Demonym: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Name for a resident of a locality}}
{{Short description|Name for a resident of a particular geographical area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Linguistics}}


A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δῆμος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δῆμος}})|[[people]], [[tribe]]||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὄνυμα}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὄνυμα}})|[[name]]}}) or ''''gentilic'''<nowiki/>' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|gentilis}}|of a [[clan]], or [[gens]]}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|gentilic |access-date=25 July 2015}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic |title=Definition of GENTILIC |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic }}.</ref> is a [[word]] that identifies a [[Cultural group|group]] of [[people]] ([[inhabitants]], [[residents]], [[natives]]) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the [[name]] of the [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|place]] ([[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]], [[village]], [[town]], [[city]], [[region]], [[province]], [[State (polity)|state]], [[country]], and [[continent]]).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book |title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon |first=George H. |last=Scheetz |publisher=Schütz Verlag |year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; [[Indian people|Indian]] for a person from [[India]]; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].


A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; from [[Ancient Greek]] δῆμος, ''dêmos'', "people, tribe" and ὄνυμα, ''ónyma'', "name") or '''gentilic''' (from [[Latin]] ''gentilis'', "of a clan, or [[gens]]")<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, continent, planet, and beyond).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book|title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon|author=George H. Scheetz|publisher=Schütz Verlag|year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; ''[[Americans|American]]'' for a person from the [[United States of America]]; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].
Many demonyms function both [[endonym and exonym|endonymically and exonymically]] (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.


As a sub-field of [[anthroponymy]], the study of demonyms is called ''demonymy'' or ''demonymics''.
As a sub-field of [[anthroponymy]], the study of demonyms is called ''demonymy'' or ''demonymics''.


Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are [[semantically]] different from [[ethnonym]]s (names of [[ethnic groups]]). In the [[English language]], there are many [[polysemic]] words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word ''Thai'' may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of [[Thailand]], while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the [[Thai people]]. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the [[United Kingdom]] may be called a ''[[British person]]'', a ''Briton'' or, informally, a ''Brit''.
Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are [[Semantics|semantically]] different from [[ethnonym]]s (names of [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]]). In the [[English language]], there are many [[Polysemy|polysemic]] words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word ''Thai'' may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of [[Thailand]], while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the [[Thai people]]. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the [[United Kingdom]] may be called a ''[[British people|British person]]'', a ''Briton'' or, informally, a ''Brit''.


Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym ''Macedonians'' may refer to the population of [[North Macedonia]], or more generally to the entire population of the [[region of Macedonia]], a significant portion of which is in [[Greece]]. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, ''Québécois'', ''Québécoise (female)'' is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of [[Quebec]] (though ''Quebecer'', ''Quebecker'' are also available).
Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym ''Macedonians'' may refer to the population of [[North Macedonia]], or more generally to the entire population of the [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]], or to the [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Greek]] people of the [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek region of Macedonia]]. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, ''Québécois'', ''Québécoise (female)'' is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of [[Quebec]] (though ''Quebecer'', ''Quebecker'' are also available).


In English, demonyms are always [[capitalization|capitalized]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansioningles.com/gram19.htm|title=Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios|work=mansioningles.com}}</ref>  
In English, demonyms are always [[capitalization|capitalized]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansioningles.com/gram19.htm|title=Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios|work=mansioningles.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330020141/http://www.mansioningles.com/Gram19.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. ''Egyptian'', ''[[Japanese people|Japanese]]'', or ''[[Greeks|Greek]]''.
Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. ''[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]'', ''[[Japanese people|Japanese]]'', or ''[[Greeks|Greek]]''. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Daniel |title=demonym |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/demonym |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>
 
English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Brazilian'' or ''Algerian'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907084731/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061912/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050932/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref>


English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Ethiopian'' or ''Guatemalan'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref> Often, in practice, the demonym for [[U.S. state|states]], [[provinces]] or [[cities]] is simply the name of the place, treated as an adjective; for instance, ''[[Kennewick Man]]'' and ''[[Massachusetts|Massachusetts Resident]]'' (though the demonym ''Bay Stater'', derived from its nickname, is also available, as is the more formal ''Massachusite'').
==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''[[National Geographic]]'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to [[Merriam-Webster]] editor [[Paul Dickson (writer)|Paul Dickson]] in a recent work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170}}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998}}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines as the name of an [[Athenian]] [[citizen]] according to the [[deme]] to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>
''[[National Geographic]]'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to [[Merriam-Webster]] editor [[Paul Dickson (writer)|Paul Dickson]] in a work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170 |access-date=2020-06-18 |archive-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233025/https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |url-status=live }}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998 |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214231614/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines, as the name of an [[Athenian]] [[citizen]] according to the [[deme]] to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2008-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>


==Suffixation==
==Suffixation==
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the [[English language]]. The most common is to add a [[Affix|suffix]] to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble [[Late Latin]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], or [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffixes, such as:
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the [[English language]]. The most common is to add a [[Affix|suffix]] to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble [[Late Latin]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], or [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffixes, such as ''-(a)n'', ''-ian'', ''-anian'', ''-nian'', ''-in(e)'', ''-a(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-e(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-i(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-ite'', ''-(e)r'', ''-(i)sh'', ''-ene'', ''-ensian'', ''-ard'', ''-ese'', ''-nese'', ''-lese'', ''-i(e)'', ''-i(ya)'', ''-iot'', ''-iote'', ''-k'', ''-asque'', ''-(we)gian'', ''-onian'', ''-vian'', ''-ois(e)'', or ''-ais(e)''.


===''-(a)n''===
{| class="wikitable"
====Continents and regions====
|+ {{nowrap|Examples of various suffixes}}
|-
|
'''''-(a)n'''''
 
'''Continents and regions'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Africa]] → Africans
*[[Africa]] → Africans
*[[Antarctica]] → Antarcticans {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
*[[Antarctica]] → Antarcticans
*[[Asia]] → Asians
*[[Asia]] → Asians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Australia (continent)|Australia]] → Australians
*[[Europe]] → Europeans
*[[Europe]] → Europeans
*[[North America]] → North Americans
*[[North America]] → North Americans
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*[[Central America]] → Central Americans
*[[Central America]] → Central Americans
*[[Americas]] → Americans
*[[Americas]] → Americans
*[[Oceania]] → Oceanian
*[[Oceania]] → Oceanians
}}
 
'''Countries'''


====Countries====
<!--Before adding an entry here, please check whether it already appears in the correct section elsewhere in the article.
<!--Before adding an entry here, please check whether it already appears in the correct section elsewhere in the article. For example, Portugal might seem to be missing here, but it can be found in the correct section for "Portuguese" in the '''-ese''' section. Please take the time to check first, as almost all countries are already correctly listed.-->
For example, Portugal might seem to be missing here, but it can be found in the correct section for "Portuguese" in the '''-ese''' section.
Please take the time to check first, as almost all countries are already correctly listed.-->
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
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*[[Angola]] → Angolans
*[[Angola]] → Angolans
*[[Antigua]] → Antiguans
*[[Antigua]] → Antiguans
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines
*[[Armenia]] → Armenians
*[[Armenia]] → Armenians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
Line 49: Line 64:
*[[Belize]] → Belizeans
*[[Belize]] → Belizeans
*[[Bolivia]] → Bolivians
*[[Bolivia]] → Bolivians
*[[Bosnia]] → Bosnians
*[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred to as Bosnians)
*[[Bahamas]] → Bahamians
*[[Barbados]] → Barbadian (also "''Bajan''")
*[[Botswana]] → BaTswana
*[[Brunei]] → Bruneians
*[[Brunei]] → Bruneians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Burundi]] → Burundians
*[[Burundi]] → Burundians
*[[Cambodia]] → Cambodians
*[[Cambodia]] → Cambodians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Chile]] → Chileans
*[[Chile]] → Chileans
*[[Colombia]] → Colombians
*[[Colombia]] → Colombians
Line 63: Line 74:
*[[Croatia]] → Croatians (also "''Croats''")
*[[Croatia]] → Croatians (also "''Croats''")
*[[Cuba]] → Cubans
*[[Cuba]] → Cubans
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Dominican Republic]] → Dominicans
*[[Dominican Republic]] → Dominicans
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadorans
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadorans
Line 69: Line 81:
*[[Ethiopia]] → Ethiopians
*[[Ethiopia]] → Ethiopians
*[[Fiji]] → Fijian, Fijindians
*[[Fiji]] → Fijian, Fijindians
*[[Galatia]] → Galatians
*[[Gambia]] → Gambians
*[[Gambia]] → Gambians
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Germany]] → Germans
*[[Germany]] → Germans
*[[Ivory Coast]] → Ivorians
*[[Guatemala]] → Guatemalans
*[[Guatemala]] → Guatemalans
*[[Guinea]] → Guineans
*[[Guinea]] → Guineans
Line 83: Line 93:
*[[Jamaica]] → Jamaicans
*[[Jamaica]] → Jamaicans
*[[Kenya]] → Kenyans
*[[Kenya]] → Kenyans
*[[Kiribati]] → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''")  
*[[Kiribati]] → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''")
*[[North Korea]] → North Koreans
*[[Kosovo]] → Kosovars (also "''Kosovans''")
*[[South Korea]] → South Koreans
*[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovans (also "''Kosovar''")
*[[Laos]] → Laos (also "''Laotians''")
*[[Latvia]] → Latvians
*[[Latvia]] → Latvians
*[[Liberia]] → Liberians
*[[Liberia]] → Liberians
Line 96: Line 103:
*[[Mali]] → Malians
*[[Mali]] → Malians
*[[Mauritania]] → Mauritanians
*[[Mauritania]] → Mauritanians
*[[Mauritius]] → Mauritians
*[[Mexico]] → Mexicans
*[[Mexico]] → Mexicans
*[[Micronesia]] → Micronesians
*[[Micronesia]] → Micronesians
Line 104: Line 110:
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Mozambique]] → Mozambicans
*[[Mozambique]] → Mozambicans
*[[Myanmar]] → Myanmans (also "''Burmese''")
*[[Namibia]] → Namibians
*[[Namibia]] → Namibians
*[[Nauru]] → Nauruans
*[[Nauru]] → Nauruans
*[[Nicaragua]] → Nicaraguans
*[[Nicaragua]] → Nicaraguans
*[[Nigeria]] → Nigerians
*[[Nigeria]] → Nigerians
*[[Niue]] → Niueans
*[[North Korea]] → North Koreans
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistanis
*[[Palau]] → Palauans
*[[Palau]] → Palauans
*[[Papua New Guinea]] → Papua New Guineans
*[[Papua New Guinea]] → Papua New Guineans
*[[Paraguay]] → Paraguayans
*[[Paraguay]] → Paraguayans
*[[Persia]] → Persians
*[[Persia]] → Persians
*[[Puerto Rico]] → Puerto Ricans
*[[Romania]] → Romanians
*[[Romania]] → Romanians
*[[Russia]] → Russians
*[[Russia]] → Russians
Line 121: Line 126:
*[[Saint Lucia]] → Saint Lucians
*[[Saint Lucia]] → Saint Lucians
*[[Samoa]] → Samoans
*[[Samoa]] → Samoans
*[[Saudi Arabia]] → Saudi Arabians (also "''Saudis''")
*[[Saudi Arabia]] → Saudis (also Saudi Arabians)
*[[Serbia]] → Serbians (also "''Serbs''")
*[[Serbia]] → Serbians (also Serbs)
*[[Sierra Leone]] → Sierra Leoneans
*[[Sierra Leone]] → Sierra Leoneans
*[[Singapore]] → Singaporeans
*[[Singapore]] → Singaporeans
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovakians (also "''Slovaks''")
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks (also Slovakians)
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenians (also "''Slovenes''")
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also Slovenians)
*[[Somalia]] → Somalians (also "''Somalis''")
*[[South Africa]] → South Africans
*[[South Africa]] → South Africans
*[[South Korea]] → South Koreans
*[[Sri Lanka]] → Sri Lankans
*[[Sri Lanka]] → Sri Lankans
*[[St. Kitts and Nevis]] → Kittitians, Nevisians
*[[St. Kitts and Nevis]] → Kittitians, Nevisians
Line 137: Line 142:
*[[Tuvalu]] → Tuvaluans
*[[Tuvalu]] → Tuvaluans
*[[Uganda]] → Ugandans
*[[Uganda]] → Ugandans
*[[Uruguay]] → Uruguayans
*[[United States]] → Americans
*[[United States]] → Americans
*[[Uruguay]] → Uruguayans
*[[Vanuatu]] → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''")
*[[Vanuatu]] → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''")
*[[Venezuela]] → Venezuelans
*[[Venezuela]] → Venezuelans
Line 145: Line 150:
}}
}}


====Constituent states, provinces and regions====
'''Constituent states, provinces and regions'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''")
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''")
*[[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Alaska]] → Alaskans
*[[Alaska]] → Alaskans
*[[Alberta]] → Albertans
*[[Alberta]] → Albertans
*[[Algarve]] → Algarvians
*[[Andalusia]] → Andalusians
*[[Andalusia]] → Andalusians
*[[Arizona]] → Arizonans
*[[Arizona]] → Arizonans
Line 157: Line 165:
*[[Bangka Island]] → Bangkans
*[[Bangka Island]] → Bangkans
*[[Bavaria]] → Bavarians
*[[Bavaria]] → Bavarians
*[[Bay Of Plenty]] → Bayer, Plentonians
*[[Bay of Plenty]] → Bayer, Plentonians
*[[Bohemia]] → Bohemians
*[[Bohemia]] → Bohemians
*[[Borneo]] → Borneans
*[[Borneo]] → Borneans
Line 163: Line 171:
*[[Brittany]] → Bretons
*[[Brittany]] → Bretons
*[[California]] → Californians
*[[California]] → Californians
*[[Canterbury]] → Cantabrians
*[[Carinthia]] → Carinthians
*[[Carinthia]] → Carinthians
*[[Colorado]] → Coloradans
*[[Colorado]] → Coloradans-
*[[Corsica]] → Corsicans
*[[Corsica]] → Corsicans
*[[Crete]] → Cretans
*[[Crete]] → Cretans
Line 172: Line 179:
*[[Dalmatia]] → Dalmatians
*[[Dalmatia]] → Dalmatians
*[[Delaware]] → Delawareans
*[[Delaware]] → Delawareans
*[[District of Columbia]] → Washingtonians
*[[Washington, D.C.]] → Washingtonians
*[[Extremadura]] → Extremadurans
*[[Extremadura]] → Extremadurans
*[[Florida]] → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below)
*[[Florida]] → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below)
*[[Galatia]] → Galatians
*[[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]] → Galicians
*[[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]] → Galicians
*[[Galilee]] → Galileans
*[[Galilee]] → Galileans
*[[Gaza Strip]] → Gazans
*[[Gaza Strip]] → Gazans
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Hawaiʻi]] → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=AIP, Associated|title=Stylebook and briefing on media law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=9780465004898|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}}
*[[Hawaiʻi]] → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00489-8|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}}
*[[Hebrides]] → Hebrideans
*[[Hebrides]] → Hebrideans
*[[Idaho]] → Idahoans
*[[Idaho]] → Idahoans
Line 191: Line 199:
*[[Kansas]] → Kansans
*[[Kansas]] → Kansans
*[[Karelia]] → Karelians
*[[Karelia]] → Karelians
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kayah State]] → Kayahans
*[[Kayah State]] → Kayahans
*[[Kedah]] → Kedahans
*[[Kedah]] → Kedahans
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] → Pathans
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] → Pathans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Liguria]] → Ligurians
*[[Liguria]] → Ligurians
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''")
*[[Madeira]] → Madeirans
*[[Madeira]] → Madeirans
*[[Malacca]] → Malaccans
*[[Malacca]] → Malaccans
*[[Majorca]] → Majorcans
*[[Mallorca]] → Mallorcans
*[[Mandalay Region]] → Mandalayans
*[[Mandalay Region]] → Mandalayans
*[[Manitoba]] → Manitobans
*[[Manitoba]] → Manitobans
*[[Maryland]] → Marylanders
*[[Masuria]] → Masurians
*[[Masuria]] → Masurians
*[[Menorca]] → Menorcans
*[[Menorca]] → Menorcans
Line 214: Line 224:
*[[New Jersey]] → New Jerseyans
*[[New Jersey]] → New Jerseyans
*[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''")
*[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''")
*[[New South Wales]] → New South Welshmen
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] → Newfoundlanders, Labradorians (also "''Newfies''", "''Labradurians''")
*[[Normandy]] → Normans
*[[Normandy]] → Normans
*[[North Dakota]] → North Dakotans
*[[North Dakota]] → North Dakotans
Line 224: Line 232:
*[[Ontario]] → Ontarians
*[[Ontario]] → Ontarians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Otago]] → Otagans
*[[Otago]] → Otagoans
*[[Papua (province)|Papua]] → Papuans
*[[Papua (province)|Papua]] → Papuans
*[[Patagonia]] → Patagonians
*[[Patagonia]] → Patagonians
*[[Pennsylvania]] → Pennsylvanians
*[[Pennsylvania]] → Pennsylvanians
*[[Pomerania]] → Pomeranians
*[[Pomerania]] → Pomeranians
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islander
*[[Puerto Rico]] → Puerto Ricans
*[[Samogitia]] → Samogitians
*[[Samogitia]] → Samogitians
*[[Sabah]] → Sabahans
*[[Sabah]] → Sabahans
*[[Sardinia]] → Sardinians
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Sardinia]] → Sardinians (also "''Sards''")
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''")
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''")
*[[Silesia]] → Silesians
*[[Silesia]] → Silesians
Line 240: Line 249:
*[[Styria]] → Styrians
*[[Styria]] → Styrians
*[[Sumatra]] → Sumatrans
*[[Sumatra]] → Sumatrans
*[[Sumba]] → Sumbans
*[[Sumbawa]] → Sumbawans
*[[Syrmia]] → Syrmians
*[[Syrmia]] → Syrmians
*[[Tahiti]] → Tahitians
*[[Tahiti]] → Tahitians
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamilan
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamilian
*[[Taranaki]] → Taranakians
*[[Taranaki]] → Taranakians
*[[Tasmania]] → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''")
*[[Tasmania]] → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''")
Line 259: Line 270:
*[[Western Australia]] → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''")
*[[Western Australia]] → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''")
*[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] → West Papuans
*[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] → West Papuans
*[[West Virginia]] → West Virginians
*[[North Rhine-Westphalia|Westphalia]] → Westphalians
*[[North Rhine-Westphalia|Westphalia]] → Westphalians
*[[Wisconsin]] → Wisconsinites
}}
}}


====Cities====
'''Cities'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaideans
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaideans
*[[Alexandria]] → Alexandrians
*[[Alexandria]] → Alexandrians
Line 277: Line 290:
*[[Bogotá]] → Bogotans
*[[Bogotá]] → Bogotans
*[[Canberra]] → Canberrans
*[[Canberra]] → Canberrans
*[[Cape Town]] - Capetonians
*[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] → Charlotteans
*[[Charlotte]] → Charlotteans
*[[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] → Chattanoogans
*[[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] → Chattanoogans
*[[Chicago]] → Chicagoans
*[[Chicago]] → Chicagoans
*[[Cincinnati]] → Cincinnatians
*[[Cincinnati]] → Cincinnatians
*[[Clitheroe]] → Clitheronians
*[[Clitheroe]] → Clitheronians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=coventrytelegraph |date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Coimbatore]] → Coimbatoreians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=Coventry Telegraph |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705155344/https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Danu Self-Administered Zone|Danu]] → Danuans
*[[Danu Self-Administered Zone|Danu]] → Danuans
*[[Derby]] → Derbeians
*[[Derby]] → Derbeians
*[[Dubai]] → Dubaians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] → El Pasoans, El Paseños
*[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] → El Pasoans, El Paseños
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Hamilton (disambiguation)|Hamilton]] → Hamiltonians
*[[Hanoi]] → Hanoians
*[[Hanoi]] → Hanoians
*[[Hatta, Dubai|Hatta]] → Hattans (also "''Hattawi''")
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Indianapolis]] → Indianapolitans
*[[Indianapolis]] → Indianapolitans
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[İzmir]] → İzmirians
*[[Izmir]] → Izmirians
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Kalamazoo]] → Kalamazooans
*[[Kalamazoo]] → Kalamazooans
*[[Kandy]] → Kandyans
*[[Kuching]] → Kuchingites
*[[Kyiv]] → Kyivans
*[[Kyiv]] → Kyivans
*[[Kolkata]] → Calcuttans
*[[Kolkata]] → Calcuttans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Las Vegas]] → Las Vegans
*[[Las Vegas]] → Las Vegans
*[[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] → Lexingtonians
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians
*[[Madera, California|Madera]] → Maderans
*[[Madera, California|Madera]] → Maderans
*[[Malang]] → Malangans
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''")
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''")
*[[Mecca]] → Meccans
*[[Mecca]] → Meccans
*[[Medina]] → Medinans
*[[Medina]] → Medinans
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Miami]] → Miamians
*[[Miami]] → Miamians
*[[Milwaukee]] → Milwaukeeans
*[[Milwaukee]] → Milwaukeeans
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Mira Mesa, San Diego]] → Mira Mesans
*[[Miri]] → Mirians
*[[Naypyidaw Union Territory|Naypyidaw]] → Naypyidawans
*[[Naypyidaw Union Territory|Naypyidaw]] → Naypyidawans
*[[Ngawi city]] → Ngawians
*[[Oklahoma City]] → Oklahoma Cityans
*[[Oklahoma City]] → Oklahoma Cityans
*[[Omaha]] → Omahans
*[[Ottawa]] → Ottawans
*[[Ottawa]] → Ottawans
*[[Philadelphia]] → Philadelphians
*[[Philadelphia]] → Philadelphians
Line 320: Line 342:
*[[Rome]] → Romans
*[[Rome]] → Romans
*[[Sacramento]] → Sacramentans
*[[Sacramento]] → Sacramentans
*[[Salem]] → Salemians  
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemians
*[[San Antonio]] → San Antonians
*[[San Antonio]] → San Antonians
*[[San Diego]] → San Diegans
*[[San Diego]] → San Diegans
Line 331: Line 353:
*[[St. Louis]] → St. Louisans
*[[St. Louis]] → St. Louisans
*[[Surabaya]] → Surabayans
*[[Surabaya]] → Surabayans
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangians
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] → Thebans
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] → Thebans
*[[Toledo, Ohio]] → Toledoans
*[[Toledo, Ohio]] → Toledoans
Line 337: Line 359:
*[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] → Tulsans
*[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] → Tulsans
*[[Utica, New York|Utica]] → Uticans
*[[Utica, New York|Utica]] → Uticans
*[[Valencia]] → Valencians
*[[Valencia]] → Valencians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Waco, TX]] → Wacoans
*[[Waco, Texas|Waco]] → Wacoans
*[[Wellington]] → Wellingtonians
*[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] → Yumians
*[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] → Yumians
}}
}}


===''-ian''===
'''''-ian'''''
====Countries====
 
'''Countries'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Argentina]] → Argentinians ("''Argentine''" is more common)
*[[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] → Artsakhians
*[[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] → Artsakhians
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''")
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''")
Line 354: Line 376:
*[[Belarus]] → Belarusians
*[[Belarus]] → Belarusians
*[[Belgium]] → Belgians
*[[Belgium]] → Belgians
*[[Bermuda]] → Bermudians
*[[Brazil]] → Brazilians
*[[Brazil]] → Brazilians
*[[Cameroon]] → Cameroonians
*[[Cameroon]] → Cameroonians
Line 366: Line 387:
*[[Gibraltar]] → Gibraltarians
*[[Gibraltar]] → Gibraltarians
*[[Grenada]] → Grenadians
*[[Grenada]] → Grenadians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians
*[[Italy]] → Italians
*[[Italy]] → Italians
Line 372: Line 392:
*[[Laos]] → Laotians
*[[Laos]] → Laotians
*[[Maldives]] → Maldivians
*[[Maldives]] → Maldivians
*[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] → Vincentians
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] → Vincentians
Line 379: Line 399:
}}
}}


====Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities====
'''Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aarhus]] → Aarhusians
*[[Aarhus]] → Aarhusians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaidians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaidians
*[[Alabama]] → Alabamians
*[[Alabama]] → Alabamians
*[[Argyll]] → Argathelians
*[[Athens]] → Athenians
*[[Athens]] → Athenians
*[[Ayeyarwady Region]] → Ayeyarwadians
*[[Ayeyarwady Region]] → Ayeyarwadians
*[[Banat]] → Banatians
*[[Banat]] → Banatians
*[[Ballarat]] → Ballaratians
*[[Ballarat]] → Ballaratians
*[[Bareilly]] → Bareillian
*[[Bengaluru]] → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
*[[Bengaluru]] → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
*[[Banten]] → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''")
*[[Banten]] → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''")
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgradians
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgradians (also "''Belgraders''")
*[[Bermuda]] → Bermudians (also "''Bermudans''")
*[[Birmingham, Alabama]] → Birminghamians
*[[Birmingham, Alabama]] → Birminghamians
*[[Blackburn]] → Blackburnians
*[[Blackburn]] → Blackburnians
*[[Blackpool]] → Blackpudlians
*[[Blackpool]] → Blackpudlians
*[[Bangkok]] → Bangkokians
*[[Bangkok]] → Bangkokians
*[[Bogor]] → Bogorians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bracknell]] → Bracknellians
*[[Bracknell]] → Bracknellians
Line 407: Line 430:
*[[Canary Islands]] → Canarians
*[[Canary Islands]] → Canarians
*[[Canterbury, New Zealand]] → Cantabrians
*[[Canterbury, New Zealand]] → Cantabrians
*[[Cape Town]] - Capetonians
*[[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] → Castilians
*[[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] → Castilians
*[[Catalonia]] → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"")
*[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] → Cedar Rapidians
*[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] → Cedar Rapidians
*[[Chelmsford]] → Chelmsfordians
*[[Chelmsford]] → Chelmsfordians
Line 430: Line 455:
*[[Hartlepool]] → Hartlepudlians
*[[Hartlepool]] → Hartlepudlians
*[[Hereford]] → Herefordians
*[[Hereford]] → Herefordians
*[[Herzegovina]] → Herzegovinians  
*[[Herzegovina]] → Herzegovinians
*[[Hesse]] → Hessians
*[[Hesse]] → Hessians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
Line 441: Line 466:
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] → Kingstonians
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] → Kingstonians
*[[Labrador]] → Labradorians
*[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] → Lagunians (also "''Laguneño''", "''Lagunense''")
*[[Lancashire]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancashire]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lesbos]] → Lesbians
*[[Lesbos]] → Lesbians
*[[Lethbridge]] → Lethbridgians
*[[Lethbridge]] → Lethbridgians
*[[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] → Lexingtonians
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''")
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''")
Line 450: Line 478:
*[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] → Madisonians
*[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] → Madisonians
*[[Madrid]] → Madrilenians
*[[Madrid]] → Madrilenians
*[[Maharashtra]] → Maharashtrians
*[[Maharashtra]] → Maharashtrians (also "''Marathis''")
*[[Market Drayton]] → Draytonians (also, informally "''Gingerbread Men''")
*[[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] → McKinnians
*[[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] → McKinnians
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] → Memphians
*[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] → Memphians
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganians, Michiganders
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganians (also Michiganders)
*[[Mobile, Alabama]] → Mobilian
*[[Mobile, Alabama]] → Mobilian
*[[Nelson Region|Nelson]] → Nelsonians
*[[Nelson Region|Nelson]] → Nelsonians
Line 461: Line 490:
*[[North Carolina]] → North Carolinians
*[[North Carolina]] → North Carolinians
*[[Northern Territory]] → Territorians
*[[Northern Territory]] → Territorians
*[[Ohio]] → Ohioans
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Paris]] → Parisians
*[[Paris]] → Parisians
Line 470: Line 498:
*[[Plymouth]] → Plymothians
*[[Plymouth]] → Plymothians
*[[Port Harcourt]] → Harcourtians
*[[Port Harcourt]] → Harcourtians
*[[Podgorica]] → Podgoricians
*[[Preston, Lancashire]] →Prestonians
*[[Preston, Lancashire]] →Prestonians
*[[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] → Prince Georgians
*[[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] → Prince Georgians
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonians (also "''Quezonin''", "''Tayabasin''", with the [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'')
*[[Rivers State]] → Riverians
*[[Rivers State]] → Riverians
*[[Rochdale]] → Rochdalians
*[[Rochdale]] → Rochdalians
Line 477: Line 507:
*[[Rockwall, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall County, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall County, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Saint Petersburg]] → Saint Petersburgians (also "''Saint Petersburgers''")
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians
*[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]] → Saskatonians
*[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]] → Saskatonians
*[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians
*[[Sicily]] → Sicilians
*[[Sicily]] → Sicilians
*[[Solihull]] → Silhillians
*[[Solihull]] → Silhillians
Line 492: Line 523:
*[[Thrace]] → Thracians
*[[Thrace]] → Thracians
*[[Towcester]] → Towcestrians
*[[Towcester]] → Towcestrians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Tuban]], [[East Java]] → Tubanians
*[[Tuban]], [[East Java]] → Tubanians
*[[Tucson]] → Tucsonians
*[[Tucson]] → Tucsonians
Line 501: Line 533:
}}
}}


===''-anian''===
'''''-anian'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Guam]] → Guamanians
*[[Guam]] → Guamanians
*[[Mawlamyine]] → Mawlamanians
*[[Mawlamyine]] → Mawlamanians
}}
'''''-nian'''''


===''-nian''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bendigo]] → Bendigonians
*[[Bendigo]] → Bendigonians
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] → Buffalonians
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] → Buffalonians
Line 520: Line 557:
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Wa Self-Administered Division|Wa]] → Wanians
*[[Wa Self-Administered Division|Wa]] → Wanians
}}
'''''-in(e)'''''


===''-in(e)''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines (and less commonly as "''Argentinians''" or "''Argentineans''")
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines (also "''Argentinians''")
*[[Byzantium]] → Byzantines
*[[Byzantium]] → Byzantines
*[[Florence]] → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''")
*[[Florence]] → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''")
Line 531: Line 571:
*[[Philippines]] → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below)
*[[Philippines]] → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below)
*[[Philistia]] → Philistines
*[[Philistia]] → Philistines
}}


===''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a''===
'''''-(h)in'''''
as adaptations from the standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the Spanish suffix standard  ''-e(ñ/n)a'')


====Countries and regions====
The [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'', which is mostly used by the natives in the province of [[Quezon]], is also used for their local or native demonyms in [[Philippine English|English]].
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonins, Tayabasins (also "''Quezonians''")
*[[Lucena]] → Lucenahins
*[[Tayabas]] → Tayabasins (also "''Tayabense''")
*[[Lucban]] → Lucbanins
*[[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] → Infantahins
*[[Sariaya]] → Sariayahins
*[[Lucena|Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim]] → Talimin
*[[Tayabas|Brgy. Isabang]] → Isabangin (both in [[Lucena]] and [[Tayabas]])
*[[Sariaya|Brgy. Morong]] → Morongin
}}
 
'''''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a'''''
 
Adaptations from the standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix ''-e(ñ/n)a'')
 
'''Countries and regions'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bicol Region|Bicol]] → Bicolanos
*[[Bicol Region|Bicol]] → Bicolanos
*[[Cebu]] → Cebuanos
*[[Cebu]] → Cebuanos
Line 541: Line 601:
*[[New Mexico]] → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''")
*[[New Mexico]] → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''")
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
}}
'''Cities'''


====Cities====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Belo Horizonte]] → Belo-horizontinos
*[[Belo Horizonte]] → Belo-horizontinos
*[[Buenos Aires]] → Porteños (also "Bonaerense")
*[[Buenos Aires]] → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires)
*[[Caguas]] - Caguenos
*[[Caguas]] - Caguenos
*[[Cainta]] → Cainteños
*[[Cainta]] → Cainteños
Line 559: Line 622:
*[[Masbate]] → Masbateños
*[[Masbate]] → Masbateños
*[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] → Nagueños
*[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] → Nagueños
*[[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]] → San Pableños
*[[São Paulo]] → Paulistanos
*[[São Paulo]] → Paulistanos
*[[Tabaco]] → Tabaqueños
*[[Tabaco]] → Tabaqueños
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Zamboanga City]] → Zamboangueño people
*[[Zamboanga City]] → Zamboangueños
}}
 
'''''-ite'''''


===''-ite''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] → Akronites
*[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] → Akronites
Line 570: Line 636:
*[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] → Ann Arborites
*[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] → Ann Arborites
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] → Austinites
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] → Austinites
*[[Bagansiapiapi]] → Bagansiapiapites
*[[Baku]] → Bakuvites
*[[Baku]] → Bakuvites
*[[Bandung]] → Bandungites
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey]] → Bergenites
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey]] → Bergenites
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] → Boulderites
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] → Boulderites
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''")
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''")
*[[Bronx]] → Bronxites
*[[Bronx]] → Bronxites
*[[Brooklyn]] → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*[[Brooklyn]] → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083217/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Carson City, Nevada]] → Carsonites
*[[Carson City, Nevada]] → Carsonites
*[[Chennai]] → Chennaiites
*[[Chennai]] → Chennaiites
*[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] → Columbusite
*[[Dallas]] → Dallasites
*[[Dallas]] → Dallasites
*[[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]] → Decaturites
*[[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]] → Decaturites
Line 584: Line 653:
*[[Denver]] → Denverites
*[[Denver]] → Denverites
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''")
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''")
*[[Dubai]] → Dubaiites
*[[Dunedin]] → Dunedinites
*[[Dunedin]] → Dunedinites
*[[Durban]] → Durbanites
*[[Durban]] → Durbanites
Line 591: Line 659:
*[[Guelph]] → Guelphites
*[[Guelph]] → Guelphites
*[[Irmo, South Carolina]] → Irmites
*[[Irmo, South Carolina]] → Irmites
*[[Israel]] → Israelites (also "''Israeli''", depending on the usage; see below)
*[[Israel]] → Israelis (also "''Israelites''")
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Jerusalem]] → Jerusalemites
*[[Jerusalem]] → Jerusalemites
*[[Karachi]] → Karachiites
*[[Karachi]] → Karachiites
*[[Kerala]] → Keralites
*[[Kerala]] → Keralites
*[[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] → Kimberlites
*[[Dominica|Kweyol]] → Kweyolites
*[[Dominica|Kweyol]] → Kweyolites
*[[Labuan Bajo]] → Labuan Bajoites
*[[Leicester]] → Leicesterite
*[[Leicester]] → Leicesterite
*[[Manhattan]] → Manhattanites
*[[Manhattan]] → Manhattanites
Line 606: Line 676:
*[[Norman, Oklahoma]] → Normanites
*[[Norman, Oklahoma]] → Normanites
*[[Oban]] → Obanites
*[[Oban]] → Obanites
*[[Odessa]] → Odessites
*[[Odesa]] → Odesites
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''")
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''")
*[[Patna]] → Patnaites
*[[Patna]] → Patnaites
Line 613: Line 683:
*[[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman]] → Pullmanites
*[[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman]] → Pullmanites
*[[Putney]] → Putneyites
*[[Putney]] → Putneyites
*[[Queens]] → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008}}</ref>
*[[Queens]] → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165443/http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] → Readingites
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] → Readingites
*[[Reno, Nevada]] → Renoites
*[[Reno, Nevada]] → Renoites
*[[Ruskin, Florida]] → Ruskinites
*[[Ruskin, Florida]] → Ruskinites
*[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] → Saint Paulites
*[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] → Saint Paulites
*[[Salem]] → Salemites
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemites
*[[Seattle]] → Seattleites
*[[Seattle]] → Seattleites
*[[Seoul]] → Seoulites
*[[Seoul]] → Seoulites
Line 641: Line 711:
}}
}}


===''-(e)r''===
'''''-(e)r'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Amsterdam]] → Amsterdammers
*[[Amsterdam]] → Amsterdammers
Line 648: Line 719:
*[[Beijing]] → Beijingers
*[[Beijing]] → Beijingers
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgraders
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgraders
*[[Bergen]] → Bergeners
*[[Berlin]] → Berliners
*[[Berlin]] → Berliners
*[[Bucharest]] → Bucharesters
*[[Bucharest]] → Bucharesters
*[[Budapest]] → Budapesters
*[[Budapest]] → Budapesters
*[[Boone, North Carolina]] → Booner
*[[Brussels]] → Brusselers
*[[Cleveland]] → Clevelanders
*[[Cleveland]] → Clevelanders
*[[Connecticut]] → Connecticuter
*[[Cook Islands]] → Cook Islanders
*[[Cook Islands]] → Cook Islanders
*[[Copenhagen]] → Copenhageners
*[[Copenhagen]] → Copenhageners
Line 680: Line 755:
*[[New England]] → New Englanders
*[[New England]] → New Englanders
*[[New York (state)|New York]] → New Yorkers
*[[New York (state)|New York]] → New Yorkers
*[[New Zealand]] → New Zealanders (see below; irregular forms)
*[[New York City]] → New Yorkers
*[[New Zealand]] → New Zealanders (see below; non-standard examples)
*[[Newfoundland]] → Newfoundlanders
*[[Newfoundland]] → Newfoundlanders
*[[Oakland]] → Oaklanders
*[[Oakland]] → Oaklanders
*[[Pangkal Pinang]] → Pangkalpinangers
*[[Pangkal Pinang]] → Pangkalpinangers
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghers
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghers (informally "''Yinzers''")
*[[Prague]] → Praguers
*[[Prague]] → Praguers
*[[Prince Edward Island]] → Prince Edward Islander
*[[Prince Edward Island]] → Prince Edward Islander
*[[Puntland]] → Puntlanders
*[[Puntland]] → Puntlanders
*[[Quebec]] → Quebeckers, Quebecers (though see below; irregular forms)
*[[Quebec]] → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "''Quebecois(e)''")
*[[Queensland]] → Queenslanders
*[[Queensland]] → Queenslanders
*[[Rhineland]] → Rhinelanders
*[[Rhineland]] → Rhinelanders
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islanders
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islanders
*[[Rotterdam]] → Rotterdammers
*[[Rotterdam]] → Rotterdammers
*[[Saigon]] → Saigoners
*[[Solomon Islands]] → Solomon Islanders
*[[Solomon Islands]] → Solomon Islanders
*[[Stockholm]] → Stockholmers
*[[Stockholm]] → Stockholmers
Line 703: Line 778:
*[[York]] (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''")
*[[York]] (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''")
*[[Yukon]] → Yukoners
*[[Yukon]] → Yukoners
*[[Zurich]] → Zurichers}}
*[[Zürich]] → Zürchers
}}


Often used for [[Europe]]an locations and [[Canada|Canadian]] locations
Often used for [[Europe]]an locations and [[Canada|Canadian]] locations


===''-(i)sh''===
'''''-(i)sh'''''
 
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the [[toponym]], or place-name.)
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the [[toponym]], or place-name.)


"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Åland]] → Ålandish people (demonym "''[[Ålandic]]''")
*[[Åland]] → Ålandish people (demonym "''[[Ålandic]]''")
*[[Bangka Island (North Sulawesi)|Bangka Island]] → Bangkish
*[[Bangka Island (North Sulawesi)|Bangka Island]] → Bangkish
*[[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], [[Great Britain]] and [[United Kingdom]] → British people (demonym "''Britons''")
*[[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], [[Great Britain]] and [[United Kingdom]] → British people (demonym "''Britons''")
*[[Cornwall]] → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen'', ''Cornishwomen''")
*[[Cornwall]] → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen''", "''Cornishwomen''")
*[[Denmark]] → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''")
*[[Denmark]] → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''")
*[[England]] → English people (demonym "''Englishmen'', ''Englishwomen''")
*[[England]] → English people (demonym "''Englishmen''", "''Englishwomen''")
*[[Finland]] → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''")
*[[Finland]] → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''")
*[[Flanders]] → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''")  
*[[Flanders]] → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''")
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen'', ''Irishwomen''")
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen''", "''Irishwomen''")
*[[Kent]] → Kentish people
*[[Kent]] → Kentish people
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''")
*[[Lombok]] → Lombokish people
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''")
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''")
*[[New South Wales]] → New South Welshmen
*[[Niger]] → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Niger]] → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Northern Ireland]] → Northern Irish people
*[[Northern Ireland]] → Northern Irish people
*[[Poland]] → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''")
*[[Poland]] → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''")
*[[Scotland]] → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen'', ''Scotswomen''")
*[[Scotland]] → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen''", "''Scotswomen''")
*[[Spain]] → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''")
*[[Spain]] → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''")
*[[Sweden]] → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''")
*[[Sweden]] → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''")
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''")
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''")
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen'', ''Welshwomen''")
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen''", "''Welshwomen''", "''Walian''")
}}
}}


===''-ene''===
'''''-ene'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Cairo]] → Cairenes
*[[Cairo]] → Cairenes
*[[Cyrenaica]] → Cyrenes
*[[Cyrenaica]] → Cyrenes
Line 741: Line 823:
*[[Palmyra]] → Palmyrenes
*[[Palmyra]] → Palmyrenes
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''")
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''")
}}


Often used for [[Middle East]]ern locations and [[Europe]]an locations.
Often used for [[Middle East]]ern locations and [[Europe]]an locations.


===''-ensian''===
'''''-ensian'''''
(These are largely obsolete.)
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
*Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
*Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
*Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
*Reading (UK) → Readingensians
*Reading (UK) → Readingensians
}}


===''-ard''===
'''''-ard'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Spain]] → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''")
*[[Spain]] → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''")
*[[Savoy]] → Savoyards
*[[Savoy]] → Savoyards
*Montagne → [[Montagnard (people)|Montagnard]]s
*Montagne → [[Montagnard (people)|Montagnard]]s
*[[Shafter, CA]] → Shaftards
}}
 
'''''-ese, -nese or -lese'''''


===''-ese, -nese or -lese''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abruzzo]] → Abruzzese
*[[Abruzzo]] → Abruzzese
Line 763: Line 852:
*[[Assam]] → Assamese
*[[Assam]] → Assamese
*[[Bali]] → Balinese
*[[Bali]] → Balinese
*[[Bengal]] → Bengalese  
*[[Bengal]] → Bengalese
*[[Benin]] → Beninese (also "''Beninois''")
*[[Benin]] → Beninese (also "''Beninois''")
*[[Bergen]] → Bergenese
*[[Bern]] → Bernese
*[[Bern]] → Bernese
*[[Bearn]] → Bearnese
*[[Bearn]] → Bearnese
*[[Bhutan]] → Bhutanese
*[[Bhutan]] → Bhutanese
*[[Bologna]] → Bolognese
*[[Bologna]] → Bolognese
*[[Botswana]] → Botswanese
*[[Burkina Faso]] → Burkinabe
*[[Burkina Faso]] → Burkinese (also "''Burkinabé''")
*[[Calabria]] → Calabrese
*[[Calabria]] → Calabrese
*[[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] → Cirebonese
*[[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] → Cirebonese
Line 783: Line 872:
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''")
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''")
*[[Grenadines]] → Grenadinese
*[[Grenadines]] → Grenadinese
*[[Guangdong]] (Canton) → [[Cantonese]]
*[[Guangdong]] (Canton) → [[Cantonese people]]
*[[Guyana]] → Guyanese
*[[Guyana]] → Guyanese
*[[Hainan]] → [[Hainanese]]
*[[Hainan]] → [[Hainanese]]
Line 795: Line 884:
*[[Lebanon]] → Lebanese
*[[Lebanon]] → Lebanese
*[[León (historical region)|Leon]] → Leonese
*[[León (historical region)|Leon]] → Leonese
*[[London]] → Londonese{{dubious|date=March 2025}}{{Fix|text=Londoner}}
*[[Macao]] → Macanese
*[[Macao]] → Macanese
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
Line 800: Line 890:
*[[Marshall Islands]] → Marshallese
*[[Marshall Islands]] → Marshallese
*[[Milan]] → Milanese
*[[Milan]] → Milanese
*[[Myanmar/Burma]] → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
*[[Myanmar/Burma]] → Burmese
*[[Nanking|Nanjing]] (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
*[[Nanking|Nanjing]] (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
*[[Navarre]] → Navarrese
*[[Navarre]] → Navarrese
*[[Negeri Sembilan]] → Negeri Sembilanese
*[[Negeri Sembilan]] → Negeri Sembilanese
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalese (also "''Nepalis''")
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''")
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''")
*[[Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone|Pa Laung]] → Palaunggese
*[[Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone|Pa Laung]] → Palaunggese
Line 811: Line 902:
*[[Portugal]] → Portuguese
*[[Portugal]] → Portuguese
*[[Rakhine State]] → Arakanese
*[[Rakhine State]] → Arakanese
*[[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] → Khaimahnese  
*[[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] → Khaimahnese
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''")
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''")
*[[Saba]] → Sabanese
*[[Saba (island)|Saba]] → Sabanese
*[[Sagaing Region]] → Sagainggese  
*[[Sagaing Region]] → Sagainggese
*[[Saigon]] → Saigonese
*[[San Marino]] → Sammarinese
*[[San Marino]] → Sammarinese
*[[Sark]] → Sarkese
*[[Sark]] → Sarkese
Line 820: Line 912:
*[[Senegal]] → Senegalese
*[[Senegal]] → Senegalese
*[[Shan State]] → Shanese
*[[Shan State]] → Shanese
*[[Shanghai]] → Shanghaiese
*[[Shanghai]] → Shanghainese
*[[Emirate of Sharjah]] → Sharjahnese
*[[Emirate of Sharjah]] → Sharjahnese (also "''Sharjawi''")
*[[Siam]] → Siamese
*[[Siam]] → Siamese
*[[Sikkim]] → Sikkimese
*[[Sikkim]] → Sikkimese
*([[South Sudan|South]]) [[Sudan]] → (South) Sudanese
*([[South Sudan|South]]) [[Sudan]] → (South) Sudanese
*[[Suriname]] → Surinamese
*[[Suriname]] → Surinamese
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonese
*[[Taiwan]] → Taiwanese
*[[Taiwan]] → Taiwanese
*[[Taunggyi]] → Taunggese
*[[Taunggyi]] → Taunggese
Line 831: Line 924:
*[[Togo]] → Togolese
*[[Togo]] → Togolese
*[[Turin]] → Torinese
*[[Turin]] → Torinese
*[[Umm Al Quwain]] → Quwainese
*[[Umm Al Quwain]] → Quwainese (also "''Qewani''")
*[[Vienna]] → Viennese
*[[Vienna]] → Viennese
*[[Vietnam]] → Vietnamese
*[[Vietnam]] → Vietnamese
Line 838: Line 931:
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for [[Francophone]] locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for [[Francophone]] locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).


===''-i(e) or -i(ya)''===
'''''-i(e) or -i(ya)'''''
====Countries====
 
'''Countries'''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''," also "''Azerbaijanians''")
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghanistanis (also "''Afghans''")
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''", also "''Azerbaijanians''")
*[[Bahrain]] → Bahrainis
*[[Bahrain]] → Bahrainis
*[[Bangladesh]] → [[Bangladeshi]]s  
*[[Bangladesh]] → [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]s
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Iraq]] → Iraqis
*[[Iraq]] → Iraqis
*[[Israel]] → Israelis
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''")
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''")
Line 864: Line 961:
}}
}}


====States, provinces, counties, and cities====
'''States, provinces, counties, and cities'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
 
*[[Allahabad]] → Allahabadis
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Al Ain]] → Ainawi
*[[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] → Allahabadis
*[[Azawad]] → Azawadis
*[[Azawad]] → Azawadis
*[[Azra District|Azra]] → Azragis
*[[Azra District|Azra]] → Azragis
Line 872: Line 970:
*[[Barisal]] → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''")
*[[Barisal]] → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''")
*[[Beirut]] → Beirutis
*[[Beirut]] → Beirutis
*[[Bengal region|Bangladesh, West Bengal]] → Bengalis  
*[[Bengal region|Bangladesh, West Bengal]] → Bengalis
*[[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] → Bharatiya
*[[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] → Bharatiya
*[[Bihar]] → Biharis
*[[Bihar]] → Biharis
Line 879: Line 977:
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''")
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''")
*[[Faridabad]] → Faridabadis
*[[Faridabad]] → Faridabadis
*[[Glasgow]] → Weegie (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
*[[Glasgow]] → Weegie<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/baffie-weegie-18-scottish-words-are-now-dictionary-and-their-meaning-1407401 |title=Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning |first=Rosalind |last=Erskine |date=18 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
*[[Gujarat]] → Gujaratis
*[[Gujarat]] → Gujaratis
*[[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]] → Hattawi
*[[Hazara people|Hazara]] → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''")
*[[Hazara people|Hazara]] → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''")
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] → Hyderabadis
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] → Hyderabadis
*[[Kerala]] → [[Malayali]]s (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''")
*[[Kerala]] → [[Malayali]]s (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''")
*[[Kumaon division| Kumaon]] → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''")
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''")
*[[Lahore]] → Lahoris
*[[Lahore]] → Lahoris
*[[Punjab region|Punjab]] → Punjabis
*[[Punjab region|Punjab]] → Punjabis
Line 895: Line 994:
}}
}}


Mostly for [[Middle East]]ern and [[South Asia]]n locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. [[Allemanni]], [[Helvetia|Helvetii]]). ''-ie'' is rather used for English places.
Mostly for [[Middle East]]ern and [[South Asia]]n locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. [[Allemanni]], [[Helvetia|Helvetii]]). ''-i.e.'' is rather used for English places.
 
'''''-iot'' or ''-iote'''''


===''-iot'' or ''-iote''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Chios]] → Chiots
*[[Chios]] → Chiots
*[[Corfu]] → Corfiots
*[[Corfu]] → Corfiots
*[[Cyprus]] → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
*[[Cyprus]] → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
*[[Phanar]] → Phanariotes
*[[Phanar]] → Phanariotes
}}


Used especially for [[Greece|Greek]] locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.
Used especially for [[Greece|Greek]] locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.


===''-k''===
'''''-k'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Greece]] → Greeks
*[[Greece]] → Greeks
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks (also "''Tajikistani''")
}}
'''''-asque'''''


===''-asque''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bergamo]] → Bergamasque
*[[Bergamo]] → Bergamasque
*[[Menton]] → Mentonasque
*[[Menton]] → Mentonasque
*[[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] → Basque
*[[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] → Basque
*[[Monaco]] → Monegasque (also "''Monacans''")
*[[Sanremo]] → Sanremasque
*[[Sanremo]] → Sanremasque
}}
Often used for [[Italy|Italian]] and [[France|French]] locations.
Often used for [[Italy|Italian]] and [[France|French]] locations.


===''-(we)gian''===
'''''-(we)gian'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Dawei]] → Dawegians
*[[Dawei]] → Dawegians
*[[Galloway]] → Galwegians
*[[Galloway]] → Galwegians
Line 924: Line 1,035:
*[[Magway Region]] → Magwegians
*[[Magway Region]] → Magwegians
*[[Norway]] → Norwegians
*[[Norway]] → Norwegians
*[[Poway, CA]]→ Powegians
*[[Poway, California]]→ Powegians
*[[Tasmania]]→ Taswegians
*[[Tasmania]]→ Taswegians
}}
'''''-onian'''''


===''-onian''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Connacht]] → Connachtonians
*[[Connacht]] → Connachtonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=merriam-webster.com}}</ref>
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] → Haligonians
*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] → Haligonians
Line 938: Line 1,051:
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] → Newportonians
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] → Newportonians
*[[Oxford]] → Oxonians
*[[Oxford]] → Oxonians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
}}
*[[Washington (disambiguation)|Washington]] → Washingtonians
 
Often used for [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] locations.
Often used for [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] locations.


===''-vian''===
'''''-vian'''''
*[[Barrow-in-Furness]] → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Barrow-in-Furness]] → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
*[[Harrow School|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Harrow School|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Moose Jaw]] → Moose Javians
*[[Moose Jaw]] → Moose Javians
Line 950: Line 1,065:
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Warsaw]] → Warsovians
*[[Warsaw]] → Warsovians
*[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] → Waterluvians<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|first=City of|last=Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] → Waterluvians<ref>{{cite tweet|user=citywaterloo|number=395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|author=City of Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042544/https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Wythenshawe]] → Wythenshavians
*[[Wythenshawe]] → Wythenshavians
}}


===''-ois(e), -ais(e)''===
'''''-ois(e), -ais(e)'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Benin]] → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''")
*[[Benin]] → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''")
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''")
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''")
*[[Niger]] → Nigerois(e) (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Seychelles]] → Seychellois(e)
*[[Seychelles]] → Seychellois(e)
*[[Quebec]] → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''", most common within [[Canada]])
*[[Quebec]] → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''"; most common within [[Canada]])
}}
 
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.


===From Latin or Latinization===
'''''From Latin or Latinization'''''
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Alsace]] → Alsatians (''Alsatia'')
*[[Alsace]] → Alsatians (''Alsatia'')
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Argyll]] → Argathelians
*[[Ashbourne (disambiguation)|Ashbourne]] → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'')
*[[Ashbourne (disambiguation)|Ashbourne]] → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'')
*[[Cambridge]] → [[Cantabrigian]]s
*[[Cambridge]] → [[Cantabrigian]]s
Line 968: Line 1,092:
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Colchester]] → Colcestrians
*[[Colchester]] → Colcestrians
*[[Constantinople]] → Constantinopolitans (''Constantinopolis'')
*[[Courland]] → Couronians (''Curonia'')
*[[Courland]] → Couronians (''Curonia'')
*[[England]] → Anglican (''Anglia'')
*[[Exeter]] → Exonians
*[[Exeter]] → Exonians
*[[Guernsey]] → Sarnians (''Sarnia'')
*[[Guernsey]] → Sarnians (''Sarnia'')
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] → [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Haligonian]]  
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] → [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Haligonian]]
*[[Leeds]] → [[Leodensian]]s (''Ledesia'')
*[[Leeds]] → [[Leodensian]]s (''Ledesia'')
*[[Lviv]] → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'')
*[[Lviv]] → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'')
Line 979: Line 1,105:
*[[Naples]] → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'')
*[[Naples]] → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'')
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'')
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'')
*[[Orkney Islands]] → [[Orcadian]]s (''Orcadia'')
*[[Orkney Islands]] → [[Orcadians|Orcadian]]s (''Orcadia'')
*[[Oswestry]] → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'')
*[[Oswestry]] → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'')
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopians (''Salopia'')
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians (''Salopia'')
*[[Tripoli]] → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'')
*[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'')
*[[Venice]] → Venetians
*[[Venice]] → Venetians
*[[Wolverhampton]] → Wulfrunians
*[[Wolverhampton]] → Wulfrunians
'''Other'''
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)
}}
|}


==Prefixation==
==Prefixation==
It is much rarer to find Demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the [[Luba people]] would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, [[Kiluba]] or [[Tshiluba]]. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for [[Fiji]]). On a country level:
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the [[Luba people]] would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, [[Kiluba]] or [[Tshiluba]]. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for [[Fiji]]). On a country level:
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
*[[Burundi]] → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
*[[Burundi]] → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
*[[Eswatini]] → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
*[[Lesotho]] → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
*[[Lesotho]] → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)


==Non-standard examples==
==Non-standard examples==
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as the burqueño of [[Albuquerque]],<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the [[state university system]], take for example the [[sooners|sooner]] of [[Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma Sooners]].<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "''Burqueño''" and the feminine "''Burqueña''" of [[Albuquerque]],<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113712/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | url-status=live }}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the [[state university system]], take for example the [[sooners|sooner]] of [[Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma Sooners]].<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=June 18, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065703/http://www.soonersports.com/trads/what-is-a-sooner.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
'''Formal'''


===Formal===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños
*[[Aberdeenshire]] → [[Northeast Scots|Doric]]
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Buenos Aires]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Buenos Aires]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Connecticut]] → [[Nutmeggers]]
*[[Concepción, Chile]] → [[Penquistas]]
*[[Connecticut]] → [[Nutmegger]]s
*[[Cyprus]] → [[Cypriot people|Cypriots]]
*[[Guinea Bissau]] → Bissau-Guinean
*[[Guinea Bissau]] → Bissau-Guinean
*[[Edinburgh]] → Lothian
*[[Edinburgh]] → Lothian
*[[Lisbon]] → Alfacinha
*[[Lisbon]] → Alfacinha
*[[Indiana]] → [[Hoosier]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
*[[Indiana]] → [[Hoosier]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>
*[[Massachusetts]] → [[Bay Staters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin|Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref>
*[[Madagascar]] → [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
*[[Massachusetts]] → [[Bay Staters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov|access-date=2016-11-14|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000411/https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin|Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref>
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Nunavut]] → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
*[[Nunavut]] → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
*[[Minas Gerais]] → Mineiros
*[[Minas Gerais]] → Mineiros
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]] → [[Gaúcho]]s
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]] → [[Gaúcho]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro]] → [[Carioca]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro (city)]] → [[Carioca]]s
*[[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] → Paulistas
*[[Rio de Janeiro (state)]] → Fluminense
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopian
*[[São Paulo (city)]] → Paulistanos
*[[São Paulo (state)]] → Paulistas
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopian
*[[Tierra Caliente (Mexico)|Tierra Caliente]] → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
*[[Tierra Caliente (Mexico)|Tierra Caliente]] → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
*[[Uruguay]] → Orientales
*[[Uruguay]] → Orientales
*[[Valparaíso]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Valparaíso]] → [[Porteños]]
}}
'''Informal'''


===Informal===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Australia]] → [[Aussie]]
*[[Australia]] → [[Aussie]]
*[[Birmingham, England]] → Brummie
*[[Birmingham, England]] → Brummie
*[[Brisbane, Australia]] → Brisvegan, Brisbogan
*[[Canada]] → [[Canuck]]
*[[Canada]] → [[Canuck]]
*[[Cardiff]] → Taffs
*[[Cardiff]] → Taffs
*[[Devon]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Hartlepool, England]] → [[Monkey hanger]]
*[[Hartlepool, England]] → [[Monkey hanger]]
*[[Isle Of Wight]] → Caulkheads<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-9551,00.html |title=Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'? |language=en |work=The Guardian |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 }}</ref>
*[[Plymouth]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Jersey]] → [[Jèrriais]] (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
*[[Jersey]] → [[Jèrriais]] (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
*[[Kansas]] → [[Jayhawker]]
*[[Kansas]] → [[Jayhawker]]
*[[Liverpool, England]] → Scouser, Liverpudlian
*[[Liverpool, England]] → Scouser, Liverpudlian
*[[London, England]] → [[Cockney]] (Specifically: One hailing from East London, England)
*[[London, England]] → [[Cockney]] (specifically, someone from East London)
*[[Mexico]] - [[Aztec]]a<ref>https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos</ref>
*[[Mexico]] → [[Aztec]]a<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |title=Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos |language=es |publisher=SinonimosGratis.com |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205222/https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Middlesbrough, England]] → [[Smoggie]]
*[[Middlesbrough, England]] → [[Smoggie]]
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Australia]] → Novocastrian
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Australia]] → Novocastrian
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] → [[Geordie]]
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] → [[Geordie]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]] → [[Newfie]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]] → [[Newfie]]
*[[New Zealand]] → [[Kiwi (people)|Kiwi]]
*[[New Zealand]] → [[Kiwi (nickname)|Kiwi]]
*[[Nigeria]] → [[Naija]]
*[[North Carolina]] → [[Tar Heel]]
*[[North Carolina]] → [[Tar Heel]]
*[[Philippines]] → [[Pinoy]]
*[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] → [[Yinzer]]
*[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] → [[Yinzer]]
*[[Peru]] - [[Inca]] (also Perulero)
*[[Peru]] → [[Inca]] (also Perulero)
*[[Puerto Rico]] → [[Boricua]] (from Taino Arawak "Boriken" Land of brave people)
*[[Puerto Rico]] → [[Boricua]] (from Taino ''Boriquen'' ({{Translation|land of brave people}}))
*[[South Australia]] → Croweater
*[[South Australia]] → Croweater<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013"/>
*[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] → [[Mackem]]
*[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] → [[Mackem]]
*[[Sweden]] → Swede
*[[Sydney, Australia]] → Sydneysider
*[[Sydney, Australia]] → Sydneysider
*[[Ohio]] → Buckeye
*[[Ohio]] → Buckeye
*[[Oklahoma]] → [[Okie]], [[Sooner]]
*[[Oklahoma]] → [[Okie]], [[Sooner]]
*[[Oldham, England]] → Yonner
*[[Oldham, England]] → Yonner
*[[Tasmania]] → Taswegian<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=Australian Geographic|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tasmania]] → Taswegian<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=[[Australian Geographic]]|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en|last1=Povah|first1=Frank|last2=Middleton|first2=Amy|date=2013-05-16|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133313/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[United States]] → Yank or Yankee
*[[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] → [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Yooper]]
*[[Wisconsin]] → [[Cheesehead]]
*[[Wisconsin]] → [[Cheesehead]]
}}
|}


==Demonyms and ethnonyms==
==Ethnonyms==
{{main|Ethnonyms}}
{{main|Ethnonym}}
Since names of places, regions and countries ([[toponyms]]) are [[morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]] often related to names of ethnic groups ([[ethnonyms]]), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).
Since names of places, regions and countries ([[toponymy|toponyms]]) are [[morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]] often related to names of ethnic groups ([[ethnonym]]s), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians, Abkhaz  
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians, Abkhaz
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Arab League]] → Arabs
*[[Arab League]] → Arabs
*[[Australia]] → Australians, Aussies
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
*[[Bengal]] → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''")
*[[Bengal]] → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''")
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cambodia]] → Khmers
*[[Chechnya]] → Chechens
*[[Chechnya]] → Chechens
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[China]] → Chinese
Line 1,070: Line 1,231:
*[[Flanders]] → Flemings
*[[Flanders]] → Flemings
*[[France]] → French
*[[France]] → French
*[[United Kingdom]] → British
*[[Haiti]] → Haitian
*[[Hayastan]] → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''")
*[[Hayastan]] → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''")
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians, Magyars
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians, Magyars
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Ingushetia]] → Ingushians
*[[Ingushetia]] → Ingushians
Line 1,079: Line 1,243:
*[[Jersey]] → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
*[[Jersey]] → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
*[[Kalmykia]] → Kalmyks
*[[Kalmykia]] → Kalmyks
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhs
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhs
*[[KwaZulu]] → Zulus
*[[KwaZulu]] → Zulus
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurds
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurds
*[[Kumaon division| Kumaon]] → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzs
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzs
*[[Sápmi|Lapland]] → Lapps
*[[Sápmi|Lapland]] → Laplanders
*[[Madagascar]] → Malagasys
*[[Madagascar]] → Malagasys
*[[Malta]] → Maltese  
*[[Mali]] → Malis
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongols
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongols
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[The Americas]] → [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Indians
*[[Netherlands]] → Dutch
*[[Netherlands]] → Dutch
*[[New Zealand]] → Kiwis
*[[New Zealand]] → Kiwis
*[[Odisha]] → Odias
*[[Odisha]] → Odias
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistani
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos (for Men), Filipinas (for Women)
*[[Poland]] → Poles
*[[Poland]] → Poles
*[[Scotland]] → Scots
*[[Scotland]] → Scots
Line 1,107: Line 1,276:
*[[Tatarstan]] →Tatars
*[[Tatarstan]] →Tatars
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish
*[[Turkey]] → Turks
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmens
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmens
*[[Ulster]] → Ulstermen
*[[Ulster]] → Ulstermen
*[[United States of America]] → Americans
*[[United States]] → Americans
**[[Hawaii]] → Hawaiians, [[Kanaka Maoli]]
**[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans, [[Cajuns]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]]
**[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans, [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]]
**[[Texas]] → Texans, [[Tejanos]]
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbeks
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbeks
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people
*[[Wallonia]] → Walloons
}}
}}
|}


==Fiction==
==Fiction==
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''[[Martian]]'' for hypothetical people of [[Mars]] (credited to scientist [[Percival Lowell]]), ''Gondorian'' for the people of [[Tolkien]]'s fictional land of [[Gondor]], and ''Atlantean'' for [[Plato]]'s island [[Atlantis]].
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''[[Martian]]'' for hypothetical people of [[Mars]] (credited to scientist [[Percival Lowell]]), ''Gondorian'' for the people of [[Tolkien]]'s fictional land of [[Gondor]], and ''Atlantean'' for [[Plato]]'s island [[Atlantis]].  


Other science fiction examples include ''[[Jovian (fiction)|Jovian]]'' for those of [[Jupiter]] or its moons and ''[[Venusians|Venusian]]'' for those of [[Venus]]. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''[[Earthling (science fiction)|Earthling]]'' (from the [[diminutive]] ''-ling'', ultimately from [[Old English]] ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''[[wikt:Terran|Terran]]'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).
Other science fiction examples include ''[[Jovian (fiction)|Jovian]]'' for those of [[Jupiter]] or its moons and ''[[Venusians|Venusian]]'' for those of [[Venus]]. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''[[Earthling (science fiction)|Earthling]]'' (from the [[diminutive]] ''-ling'', ultimately from [[Old English]] ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''[[wikt:Terran|Terran]]'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).
Line 1,122: Line 1,298:
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] and [[Brobdingnag]] in the satire ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] and [[Brobdingnag]] in the satire ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.


In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been [[Constructed language|constructed]], non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''[[Rohirrim]]'' (from [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]) and the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise's ''[[Klingon]]s'' (with various names for their homeworld).
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been [[Constructed language|constructed]], non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''[[Rohirrim]]'' (from [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]), the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise's ''[[Klingon]]s'' (with various names for their homeworld), and the [[Sangheili]] from the ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]'' franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios. In the books by Frank Herbert, the people from the planet Dune (or Arrakis) are the [[Fremen|Freman]], but they are neither a nation nor a country.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography}}
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions]]
** [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for India]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities]]
* [[List of regional nicknames]]
* [[Macedonia naming dispute]]
* [[Nationality]]
* [[-onym]], especially [[ethnonym]] and [[Endonym and exonym]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Notelist}}
{| style="margin-left:28px; line-height:150%; font-size:100%;"
 
|align="right" valign="top"|a.
==References==
|{{note|status}}{{Kosovo-note}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
|}
 
==Sources==
* {{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|title=Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms|journal=Onomastica|year=2021|volume=65|number=2|pages=5–19|doi=10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1 |s2cid=245777535 |url=https://onomastica.ijp.pan.pl/index.php/ONOM/article/view/326|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|chapter=The Semantics of Demonyms in English|title=The Semantics of Nouns|year=2017|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=205–220|isbn=978-0-19-873672-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0ypDgAAQBAJ}}
 
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|demonym|gentilic}}
* [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/countries/demonyms.html www.geography-site.co.uk] Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Demonyms%20of%20the%20World www.everything2.com] Demonyms of the World.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100327064430/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2110.html CIA World Factbook – Nationality]
* [http://www.peoplefrom.co.uk/index.php www.peoplefrom.co.uk] Demonyms of the United Kingdom.


== References ==
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Types of words]]
[[Category:Types of words]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 8 May 2026


Template:Linguistics

A demonym (/ˈdɛmənɪm/; Template:Etymology) or 'gentilic' (Template:Etymology)[1] is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.[2] Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent).[3] Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Indian for a person from India; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.

Many demonyms function both endonymically and exonymically (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.

As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, or to the Greek people of the Greek region of Macedonia. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois, Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer, Quebecker are also available).

In English, demonyms are always capitalized.[4]

Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.[5]

English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian, while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan, Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.[6][7][8]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990.[9] The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals.[10] However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals)[11] Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[3] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines, as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.[12][13]

Suffixation[edit | edit source]

Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n, -ian, -anian, -nian, -in(e), -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, -i(ñ/n)o/a, -ite, -(e)r, -(i)sh, -ene, -ensian, -ard, -ese, -nese, -lese, -i(e), -i(ya), -iot, -iote, -k, -asque, -(we)gian, -onian, -vian, -ois(e), or -ais(e).

Examples of various suffixes

-(a)n

Continents and regions

Countries

Constituent states, provinces and regions

Cities

-ian

Countries

Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities

-anian

-nian

-in(e)

-(h)in

The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in, which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon, is also used for their local or native demonyms in English.

-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a

Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a)

Countries and regions

Cities

-ite

-(e)r

Often used for European locations and Canadian locations

-(i)sh

(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.)

"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.

  • Åland → Ålandish people (demonym "Ålandic")
  • Bangka Island → Bangkish
  • Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom → British people (demonym "Britons")
  • Cornwall → Cornish people (demonym "Cornishmen", "Cornishwomen")
  • Denmark → Danish people (demonym "Danes")
  • England → English people (demonym "Englishmen", "Englishwomen")
  • Finland → Finnish people (demonym "Finns", "Finnic")
  • Flanders → Flemish people (demonym "Flemings")
  • Ireland → Irish people (demonym "Irishmen", "Irishwomen")
  • Kent → Kentish people
  • Kurdistan → Kurdish people (demonym "Kurds")
  • Lombok → Lombokish people
  • Luxembourg → Luxembourgish people (demonym "Luxembourgers")
  • New South Wales → New South Welshmen
  • Niger → Nigerish (also "Nigerien")
  • Northern Ireland → Northern Irish people
  • Poland → Polish people (demonym "Poles")
  • Scotland → Scottish people (demonym "Scots", "Scotsmen", "Scotswomen")
  • Spain → Spanish people (demonym "Spaniards")
  • Sweden → Swedish people (demonym "Swedes")
  • Turkey → Turkish people (demonym "Turks")
  • Wales → Welsh people (demonym "Welshmen", "Welshwomen", "Walian")

-ene

Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.

-ensian (These are largely obsolete.)

  • Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
  • Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
  • Reading (UK) → Readingensians

-ard

-ese, -nese or -lese

"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.[citation needed] Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".[citation needed] Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix -ese, which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus, or rather both).

-i(e) or -i(ya)

Countries

States, provinces, counties, and cities

Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii). -i.e. is rather used for English places.

-iot or -iote

  • Chios → Chiots
  • Corfu → Corfiots
  • Cyprus → Cypriots ("Cyprian" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
  • Phanar → Phanariotes

Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot, itself based in Greek -ώτης.

-k

-asque

Often used for Italian and French locations.

-(we)gian

-onian

Often used for British and Irish locations.

-vian

-ois(e), -ais(e)

  • Benin → Beninois(e) (also "Beninese")
  • Gabon → Gabonais(e) (also "Gabonese")
  • Niger → Nigerois(e) (also "Nigerien")
  • Seychelles → Seychellois(e)
  • Quebec → Quebecois(e) (also "Quebecker"; most common within Canada)

While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.

From Latin or Latinization

Other

  • Botswana → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)

Prefixation[edit | edit source]

It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:

  • Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
  • Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
  • Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
  • Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

Non-standard examples[edit | edit source]

Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "Burqueño" and the feminine "Burqueña" of Albuquerque,[23] or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system, take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners.[24]

Examples

Formal

Informal

Ethnonyms[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ethnonym

Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

Examples

Fiction[edit | edit source]

Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor, and Atlantean for Plato's island Atlantis.

Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as Terran, Terrene, Tellurian, Earther, Earthican, Terrestrial, and Solarian (from Sol, the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan), the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios. In the books by Frank Herbert, the people from the planet Dune (or Arrakis) are the Freman, but they are neither a nation nor a country.

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.[14]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster "Definition of GENTILIC". Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015..
  2. ↑ Roberts 2017, p. 205.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Scheetz, George H. (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon. Schütz Verlag.
  4. ↑ "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios". mansioningles.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Costa, Daniel. "demonym". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  6. ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  8. ↑ "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?". National Geographic Magazine. 177. National Geographic Society (U.S.): 170. February 1990. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  10. ↑ William Safire (14 December 1997). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  11. ↑ What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0.
  12. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  13. ↑ "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive". 1912. p. 116.
  14. ↑ The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-465-00489-8.
  15. ↑ Gilbert, Simon (18 November 2014). "What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you". Coventry Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  16. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  17. ↑ Finn, Robin (10 October 2014). "Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  18. ↑ "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log". Yale Press Log. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  19. ↑ Erskine, Rosalind (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning". The Scotsman.
  20. ↑ "Corkonian". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  21. ↑ "North West Evening Mail". nwemail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
  22. ↑ City of Waterloo [@citywaterloo] (30 October 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015 – via Twitter.
  23. ↑ White, Juliet (16 July 2020). "18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico". OnlyInYourState. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  24. ↑ Oklahoma, University of (20 May 2013). "What is a Sooner?". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  25. ↑ Mettler, Katie (13 January 2017). "'Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  26. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  27. ↑ "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35". malegislature.gov. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  28. ↑ Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included Massachusett, borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, Massachusite, championed by the early English Brahmins, Massachusettsian, by analogy with other state demonyms, and Masshole, originally derogatory.
  29. ↑ "Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos" (in español). SinonimosGratis.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Povah, Frank; Middleton, Amy (16 May 2013). "Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

Sources[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Ethnicity

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