Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project: Difference between revisions

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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.svg|thumb|Route map of the transport project]]
[[File:Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.svg|thumb|Route map of the transport project]]
The '''Kaladan Road Project'''<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Purushothaman|first=Vakkom|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|title=Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to link sea route in Myanmar with Mizoram|newspaper=The Northeast Times|access-date=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415053036/http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> is a US$484 million project connecting the eastern Indian seaport of [[Kolkata]] with [[Sittwe]] seaport in [[Rakhine State]], Myanmar by sea. In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to [[Paletwa]] in [[Chin State]] via the [[Kaladan river]] boat route, and then from Paletwa by road to [[Mizoram]] state in Northeast India. All components of the project, including Sittwe port and power, river dredging, Paletwa jetty, have been completed,<ref name=update2>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction], ''The Statesman'', 13 May 2018.</ref><ref name=update3>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-starts-construction-of-1600-cr-mizoram-myanmar-kaladan-road/article23577107.ece India starts construction of ₹1,600-cr Mizoram-Myanmar Kaladan road], ''Business Line'', 17 April 2018.</ref> except the under construction Zorinpui-Paletwa road.<ref name=jats1/> Originally, the project was scheduled to be completed by 2014, but end-to-end project is expected to be fully operational only by '''March 2023''' as per March 2021 update.<ref name=jats1/>
The '''Kaladan Road Project'''<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Purushothaman|first=Vakkom|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|title=Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to link sea route in Myanmar with Mizoram|newspaper=The Northeast Times|access-date=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415053036/http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> ({{langx|my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်ကြောင်း ဘက်စုံဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး စီမံကိန်း}}) is an international transport project connecting the eastern [[India|Indian]] seaport of [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata]] with [[Sittwe]] seaport in [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]] by sea. In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to [[Paletwa]] in [[Chin State]] via the [[Kaladan river]] boat route, and then from Paletwa by road to [[Mizoram]] state in [[Northeast India]]. All components of the project, including Sittwe port and power, river [[dredging]], and Paletwa jetty, have been completed,<ref name=update2>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction], ''The Statesman'', 13 May 2018.</ref><ref name=update3>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-starts-construction-of-1600-cr-mizoram-myanmar-kaladan-road/article23577107.ece India starts construction of ₹1,600-cr Mizoram-Myanmar Kaladan road], ''Business Line'', 17 April 2018.</ref> except the under construction Zorinpui-Paletwa road.<ref name=jats1>[https://theprint.in/diplomacy/110-km-road-is-final-challenge-for-long-delayed-india-myanmar-kaladan-connectivity-project/629247/ 110-km road is final challenge for long-delayed India-Myanmar Kaladan connectivity project], The Print, 29 March, 2021.</ref> Originally, the project was scheduled to be completed by 2014; after this deadline was missed, the project was expected to be fully operational by December 2023.<ref name=jats1/> With further delays, according to India and Mizoram government, the entire project would be operational by 2027.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=7 July 2025 |title=Kaladan project between India, Myanmar to be operational by 2027: Sonowal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kaladan-project-between-india-myanmar-to-be-operational-by-2027-sonowal/article69783126.ece#:~:text=The%20Kaladan%20Multimodal%20Transit%20Transport,through%20the%20southeast%20Asian%20country. |access-date=21 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=အာရက္ခတပ်တော်နှင့် ကောင်းမွန်သည့်ဆက်ဆံရေးရှိဟု မီဇိုရမ်ပြည်နယ်ဝန်ကြီးချုပ် ပြော |url=https://burmese.dvb.no/post/750214 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၊ မီဇိုရမ်ပြည်နယ်အစိုးရနဲ့ အာရက္ခတပ်တော် (AA)တို့ကြားမှာ ကောင်းမွန်တဲ့ ဆက်ဆံရေး ရှိကြပြီး အိန္ဒိယအစိုးရ တည်ဆောက်နေတဲ့ ကုလားတန်စီမံကိန်းကိုလည်း အာရက္ခ တပ်တော်က ထိန်းချုပ်ထားတယ်လို့ မတ် ၁… |language=en}}</ref>
 
The route of the project around Paletwa and along the [[Kaladan river]] is troubled with [[Chin people#History and politics|Chin conflict]], [[Rohingya conflict]] and militant groups such as [[Arakan Army (Kachin State)|Arakan Army]] and [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]] (ARSA).<ref name=mand4>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/buddhist-refugees-in-mizoram-begin-journey-back-to-myanmar-but-unconfirmed-tales-of-horror-keep-them-on-edge-4383481.html Buddhist refugees in Mizoram begin journey back to Myanmar, but unconfirmed tales of horror keep them on edge], ''First Post''</ref><ref name=mand5>[https://thewire.in/politics/ne-dispatch-home-of-shillong-times-editor-attacked-sikkim-faces-vegetable-shortage NE Displaced people], The Wire.</ref> Among these the ARSA, created by Pakistan's [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] and has links with [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen]] in Bangladesh and the [[Indian Mujahideen]] in India,<ref name=terror1>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/myanmar-calling/cid/1461895 Myanmar calling], ''The Telegraph''</ref> was behind the mass killing of Hindu [[Burmese Indians]] in the [[Kha Maung Seik massacre]].<ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-rohingya-idUKKCN1BZ0RL |title=Myanmar says bodies of 28 Hindu villagers found in Rakhine State|first=wa Lone, Shoon |last=Naing |date=25 September 2017|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref name="AmnestyInt">{{cite web|title=Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/myanmar-new-evidence-reveals-rohingya-armed-group-massacred-scores-in-rakhine-state/|website=www.amnesty.org}}</ref>
 
Paletwa is less than {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from the Bangladesh border.


==History==
==History==


This project will reduce distance from [[Kolkata]] to [[Sittwe]] by approximately {{convert|1328|km|abbr=on}} and will reduce the need to transport goods through the narrow [[Siliguri]] corridor, also known as [[Chicken's Neck (India)|Chicken's Neck]].
This project will reduce the distance from [[Kolkata]] to [[Sittwe]] by approximately {{convert|1328|km|abbr=on}} and will reduce the need to transport goods through the narrow [[Siliguri]] corridor, also known as [[Chicken's Neck (India)|Chicken's Neck]].


Initially India had tried to persuade [[Bangladesh]] to offer transport and transit rights to the northeastern states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egreteau |first=Renaud |date=2011 |title=A Passage to Burma? India, Development and Democratization in Myanmar |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569775.2011.619771|journal=Contemporary Politics|volume=17|issue=4|doi=10.1080/13569775.2011.619771 |pages=467–486 |s2cid=153496597}}</ref> However, [[Bangladesh]] has consistently refused to grant such rights, including access to its [[Chittagong]] port, which is less than {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Agartala]], the capital of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Papori|title=Kaladan Multi-Modal Project In Myanmar|url=http://manipuronline.com/look-east-policy/kaladan-multi-modal-project-in-myanmar/2010/12/19|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=Manipur Online}}</ref>
Initially India had tried to persuade [[Bangladesh]] to offer transport and transit rights to the northeastern states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egreteau |first=Renaud |date=2011 |title=A Passage to Burma? India, Development and Democratization in Myanmar |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569775.2011.619771|journal=Contemporary Politics|volume=17|issue=4|doi=10.1080/13569775.2011.619771 |pages=467–486 |s2cid=153496597|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, [[Bangladesh]] has consistently refused to grant such rights, including access to its [[Chittagong]] port, which is less than {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Agartala]], the capital of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Papori|title=Kaladan Multi-Modal Project In Myanmar|url=http://manipuronline.com/look-east-policy/kaladan-multi-modal-project-in-myanmar/2010/12/19|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=Manipur Online|archive-date=16 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616121801/http://manipuronline.com/look-east-policy/kaladan-multi-modal-project-in-myanmar/2010/12/19|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The project is being piloted and funded by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]. The preliminary feasibility studies were carried out by [[RITES|Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES)]]. Construction work on [[Sittwe]] port and the boat jetty in [[Paletwa]], as well as the dredging work, will be executed by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI), with Essar Projects Ltd, a division of the [[Essar Group]] appointed in May 2010 as the main contractor.<ref>{{cite web |work=Arakan Rivers |title=Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|url=http://www.arakanrivers.net/?page_id=135 |access-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529113016/http://www.arakanrivers.net/?page_id=135 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The project is being piloted and funded by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]. The preliminary feasibility studies were carried out by [[RITES|Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES)]]. Construction work on [[Sittwe]] port and the boat jetty in [[Paletwa]], as well as the dredging work, will be executed by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI), with Essar Projects Ltd, a division of the [[Essar Group]] appointed in May 2010 as the main contractor.<ref>{{cite web |work=Arakan Rivers |title=Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|url=http://www.arakanrivers.net/?page_id=135 |access-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529113016/http://www.arakanrivers.net/?page_id=135 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project initially faced problems such as underestimation of the road length in [[Myanmar]] and plans to construct hydro-electric projects — [[Chhimtuipui|Chhimtuipui River]] and [[Lungleng River]] — on two tributaries of the [[Kaladan River]] followed by another project downstream. That the first two projects are being built by one public sector undertaking and the third is being constructed by another PSU (Public Sector Unit) has also led to coordination issues. Due to construction of this hydro electrical projects, navigation of boats could be effected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|title=India-Myanmar transport project hits roadblock|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3377718.ece|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project initially faced problems such as underestimation of the road length in [[Myanmar]] and plans to construct hydro-electric projects — [[Chhimtuipui|Chhimtuipui River]] and [[Lungleng River]] — on two tributaries of the [[Kaladan River]] followed by another project downstream. That the first two projects are being built by one public sector undertaking and the third is being constructed by another PSU (Public Sector Unit) has also led to coordination issues. Due to construction of this hydro electrical projects, navigation of boats could be effected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|title=India-Myanmar transport project hits roadblock|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3377718.ece|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>


In April 2017, the Sitwee port AND IWT Paletwa jetty were ready and operational.<ref name=miz1/> In April 2017, India handed over the operation of completed Sittwe port and Inland Water Terminal at Paletwa to Myanmar. In June 2017, India handed six gas tanker cargo vessels worth US$81.29 million (K110.08 billion) to the Myanmar government to transport gas to north-east India via [[Manipur]]. Work on the port in Sittwe and the IWT in Paletwa, Chin State, is in its final stages, and the six cargo vessels are meant to facilitate transportation of goods from Sittwe to Paletwa. The $81.29 million cost of the vessels was met through a grant from India. The construction work was assigned to IWT in October 2012, the keels were laid in March 2013 and the vessels were launched between April and December 2016. On completion of the tests and trials at Yangon, the vessels reached Sittwe in March 2017. Acceptance trials were completed in April 2017 in Sittwe.<ref name=miz1>[http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/six-cargo-vessels-handed-over-myanmar-india vessels handed over to Myanmar by India], Mizzima, 2 June 2017.</ref>
In April 2017, the Sittwe port and IWT Paletwa jetty were ready and operational.<ref name=miz1/> In April 2017, India handed over the operation of completed Sittwe port and Inland Water Terminal at Paletwa to Myanmar. In June 2017, India handed six gas tanker cargo vessels worth US$81.29 million (K110.08 billion) to the Myanmar government to transport gas to north-east India via [[Manipur]]. Work on the port in Sittwe and the IWT in Paletwa, Chin State, is in its final stages, and the six cargo vessels are meant to facilitate transportation of goods from Sittwe to Paletwa. The $81.29 million cost of the vessels was met through a grant from India. The construction work was assigned to IWT in October 2012, the keels were laid in March 2013 and the vessels were launched between April and December 2016. On completion of the tests and trials at Yangon, the vessels reached Sittwe in March 2017. Acceptance trials were completed in April 2017 in Sittwe.<ref name=miz1>[http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/six-cargo-vessels-handed-over-myanmar-india vessels handed over to Myanmar by India], Mizzima, 2 June 2017.</ref>


In June 2017, after several upward budget revisions and troubles in finding contractors, the INR1,600-crore (US$250 million) contract has been finally awarded to an Indian company C&C construction for building 109-km road connecting IWT Paletwa river terminal to Zorinpui in Mizoram border. The contractor would open offices at Sittwe, Paletwa and Yangon in Myanmar, mobilise men and machine during the monsoon and start construction after the monsoon in October.<ref name=biz1/>
In June 2017, after several upward budget revisions and troubles in finding contractors, the INR1,600-crore (US$250 million) contract has been finally awarded to an Indian company C&C construction for building 109-km road connecting IWT Paletwa river terminal to Zorinpui in Mizoram border. The contractor would open offices at Sittwe, Paletwa and Yangon in Myanmar, mobilise men and machine during the monsoon and start construction after the monsoon in October.<ref name=biz1/>
In 2019, India and Myanmar launched [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|Operation Sunrise]], a joint military effort to dismantle insurgent group camps, especially the Arakan Army, threatening the Kaladan Project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Operation Sunrise: India-Myanmar target insurgent groups camp in North East |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sunrise-india-myanmar-target-insurgent-groups-camp-in-north-east-1550835-2019-06-17 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
As of 2026, the project which passes through the areas of Paletwa, Pauktaw, Ponnagyun Kyauktaw, and Mrauk-U townships, are controlled by the [[Arakan Army]]. A small area of jetty in Sittwe remains under the control of the military council.<ref name=":2" />
India plans to open the Kaladan project by 2027, as announced by [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Ports and Shipping]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] in July 2027.<ref> [https://myanmar-now.org/mm/news/65443/  ၂၀၂၇ တွင် အသက်ဝင်မည့် အိန္ဒိယ၏ ကုလားတန်စီမံကိန်းနှင့် AA ၏ အခန်းကဏ္ဍ (The role of Arakan Army in the implementation of India's 2027 Kaladan plan)]. [[Myanmar Now]]. July 24, 2025.</ref><ref name=":1" />


==Route==
==Route==
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* '''Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route - {{convert|539|km|abbr=on}}''' from seaport of [[Kolkata]] in India to [[Sittwe]] seaport in [[Myanmar]] via [[Bay of Bengal]]. This sea route has been operational for several decades. Port upgrade, from 20,000 ton vessels to  40,000 ton capacity vessels, has been '''completed.'''
* '''Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route - {{convert|539|km|abbr=on}}''' from seaport of [[Kolkata]] in India to [[Sittwe]] seaport in [[Myanmar]] via [[Bay of Bengal]]. This sea route has been operational for several decades. Port upgrade, from 20,000 ton vessels to  40,000 ton capacity vessels, has been '''completed.'''


* '''Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jettyriver boat route - {{convert|158|km|abbr=on}}'''' from [[Sittwe]] seaport to Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydro power project at [[Paletwa]] jetty via [[Kaladan river]] in [[Myanmar]]. River dredging and jetty upgrade completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html|title=India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN|date=15 May 2018|website=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> There is at least one [[Lock (water navigation)|river lock]] for navigation.<ref name=lock1>[http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar].</ref> Six barges of 300 ton capacity each were handed over to Myanmar by the government of India.<ref name=ton1>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-clears-revised-cost-for-kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-115101400905_1.html Delay in Kaladan project], ''Business Standard'', 2018.</ref> '''Completed.'''<ref name=update2/> <br>Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town {{convert|60|km|mi}} north from Sittwe upstream of [[Kaladan River]] at Ponnagyun town is being built by India on 1000 acres.<ref name=sez1/><ref name=biz1/>
* '''Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jettyriver boat route - {{convert|158|km|abbr=on}}'''' from [[Sittwe]] seaport to Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydro power project at [[Paletwa]] jetty via [[Kaladan river]] in [[Myanmar]]. River dredging and jetty upgrade completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html|title=India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN|date=15 May 2018|website=The Myanmar Times|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516112626/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is at least one [[Lock (water navigation)|river lock]] for navigation.<ref name=lock1>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193824/http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar]}}.</ref> Six barges of 300 ton capacity each were handed over to Myanmar by the government of India.<ref name=ton1>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-clears-revised-cost-for-kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-115101400905_1.html Delay in Kaladan project], ''Business Standard'', 2018.</ref> '''Completed.'''<ref name=update2/> <br>Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town {{convert|60|km|mi}} north from Sittwe upstream of [[Kaladan River]] at Ponnagyun town is being built by India on 1000 acres.<ref name=sez1/><ref name=biz1/>
 
* '''Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar - {{convert|108|km|abbr=on}}''' two-lane in each direction (4 lanes total) road route from IWT [[Paletwa]] to [[Zochachhuah|Zochawchhuah]](India)–Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar border in [[Myanmar]]. Construction contract of INR1600 crore (16 billion) was awarded to [[Ircon International|Ircon]] in June 2017,<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand2/> and construction commenced in April 2018,<ref name=mandalay1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-myanmar-land-border-crossing-open-sushma-swaraj-imphal-mandalay-bus-service-5305229/ Road to Mandalay] ''Indian Express'', June 2018.</ref> after all the necessary approvals were granted by the Myanmar govt in January 2018.<ref name=mand2>[https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/mizoram-to-get-connected-with-sittwe-port-in-rakhine-state-of-myanmar-via-1600-cr-road/  Mizoram to get connected with Sittwe port]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> [[Borders of India#India–Myanmar border|Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost]] at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui has been operational since 2017.<ref name=jooats1/>


* '''Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar - {{convert|62|km|abbr=on}}''' two-lane in each direction (4 lanes total) road route from IWT [[Paletwa]] to [[Zochachhuah|Zochawchhuah]](India)–Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar border in [[Myanmar]]. Construction contract of INR1600 crore (16 billion) was awarded to [[Ircon International|Ircon]] in June 2017,<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand2/> and construction commenced in April 2018,<ref name=mandalay1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-myanmar-land-border-crossing-open-sushma-swaraj-imphal-mandalay-bus-service-5305229/ Road to Mandalay] ''Indian Express'', June 2018.</ref> after all the necessary approvals were granted by the Myanmar govt in January 2018.<ref name=mand2>[https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/mizoram-to-get-connected-with-sittwe-port-in-rakhine-state-of-myanmar-via-1600-cr-road/  Mizoram to get connected with Sittwe port].</ref> [[Borders of India#India–Myanmar border|Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost]] at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui has been operational since 2017. Tender for the road upgrade was awarded in 2017, currently under-construction and '''to be completed by March 2023''' as per March 2021 update.<ref name=update2/><ref name=jats1>[https://theprint.in/diplomacy/110-km-road-is-final-challenge-for-long-delayed-india-myanmar-kaladan-connectivity-project/629247/ 110-km road is final challenge for long-delayed India-Myanmar Kaladan connectivity project], The Print, 29 March, 2021.</ref>
** '''Package-I: Paletwa inland jetty to Kaletwa road route in Myanmar - {{convert|67|km|abbr=on}}''' is '''Complete''' as per March 2024 update.<ref name=jooats1/><ref name=jooats3/>


* '''Zorinpui to Aizaw road route in India - {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}''' from Indo-Myanmar border at Zorinpui to Aizawl. From Aizawl it connect to Aizawl-Saiha National Highway at [[Lawngtlai]] in [[Mizoram]], India by road on [[National Highway 54 (India)]] (NH-54), which then continues further to [[Dabaka]] in [[Assam]] via {{convert|850|km|abbr=on}} long NH-54 which in turn is part of the larger [[North–South and East–West Corridor#East-West Corridor|East–West Corridor]] connecting [[North East India]] with the rest of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |title=Multi-modal route map |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053547/http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Almost complete (June 2017).<ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], ''Business Line'', 9 June 2017.</ref> Awarded, upgrade to this national highway is under-construction and '''to be completed by March 2023.''' as per March 2021 update.<ref name=jats1/> <br>In June 2017, {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} 2-lane route from Indo-Myanmar border at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui to [[Tuipang]] is almost complete. From Tuipang, the national highway is being further upgraded from 2-lane to all-weather 4-lane from [[National Highway 54 (India)|NH 54]] [[Lawngtlai]] to [[Aizawl]] in [[Mizoram]].<ref name=biz1/> INR6000 crore (60 billion) was approved to further improve this Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui–Aizawl national highway.<ref name=mand2/> [[Siaha]]–Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui missing section of the highway was under construction (April 2018).<ref name=mand2/> Lomasu to [[Lawngtlai]] is a two-lane highway in each direction (total four lanes) and Lawngtlai to [[Aizawl]]–[[Guwahati]] national highway is being widened to 4 lanes in each direction (total 8 lanes).<ref name=high1>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-india-appoint-operator-sittwe-port-project.html India appoints post operator], ''Irrawaddy''</ref>
** '''Package-II: Kaletwa to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar - {{convert|48.5|km|abbr=on}}''' is '''under construction''' as per March 2024 update, militants in control of the area have assured cooperation and security for the completion of the road.<ref name=jooats2> [https://cenjows.in/preserving-indian-interests-during-ongoing-disturbances-in-myanmar/ Preserving Indian Interests during Ongoing Disturbances in Myanmar]. Centre for Joint Warfare Studies. Manshi Suhag. July 9, 2024. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214010615/https://cenjows.in/preserving-indian-interests-during-ongoing-disturbances-in-myanmar/|date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name=jooats3>[https://idsa.in/idsacomments/The-Kaladan-Transport-Project-Amidst-the-Civil-War-in-Myanmar-OPDas-220724 The Kaladan Transport Project Amidst the Civil War in Myanmar], IDSA, 22 July 2024. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804094411/https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/The-Kaladan-Transport-Project-Amidst-the-Civil-War-in-Myanmar-OPDas-220724|date=August 4, 2024}} </ref>
 
* '''Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India - {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}''' from Indo-Myanmar border at Zorinpui to Aizawl. From Aizawl it connect to Aizawl-Saiha National Highway at [[Lawngtlai]] in [[Mizoram]], India by road on [[National Highway 54 (India)]] (NH-54), which then continues further to [[Dabaka]] in [[Assam]] via {{convert|850|km|abbr=on}} long NH-54 which in turn is part of the larger [[North–South and East–West Corridor#East-West Corridor|East–West Corridor]] connecting [[North East India]] with the rest of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |title=Multi-modal route map |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053547/http://www.arakanrivers.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Kaladan-Mov.png |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], ''Business Line'', 9 June 2017.</ref> '''Complete''' as per March 2024 update.<ref name=jooats3/><ref name=jooats1>[https://theprint.in/india/mizoram-mp-meets-myanmar-militants-in-push-to-speed-up-work-on-key-connectivity-project/1985471/ Mizoram MP meets Myanmar militants in push to speed up work on key connectivity project], The Print, 1 Mar 2024.</ref><br> '''Note:''' The {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} 2-lane route from Indo-Myanmar border at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui to [[Tuipang]] is complete. From Tuipang, the national highway was further upgraded from 2-lane to all-weather 4-lane from [[National Highway 54 (India)|NH 54]] [[Lawngtlai]] to [[Aizawl]] in [[Mizoram]].<ref name=biz1/> INR6000 crore (60 billion) was approved to further improve this Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui–Aizawl national highway.<ref name=mand2/> Lomasu to [[Lawngtlai]] is a two-lane highway in each direction (total four lanes) and Lawngtlai to [[Aizawl]]–[[Guwahati]] national highway was widened to 4 lanes in each direction (total 8 lanes).<ref name=high1>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-india-appoint-operator-sittwe-port-project.html India appoints post operator], ''Irrawaddy''</ref>
 
* '''Shillong-Silchar highway in India - {{convert|166.8|km|abbr=on}}''', from Mawlyngkhung near [[Shillong]] to Panchgram on [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH-6]] near [[Silchar]], will cut travel time between the two cities from 8.5 hours to 5 hours and act as a continuation of Kaladan multi-modal transport project offering a new Rs 22,864 crore high-speed highway between the North-East and Kolkata bypassing Bangladesh, executed by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) and expected to be completed by 2030.<ref name=const1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-north-east-link-to-kolkata-will-be-via-sea-giving-bangladesh-a-miss-10011504/ New Northeast–Kolkata Sea Route Via Myanmar To Take Shape Through Shillong–Silchar Highway, Bypassing Bangladesh: Report], IE, 18 May 2025.</ref>


===Complementary railway route===
===Complementary railway route===
Line 42: Line 50:
This railway route will complement the river–road route of this project in Myanmar-Mizoram:
This railway route will complement the river–road route of this project in Myanmar-Mizoram:


* '''Sittwe–[[Kyaukhtu]] railway in Myanmar, {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} – exists and operational:''' This route has been operational since 2011. To integrate with other routes-network in Myanmar, it will be [[Rail transport in Myanmar#Lines under construction|further extended 311 km by 2021–22]], from Kyaukhtu in north to [[Ann, Myanmar|Ann]] in south and then south-east to [[Minbu]] where it will connect to Myanmar rail network as well as {{convert|1,215|km|abbr=on}} long [[Kyaukpyu|Kyaukpyu port]]–Minbu–Kunming high-speed railway [[Kyaukpyu#Kunming-Kyaukpyu Railway|being planned by China]].<ref>[http://www.idsa.in/backgrounder/myanmar-in-chinas-push-into-the-indian-ocean_jmpaul_120316 Myanmar in China’s Push into the Indian Ocean], Joshy M Paul, March 14, 2016, retrieved 20 January 2017</ref>
* '''Sittwe–[[Kyauktaw]] railway in Myanmar, {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} – exists and operational:''' This route has been operational since 2011. To integrate with other routes-network in Myanmar, it will be [[Rail transport in Myanmar#Lines under construction|further extended 311 km by 2021–22]], from Kyauktaw in north to [[Ann, Myanmar|Ann]] in south and then south-east to [[Minbu]] where it will connect to Myanmar rail network as well as {{convert|1,215|km|abbr=on}} long [[Kyaukpyu|Kyaukpyu port]]–Minbu–Kunming high-speed railway [[Kyaukpyu#Kunming-Kyaukphyu Railway|being planned by China]].<ref>[http://www.idsa.in/backgrounder/myanmar-in-chinas-push-into-the-indian-ocean_jmpaul_120316 Myanmar in China's Push into the Indian Ocean], Joshy M Paul, March 14, 2016, retrieved 20 January 2017</ref>


* '''Kyaukhtu–Zorinpui in Myanmar, {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} – planned but not yet surveyed:''' India has future yet-unapproved plans to fund and construct this missing link.
* '''Kyauktaw–Zorinpui in Myanmar, {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} – planned but not yet surveyed:''' India has future yet-unapproved plans to fund and construct this missing link.


* '''Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)–[[Sairang]] railway in India, {{convert|375|km|abbr=on}} – being surveyed since Aug-2017:''' Survey for the rail line from [[Sairang]] (Aizawl) to [[Hmawngbuchhuah]] on border near Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in future phase.<ref name=railline1>[http://www.powerupconstruction.com/indias-north-east-opensthe-gateway-to-prosperity/ India's north east opened up], PowerUpConstruction.Com</ref>
* '''Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)–[[Sairang]] railway in India, {{convert|375|km|abbr=on}} – being surveyed since Aug-2017:''' Survey for the rail line from [[Sairang]] (Aizawl) to [[Hmawngbuchhuah]] on border near Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in future phase.<ref name=railline1>[http://www.powerupconstruction.com/indias-north-east-opensthe-gateway-to-prosperity/ India's north east opened up] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193859/http://www.powerupconstruction.com/indias-north-east-opensthe-gateway-to-prosperity/ |date=27 November 2018 }}, PowerUpConstruction.Com</ref>


===Other projects – alternate route to northeast India===
===Other projects – alternate route to northeast India===
Line 55: Line 63:
===Zorinpui border crossing and visa arrangements ===
===Zorinpui border crossing and visa arrangements ===


[[Borders of India#India–Myanmar border|Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost]] at [[Lawngtlai district#Zorinpui Integrated Check Post|Zorinpui]] in [[Lawngtlai district]], is already operational since 2017.<ref name=icp4>[https://www.google.com.sg/search?client=firefox-b&dcr=0&ei=lWJCWr3sLcrJvgS0ory4CA&q=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&oq=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&gs_l=psy-ab.3...5050.12763.0.13049.20.20.0.0.0.0.285.2665.0j13j2.15.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..5.10.1914...0j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i10k1j0i13k1.0.d3bPEkKCEM4 India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh], ''[[Times of India]]'', 1 Oct 2o17.</ref> In early 2018, visa agreement were signed for the citizens of two nations to travel by road for education, medical assistance, tourism and other purposes.<ref name=update1>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN], ''Myanmar Times'', May 2018.</ref><ref name=update2/> This agreement was operationalised on 9 August 2018.<ref name=mandalay1/> Indians and Myanma citizens with valid passport and vis can pass through two official Land Border Crossings at [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] in Manipur ([[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]] in [[Sagaing Region]] of Myanmar) and [[Zokhawthar]] in Mizoram ([[Rikhawdar]] in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar).<ref name=mandalay1/>
[[Borders of India#India–Myanmar border|Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost]] at [[Lawngtlai district#Zorinpui Integrated Check Post|Zorinpui]] in [[Lawngtlai district]], is already operational since 2017.<ref name=icp4>[https://www.google.com.sg/search?client=firefox-b&dcr=0&ei=lWJCWr3sLcrJvgS0ory4CA&q=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&oq=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&gs_l=psy-ab.3...5050.12763.0.13049.20.20.0.0.0.0.285.2665.0j13j2.15.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..5.10.1914...0j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i10k1j0i13k1.0.d3bPEkKCEM4 India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh], ''[[Times of India]]'', 1 Oct 2o17.</ref> In early 2018, visa agreement were signed for the citizens of two nations to travel by road for education, medical assistance, tourism and other purposes.<ref name=update1>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516112626/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html |date=16 May 2018 }}, ''Myanmar Times'', May 2018.</ref><ref name=update2/> This agreement was operationalised on 9 August 2018.<ref name=mandalay1/> Indians and Myanma citizens with valid passport and visa can pass through two official Land Border Crossings at [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] in Manipur ([[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]] in [[Sagaing Region]] of Myanmar) and [[Zokhawthar]] in Mizoram ([[Rihkhawdar]] in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar).<ref name=mandalay1/>


===Motor Vehicle Agreement===
===Motor Vehicle Agreement===


In 2015, India proposed a trilateral Motor Vehicle Agreement to facilitate seamless movement of passenger and cargo vehicles among the three countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea for Motor vehicle agrement between India and Myanmar|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/plea-for-motor-vehicle-agrement-between-india-and-myanmar/articleshow/57186840.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, during a visit by Thai officials to Manipur, the state's Chief Secretary Oinam Nabakishore declared that the draft of the trilateral agreement had already been prepared.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand Envoy Visits Manipur|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/thailand-envoy-visits-manipur/|website=Northeast Today|access-date=1 June 2017|date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thai delegation visits Manipur|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/thai-delegation-visits-manipur/|website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> As of May 2018, the signing of Motor vehicle agreement is still pending.<ref name=update2/>
In 2015, India proposed a trilateral Motor Vehicle Agreement to facilitate seamless movement of passenger and cargo vehicles among the three countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea for Motor vehicle {{sic|agrem|ent|nolink=y}} between India and Myanmar|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/plea-for-motor-vehicle-agrement-between-india-and-myanmar/articleshow/57186840.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, during a visit by Thai officials to Manipur, the state's Chief Secretary Oinam Nabakishore declared that the draft of the trilateral agreement had already been prepared.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand Envoy Visits Manipur|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/thailand-envoy-visits-manipur/|website=Northeast Today|access-date=1 June 2017|date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thai delegation visits Manipur|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/thai-delegation-visits-manipur/|website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com|date=27 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> As of May 2018, the signing of Motor vehicle agreement is still pending.<ref name=update2/>


==Related projects==
==Related projects==
{{anchor | Related | Projects | Project }}
{{anchor | Related | Projects | Project }}
 
Myanmar is key part of India's [[Act East policy|"Look East" policy]] and Kaladan project has enabled several other associated projects with ongoing development of growing list of integrated linkages.
Myanmar is key part of India's "Look East" policy and Kaladan project has enabled several other associated projects with ongoing development of growing list of integrated linkages.


===Commerce and trade ===
===Commerce and trade ===
Line 70: Line 77:
====Sittwe Special Economic Zone====
====Sittwe Special Economic Zone====


Sittwe Special Economic Zone (Sittwe SEZ) at Ponnagyun town was announced by India's Union Minister of State for External Affairs [[Vijay Kumar Singh|V K Singh]] at the India-[[ASEAN]] Foreign Ministers meet at Laos in August 2016. The 1000 acre SEZ will be built {{convert|60|km|mi}} north from Sittwe upstream of [[Kaladan River]] at Ponnagyun town. China is building a rival [[Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone]] and port {{convert|80|km|mi}} south of Sittwe.
Sittwe Special Economic Zone (Sittwe SEZ) at Ponnagyun town was announced by India's Union Minister of State for External Affairs [[V. K. Singh|V K Singh]] at the India-[[ASEAN]] Foreign Ministers meet at Laos in August 2016. The 1000 acre SEZ will be built {{convert|60|km|mi}} north from Sittwe upstream of [[Kaladan River]] at Ponnagyun town. China is building a rival [[Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone]] and port {{convert|80|km|mi}} south of Sittwe.
<ref name=sez1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-planning-to-set-up-sez-in-myanmars-sittwe/articleshow/53496839.cms "India planning to set up SEZ in Myanmar's Sittwe"], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 2 August 2016.</ref><ref name=biz1/>
<ref name=sez1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-planning-to-set-up-sez-in-myanmars-sittwe/articleshow/53496839.cms "India planning to set up SEZ in Myanmar's Sittwe"], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 2 August 2016.</ref><ref name=biz1/>


Line 79: Line 86:
Thathay Chaung Hydropower Project(TCHP) is an 1800 megawatt, two dam project being built and financed by India on [[Chindwin River]] in [[Rakhine State]] of Myanmar, a 1,200 megawatt dam at Thamanthi (Manthi) and 600 megawatt dam at Shwejaye. The electricity produced will be supplied to Manipur state of India.<ref name=ongc1/>
Thathay Chaung Hydropower Project(TCHP) is an 1800 megawatt, two dam project being built and financed by India on [[Chindwin River]] in [[Rakhine State]] of Myanmar, a 1,200 megawatt dam at Thamanthi (Manthi) and 600 megawatt dam at Shwejaye. The electricity produced will be supplied to Manipur state of India.<ref name=ongc1/>


====Sittwe–Gaya gas pipeline====


====Sitwe–Gaya gas pipeline====
There is also to a proposal to build {{convert|1,575|km|abbr=on}} long Sittwe–Aizawl–Silchar–Guwahati–Siliguri–Gaya gas pipeline to transport gas from Sittwe gas field where [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] and [[GAIL (India) Limited|GAIL]] hold 30 percent stake in oil and gas exploration.<ref name=ongc1>Alexis Rieffel, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQsErroCfzsC&dq=sittwe+port+development&pg=PA139 "Myanmar/Burma: Inside Challenges, Outside Interests"], Brookings Institution Press, pp139, {{ISBN|0815705069}}.</ref>
 
There is also to a proposal to build {{convert|1,575|km|abbr=on}} long Sittwe–Aizawl–Silchar–Guwahati–Siliguri–Gaya gas pipeline to transport gas from Sittwe gas field where [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] and [[GAIL (India) Limited|GAIL]] hold 30 percent stake in oil and gas exploration.<ref name=ongc1>Alexis Rieffel, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQsErroCfzsC&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=sittwe+port+development&source=bl&ots=uK13sutvBa&sig=0Qc0dv1eH0kygl63yhXtQbbpLhI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF7O2gsOnVAhUPT48KHSAEBYQ4ChDoAQhZMAs#v=onepage&q=sittwe%20port%20development&f=false "Myanmar/Burma: Inside Challenges, Outside Interests"], Brookings Institution Press, pp139, {{ISBN|0815705069}}.</ref>


===Highways ===
===Highways ===
Line 97: Line 103:
{{main|India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway}}
{{main|India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway}}


The India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway (Friendship Highway) is a highway under construction that will connect [[Moreh, India|Moreh]], India with [[Mae Sot]], Thailand via [[Myanmar]].<ref name="Tripoto">{{cite web | title=All you want to know about Delhi to Bangkok Road Trip–Myths & Reality | website=Tripoto | url=https://www.tripoto.com/trip/india-delhi-to-thailand-bangkok-by-road | date=11 September 2015 | access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> The road is expected to boost trade and commerce in the [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area]], as well as with the rest of Southeast Asia. India has also proposed extending the highway to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.<ref>http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160810/jsp/northeast/story_101585.jsp {{dead link|date=August 2021}}</ref> The proposed approx {{convert|3,200|km|mi|abbr=on}} route from India to Vietnam is known as the '''East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC)'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar Road Project Hooks 1.8 Billion Baht From Thailand|url=http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/burma-road-project-hooks-1-8-billion-baht-from-thailand.html|website=The Irrawaddy|access-date=12 February 2017|date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
The India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway (Friendship Highway) is a highway under construction that will connect [[Moreh, India|Moreh]], India with [[Mae Sot]], Thailand via [[Myanmar]].{{cn|date=April 2025}} The road is expected to boost trade and commerce in the [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area]], as well as with the rest of Southeast Asia. India has also proposed extending the highway to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160810/jsp/northeast/story_101585.jsp |title=Highway pact after car rally |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811161544/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160810/jsp/northeast/story_101585.jsp |archive-date=2016-08-11}} </ref> The proposed approx {{convert|3,200|km|mi|abbr=on}} route from India to Vietnam is known as the '''East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC)'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar Road Project Hooks 1.8 Billion Baht From Thailand|url=http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/burma-road-project-hooks-1-8-billion-baht-from-thailand.html|website=The Irrawaddy|access-date=12 February 2017|date=2 February 2017}}</ref>


====Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway ====
====Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway ====
Line 103: Line 109:
Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway Project is a INR 20 billion (US$315 million) {{convert|645|km|abbr=on}} long under construction [[Paletwa]]–[[Cikha]] road highway in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar, which will also be connected to the Indian border on two places, Paletwa to [[National Highway 502 (India)|NH502]] [[Zochachhuah]] border village<ref name=loc2/> of [[Lawngtlai district]] in south-most Mizoram (main road route of Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport project) and at [[Khenman]] (Myanmar) to [[National Highway 502A (India)|NH102B]] [[Behiang]] border village of [[Churachandpur]] district in southernmost Manipur. On 21 April 2016, [[Chin State]] Chief Minister Pu Lian Luai in Myanmar informed that the project is funded by Indian government, which will connect Paletwa in southern Chin state to Cikha (also misspelt as Chikha in Indian media) sub-town in northern Chin state. New roads will also be built to connect the Paletwa-Chikha highway to villages and towns in Chin state.<ref name=Miz1>[http://mizzima.com/news-domestic/construction-chikha-paletwa-highway-priority Construction of Chikha to Paletwa Highway a priority], ''Mizzima'', April 2016</ref>
Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway Project is a INR 20 billion (US$315 million) {{convert|645|km|abbr=on}} long under construction [[Paletwa]]–[[Cikha]] road highway in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar, which will also be connected to the Indian border on two places, Paletwa to [[National Highway 502 (India)|NH502]] [[Zochachhuah]] border village<ref name=loc2/> of [[Lawngtlai district]] in south-most Mizoram (main road route of Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport project) and at [[Khenman]] (Myanmar) to [[National Highway 502A (India)|NH102B]] [[Behiang]] border village of [[Churachandpur]] district in southernmost Manipur. On 21 April 2016, [[Chin State]] Chief Minister Pu Lian Luai in Myanmar informed that the project is funded by Indian government, which will connect Paletwa in southern Chin state to Cikha (also misspelt as Chikha in Indian media) sub-town in northern Chin state. New roads will also be built to connect the Paletwa-Chikha highway to villages and towns in Chin state.<ref name=Miz1>[http://mizzima.com/news-domestic/construction-chikha-paletwa-highway-priority Construction of Chikha to Paletwa Highway a priority], ''Mizzima'', April 2016</ref>


==== Zokhawthar–Rihkwadar–Kalemyo Highway====
==== Zokhawthar–Rihkhawdar–Kalemyo Highway====


India–Myanmar Zokhawthar–Rihkwadar–Kalemyo Highway will provide second connection to the [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] (IMT), between [[National Highway 102B (India)|NH102B]] [[Zokhawthar]] Indian border village of [[Champhai]] district in east Mizoram to Rihkwadar border town in Myanmar, connecting it to IMT {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} away at [[Kalemyo]],<ref name=hindub1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/7500crore-road-network-to-boost-northeast-economy/article9559199.ece 7,500-crore road network to boost North-East economy], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 24 February 2017.</ref> where it will connect to the IMT at Kalemyo.<ref name=mandalay1/>
India–Myanmar Zokhawthar–Rihkhawdar–Kalemyo Highway will provide second connection to the [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] (IMT), between [[National Highway 102B (India)|NH102B]] [[Zokhawthar]] Indian border village of [[Champhai]] district in east Mizoram to Rihkhawdar border town in Myanmar, connecting it to IMT {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} away at [[Kalemyo]],<ref name=hindub1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/7500crore-road-network-to-boost-northeast-economy/article9559199.ece 7,500-crore road network to boost North-East economy], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 24 February 2017.</ref> where it will connect to the IMT at Kalemyo.<ref name=mandalay1/>


===Railway===
===Railway===
Line 115: Line 121:


==See also==
==See also==
; Nearby major port projects  
; Nearby major port projects
* [[Sabang, Indonesia|Sabang strategic port development]], India-Indonesia project
* [[Sabang, Indonesia|Sabang strategic port development]], India-Indonesia project
* [[Dawei Port Project]] in Myanmar
* [[Dawei Port Project]] in Myanmar
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|India's Look-East Connectivity projects]]


; Regional projects  
; International-regional projects
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|India's Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[Bharatmala#IntEcoCordList|India's International connectivity projects]]
* [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Northeast India connectivity projects|India's Northeast Connectivity projects]]  
* [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Northeast India connectivity projects|India's Northeast Connectivity projects]]
* [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation#BIMSTEC priority sectors|BIMSTEC projects]]
* [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation#BIMSTEC Priority Sectors|BIMSTEC projects]]
* [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]]
* [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]]
* [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]]
* [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]]
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[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rakhine State]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rakhine State]]
[[Category:Sittwe]]
[[Category:Sittwe]]
[[Category:Transport in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Transport in Mizoram]]

Latest revision as of 20:55, 13 March 2026


Route map of the transport project

The Kaladan Road Project[1] (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is an international transport project connecting the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar by sea. In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan river boat route, and then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India. All components of the project, including Sittwe port and power, river dredging, and Paletwa jetty, have been completed,[2][3] except the under construction Zorinpui-Paletwa road.[4] Originally, the project was scheduled to be completed by 2014; after this deadline was missed, the project was expected to be fully operational by December 2023.[4] With further delays, according to India and Mizoram government, the entire project would be operational by 2027.[5][6]

History[edit | edit source]

This project will reduce the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1,328 km (825 mi) and will reduce the need to transport goods through the narrow Siliguri corridor, also known as Chicken's Neck.

Initially India had tried to persuade Bangladesh to offer transport and transit rights to the northeastern states.[7] However, Bangladesh has consistently refused to grant such rights, including access to its Chittagong port, which is less than 200 km (120 mi) away from Agartala, the capital of Tripura.[8]

The project is being piloted and funded by the Ministry of External Affairs (India). The preliminary feasibility studies were carried out by Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES). Construction work on Sittwe port and the boat jetty in Paletwa, as well as the dredging work, will be executed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), with Essar Projects Ltd, a division of the Essar Group appointed in May 2010 as the main contractor.[9]

Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project initially faced problems such as underestimation of the road length in Myanmar and plans to construct hydro-electric projects — Chhimtuipui River and Lungleng River — on two tributaries of the Kaladan River followed by another project downstream. That the first two projects are being built by one public sector undertaking and the third is being constructed by another PSU (Public Sector Unit) has also led to coordination issues. Due to construction of this hydro electrical projects, navigation of boats could be effected.[10]

In April 2017, the Sittwe port and IWT Paletwa jetty were ready and operational.[11] In April 2017, India handed over the operation of completed Sittwe port and Inland Water Terminal at Paletwa to Myanmar. In June 2017, India handed six gas tanker cargo vessels worth US$81.29 million (K110.08 billion) to the Myanmar government to transport gas to north-east India via Manipur. Work on the port in Sittwe and the IWT in Paletwa, Chin State, is in its final stages, and the six cargo vessels are meant to facilitate transportation of goods from Sittwe to Paletwa. The $81.29 million cost of the vessels was met through a grant from India. The construction work was assigned to IWT in October 2012, the keels were laid in March 2013 and the vessels were launched between April and December 2016. On completion of the tests and trials at Yangon, the vessels reached Sittwe in March 2017. Acceptance trials were completed in April 2017 in Sittwe.[11]

In June 2017, after several upward budget revisions and troubles in finding contractors, the INR1,600-crore (US$250 million) contract has been finally awarded to an Indian company C&C construction for building 109-km road connecting IWT Paletwa river terminal to Zorinpui in Mizoram border. The contractor would open offices at Sittwe, Paletwa and Yangon in Myanmar, mobilise men and machine during the monsoon and start construction after the monsoon in October.[12]

In 2019, India and Myanmar launched Operation Sunrise, a joint military effort to dismantle insurgent group camps, especially the Arakan Army, threatening the Kaladan Project.[13]

As of 2026, the project which passes through the areas of Paletwa, Pauktaw, Ponnagyun Kyauktaw, and Mrauk-U townships, are controlled by the Arakan Army. A small area of jetty in Sittwe remains under the control of the military council.[6]

India plans to open the Kaladan project by 2027, as announced by Minister of Ports and Shipping Sarbananda Sonowal in July 2027.[14][5]

Route[edit | edit source]

Sea–river–road route[edit | edit source]

The project has several sections combining multi-modes of transport:[15]

  • Kolkata-Sittwe shipping route - 539 km (335 mi) from seaport of Kolkata in India to Sittwe seaport in Myanmar via Bay of Bengal. This sea route has been operational for several decades. Port upgrade, from 20,000 ton vessels to 40,000 ton capacity vessels, has been completed.
  • Sittwe seaport to Paletwa inland jettyriver boat route - 158 km (98 mi)' from Sittwe seaport to Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydro power project at Paletwa jetty via Kaladan river in Myanmar. River dredging and jetty upgrade completed in June 2017.[12][16] There is at least one river lock for navigation.[17] Six barges of 300 ton capacity each were handed over to Myanmar by the government of India.[18] Completed.[2]
    Sittwe Special Economic Zone at Ponnagyun town 60 kilometres (37 mi) north from Sittwe upstream of Kaladan River at Ponnagyun town is being built by India on 1000 acres.[19][12]
  • Paletwa inland jetty to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar - 108 km (67 mi) two-lane in each direction (4 lanes total) road route from IWT Paletwa to Zochawchhuah(India)–Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar border in Myanmar. Construction contract of INR1600 crore (16 billion) was awarded to Ircon in June 2017,[12][20] and construction commenced in April 2018,[21] after all the necessary approvals were granted by the Myanmar govt in January 2018.[20] Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui has been operational since 2017.[22]
    • Package-I: Paletwa inland jetty to Kaletwa road route in Myanmar - 67 km (42 mi) is Complete as per March 2024 update.[22][23]
    • Package-II: Kaletwa to Zorinpui road route in Myanmar - 48.5 km (30.1 mi) is under construction as per March 2024 update, militants in control of the area have assured cooperation and security for the completion of the road.[24][23]
  • Zorinpui to Aizawl road route in India - 110 km (68 mi) from Indo-Myanmar border at Zorinpui to Aizawl. From Aizawl it connect to Aizawl-Saiha National Highway at Lawngtlai in Mizoram, India by road on National Highway 54 (India) (NH-54), which then continues further to Dabaka in Assam via 850 km (530 mi) long NH-54 which in turn is part of the larger East–West Corridor connecting North East India with the rest of India.[25][12] Complete as per March 2024 update.[23][22]
    Note: The 90 km (56 mi) 2-lane route from Indo-Myanmar border at Zochawchhuah-Zorinpui to Tuipang is complete. From Tuipang, the national highway was further upgraded from 2-lane to all-weather 4-lane from NH 54 Lawngtlai to Aizawl in Mizoram.[12] INR6000 crore (60 billion) was approved to further improve this Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui–Aizawl national highway.[20] Lomasu to Lawngtlai is a two-lane highway in each direction (total four lanes) and Lawngtlai to Aizawl–Guwahati national highway was widened to 4 lanes in each direction (total 8 lanes).[26]
  • Shillong-Silchar highway in India - 166.8 km (103.6 mi), from Mawlyngkhung near Shillong to Panchgram on NH-6 near Silchar, will cut travel time between the two cities from 8.5 hours to 5 hours and act as a continuation of Kaladan multi-modal transport project offering a new Rs 22,864 crore high-speed highway between the North-East and Kolkata bypassing Bangladesh, executed by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) and expected to be completed by 2030.[27]

Complementary railway route[edit | edit source]

This railway route will complement the river–road route of this project in Myanmar-Mizoram:

  • Kyauktaw–Zorinpui in Myanmar, 200 km (120 mi) – planned but not yet surveyed: India has future yet-unapproved plans to fund and construct this missing link.
  • Zochawchhuah (Zorinpui)–Sairang railway in India, 375 km (233 mi) – being surveyed since Aug-2017: Survey for the rail line from Sairang (Aizawl) to Hmawngbuchhuah on border near Zochawchhuah–Zorinpui was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in future phase.[29]

Other projects – alternate route to northeast India[edit | edit source]

Compared to the 1,880 km (1,170 mi) long, congested "Chicken's Neck" Siliguri Corridor, this Kaladan project will almost half the distance to a mere 950 km (590 mi). As an alternate route (unrelated to the Kaladan Multi-Modal project) to northeast India, India is also developing railway route from Cox's Bazar deep water port to South Tripura district by rehabilitating the railway link from Santirbazar in India to Feni in Bangladesh, where a road and rail bridge is being built to connect the "Belonia, India–Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail crossing checkposts", this will reduce traffic through Sittwe, but will provide strategically redundancy if there is a war with China.[30]

Travel arrangements[edit | edit source]

Zorinpui border crossing and visa arrangements[edit | edit source]

Integrated Customs & Immigration Checkpost at Zorinpui in Lawngtlai district, is already operational since 2017.[31] In early 2018, visa agreement were signed for the citizens of two nations to travel by road for education, medical assistance, tourism and other purposes.[32][2] This agreement was operationalised on 9 August 2018.[21] Indians and Myanma citizens with valid passport and visa can pass through two official Land Border Crossings at Moreh in Manipur (Tamu in Sagaing Region of Myanmar) and Zokhawthar in Mizoram (Rihkhawdar in Chin State of Myanmar).[21]

Motor Vehicle Agreement[edit | edit source]

In 2015, India proposed a trilateral Motor Vehicle Agreement to facilitate seamless movement of passenger and cargo vehicles among the three countries.[33] In May 2017, during a visit by Thai officials to Manipur, the state's Chief Secretary Oinam Nabakishore declared that the draft of the trilateral agreement had already been prepared.[34][35] As of May 2018, the signing of Motor vehicle agreement is still pending.[2]

Related projects[edit | edit source]

Myanmar is key part of India's "Look East" policy and Kaladan project has enabled several other associated projects with ongoing development of growing list of integrated linkages.

Commerce and trade[edit | edit source]

Sittwe Special Economic Zone[edit | edit source]

Sittwe Special Economic Zone (Sittwe SEZ) at Ponnagyun town was announced by India's Union Minister of State for External Affairs V K Singh at the India-ASEAN Foreign Ministers meet at Laos in August 2016. The 1000 acre SEZ will be built 60 kilometres (37 mi) north from Sittwe upstream of Kaladan River at Ponnagyun town. China is building a rival Kyaukpyu Special Economic Zone and port 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Sittwe. [19][12]

Energy[edit | edit source]

Thathay Chaung Hydropower Project[edit | edit source]

Thathay Chaung Hydropower Project(TCHP) is an 1800 megawatt, two dam project being built and financed by India on Chindwin River in Rakhine State of Myanmar, a 1,200 megawatt dam at Thamanthi (Manthi) and 600 megawatt dam at Shwejaye. The electricity produced will be supplied to Manipur state of India.[36]

Sittwe–Gaya gas pipeline[edit | edit source]

There is also to a proposal to build 1,575 km (979 mi) long Sittwe–Aizawl–Silchar–Guwahati–Siliguri–Gaya gas pipeline to transport gas from Sittwe gas field where ONGC and GAIL hold 30 percent stake in oil and gas exploration.[36]

Highways[edit | edit source]

Agartala–Feni–Chittagong Highway[edit | edit source]

Indian has decided to build an INR130 crore (US$20 million) bridge over the Feni River at the Tripura-Bangladesh border to connect the existing NH8 Agartala–Sabroom on Indian side to Chittagong port in Bangladesh 80 km (50 mi) from South Tripura. In February 2017, the project was in tendering stage.[37]

Aizawl–Tuipang National Highway 4-laning[edit | edit source]

In June 2017, to ensure faster movement of goods between Sittwe and Mizoram capital of Aizawl in the North West which is close to the Barak Valley of Assam, India started an INR6,000-crore upgrade of current 2-lane 300 km (190 mi) Aizawl–Tuipang national highway to all-weather four-laning of international standard, the tender will be floated in September and construction contract will be awarded by December 2017 after the ongoing land acquisition is complete.[12] The upgrade of 52-km long road from Tuipang to Myanmar border, from 2-lane to all-weather 4-lane highway, is also included in this 352 km (219 mi) long National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) project.[38]

India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway[edit | edit source]

Main article: India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway

The India–Myanmar–Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway (Friendship Highway) is a highway under construction that will connect Moreh, India with Mae Sot, Thailand via Myanmar.[citation needed] The road is expected to boost trade and commerce in the ASEAN–India Free Trade Area, as well as with the rest of Southeast Asia. India has also proposed extending the highway to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.[39] The proposed approx 3,200 km (2,000 mi) route from India to Vietnam is known as the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC).[40]

Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway[edit | edit source]

Paletwa–Cikha–India Highway Project is a INR 20 billion (US$315 million) 645 km (401 mi) long under construction Paletwa–Cikha road highway in Chin State of Myanmar, which will also be connected to the Indian border on two places, Paletwa to NH502 Zochachhuah border village[41] of Lawngtlai district in south-most Mizoram (main road route of Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport project) and at Khenman (Myanmar) to NH102B Behiang border village of Churachandpur district in southernmost Manipur. On 21 April 2016, Chin State Chief Minister Pu Lian Luai in Myanmar informed that the project is funded by Indian government, which will connect Paletwa in southern Chin state to Cikha (also misspelt as Chikha in Indian media) sub-town in northern Chin state. New roads will also be built to connect the Paletwa-Chikha highway to villages and towns in Chin state.[42]

Zokhawthar–Rihkhawdar–Kalemyo Highway[edit | edit source]

India–Myanmar Zokhawthar–Rihkhawdar–Kalemyo Highway will provide second connection to the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMT), between NH102B Zokhawthar Indian border village of Champhai district in east Mizoram to Rihkhawdar border town in Myanmar, connecting it to IMT 120 km (75 mi) away at Kalemyo,[37] where it will connect to the IMT at Kalemyo.[21]

Railway[edit | edit source]

Bairabi-Sairang-Hmawngbuchhuah railway[edit | edit source]

Main article: Bairabi Sairang Railway

Indian Railways has already converted to broad gauge the current 84 km (52 mi) rail line from Katakhal (Assam) to Bairabi 2 km (1.2 mi) inside Mizoram. Its further 51.38 km (31.93 mi) Bairabi Sairang Railway extension from Bairabi to Sairang (20 km (12 mi) north of Aizawl) in Mizoram is under construction with target completion date of March 2019 as per status update in March 2016. In August 2015, India railway completed a survey for a possible new route extension from Sairang to Hmawngbuchhuah[43] on Mizoram's southern tip on the border of Myanmar, where at nearby Zochachhuah[41] village the National Highway 502 (part of Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project) enters Myanmar, leaving a possibility open for yet-unplanned future rail connections to Paletwa.[44][45]

See also[edit | edit source]

Nearby major port projects
International-regional projects

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Purushothaman, Vakkom. "Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to link sea route in Myanmar with Mizoram". The Northeast Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Still under construction, The Statesman, 13 May 2018.
  3. ↑ India starts construction of ₹1,600-cr Mizoram-Myanmar Kaladan road, Business Line, 17 April 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 110-km road is final challenge for long-delayed India-Myanmar Kaladan connectivity project, The Print, 29 March, 2021.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 PTI (7 July 2025). "Kaladan project between India, Myanmar to be operational by 2027: Sonowal". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 October 2025.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "အာရက္ခတပ်တော်နှင့် ကောင်းမွန်သည့်ဆက်ဆံရေးရှိဟု မီဇိုရမ်ပြည်နယ်ဝန်ကြီးချုပ် ပြော". အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၊ မီဇိုရမ်ပြည်နယ်အစိုးရနဲ့ အာရက္ခတပ်တော် (AA)တို့ကြားမှာ ကောင်းမွန်တဲ့ ဆက်ဆံရေး ရှိကြပြီး အိန္ဒိယအစိုးရ တည်ဆောက်နေတဲ့ ကုလားတန်စီမံကိန်းကိုလည်း အာရက္ခ တပ်တော်က ထိန်းချုပ်ထားတယ်လို့ မတ် ၁…. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  7. ↑ Egreteau, Renaud (2011). "A Passage to Burma? India, Development and Democratization in Myanmar". Contemporary Politics. 17 (4): 467–486. doi:10.1080/13569775.2011.619771. S2CID 153496597.
  8. ↑ Phukan, Papori. "Kaladan Multi-Modal Project In Myanmar". Manipur Online. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  9. ↑ "Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project". Arakan Rivers. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  10. ↑ Dikshit, Sandeep. "India-Myanmar transport project hits roadblock". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 vessels handed over to Myanmar by India, Mizzima, 2 June 2017.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar, Business Line, 9 June 2017.
  13. ↑ "Operation Sunrise: India-Myanmar target insurgent groups camp in North East". India Today. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
  14. ↑ ၂၀၂၇ တွင် အသက်ဝင်မည့် အိန္ဒိယ၏ ကုလားတန်စီမံကိန်းနှင့် AA ၏ အခန်းကဏ္ဍ (The role of Arakan Army in the implementation of India's 2027 Kaladan plan). Myanmar Now. July 24, 2025.
  15. ↑ Multi-modal project introduction
  16. ↑ "India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN". The Myanmar Times. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  17. ↑ India's connectivity to Myanmar[usurped].
  18. ↑ Delay in Kaladan project, Business Standard, 2018.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "India planning to set up SEZ in Myanmar's Sittwe", The Economic Times, 2 August 2016.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Mizoram to get connected with Sittwe port[permanent dead link].
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Road to Mandalay Indian Express, June 2018.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Mizoram MP meets Myanmar militants in push to speed up work on key connectivity project, The Print, 1 Mar 2024.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 The Kaladan Transport Project Amidst the Civil War in Myanmar, IDSA, 22 July 2024. Archived August 4, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Preserving Indian Interests during Ongoing Disturbances in Myanmar. Centre for Joint Warfare Studies. Manshi Suhag. July 9, 2024. Archived December 14, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ "Multi-modal route map". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  26. ↑ India appoints post operator, Irrawaddy
  27. ↑ New Northeast–Kolkata Sea Route Via Myanmar To Take Shape Through Shillong–Silchar Highway, Bypassing Bangladesh: Report, IE, 18 May 2025.
  28. ↑ Myanmar in China's Push into the Indian Ocean, Joshy M Paul, March 14, 2016, retrieved 20 January 2017
  29. ↑ India's north east opened up Archived 27 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, PowerUpConstruction.Com
  30. ↑ As Smart as Sittwe: Going North-East by South-East, First Post, 2019.
  31. ↑ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct 2o17.
  32. ↑ India ramps up Myanmar ties to gain foothold in ASEAN Archived 16 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Myanmar Times, May 2018.
  33. ↑ "Plea for Motor vehicle agrement [sic] between India and Myanmar". The Economic Times. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  34. ↑ "Thailand Envoy Visits Manipur". Northeast Today. 28 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  35. ↑ "Thai delegation visits Manipur". www.easternmirrornagaland.com. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Alexis Rieffel, 2010, "Myanmar/Burma: Inside Challenges, Outside Interests", Brookings Institution Press, pp139, ISBN 0815705069.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 7,500-crore road network to boost North-East economy, The Hindu, 24 February 2017.
  38. ↑ New Mizoram–Myanmar 352 Km national highway all set to boost trade and economy in the region, The North East Today, 21 August 2017.
  39. ↑ "Highway pact after car rally". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016.
  40. ↑ "Myanmar Road Project Hooks 1.8 Billion Baht From Thailand". The Irrawaddy. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Google Maps". Google Maps.
  42. ↑ Construction of Chikha to Paletwa Highway a priority, Mizzima, April 2016
  43. ↑ "Hmawngbuchhuah · Mizoram 796891, India". Hmawngbuchhuah · Mizoram 796891, India.
  44. ↑ "Massive push to railway infrastructure under way in Northeast". 22 July 2016.
  45. ↑ "Sanctioned in 2000, broad-gauge train reaches Mizoram after 16 years". 21 March 2016.

External links[edit | edit source]

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