal Office Road. He concreted [[Swaraj Round]] and other peripheral roads of the city.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38">C A Krishnan (2009). ''Anchuvilakku'', p.35-38. Green Books, Thrissur. {{ISBN|978-81-8423-128-1}}</ref><ref name="thrissur.gov.in"/>
 
=== Post-Colonial ===
In 1947, when [[India]] gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from colonial rule]], Thrissur was part of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. [[Thrissur district]] was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. The city is usually referred to as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]''. The city had been home to politicians and bureaucrats like [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], P.C. Rao, [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[K. Karunakaran]], [[Joseph Mundassery]], [[Vinod Rai]] etc. after the independence. These individuals have changed the trajectory of Thrissur City afterwards.
 
[[File:Old photo of KSRTC Bus Station.jpg|left|thumb|An old photo of [[Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station]]]].
 
P.S. Rao, advisor to the Rajapramukh and acting [[Governor of Kerala]], is another person who Thrissukkar is indebted to. He expanded Thrissur City by shifting all the administrative and government offices like Thrissur Collectorate to [[Ayyanthole]] from Chembukavu.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38" /> [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]], is another gift from [[Joseph Mundassery]], the controversial former education minister who introduced Kerala Education Act. [[C. Achutha Menon]], the former Chief Minister of Kerala gifted [[Kerala Agricultural University]] in 1971, a university for all agricultural related activities.<ref name="A Krishnan 2009 p.35-38" />
 
[[K. Karunakaran]], the [[Bhishma]] of [[Kerala]] politics started his career in Thrissur as a painter. Later on he became the "Leader" of city. During his regime [[Thrissur-Guruvayur Section]] and Poonkunnam Over Bridge was built.<ref name="A Leader par excellence"/><ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> [[Vinod Rai]], the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, is another person who turned fortunes of the city by building [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar (S.T.Nagar)]] when he was collector of [[Thrissur district]]. He is also known as the second [[Sakthan Thampuran]] of Thrissur by shifting the Municipal Stand near the M.O. Road to Shaktan Thampuran Nagar, now known as [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]].<ref name="Officials recount Thrissur stories"/> Another IAS officer who made remarkable contributions to the development of Trichur is Raju Narayana Swamy. He single-handedly widened five roads of the city- Pattalom Road, Inner Ring Road, Ragam Theatre Road, Padinjare Kotta and Chemputti Lane – thereby changing the face of the town.
 
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Thrissur}}
 
[[File:Koal fileds of Thrissur.jpg|thumb|The [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands|Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]] is one of largest, highly productive and threatened wetlands in [[Kerala]]. It acts as natural drainage for City of Thrissur.|alt=]]
 
The city of Thrissur is situated in [[Thrissur District]] of Central [[Kerala]] in India. The city is located at {{Coord|10.52|N|76.21|E|}} and has an average altitude of 2.83 metres. The city is 75&nbsp;km north-east of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], 133&nbsp;km south-west of [[Coimbatore]] , 124&nbsp;km south-east of [[Kozhikode]] and 151&nbsp;km north of [[Changanacherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Geography and Climate |publisher=ADB |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The city is located in a hillock called [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] which is the second highest point in city after the [[Vilangan Hills]]. From the hillock, the geography of the city move towards middle land where [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands]] is situated. The Kole Wetlands act as a natural drainage for the city where the water is carried out to river and from there to the [[Laccadive Sea]], thus keeping Thrissur city safe from flood waters which affect most of the other cities in [[Kerala]].
<ref name="Warning bells in Kole"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ecoinsee.org/6bconf/Theme%20A/AB.3.2%20Jeena.pdf
|title=Agriculture-wetland interactions and sustainability of rice cultivation in the Kole land, Kerala
|publisher=Jeena T Srinivasan
|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Project to protect kole wetlands"/><ref name="Migratory fish spotted in kole land"/> Different ponds, rivers and canals also keep the ground water safe from salt waters. The city is located in midland regions of [[Kerala]], with an extended part of Palakkad plains.<ref name="Jose">Jose AI, Paulose S, Prameela P & Bonny BP (eds), 2002, [http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219053217/http://www.kau.edu/pop/map_of_agro_zones.htm |date=19 December 2005 }}, Kerala Agricultural University. Retrieved 18 January 2006.</ref> The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by [[Archean|Archaeans]] rocks.<ref name="Geography"/> The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little [[seismic]] or [[volcanic]] activity.
[[File:Vadakkechira 2013 december.JPG|thumb|Ponds and canals save City of Thrissur from flooding in the monsoon. A view of [[Vadakkechira, Thrissur]].|alt=]]
 
=== Climate ===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], City of Thrissur features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to {{convert|36|to|38|°C|°F|1}} coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the [[South-west monsoon]] from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the [[Western Ghats]]. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around {{convert|30|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |title=Climate |publisher=Kerala Government |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208205700/http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in/gen.htm |archive-date=8 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|3,100|mm|in|0|disp=or}}. The [[South-west monsoon]] generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is {{convert|36|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} while the minimum temperature recorded is {{convert|27|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The winter season records a maximum average of {{convert|31|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} and a minimum average of {{convert|20|°C|°F|disp=or}}.<ref name="Climate" />
 
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location= Thrissur
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C= 31
|Feb high C= 32
|Mar high C= 34
|Apr high C= 36
|May high C= 35
|Jun high C= 30
|Jul high C= 29
|Aug high C= 30
|Sep high C= 30
|Oct high C= 30
|Nov high C= 31
|Dec high C= 31
|Jan low C= 20
|Feb low C= 22
|Mar low C= 25
|Apr low C= 27
|May low C= 27
|Jun low C= 24
|Jul low C= 23
|Aug low C= 23
|Sep low C= 24
|Oct low C= 24
|Nov low C= 23
|Dec low C= 21
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm= 32
|Feb rain mm= 26
|Mar rain mm= 39
|Apr rain mm= 147
|May rain mm= 391
|Jun rain mm= 576
|Jul rain mm= 391
|Aug rain mm= 367
|Sep rain mm= 417
|Oct rain mm= 467
|Nov rain mm= 223
|Dec rain mm= 47
|Jan rain days= 3
|Feb rain days= 3
|Mar rain days= 5
|Apr rain days= 13
|May rain days= 17
|Jun rain days= 26
|Jul rain days= 28
|Aug rain days= 24
|Sep rain days= 18
|Oct rain days= 23
|Nov rain days= 13
|Dec rain days= 4
|unit rain days= 0.1 mm
|source= [https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/thrissur_india_1254187]
|date= May 2012
}}
 
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Thrissur}}
Thrissur is home to many leading Malayaliee entrepreneurs,<ref name="The Economic Times" /> and is a major financial and commercial hub of [[Kerala]].<ref name="South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown" /> Historians say that King [[Sakthan Thampuran]] had invited several [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families and [[Brahmins]] to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in [[Kerala]]. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and [[rolled gold]] jewellery in [[South India]]; up to 70% of [[Kerala]]'s jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Business Line"/> The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.<ref name="Diamonds Net"/><ref name="Exhibition on gold jewellery from N"/> The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in [[Kerala]]. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in [[Kerala]] for manufacturing of ornaments daily.
 
[[File:K. Karunakaran Smaraka Town Hall 02.JPG|thumbnail|The Town Hall in Thrissur]]
 
According to [[Reserve Bank of India]], the city in the 1930s boasted of head offices of 58 banks and was recognised by RBI as 'Banking Town'. Even now also it's the headquarters of major banks like [[South Indian Bank]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Dhanalakshmi Bank]],  and non-banking institutions like [[Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd]], [[Kerala State Financial Enterprise]] and [[ESAF Small Finance Bank]] and Investments.<ref name="The Hindu 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/esaf-to-start-with-10-branches-as-small-finance-bank/article8866748.ece|title=ESAF to start with 10 branches as small finance bank|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="About Us">{{cite web|url=http://www.southindianbank.com/content/viewContentLvl1.aspx?linkIdLvl2=5&linkid=5|title=About Us|publisher=South Indian Bank|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Genesis"/> The city's financial capabilities also saw the rise of [[Chit fund]]. According to All Kerala Kuri Foreman's Association, [[Kerala]] have around 5,000 chit companies, with [[Thrissur District]] accounting for the maximum of 3,000. These chit companies provide employment to about 35,000 persons directly and an equal number indirectly.<ref name="Chit fund companies on the rise"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
 
[[File:South indian bank head office.JPG|thumb|right|[[South Indian Bank]] headquarters in Thrissur City]]
 
The city is also emerging as the largest hub for Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry in [[India]]. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing units in [[Kerala]], about 150 units, including some of the major ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the [[Kerala]] state are located in and around the city. Of these, some of the companies like the [[Oushadhi]], [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], [[KP Namboodiris]], Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Kandamkulathy Vaidyasala, SNA Oushadhasala etc. are among the leading ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the state.<ref name="Pharmabiz.com"/> [[Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster]], another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in [[Koratty]] in [[Thrissur District]].<ref name="The Financial Express"/><ref name="Centre sanctions Rs 29 cr for ayurv"/><ref name="Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayur"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cii.in/WebCMS/Upload/Mr%20T%20Balakrishnan.pdf
|title=Ayurvedic Industry – Challenges And Opportunities
|publisher=CII
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cii.in/WebCMS/Upload/Mr%20A%20K%20Krishnakumar.pdf
|title=Ayurveda Sector in India: Challenges, Potential & Way Forward
|publisher=Global Ayurveda Summit 2010
|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Pharma biz">{{cite web |url= http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=26402&sectionid=50 |title= Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda |publisher= Pharma biz |access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>
 
Modern retailing is a big business and revenue earner for the city. Jewellery and textile retailing occupies a major part of the retailing business in Thrissur. The city is considered as hub of jewellery and textile business in [[Kerala]]. Most of the jewellery groups have outlets in Thrissur and provide jobs to thousands of people. [[Kalyan Group]], [[Jos Alukka & Sons]], [[Joyalukkas]] and Josco Group have their bases in city.<ref name="Thrissur, the new textile capital"/> [[InfoPark Thrissur]], the fourth technology park in [[Kerala]] after [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]] is situated in [[Thrissur District]].<ref name="Business Standard"/><ref name="InfoPark Thrissur"/><ref name="The New Indian Express"/> Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of [[Kerala]]. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting [[Kerala]].<ref name="Tourist statistics" />
 
== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Thrissur}}
{| style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;" class="toccolours" width="220" font-size : "90%"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipal Corporation Officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Mayor||M K Varghese
|-
|align="center"|Police Commissioner|| R Adithya IPS
|-
|align="center"|Deputy mayor||Rajashree Gopan
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="3"|'''Members of Legislative Assembly'''
|-
|align="center"|[[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]]||P. Balachandran
|-
|align="center"|[[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]||K Rajan
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="3"|'''Member of Parliament'''
|-
|align="center"|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]]||[[T. N Prathapan]]
|}
 
{{Main|Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}
[[File:Thrissur Muncipal Corporation2.JPG|thumb|left|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road]]
Thrissur city functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the [[Cochin]] Municipal Regulations.<ref name="Malayala Manorama">{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=8143095&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|title=Thrissur City Corporation turns 100
|publisher=Malayala Manorama
|access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972 new areas from other Panchayats were added to the municipality.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /> On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to the level of a Municipal Corporation with the Panchayats of [[Ayyanthole]], Koorkkenchery, [[Nadathara]], Vilvattom (part), [[Ollur]] and [[Ollukkara]]. The Corporation comprises three legislative assemblies Thrissur, [[Ollur]] and [[Cherpu]].<ref name="Thrissur District"/> The city is administered by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], headed by a mayor. The corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of [[Kerala]] in India. The city is the only local body in [[Kerala]] which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.
 
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The corporation has its headquarters in Thrissur city.<ref name="Malayala Manorama" /><ref name="Thrissur Corporation"/> The [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.<ref name="adb.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Urban Planning and Land Use Management |publisher=ADB |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1836723/
|title=T.N. Rugmani And Another vs C. Achutha Menon And Ors on 20 December, 1990
|publisher=Indiankanoon.org
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://go.lsgkerala.gov.in/files/go20121019_7913.pdf
|title=Reinstatement of Thrissur Urban Development Authority
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="TUDA is back"/>
 
=== Law and order ===
The city is the headquarters of [[Thrissur City Police]] and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and [[Guruvayur]]. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.<ref name="Thrissur to have city police commis"/><ref name="Probe ordered into explosions"/><ref name="Thrissur gets Police Commissioner"/>
 
The [[Thrissur City Police]] Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at [[Ramavarmapuram]]. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at [[Ayyanthole]]. The city is also the headquarters of [[Inspector General of Police]], Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, [[Palakkad District]] and [[Malappuram district]]. All the [[Superintendent of Police]] of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,<ref name="Archived copy"/> [[Central Prison, Viyyur]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpvyr.pdf
|title=Central Prison, Viyyur
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> [[Police Dog Training Centre]] and [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]]. [[State and Union Territory Police Forces#Indian Reserve Battalion|Indian Reserve Battalion]], new commando unit of [[Kerala Police]] is headquartered in [[Ramavarmapuram]].<ref name="State security force soon"/> [[Border Security Force]] (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.<ref name="29 more battalions for BSF"/><ref name="More BSF facilities promised"/>
 
== Demographics ==
{{IndiaCensusPop|state=
|title= Population Growth of Thrissur
|1941= 57500
|1951= 69500
|1961= 73000
|1971= 76200
|1981= 77900
|1991= 74600
|2001= 317526
|2011= 315957
|estimate=
|estyear=
|estref=
|footnote= source:<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>
}}
 
{{As of|2011}} India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The density of population is 3,130/km<sup>2</sup>. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the [[Kerala]]'s slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.
 
[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] is spread over an area of 101.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The city alone accounts for 38% of the urban population in the [[Thrissur District]]. [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] area encompasses the municipal corporation area and adjoining panchayats. The total area under municipal corporation jurisdiction is 101.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and the area under the Panchayats is 18.83&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> Together, these constitute an area covering 120.25&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
 
[[Hindus]] constitute the majority with 54.20% of the population [[Christians]] constitute 40.02% of the population [[Muslims]] constitute 5.50% of the population in Thrissur.
 
== Politics ==
{{Main|Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency}}
Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of [[South India]]. The city of Thrissur is represented in the [[Kerala State Assembly]] by two elected members, one from [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and another from [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] is the representative of [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]] from [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. K. Rajan is also the finance minister of Kerala.  Thrissur city is also a part of the [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]] and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current [[Member of Parliament|MP]] is [[T. N. Prathapan]]. The [[Lok Sabha]] seat has been held by the [[Indian National Congress]] for seven terms (1951–1957, 1984–1989, 1989–1991, 1991–1996, 1999–2004 and 2009–2014, 2019 to present) and the [[Communist Party of India]] for ten terms (1957–1962, 1962–1967, 1967–1970, 1971–1977, 1977–1979, 1980–1984, 1996–1997, 1998–1999, 2004–2009 and 2014–2019).
 
== Culture and literature ==
{{Main|Culture of Thrissur}}
[[File:Thrissur Church6.jpg|thumb|Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] is situated in the middle of Thrissur city]]
 
=== Festivals ===
[[File:Kerala Sahitya Akademy.JPG|thumb|[[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] building in Thrissur]]
 
Thrissur is known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'', the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries, and being the centre of [[Kerala]]'s cultural activities. [[Thrissur Pooram]] also called as 'the [[pooram]] of all poorams' is celebrated in every year in the month of [[Medam]] (mid-April to mid-may) as per the [[malayalam calendar]]. It is the biggest of all poorams held in [[Kerala]]. The city plays host, for 36 hours from the wee hours of the pooram day, to one of the most largest collection of people and elephants.<ref name="Lakhs witness Thrissur Pooram"/><ref name="Probe into Thrissur Pooram firework"/><ref name="OneIndia"/><ref name="Sify News"/> [[Puli Kali]] also known as ''Kavakali'' is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of [[Onam]], an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in [[Kerala]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/><ref name="'Tiger Dance' performed in Kerala"/>
The most important festivals celebrated in the City include Christmas, [[Onam]], Easter, [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Vishu]]. The city is widely acclaimed as the land of elephant lovers.<ref name="Yeddyurappa's elephant gift sparks"/><ref name="dnaindia.com"/>
''Aanayoottu'' (feeding of elephants), is the world largest elephant feeding ceremony held in [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] in the City annually. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the [[Malayalam]] month of Karkidakam.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com"/><ref name="Sify"/><ref name="When jumbos line up to solemnise a"/>
 
=== Tourism ===
Tourism Circuit Tourism 2017 is being celebrated by the [[United Nations|United Nation Organisation]] as the year of sustainable development of tourism. Keeping this in mind, DTPC, Thrissur, under the department of tourism, Kerala has launched Tourism Circuits all across the District, with a view to promote and uplift these cherished hopes. In order to full fill the goals, six (06) Tourism Circuits have been formed in Thrissur District, namely, Blue Circuit, Brown Circuit, Yellow Circuit, Orange Circuit, Green Circuit and Red Circuit. These circuits were conceptualised by the Assistant Collector Under Trainee  '''Mr. M.V.R Krishna Teja IAS''' under the aegis of the District Collector '''Dr. A. Kowsigan IAS'''. They were inaugurated by the Honb Minister of Industries Sri A.C. Moideen and Honb Agriculture Minister Sri V.S. Sunil Kumar on 7 April.
 
=== Literature ===
Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of [[Kerala]] but it came to prominence after [[Kerala]] Government set up [[Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi]], [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]] and [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]] for promoting literature, music and arts in [[Kerala]]. After the [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Thrissur became the ''literary capital of [[Kerala]]'' as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor [[Joseph Mundassery]], it become the abode of writer's like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kovilan]], [[V. K. N.]], [[Uroob]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]] and [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]. The area was later known as ''Current Moola'' ("Current Corner").<ref name="Ramavarman"/> The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
 
Thrissur is home to prominent [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] literary figures like [[Kovilan]], [[Kunhunni Mash]], [[Sukumar Azhikode]], [[K. Satchidanandan]], [[Mullanezhi]], [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]], [[Attoor Ravi Varma]], [[Lalitha Lenin]], [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[Joseph Mundassery]].<ref name="The Times of India"/>
 
=== Temples, Churches and Mosques ===
[[File:Vadakkumnatha Kshethram - Thekke Nada.jpg|thumb|One of the four [[Vadakumnathan Temple]] Gates, inside the [[Swaraj Maidan]].|left]]
 
'''Temples'''
The [[Vadakkunnathan temple]], believed to have been founded by the legendary saint [[Parasurama]], is an example of the [[Kerala]] style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the [[Mahabharata]].
[[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]], one of the largest [[Krishna|Sree Krishna]] temples in [[Kerala]] and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] which is one of the largest [[Bagavathi]] temples in [[Kerala]] is also situated in the city. [[Guruvayur Temple|Sree Guruvayurappan Temple]], is located in [[Guruvayur]] (municipal town), Thrissur District. It is also referred to as [[Vaikuntha|Bhuloka Vaikunta]]  which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".The Thriprayar Sreerama temple and Irinjalakuda Kudalmanikyam temple which are part of naalamabalam is also in Thrissur
 
'''Churches'''
Asia's tallest church, the [[Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica]] (Puthan Pally), [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral]] which has an underground shrine, is a masterpiece of architecture. [[Mart Mariam Cathedral]], the oldest church in the city, which belongs to the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] also known as [[Chaldean Syrian Church of the East]], is situated in Thrissur. The [[St. Anthony's Forane Church|St. Anthony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church]], also known as ''Chinna Roma'' (Small Rome), which is around 300 years old, are also in Thrissur.
 
'''Mosques'''
The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur.
Kalathode Mosque (Kalathode Juma Masjid) in Thrissur city has the facility of cemetery.
Kokkalai Juma Masjid, Westfort Sunni Juma Masjid (West Fort), Salafi Juma Masjid near Railway Station, MIC Juma Masjid near Shakthan Bus Stand, Ayyanthole Juma Masjid  (Ayyanthole), Olari Juma Masjid(Olari) are other mosques in Thrissur City.
[[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] in Kodungalloor, ( 40&nbsp;km from Thrissur ) is the First Mosque in India.
 
=== Cuisine ===
The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. ''Achappam'',''Kuzhalappam'' and ''Pazham Pori'' are common snacks. ''Vellayappam'', a kind of [[Hopper (food)|rice hopper]] is another dish which is special to the city.
 
== Education ==
[[File:Gec thrissur.jpg|thumbnail|Government Engineering College, Thrissur|left]]
* [[List of colleges and universities in Thrissur district]]
Already known as the ''Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]]'', it is also fast developing as an education hub.<ref name="Call to develop Thrissur as 'educat"/><ref name="Thrissur set to become major educat"/> The city has traditionally been a centre of learning from ancient times. With the decline of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] and due to the growing supremacy of Brahminism during the revival of [[Hinduism]], the City became an important centre of [[Sanskrit]] learning.<ref name="Educational Institutions">{{cite web
|url        = http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|title      = Educational Institutions
|publisher  = Thrissur Municipal Corporation
|access-date  = 22 September 2010
|url-status    = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|archive-date = 12 July 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="Home">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thrissureducation.com/
|title=Home
|publisher=Thrissur Educational District
|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Schools in city are either run publicly by the [[Kerala]] Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. The medium of education is either English or [[Malayalam]], with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the [[Kerala State Education Board]] or [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE) or the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the Montessori system.<ref name="Home" /><ref name="ddethrissur.org"/> There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;<ref name="Institutions"/><ref>{{cite web
|url          = http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/up/tsr.pdf
|title        = List of UP schools in Thrissur District
|publisher    = Kerala Government
|access-date  = 29 January 2011
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222045835/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/up/tsr.pdf
|archive-date = 22 December 2009
|url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> and 78 high schools;<ref>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/schoollist/hs/tsr.pdf
|title      = List of High schools in Thrissur District
|publisher  = Kerala Government
|access-date = 29 January 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 157<ref name="List of Schools"/> higher secondary schools in the city.
 
With universities like [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], Kerala Police Academy, [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]], [[National Research Institute for Panchakarma]], Cheruthuruthy and [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration]], the city would add another feather in its crown by having 'World Class University' and a 'Science City'.
The Raj Kovu institute of Agriculture was made in 2012 to teach farmers about modern techniques of agriculture and better farming practices. The college currently has 300 students.<ref name="Charting a new course in education"/><ref name="World class university to come up i"/><ref name="Ernakulam out of race for world cla"/> With three medical colleges, [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]], [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kerala medical university]](KUHS), the city has become synonymous with medical education in [[Kerala]] The district has two ''[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]s''.
Institute of cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body) have Thrissur Chapter located TC 37, CMA Bhawan, 1879/1, Kottappuram Rd.
 
== Healthcare ==
[[File:ജൂബിലി മിഷൻ മെഡിക്കൽ കോളേജ്, തൃശ്ശൂർ..JPG|thumb|right|[[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur]] run medical college.]]
{{Main|Hospitals in Thrissur}}
 
The city serves as a centre for healthcare in the Central [[Kerala]]. The portion covers [[Thrissur District]], [[Palakkad District]], [[Malappuram District]] and northern part of [[Ernakulam District]]. Most of the people in these districts come to city of Thrissur for their medical care. There are three medical colleges, [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]], [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute]], and few other hi-tech hospitals.
 
The city has an ancient tradition of Ayurvedic treatment. From the [[Ashtavaidya]] tradition, [[Oushadhi]], [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy and SNA Oushadhasala is located in city of Thrissur,<ref name="Pharma biz" /> All these firms have been instrumental in spreading the fame of [[Kerala]] Ayurvedic treatment, as thousands of overseas patients visit the Ayurvedic treatment facilities in and around Thrissur, every year. Vaidyaratnam runs a medical college and ''Chikitsalayam'', with global standards. Sitaram have a 100 bedded eight storied super speciality hospital in the city of Thrissur, envisaged as the first of its kind Ayurveda super speciality hospital in the country.<ref name="Pharma biz" />
 
An [[index case]] of [[COVID-19]] was reported in Thrissur from a student in [[Wuhan University]] returning from [[Wuhan]] on 30 January 2020 and has since recovered.<ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
 
== Sports ==
[[File:V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium3.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] in Thrissur city]]
{{Main|Football in Thrissur}}
Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]] and Thope Stadium. International players and former Indian captains [[C. V. Pappachan]], [[I. M. Vijayan]] and [[Jo Paul Ancheri]], the young Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The [[N.I. David Memorial Trophy]], an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.<ref name="Inter-club football"/><ref name="Football"/><ref name="Sudheesh fires in three"/><ref name="Golden Threads posts win"/><ref name="Aneesh shines"/> The city has a floodlit stadium, known as [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]].<ref name="Sports">{{cite web
|url        = http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|title      = Sports
|publisher  = Thrissur Municipal Corporation
|access-date  = 22 September 2010
|url-status    = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712204309/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/thrissur.htm
|archive-date = 12 July 2012
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> It also has two indoor stadiums, [[V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium]] and a [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) maintained [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex]] with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to [[India]] such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.<ref name="Sports" /> Chess prodigy [[Nihal Sarin]] is from Thrissur.
 
== Media ==
{{Main|Thrissur in popular culture}}
The first [[Malayalam]] newspaper which published from Thrissur was ''Lokamanyan'' in 1920. Then came ''[[Deenabandhu]]'' edited by [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]. ''Ezhuthachan'' started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the [[Quit India]] movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org">{{cite web
|url          = http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/1692/3/UOM-1992-772-2.PDF
|title        = Media and political scenarios in Kerala
|publisher    = Vidyanidhi.org
|access-date  = 14 July 2010
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721182353/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/1692/3/UOM-1992-772-2.PDF
|archive-date = 21 July 2011
|url-status    = dead
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref> Later ''Lokamanyan'' (1920); ''Kerala Chintamani'' (1905); ''Kerala Kesari'' (1924); ''Mahatma'' (1930); ''Gomathy'' (1930) and ''Navajeevan'' of [[Joseph Mundassery]] was also published from Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13234/8/08_chapter%201.pdf
|title=THE EVOLUTION OF PRESS IN KERALA
|publisher=Shodhganga
|access-date= 4 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA"/><ref name="Read history as the old newspapers"/>''The Express'' started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central [[Kerala]] for its nationalist and socialist views.<ref name="Vidyanidhi.org" /> Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Madhyamam]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'',  ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]'', ''Veekshanam'', ''Metro Vaartha'' and ''[[Janayugom]]''. A number of evening papers, like ''[[General (Newspaper)|General]]'' in Malayalam and ''[[City Journal (Thrissur)|City Journal]]'' in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are also available in city.
 
The first cinema hall in [[Kerala]], with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by [[Jose Kattookkaran]] and was called the ''Jose Electrical Bioscope'' now known as [[Jose Theatre]].<ref name="Cinema"/><ref name="City Journal"/><ref name="A true adventurer"/>
 
A film festival, known as [[ViBGYOR Film Festival]], is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like [[Aircel]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Idea cellular]], [[Vodafone]], [[Reliance Infocomm]], [[Tata Docomo]], [[MTS India|MTS]], [[Uninor]], [[Tata Indicom]] and the state owned [[BSNL]]. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.<ref name="BSNL 3G services in Thrissur"/> The city also have Broadband wireless services on [[WiMAX]] platform.<ref name="WiMax in Thrissur"/><ref name="BSNL launches WiMAX Services"/>
 
Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8&nbsp;MHz, [[Radio Mango 91.9]] &nbsp;MHz,<ref name="Radio Mango Thrissur">{{cite web|title=Radio Mango Thrissur|url=http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|access-date=7 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312114947/http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@|archive-date=12 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> BEST FM 95 by ([[Asianet Communications Limited]]), [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 91.1&nbsp;MHz.<ref name="RED FM Thrissur">{{cite web|title=RED FM Thrissur|url=http://www.sunnetwork.org/redfm/thrissur/index.asp|publisher=Kal Radio Limited |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] has an AM (630&nbsp;kHz) and an FM (101.1&nbsp;MHz) station for the city.<ref name="Thrissur radio stations"/> The transmitter of the [[All India Radio]] (630&nbsp;kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.<ref name="allindiaradio.org"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Thrissur has a [[Doordarshan]] studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.<ref name="List of Doordarshan Studios"/><ref name="AIR Offices"/><ref name="Doordarshan Kendra's"/>
 
== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Thrissur}}
 
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = ShakthanThampuranBusStandTCR.JPG
| caption1 = [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]], is the largest private bus station in [[Kerala]] State.
| image2 = Thrissur railway station 1.JPG
| caption2 = [[Thrissur Railway Station]]
| image3 = Thrissur City Road map- Schematic.png
| caption3 = Schematic Road network map of Thrissur City
}}
 
=== Road ===
The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] [[National Highway (India)]] via the four-lane [[National Highway 47 (India)|National Highway]] 544,previously NH 47.<ref name="NHAI report on four-lane work ready"/> The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of [[Kochi]], [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH]] 544 provides two main exit points at [[Mannuthy]] and which is bypass to the Thrissur city and [[Thalore]].
 
The ongoing construction of Mannuthy- Vadakkencherry 6 lane national highway is a major traffic problem in the district. A tunnel was planned to built in Kuthiran which is the main point of accidents. During 2018 floods there was a landslide in Kuthiran the roads were jammed for 5 days.
 
Central and state governments are not willing to take any actions. As it is one of the main roads which connect neighbouring states to Kerala. When Monsoon starts roads will be fully damaged, people were forced to risk their lives inorder to provide income in their family.
 
The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and [[auto rickshaws]] (called autos) for public transport. A transit terminal mobility hub situated in [[Puzhakkal]] is also under wraps to be made on lines of [[Vyttila Mobility Hub]] to reduce traffic congestion is recently approved to be realised soon.<ref name="cityjournal.in"/>
 
State-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the [[Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur]] in [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar]],  Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the [[Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station]] near the [[Thrissur Railway Station]]. [[State Highway 69 (Kerala)|State Highway (SH 69)]] Thrissur-[[Kuttippuram]] Road, [[State Highway 22 (Kerala)|SH 22]] [[Kodungallur]] – [[Shornur]] Road, [[State Highway 75 (Kerala)|SH 75]] Thrissur – Kanjani – [[Vadanappally]] Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.
 
=== Railway ===
The [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] Zone of the [[Indian Railways]] operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. [[Thrissur Railway Station]], one of the four A+ railway station in [[Kerala]] provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy [[Shoranur-Cochin Harbour section]].
It has a satellite station, [[Punkunnam railway station]]<ref name="Guruvayur-Tirunavaya rail line soon"/> and two minor stations, [[Ollur Railway Station]] and [[Mulankunnathukavu Railway Station]]. [[Thrissur Railway Station]] also connects to the temple town of [[Guruvayur]] by [[Thrissur-Guruvayur Section]]. In addition, [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railways]] is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to [[Kochi]] and [[Palakkad]] using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services ([[MEMU]]).<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU from tomorr"/><ref name="MEMU services to roll out in Thriss"/>
 
=== Air ===
{{Main|Kuttanellur Heliport}}
The city is served by [[Cochin International Airport]] ([[Nedumbassery]]), which is about 55 kilometres away. Direct domestic flights are available to major Indian cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Visakhapatnam]] (proposed). International flights to Middle East cities like [[Dubai]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Jeddah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Doha]] and to Southeast Asian cities [[Bangkok]], [[Singapore]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] are available here. It has a dedicated Heli-taxi service and Chartered flights. [[Calicut International Airport]] at [[Karipur]], is 80&nbsp;kilometers from the city and [[Coimbatore Airport]], which is 114&nbsp;kilometers from the city also can be used by travellers.<ref name="Express Hospitality"/>
 
== Picture gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" widths="200">
File:Thrissur Museum and zoo - Dec2011- 0216.JPG|Entrance gate of [[Thrissur Zoo]]
File:Artmuseum.JPG|[[Archaeological Museum, Thrissur]]
File:St thomas college thrissur.jpg|[[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
File:K. Karunakaran Smaraka Town Hall 02.JPG|[[Thrissur Town Hall]]
File:Mural Art Museum, Thrissur.jpg|[[Mural Art Museum]]
File:Sakthan Thampuran palace.jpg|[[Shakthan Thampuran Palace]]
</gallery>
 
==See also==
* [[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]
* [[List of people from Thrissur]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[Visitor attractions in Thrissur]]
* [[Visitor attractions in Thrissur]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Thrissur]]
* [[Thrissur Zoo]]
* [[Veerolipadam]]
* [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 1,566: Line 886:
[[Category:Thrissur| ]]
[[Category:Thrissur| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:City]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas]]
[[Category:Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian cities articles by quality]]
[[Category:Indian cities articles by quality]]

Latest revision as of 09:42, 17 June 2022

This article is about the city in India. For other uses, see Thrissur (disambiguation).
Thrissur
Trichur, Thrissivaperur
Metropolis
Clockwise from top:
Thrissur city, Metharapolitha Cathedral, Cape of Kodungallur, Athiralpalli waterfalls, Sakthan Thampuran Palace, Clock tower, Vadakkunnathan Temple
Thrissur is located in Kerala
Thrissur
Thrissur
Thrissur is located in India
Thrissur
Thrissur
Coordinates: 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E / 10.52; 76.21Coordinates: 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E / 10.52; 76.21
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictThrissur District
Government
 • TypeMayor–council government
 • BodyThrissur Municipal Corporation
 • MayorM. K. Varghese (LDF – Independent)
 • Deputy mayorRajasree Gopan (LDF – CPI(M))
 • Police commissionerAadhithya R. IPS
Area
[1]
 • Metropolis101.42 km2 (39.16 sq mi)
Elevation
2.83 m (9.28 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Metropolis315,596
 • Density3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi)
 • Metro
[2]
1,854,783
Demonym(s)Thrissurkaran (male)
Thrissurkari (female)
Thrissurkar (plural)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
680XXX
Telephone codeThrissur: 91-(0)487, Irinjalakuda: 91-(0)480, Wadakkancherry: 91-(0)4884, Kunnamkulam: 91-(0)4885
Vehicle registrationKL-08
Coastline54 kilometres (34 mi)
Literacy97.24%
ImportanceGold capital of India, Cultural capital of Kerala
ClimateAm/Aw (Köppen)
Precipitation3,100 millimetres (120 in)
Avg. summer temperature35 °C (95 °F)
Avg. winter temperature20 °C (68 °F)
Websitehttps://thrissur.nic.in/

Thrissur (Malayalam: [t̪r̥iʃːuːr] (About this soundlisten)), formerly Trichur, also known by its historical name Thrissivaperur, is a city and the headquarters of the Thrissur district in Kerala, India. It is the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi and Kozhikode, and the 21st largest in India.[3][4] The city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkaadu Maidaanam which seats a large Hindu Shiva Temple. It is located central of the state, and 304 kilometres (189 mi) north-west of the state's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin, and was a point of contact for the Assyrians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.

Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.[5] The city centre contains the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy.[6] The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.[7][8] The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.[5]

Religion is important and varied in Thrissur. The city has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship, and Christianity, Islam and Judaism are believed to have entered the Indian subcontinent through Thrissur and its surrounding areas. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Vadakkumnathan temple, Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, and Paramekkavu temple. There are three major Catholic churches, the St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane, Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral and Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica, the largest Christian church in India.[9] India's first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, is believed to have been constructed in 629 CE.[10][11][12]

The city is the headquarters of four major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank and ESAF Small Finance Bank[13] as well as several chit funds.[14] The city is also a big centre for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.[15]

Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sree Kerala Varma College, St Thomas College, Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur, Kerala Institute of Local Administration, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala Police Academy, Police Dog Training Centre, Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy, Excise Academy and Research Centre, Government College Of Music And Performing Arts, Government College of Fine Arts, Government Law College, Government Engineering College and Government Medical College.[16][17][18]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The name Thrissur (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word Thirusshivaperoor (തിരുശ്ശിവപ്പേരൂർ, Respected-Shiva-Name-Place). The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the Vadakkumnathan Temple, which has Shiva as its presiding deity.[19] Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its Malayalam name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.[20]

History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Thrissur

The presence of numerous prehistoric megaliths and dolmens indicate that Thrissur has been occupied since at least 1000 BCE to 500 CE.[21][22]

Image of main entrance of Vadakkunnathan Temple seen from Swaraj Round from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway

The Portuguese had naval influence in many parts of Kerala in the 16th century, including Thrissur. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese naval power was reduced and Dutch became the main naval power. With the help of the Dutch, the royal family of the Kingdom of Cochin recaptured Thrissur from the Zamorin of Calicut in 1710.[23]

Thrissur rose to importance after Maharaja Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin (1769–1805) and made Thrissur his capital. The Maharaja made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of South India, by inviting Syrian Christian families and Brahmins from adjoining areas.[23]

During 1750–60 Hyder Ali, the Sultan of the powerful Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Thrissur, making it a tributary of Mysore. In 1786, the son of Tipu Sultan of Mysore led another invasion of Thrissur, but retreated after the Srirangapattanam war.[24] In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with the East India Company, transforming the state of Cochin into a British Protectorate.[citation needed]

The first known map of Thrissur City with Vadakkunnathan Temple prepared by John Gould in 1816

The Indian independence movement gained momentum after a Committee was formed at the 1919 meeting of the Indian National Congress. The civil disobedience movement attracted many people in Thrissur in subsequent years, and Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 to promote it.[25][26]

R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the controversial Diwan of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing Thrissur Town Hall and Ramanilayam, buildings which remain important in Kerala politics. Other important civic buildings and infrastructure constructed around this time include the Municipal Corporation Building of Thrissur and the Swaraj Round.[27][28]

In 1947, when India gained independence from colonial rule, Thrissur was part of the Kingdom of Cochin. Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at the city of Thrissur.

Geography[edit | edit source]

Main article: Geography of Thrissur
The Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands is one of largest, highly productive and threatened wetlands in Kerala. It acts as natural drainage for City of Thrissur.

Thrissur is the headquarters of Thrissur district, in the centre of the Indian state of Kerala. The city is 75 km north-east of Kochi, 133 km south-west of Coimbatore, 124 km south-east of Kozhikode and 151 km north of Changanacherry.[29] The city is located in a hillock called Thekkinkadu Maidan which is the second highest point in city after the Vilangan Hills. The city has an average altitude of 2.83 metres above sea level.[29]

From the hillock, the city gradually flattens into the Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands, which act as a natural drainage for the city. The water from the wetlands flows via rivers into the Laccadive Sea, keeping Thrissur city safe from the major flooding that affects most other cities in Kerala.[30][31][32][33]

The city is located in midland regions of Kerala, with an extended part of Palakkad plains.[34] The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by Archaean rocks.[35] The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.

Ponds and canals in Vadakkechira, Thrissur prevent flooding during monsoon season.

Climate[edit | edit source]

Under the Köppen climate classification, City of Thrissur features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to 36 to 38 °C (96.8 to 100.4 °F) coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the south-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around 30 °C or 86 °F.[36]

The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately 3,100 millimetres or 122 inches. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is 36 °C or 96.8 °F while the minimum temperature recorded is 27 °C or 80.6 °F. The winter season records a maximum average of 31 °C or 87.8 °F and a minimum average of 20 °C or 68 °F.[36]

Climate data for Thrissur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 31
(88) 		32
(90) 		34
(93) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		32
(89)
Average low °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		27
(81) 		27
(81) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32
(1.3) 		26
(1.0) 		39
(1.5) 		147
(5.8) 		391
(15.4) 		576
(22.7) 		391
(15.4) 		367
(14.4) 		417
(16.4) 		467
(18.4) 		223
(8.8) 		47
(1.9) 		3,123
(123)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 5 13 17 26 28 24 18 23 13 4 177
Source: [2]

Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of Thrissur

Thrissur is home to many Malayaliee entrepreneurs,[37] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.[38] Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran invited Syrian Christian families and Brahmins to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and rolled gold jewellery in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.[39][40] The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.[41][42] The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.

The Town Hall in Thrissur

According to the Reserve Bank of India, Thrissur has been regarded as a banking town since the 1930s, when 58 banks were headquartered in the city. In the present, the city remains a significant centre for banking and finance, with the headquarters of major banks like South Indian Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank, and other financial institutions like Manappuram General Finance and Leasing, Kerala State Financial Enterprise and ESAF Small Finance Bank.[43][44][45] Many chit funds, a type of Indian savings and credit system, are located in Thrissur. In 2010, an estimated 3,000 chit fund companies were located in Thrissur, employing approximately 35,000 people.[46][47]

South Indian Bank headquarters in Thrissur City

The city is a hub for the Ayurvedic drug-manufacturing industry. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing companies in Kerala, about 150, including some of the largest in the state like Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, KP Namboodiris, are located in and around the city.[48] Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster, another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in Koratty in Thrissur District.[49][50][51][52]

Retail businesses in Thrissur include Kalyan Group, Jos Alukka & Sons, Joyalukkas and Josco Group.[53] InfoPark Thrissur, the fourth technology park in Kerala, is situated in Thrissur District.[54][55][56] Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.[15]

Administration[edit | edit source]

Main article: Administration of Thrissur
Municipal Corporation Officials
Mayor M K Varghese
Police Commissioner R Adithya IPS
Deputy mayor Rajashree Gopan
Members of Legislative Assembly
Thrissur Assembly Constituency P. Balachandran
Ollur Assembly Constituency K Rajan
Member of Parliament
Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency T. N Prathapan
Main article: Thrissur Municipal Corporation
Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur seen from M.O. Road

Thrissur has functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations.[57][58] In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972, several village councils or panchayats were added to the municipality.[57] On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to a municipal corporation and took over the towns and villages of Ayyanthole, Koorkkenchery, Nadathara, Vilvattom (part), Ollur and Ollukkara.

The city is administered by the Thrissur Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor and comprising three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and Cherpu.[59] For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years.

It is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The corporation, headquartered in the city of Thrissur proper, directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.[57][60] The Thrissur Urban Development Authority and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.[61][62][63][64]

Police services[edit | edit source]

The city is the headquarters of Thrissur City Police and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and Guruvayur. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.[65][66][67]

The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at Ramavarmapuram. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at Ayyanthole. The city is also the headquarters of Inspector General of Police, Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, Palakkad District and Malappuram district. All the Superintendent of Police of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,[68] Central Prison, Viyyur,[69] Police Dog Training Centre and Excise Academy and Research Centre. Indian Reserve Battalion, new commando unit of Kerala Police is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram.[70] Border Security Force (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.[71][72]

Demographics[edit | edit source]

Population Growth of Thrissur 
CensusPopulation %±
194157,500
—
195169,50020.9%
196173,0005.0%
197176,2004.4%
198177,9002.2%
199174,600−4.2%
2001317,526325.6%
2011315,957−0.5%
source:[73]


As of 2011 India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.[73] Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.[73] The density of population is 3,130/km2. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.

Hindus constitute the majority with 58.42% of the population Christians constitute 24.27% of the population Muslims constitute 17.07% of the population in Thrissur.[74]

Politics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency

Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. Thrissur City administration is carried out by Municipal Corporation of Thrissur. MK.Varghese (LDF) is the Mayor of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. The city of Thrissur is represented in the Kerala State Assembly by two elected members, one from Thrissur Assembly Constituency and another from Ollur Assembly Constituency. As of 2021, P. Balachandran is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and K. Rajan from Ollur Assembly Constituency.

Thrissur city is also a part of the Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current MP is T. N. Prathapan of the Indian National Congress. The Lok Sabha seat has primarily been held by the Indian National Congress (seven terms since 1951) and the Communist Party of India (ten terms since 1957).

Culture[edit | edit source]

Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica is situated in the middle of Thrissur city

Festivals[edit | edit source]

Kerala Sahitya Academy building in Thrissur

Thrissur is known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries. Thrissur Pooram, the largest pooram in Kerala, is sometimes referred to as 'the pooram of all poorams'. It is celebrated every year in the month of Medam (mid-April to mid-may) as per the Malayalam calendar. For thirty-six hours, the city plays host to a large gathering of people and elephants.[75][76][77][78]

Puli Kali, also known as Kavakali, is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala.[79][80] Buon Natale is the cultural festival conducting at Swaraj Round with Christmas celebration. Buon Natale procession entered the Guinness World Records in 2014 for having the maximum number of people dressed up as Santa Claus. Other important festivals celebrated in the city include Christmas, Onam, Easter, Eid and Vishu.

Elephants play a major part in many of the city's festivals.[81][82] Aanayoottu (feeding of elephants), held in Vadakkunnathan Temple in the City annually, is the world's largest elephant feeding ceremony. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.[83][84][85]

Literature[edit | edit source]

Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy and College of Fine Arts, Thrissur for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the Indian Independence, Thrissur became the literary capital of Kerala as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor Joseph Mundassery, it become the abode of writer's like O. V. Vijayan, Kovilan, V. K. N., Uroob, Edasseri Govindan Nair, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, K. G. Sankara Pillai and Sarah Joseph. The area was later known as Current Moola ("Current Corner").[86] The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.[87]

Thrissur is home to prominent Malayalam literary figures like Kovilan, Kunhunni Mash, Sukumar Azhikode, K. Satchidanandan, Mullanezhi, Sarah Joseph, Attoor Ravi Varma, Lalitha Lenin, P. Bhaskaran, Joseph Mundassery.[88]

Religious buildings[edit | edit source]

One of the four Vadakumnathan Temple Gates, inside the Swaraj Maidan
Cheraman Juma Mosque, said to be the oldest mosque in India
For more, see Places of worship in Thrissur.

The Vadakkunnathan temple, believed to have been founded by the legendary saint Parasurama, is an example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the Mahabharata. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, one of the largest Sree Krishna temples in Kerala and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple which is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Aykunnu Pandavagiri Devi Temple is situated at Venginisseri village, that around 9 km from city center. Sree Guruvayurappan Temple is located in Guruvayur (28 km from Thrissur); it is also referred to as Bhuloka Vaikunta which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".

Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica (Puthan Pally), Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral which has an underground shrine, Saint Antony's Syro-Malabar Church, Ollur which has been called as Chinna Roma (Small Rome) are masterpieces of architecture and indigenous paintings. Saint Euphrasia's tomb and museum also situated in the city. St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur (28 km from Thrissur) is the first church in India , and Thomas the Apostle performed the first baptism in India here.

The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur. Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur, (40 km from Thrissur) is the first mosque in India.

Cuisine[edit | edit source]

The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. Achappam, Kuzhalappam, Vatteppam, Unniyappam and Pazham Pori are common snacks. Vellayappam, a kind of rice hopper is another dish which is special to the city, there have a food street named vellayappam angadi.

Education[edit | edit source]

Government Engineering College, Thrissur
See also: List of colleges and universities in Thrissur district

Thrissur, which has been a centre of learning from ancient times, is developing as a modern education hub.[89][90] Schools in city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. Education is generally conducted in English or Malayalam, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Montessori system.[91][92] There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;[93][94] and 78 high schools;[95] and 157[96] higher secondary schools in the city.

Healthcare[edit | edit source]

Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, a Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur run medical college.
Main article: Hospitals in Thrissur

The city serves as a centre for healthcare in Central Kerala, with people from Thrissur District, Palakkad District, Malappuram District and the northern part of Ernakulam District coming to Thrissur for medical care. There are three medical colleges in the city: Government Medical College, Thrissur, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute. The Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College also situated in city.

Sports[edit | edit source]

V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium in Thrissur city
Main article: Football in Thrissur

Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium and Thope Stadium. International players and former Indian captains C. V. Pappachan, I. M. Vijayan and Jo Paul Ancheri, the young Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The N.I. David Memorial Trophy, an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.[97][98][99][100][101] The city has a floodlit stadium, known as Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium.[102] It also has two indoor stadiums, V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium and a Sports Authority of India (SAI) maintained Thrissur Aquatic Complex with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to India such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.[102] Chess prodigy Nihal Sarin is from Thrissur.

Media[edit | edit source]

The first Malayalam newspaper which published from Thrissur was Lokamanyan in 1920. Then came Deenabandhu edited by V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan. Ezhuthachan started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the Quit India movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.[103] Later Lokamanyan (1920); Kerala Chintamani (1905); Kerala Kesari (1924); Mahatma (1930); Gomathy (1930) and Navajeevan of Joseph Mundassery was also published from Thrissur.[104][105][106] The Express started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views.[103] Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Mangalam, Veekshanam, Metro Vaartha and Janayugom. A number of evening papers, like General in Malayalam and City Journal in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available in city.

The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by Jose Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope now known as Jose Theatre.[107][108][109]

A film festival, known as ViBGYOR Film Festival, is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.[110] The city also have Broadband wireless services on WiMAX platform.[111][112]

Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8 MHz, Radio Mango 91.9  MHz,[113] BEST FM 95 by (Asianet Communications Limited), Red FM 91.1 MHz.[114] All India Radio has an AM (630 kHz) and an FM (101.1 MHz) station for the city.[115] The transmitter of the All India Radio (630 kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.[116][117] Thrissur has a Doordarshan studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.[118][119][120]

Transport[edit | edit source]

Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur, is the largest private bus station in Kerala State.
Thrissur railway station
Schematic Road network map of Thrissur City
Main article: Transport in Thrissur

Road[edit | edit source]

The city is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway (India) via the four-lane National Highway 544, previously NH 47.[121] The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of Kochi, Palakkad and Coimbatore. NH 544 provides two main exit points at Mannuthy and Thalore which is bypass to the Thrissur city.

The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and auto rickshaws for public transport. A transit terminal was announced for Puzhakkal in 2013.[122] Land was transferred to the Thissur Mobility Hub Society on a 99-year lease in 2015.[123]

State-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur in Sakthan Thampuran Nagar, Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station near the Thrissur railway station. State Highway (SH 69) Thrissur-Kuttippuram Road, SH 22 Kodungallur – Shornur Road, SH 75 Thrissur – Kanjani – Vadanappally Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.

Railway[edit | edit source]

The Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. Thrissur railway station, one of the four A+ railway station in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section. It has a satellite station, Punkunnam railway station[124] and two minor stations, Ollur railway station and Mulankunnathukavu railway station. Thrissur railway station also connects to the temple town of Guruvayur by Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line. In addition, Southern Railway is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to Kochi and Palakkad using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services (MEMU).[125][126][127]

Requirements[edit | edit source]

  • Trivandrum bound KSRTC service via Irinjalakuda, Kodungallur, Paravoor, Vytilla

Picture gallery[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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Further reading[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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