Punjabi culture: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:41, 23 August 2021

The culture of Punjab encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history of the Punjabi people native to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The term 'Punjabi' can mean both a person who lives in Punjab and also a speaker of the Punjabi language. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue.^[1] Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.

History

Middle Ages

The culture of Punjab in the Middle Ages was extremely diverse dependent upon an individual's tribe, community, religion and village. An array of cultures can be found historically .The main cultures that arose in the Punjab during the Medieval Age at the beginning of this era was of strong Indo-Aryan dominance.

Modern era

Due to the large number of Punjabi people distributed throughout the world, especially Pakistan and India, many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Glimpses of traditional Punjabi culture can be seen in the Western world (e.g. the U.S., the UK, the EU, Canada, Australia, Africa and the Middle East).^[2] Naturally people influence each other wherever they settle and live. Punjabi culture is evident from Punjabi philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, and architecture.

Music

Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite.^[3] Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. ^{[citation needed]} In addition, Punjabi classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. ^{[citation needed]} Sufi music and Qawali, commonly practiced in Punjab, Pakistan; are other important genres in the Punjab region.^[4]^[5]

Dance

Owing to the long history of the Punjabi culture and of the Punjabi people there are many dances, normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals and weddings. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy "bhangra" men's dance to the more reserved "jhumar," the "gidha" women's dance and "Malwayi Gidha" is a form of dance can be performed by both men and women together.

Weddings

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Christians may be conducted in Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Hindi or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times.

Crafts

The city of Amritsar in the Punjab state of India is home to the craft of brass and copper metalwork done by the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, which is enlisted on the UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.^[6] Years of neglect had caused this craft to die out, and the listing prompted the Government of Punjab to undertake a craft revival effort under Project Virasat.^[7]^[8]

Cuisine

Punjabi cuisine has a wide range of dishes and enjoys world wide popularity. Many entrepreneurs have built large personal fortunes by investing in the sector promoting Punjabi cuisine which uses a uniquely appealing spice palette. Punjabi cuisine has become popular in the world due, not only to its intrinsic quality, but also due to the Punjabi diaspora promoting popularity and visibility in the western world including the UK, and the U.S. Some of the most popular dishes include Butter Chicken, Tandoori chicken, Dal makhni, chicken tikka lababdar, Saron da saag and stuffed or un stuffed naans (a type of unleavened bread).

Language and literature

The Punjabi language is written with the Gurmukhi alphabet in India and with the Shahmukhi alphabet in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.^[9] In Punjabi literature has three major Punjabi romantic epic poems based on folktales: Heer Ranjha by the poet Waris Shah (1722-1798), Sohni Mahiwal and Mirza Sahiban (sung by late Alam Lohar).^[10] By the 10th century, many Hindu Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. Among the major Punjabi poets are Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179-1266), Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539) and Bulleh Shah (1680-1757).

Dress

A Punjabi suit that features three items - a qameez (top), salwar (bottom) and dupatta (scarf)^[11] is the traditional female attire of the Punjabi people.^[12] A qameez is a usually loose-fitted outer garment from upper thigh to mid-calf length. Along with the qameez, Punjabi women wear a salwaar that consists of long trousers drawn at the waist and tapered to the ankle.^[13] The other complementary feature of the Punjabi suit is the dupatta; often used to cover the chest and head.^[13] Among the Punjabi people, the dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty.^[14] In Pakistan, both women and men where the shalwar kameez.

Festivals

Punjabis celebrate different festivals based on their following culture, season and religion, which include Maghi, Lohri, Holi, Basant, Eid ul Adha, Eid ul Fitr, Vaisakhi, Teeyan, Diwali, Hola Mohalla, Guru Nanak Jayant, etc.

Gallery

Men's Punjabi Shalwaar qamiz
Punjabi Turban

References

↑ Thandi, edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh (1999). Punjabi identity in a global context. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564864-5. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ "How Punjabi language is flourishing in France". Newseastwest.com. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
↑ Moreno, Jacqueline. "Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time". The Observer. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
↑ Pande, Alka (1999). Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights. Ahmedabad [India]: Mapin Pub. ISBN 978-18-902-0615-4.
↑ Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996). Pañjāba dā loka wirasā (New rev. ed.). Paṭiālā: Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī. ISBN 978-81-7380-223-2.
↑ "UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
↑ Jun 22, Yudhvir Rana | TNN | Updated; 2018; Ist, 19:34. "Ignored for years, local craft may soon find place in luxury hotels | Amritsar News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-07-01. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help); |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ "Alchemy of Art". The Indian Express. 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
↑ "Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
↑ "Punjabi facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Punjabi". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
↑ Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4.
↑ Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007). Discover Singapore on Foot (2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-4022-33-0.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Akombo, David (26 January 2016). The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures. North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4766-2269-9.
↑ Mark Magnier (23 February 2010). "For Pakistani women, dupattas are more than a fashion statement". Los Angeles Times.

Other sources

Wrestling in Punjab, documentary film on the history of wrestling in Punjab by filmmaker Simran Kaler.
Quraishee 73, Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.
Chopra 77, The Punjab as a sovereign state, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.
Patwant Singh. 1999. The Sikhs. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50206-0.
Nanak, Punjabi Documentary Film by Navalpreet Rangi
The evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.
Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.
History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.
History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi (Ed).
The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

External links

Video about Punjab and Punjabi music from the Horniman Museum

Template:Punjab, Pakistan

[1] Thandi, edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh (1999). Punjabi identity in a global context. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564864-5. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[newseastwest-2] "How Punjabi language is flourishing in France". Newseastwest.com. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2017-02-27.

[3] Moreno, Jacqueline. "Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time". The Observer. Retrieved 2019-12-26.

[4] Pande, Alka (1999). Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights. Ahmedabad [India]: Mapin Pub. ISBN 978-18-902-0615-4.

[5] Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996). Pañjāba dā loka wirasā (New rev. ed.). Paṭiālā: Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī. ISBN 978-81-7380-223-2.

[6] "UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-07-01.

[7] Jun 22, Yudhvir Rana | TNN | Updated; 2018; Ist, 19:34. "Ignored for years, local craft may soon find place in luxury hotels | Amritsar News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-07-01. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help); |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[8] "Alchemy of Art". The Indian Express. 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-07-01.

[Omniglot-9] "Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.

[encyclopedia-10] "Punjabi facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Punjabi". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.

[SWIE-11] Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4.

[DSOF-12] Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007). Discover Singapore on Foot (2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-4022-33-0.

[UoM-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Akombo, David (26 January 2016). The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures. North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4766-2269-9.

[Mark_Magnier-14] Mark Magnier (23 February 2010). "For Pakistani women, dupattas are more than a fashion statement". Los Angeles Times.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''culture of Punjab''' encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions,sacrifices, values and history of the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] people native to the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The term 'Punjabi' can mean both a person who lives in Punjab and also a speaker of the Punjabi language. This name originates from the Persian language 'panj', (five), and 'ab', (water). In Rigvedic times, this area was called Sapta Sindhu or 'Seven Rivers' illustrating the extent of Undivided Punjab. [[Indus River]] (the largest river in this five river system), and the five other rivers to the south eventually join Indus or merge into it later in the downstream of the Punjab valley. All the rivers start and flow out of the [[Himalayas]]. These other five rivers are [[Jhelum River]], [[Chenab River]], [[Ravi River]], [[Beas River]] and [[Sutlej River]].
+{{Punjabis}}
+The '''culture of Punjab''' encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history of the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] people native to the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The term 'Punjabi' can mean both a person who lives in [[Punjab]] and also a speaker of the Punjabi language. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the [[Punjabi language]] their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thandi|first=edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh|title=Punjabi identity in a global context|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-564864-5|location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[Social integration|Integration]] and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.
 ==History==
 ===Middle Ages===
-The culture of Punjab in the Middle Ages was extremely diverse dependent upon an individual's caste, community, religion and village {{citation needed|date=May 2017}}. An array of cultures can be found historically .The main cultures that arose in the Punjab during the Medieval Age at the beginning of this era was of strong [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] dominance.
+The culture of Punjab in the Middle Ages was extremely diverse dependent upon an individual's tribe, community, religion and village. An array of cultures can be found historically .The main cultures that arose in the Punjab during the Medieval Age at the beginning of this era was of strong [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] dominance.
-[[File:Shalamar Garden July 14 2005-Sideview of marble enclosure on the second level.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|The Shalimar Gardens]] in Lahore]]
 ===Modern era===
-Due to the large number of Punjabi people distributed throughout the world, especially [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}. Glimpses of traditional Punjabi culture can be seen in the [[Western world]] (e.g. the [[United States|U.S.]], the [[UK]], the [[European Union|EU]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]).<ref name=newseastwest>{{cite web|url=http://newseastwest.com/how-punjabi-language-is-flourishing-in-france/ |title=How Punjabi language is flourishing in France |website=Newseastwest.com |date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> Naturally people influence each other wherever they settle and live. Punjabi culture is evident from Punjabi philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, and architecture.
+Due to the large number of Punjabi people distributed throughout the world, especially [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Glimpses of traditional Punjabi culture can be seen in the [[Western world]] (e.g. the [[United States|U.S.]], the [[UK]], the [[European Union|EU]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]).<ref name=newseastwest>{{cite web|author= |url=http://newseastwest.com/how-punjabi-language-is-flourishing-in-france/ |title=How Punjabi language is flourishing in France |website=Newseastwest.com |date=2014-08-05 |accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> Naturally people influence each other wherever they settle and live. Punjabi culture is evident from Punjabi philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, and architecture.
-Similar migrations by or invasions into the Punjab, in the past many centuries, were by the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryans]], [[Dravidians]],  [[Scythians]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Spaniards]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]] or [[Alexander the Great]] which reached as far as the [[Beas River]] in the Punjab {{citation needed|date=May 2017}}, [[Mongols]] [[Arabs]], [[Persians]], [[Afghans]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persians]] ([[Mughals]]) and then the [[Europeans]] ([[British people|British]]) came to Punjab for various economic reasons of their own and its fertile agricultural lands and abundance of water resources in its five large rivers flowing down from the [[Himalayas]] through the Punjab valley{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}. These immigrants influenced the people of Punjab and, in turn, were influenced by the then prevailing culture of the Punjab.<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Punjabi.aspx |title=Punjabi facts, information, pictures &#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Punjabi |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref>
-==Art==
-[[File:Trilok singh Artist maati ka.wiki.jpg|thumb|Tirlok Singh's artwork ''Maati ka Putla'']]
-[[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]] and [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] are famous punjabi painting artists.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sobha Singh’s works light up art gallery at Virsa Vihar | website=The Tribune | date=2016-12-20 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/sobha-singhs-works-light-up-art-gallery-at-virsa-vihar-333357 | access-date=2020-09-04}}</ref>
 ==Music==
@@ Line 20: / Line 13: @@
 [[File:Dhol players.jpg|thumb|[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] [[tournament]] concert]]
-[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.case.edu/bhangra-conquering-one-dance-move-at-a-time/|title=Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time|last=Moreno|first=Jacqueline|website=The Observer|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In addition, Punjabi classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
+[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.case.edu/bhangra-conquering-one-dance-move-at-a-time/|title=Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time|last=Moreno|first=Jacqueline|website=The Observer|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In addition, Punjabi classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} [[Sufi music]] and [[Qawali]], commonly practiced in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]; are other important genres in the Punjab region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pande|first=Alka|url=https://archive.org/details/folkmusicmusical00pand|title=Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights|publisher=Mapin Pub.|year=1999|isbn=978-18-902-0615-4|location=Ahmedabad [India]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thinda|first=Karanaila Siṅgha|title=Pañjāba dā loka wirasā|publisher=Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7380-223-2|edition=New rev.|location=Paṭiālā}}</ref>
-Devotional songs are played by [[dhaddi jatha]] groups, with instruments like [[sarangi]] and [[dhadd]] drums.
 ==Dance==
@@ Line 29: / Line 20: @@
 ==Weddings==
-[[File:Punjabipeople.JPG|thumb|[[Punjabi people]] at a wedding]]
 {{See also|Punjabi wedding traditions}}
-Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], Buddhists and Christians may be conducted in Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Hindi or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times.
+Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Christians]] may be conducted in Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Hindi or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times.
 == Crafts ==
-The city of [[Amritsar]] in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of India is home to the craft of brass and copper metalwork done by the [[Thathera#UNESCO Listing and Government Programs|Thatheras of Jandiala Guru]], which is enlisted on the [[UNESCO]]'s [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|List of Intangible Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845|title=UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> Years of neglect had caused this craft to die out, and the listing prompted the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] to undertake a craft revival effort under Project Virasat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amriton-find-place-in-luxury-hotels/articleshow/64701026.cms|title=Ignored for years, local craft may soon find place in luxury hotels {{!}} Amritsar News - Times of India|last=Jun 22|first=Yudhvir Rana {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01|last3=Ist|first3=19:34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/alchemy-of-art-thathera-community-artisans-5662778/|title=Alchemy of Art|date=2019-04-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
+The city of [[Amritsar]] in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of India is home to the craft of brass and copper metalwork done by the [[Thathera#UNESCO Listing and Government Programs|Thatheras of Jandiala Guru]], which is enlisted on the [[UNESCO]]'s [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|List of Intangible Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845|title=UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> Years of neglect had caused this craft to die out, and the listing prompted the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] to undertake a craft revival effort under Project Virasat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/ignored-for-years-local-craft-may-soon-find-place-in-luxury-hotels/articleshow/64701026.cms|title=Ignored for years, local craft may soon find place in luxury hotels {{!}} Amritsar News - Times of India|last=Jun 22|first=Yudhvir Rana {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01|last3=Ist|first3=19:34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/alchemy-of-art-thathera-community-artisans-5662778/|title=Alchemy of Art|date=2019-04-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
 ==Cuisine==
-{{See also|Punjabi cuisine}}
+{{See also|Punjabi cuisine}}Punjabi cuisine has a wide range of dishes and enjoys world wide popularity. Many entrepreneurs have built large personal fortunes by investing in the sector promoting Punjabi cuisine which uses a uniquely appealing spice palette. Punjabi cuisine has become popular in the world due, not only to its intrinsic quality, but also due to the Punjabi diaspora promoting popularity and visibility in the western world including the UK, and the U.S. Some of the most popular dishes include [[Butter Chicken]], [[Tandoori chicken]], [[Dal makhni]], chicken tikka lababdar, [[Sarson da saag|Saron da saag]] and stuffed or un stuffed [[Naan|naans]] (a type of unleavened bread).
+[[File:Tandoori_Chicken.jpg|right|thumb|197x197px|[[Tandoori chicken]] is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine.]]
 ==Language and literature==
 {{see also|Punjabi language}}
-The Punjabi language is written with the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]] in India and with the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]] in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.<ref name=Omniglot>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm |title=Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation |website=Omniglot.com |access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref>
+The Punjabi language is written with the [[Gurmukhi alphabet]] in India and with the [[Shahmukhi alphabet]] in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.<ref name=Omniglot>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm |title=Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation |website=Omniglot.com |date= |accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref>
-In Punjabi literature has three major Punjabi romantic epic poems based on folktales: ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' by the poet [[Waris Shah]] (1722-1798), ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' and ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'' (sung by late [[Alam Lohar]]).<ref name=encyclopedia/> By the 10th century, many Hindu [[Nath]] poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. among the major Punjabi poets are Baba [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179-1266), Baba [[Guru Nanak]] (1469-1539) and [[Bulleh Shah]] (1680-1757).
+In Punjabi literature has three major Punjabi romantic epic poems based on folktales: ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' by the poet [[Waris Shah]] (1722-1798), ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'' and ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'' (sung by late [[Alam Lohar]]).<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|date=|title=Punjabi facts, information, pictures &#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Punjabi|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Punjabi.aspx|website=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> By the 10th century, many Hindu [[Nath]] poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. Among the major Punjabi poets are Baba [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179-1266), Baba [[Guru Nanak]] (1469-1539) and [[Bulleh Shah]] (1680-1757).
 ==Dress==
-{{main|Punjabi clothing}}
+A Punjabi suit that features three items - a ''qameez'' (top), ''salwar'' (bottom) and ''dupatta'' (scarf)<ref name="SWIE">{{cite book|last1=Rait|first1=Satwant Kaur|title=Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs|date=14 April 2005|publisher=Trentham Book|isbn=978-1-85856-353-4|location=Trent and Sterling|page=68}}</ref> is the traditional female attire of the Punjabi people.<ref name="DSOF">{{cite book|last1=Dominique|first1=Grele|title=Discover Singapore on Foot|last2=Raimbault|first2=Lydie|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Select Publishing|isbn=978-981-4022-33-0|edition=2|location=Singapore|page=35}}</ref> A qameez is a usually loose-fitted outer [[garment]] from upper thigh to mid-calf length. Along with the qameez, Punjabi women wear a salwaar that consists of long [[trousers]] drawn at the waist and tapered to the ankle.<ref name="UoM">{{cite book|last1=Akombo|first1=David|title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures|date=26 January 2016|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9|location=North Carolina|page=155}}</ref> The other complementary feature of the Punjabi suit is the dupatta; often used to cover the chest and head.<ref name="UoM" /> Among the Punjabi people, the dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty.<ref name="Mark Magnier">{{cite web|author=Mark Magnier|date=23 February 2010|title=For Pakistani women, dupattas are more than a fashion statement|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/23/world/la-fg-pakistan-scarf24-2010feb24|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> In [[Pakistan]], both women and men where the shalwar kameez.
-The traditional dress for Punjabi men is the [[Kurta|kurta and tehmat]], which is being replaced by the kurta and pajama, especially the popular muktsari style in India. The traditional dress for women is the [[Salwar|salwar suit]] which replaced the traditional [[Punjabi ghagra]]. The [[patiala salwar]] is also very popular.
 == Festivals ==
 {{See also|Punjabi festivals|List of Sikh festivals |List of Hindu festivals in Punjab|Festivals in Lahore}}
-Punjabis celebrate cultural, seasonal and religious festivals, which include [[Maghi]], [[Mela Chiraghan]] in [[Lahore]], [[Lohri]], [[Holi]], [[Eid ul Adha]], [[Eid ul Fitr]],[[Baisakhi]], [[Teeyan]], [[Diwali]], [[Dussehra]], and [[Guru Nanak Jayanti|Guru Nanak Jayant]].
+Punjabis celebrate different festivals based on their following culture, season and religion, which include [[Maghi]], [[Lohri]], [[Holi]], [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], [[Eid al-Adha|Eid ul Adha]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul Fitr]], [[Baisakhi|Vaisakhi]], [[Teeyan]], [[Diwali]], [[Hola Mohalla]], [[Guru Nanak Jayanti|Guru Nanak Jayant]], etc.
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery>
-File:Punjabi boys in their traditional dress.jpg|Punjabi boys in traditional kurta-chadra
+File:Shalvaar qamiz.JPG|Men's Punjabi Shalwaar qamiz
-File:On Youth Festival Punjabi Culteral ActivityBy Stundents At Punjab University Constitute Colleg Patto Hira Singh Moga Punjab India.jpg|Punjabi girl in traditional Lehenga
-File:Punjabi Girls ( Students).jpg|Punjabi charkha
-File:Punjabi Girl.jpg|Punjabi girl in Salwar kameez
 File:Traditional punjabi get up.jpg|Punjabi Turban
 </gallery>
@@ Line 91: / Line 78: @@
 ==External links==
 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w8CDGj3560 Video about Punjab and Punjabi music] from the Horniman Museum
-*[https://words.pk/punjabi-cculture-and-traditions/ Punjabi Culture and Traditions ]
+{{Punjab, Pakistan|state=autocollapse}}
+{{Punjab, India}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi culture}}

v t e State of Punjab, India
Capital: Chandigarh
Topics	Demographics Economy Education History King Porus People Tourism Music
Administration	Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors Raj Bhavan Police
Culture	Cinema Cuisine Folk dances Bhangra Giddha Aawat pauni Tipri dance (Punjab) Folklore Punjabi folk religion Sanjhi Gugga Chhapar Mela Sakhi Sarwar Saint Punjabi fasts Language Gurmukhī Music Bhangra Folk music Dress Salwar (Punjabi) Suit Punjabi ghagra Patiala salwar Punjabi Tamba and Kurta Phulkari Jutti Calendars Punjabi calendar Nanakshahi calendar Bikrami calendar Fairs and Festival of Punjab India Punjabi festivals Lohri Basant Kite Festival (Punjab) Maghi Holi, Punjab Teeyan Rakhri Vaisakhi Religious festivals Hindu Punjabi Festivals Sikh festivals Sports Kabaddi Kabaddi in India Kila Raipur Sports Festival Punjabi Kabaddi Punjabi Suba movement Folk arts and crafts Chowk poorana Phulkari
Divisions	Patiala Rupnagar Jalandhar Faridkot Firozpur
Districts	SAS Nagar Sri Amritsar Barnala Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Sahib Fazilka Firozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Pathankot Patiala Sri Muktsar Sahib Rupnagar Sangrur Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Tarn Taran Sahib
Major Cities	Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar Patiala Bathinda Hoshiarpur Mohali Batala Pathankot Moga