Indian Premier League: Difference between revisions

Seasons
	2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020; 2021; 2022; 2023;

Indian Premier League
	File:Indian Premier League Official Logo.svg
Countries	India
Administrator	Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)
Headquarters	Cricket Centre, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Format	Twenty20
First edition	2008
Latest edition	2023
Next edition	2024
Tournament format	Round Robin format with Group System and Playoffs
Number of teams	10
Current champion	Chennai Super Kings ; (2023)
Most successful	Chennai Super Kings ; Mumbai Indians ; (5 titles each)
Most runs	Virat Kohli (7263)
Most wickets	Yuzvendra Chahal (187)
TV	India ; Star Sports (Television) ; JioCinema (Internet) ; International ; List of broadcasters
Website	iplt20.com

Latest revision as of 22:03, 24 November 2023

The Indian Premier League (IPL) (also known as the TATA IPL for sponsorship reasons) is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league that is annually held in India and contested by ten city-based franchise teams.^[3]^[4] The BCCI founded the league in 2007. The competition is usually held in summer between March and May every year. It has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme due to fewer international cricket tours happening during IPL seasons worldwide.^[5]

The IPL is the most-popular cricket league in the world; in 2014, it was ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.^[6] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event to be broadcast live on YouTube.^[7]^[8] Other Indian sports leagues have been established based on the success of the IPL.^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[11]^[12]^[13] The brand value of the league in 2022 was ₹90,038 crore (US$13 billion).^[14] According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$160 million) to the GDP of the economy of India.^[15] In December 2022, IPL became a decacorn valued at US$10.9 billion, registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D and P Advisory.^[16] Its 2023 final was the most streamed live event on internet with 3.2 Cr or 32 million viewers.^[17]

In 2023 the league sold its media rights for the period of 2023–2027 for US$6.4 billion to Viacom18 and Star Sports,^[18] making the IPL's value per match $13.4 million.^[19] As of 2023^[update], there have been sixteen seasons of the tournament. The current champions are Chennai Super Kings, who won the season 2023 after defeating Gujarat Titans in the final at the Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad.^[20]

History[edit]

Winners
Indian Premier League
Season	Winners
2008	Rajasthan Royals
2009	Deccan Chargers
2010	Chennai Super Kings
2011	Chennai Super Kings (2)
2012	Kolkata Knight Riders
2013	Mumbai Indians
2014	Kolkata Knight Riders (2)
2015	Mumbai Indians (2)
2016	Sunrisers Hyderabad
2017	Mumbai Indians (3)
2018	Chennai Super Kings (3)
2019	Mumbai Indians (4)
2020	Mumbai Indians (5)
2021	Chennai Super Kings (4)
2022	Gujarat Titans
2023	Chennai Super Kings (5)

Background[edit]

The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007 with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises.^[21] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC), and the BCCI was unhappy about its own committee members joining the ICL executive board.^[22] To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money associated with its domestic tournaments and imposed lifetime bans on any player joining the rival league, which the BCCI considered a rebel league.^[23]^[24]

Foundation[edit]

A match during the 2008 IPL inaugural season in Chennai

On 13 September 2007,^[25] following India's victory at the 2007 T20 World Cup,^[26] the BCCI announced a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket (T20) competition called the Indian Premier League. The first season was scheduled to start in April 2008 in a "high-profile ceremony" at New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, who led the IPL effort, provided details of the tournament, including its format, prize money, franchise revenue system, and squad composition rules. The new league, which would be run by a seven-man governing council, would also be the qualifying mechanism for that year's Champions League Twenty20.^[25]

To determine team ownership, an auction of franchises was held on 24 January 2008; the reserve prices of the eight franchises totalled $400 million,^[24] although the auction raised a total of $723.59 million.^[27] As a result of the ban imposed on players opting to participate in the ICL, the rival league closed down in 2009.^[28]^[29]

Expansions and terminations[edit]

Crowd during a match of the 2023 IPL season in Kolkata

New franchises Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala joined the league before the fourth season in 2011.^[30] Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.^[30] The Kochi franchise was terminated after only one season when they failed to pay the BCCI the 10% bank guarantee element of the franchise.^[31]

In September 2012, after failing to find new owners, the Deccan Chargers franchise agreement was terminated.^[32] In October, an auction for a replacement franchise was held; Sun TV Network won the bid for what became the Hyderabad franchise;^[33] the team was named Sunrisers Hyderabad.^[34]

Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL in May 2013 over financial differences with the BCCI.^[35] The BCCI officially terminated the franchise in October, and the league reverted to eight teams.^[36]

In June 2015, two-time champions Chennai Super Kings and the inaugural season champions Rajasthan Royals were suspended for two seasons following their role in a spot-fixing and betting scandal.^[37] The two teams were replaced for two seasons by franchises based at Pune and Rajkot.^[38]^[39]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the venue for the 2020 season was moved and games were played in the United Arab Emirates.^[40]^[41] In August 2021, the BCCI announced two new franchises, based in two of six shortlisted cities, would join the league in the 2022 season.^[42]^[43] In closed bidding held in October, RPSG Group and CVC Capital won the bids for the teams, paying ₹7,000 crore (US$980 million) and ₹5,200 crore (US$730 million).^[44]^[45] The teams were subsequently named Lucknow Super Giants and Gujarat Titans.

A number of IPL franchise owners have expanded their business by acquiring teams in other franchise leagues, such as the South African SA20, the Caribbean Premier League and the US Major League Cricket. Teams have been branded with similar names to their parent IPL franchises.^[46]

Organisation[edit]

The IPL's headquarters is situated inside the Cricket Centre next to the Wankhede Stadium in Churchgate, Mumbai. The Governing Council is responsible for the league's functions, including tournament organisation. As of April 2023^[update] its members were:^[47]

Arun Singh Dhumal – Chairman^[48]^[49]
Jay Shah – Secretary of the BCCI
Ashish Shelar – Treasurer, BCCI
Avishek Dalmiya
Pragyan Ojha – Indian Cricketers' Association's representative
Alka Rehani Bhardwaj – Comptroller and Auditor General of India nominee

Player acquisition, squad composition, and salaries[edit]

A team can acquire players through the annual player auction, trading with other teams during trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction^[50] and set their base price and are bought by the highest-bidding franchise. Players unsold at the auction are eligible to be signed as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with consent; the franchise pays any difference between the old and new contracts. If the new contract is worth more than the old one, the player and the selling franchise share the difference. There are generally three trading windows – two before the auction and one between the auction and the start of the tournament. Players cannot be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.

Some of the rules for franchises, as of the 2020 season, are:

The salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹85 crore (US$12 million).^[51]
Under-19 players cannot be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.^[52]

Player contracts run for one year; the franchise can extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, player contracts have been denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in the US dollar. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract-due date or the actual payment date.^[53] Before the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool. They could be signed up by franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 lakh (US$14,000) to ₹30 lakh (US$42,000) would be deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners, who complained richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals." The IPL later decided to include domestic players in the player auction.^[54]

The BCCI give 10% of foreign players' salary to their country's national cricket board.^[55]

According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second-highest of sports leagues in the world. Because players in the IPL are contracted only for the duration of the tournament – less than two months – the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro data to obtain an average annual salary, unlike other sports leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.^[56]

According to a report by The Telegraph, IPL players are paid 18% of the revenue, which is the lowest amount compared to other major sports leagues. Most sports leagues pay the players at least 50% of the revenue. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations said that IPL players must be paid fairly.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Prize money[edit]

The 2022 season of the IPL offered total prize money of ₹46.5 crore (US$6.5 million), with the winning team netting ₹20 crore (US$2.8 million) and the second-placed team ₹13 crore (US$1.8 million).^[60]^[61] League rules mandate that half of any prize money must be distributed amongst the franchise's players.^[62]

Rules[edit]

The IPL has a number of rules which vary from the established Laws of cricket or those used in other Twenty20 leagues:

IPL games incorporate television timeouts. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic time-out" during each innings. One must be taken by the bowling team between the seventh and ninth overs and the other by the batting team between the 14th and 16th overs. A penalty may be imposed if umpires find teams misusing this privilege.^[63]
Since the 2018 season, the Decision Review System (DRS) has been used in all IPL matches, allowing each team two opportunities each innings to review an on-field umpire's decision.^[64] From the 2023 season, this was extended to allow the review of wides ad no-balls.^[65]
If the bowling team does not complete its overs in the allocated time, it may place only four fielders outside of the fielding restrictions circle for the remainder of the innings,^[65] or the match referee may impose financial sanctions on the bowling team after the match, with players fined a proportion of their match fee.^[66]
Teams can use a substitute, termed an "impact player", from a list of five players named as possible substitutes. The substitution can be made before the start of innings, when a wicket falls, when a batter retires, or at the end of an over. Both teams can introduce a substitute once per match.^[67]^[68]
Teams can declare their playing eleven to the match-referee before or after the toss.^[67]
A five run penalty is imposed if a fielder or wicket-keeper makes an unfair movement while the bowler is bowling and the ball is designated as dead ball.^[69]^[65]^[67]
Teams can includes a maximum of four overseas players in their playing eleven.^[68]
Teams must include 15 players in their squad, with a maximum of eight overseas players.^[70]

Teams[edit]

As of the 2023 season, the league has ten teams based in cities across India.

Template:Map/Teams in IPL

Team	City	State	Home ground	Debut	Captain	Head coach
Chennai Super Kings	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	M. A. Chidambaram Stadium	2008	M. S. Dhoni	Stephen Fleming
Delhi Capitals	New Delhi	Delhi	Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium	2008	David Warner	Ricky Ponting
Gujarat Titans	Ahmedabad	Gujarat	Narendra Modi Stadium	2022	Hardik Pandya	Ashish Nehra
Kolkata Knight Riders	Kolkata	West Bengal	Eden Gardens	2008	Nitish Rana	Chandrakant Pandit
Lucknow Super Giants	Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ekana Cricket Stadium	2022	KL Rahul	Justin Langer
Mumbai Indians	Mumbai	Maharashtra	Wankhede Stadium	2008	Rohit Sharma	Mark Boucher
Punjab Kings	Mohali	Punjab	Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium	2008	Shikhar Dhawan	Trevor Bayliss
Rajasthan Royals	Jaipur	Rajasthan	Sawai Mansingh Stadium	2008	Sanju Samson	Kumar Sangakara
Royal Challengers Bangalore	Bangalore	Karnataka	M. Chinnaswamy Stadium	2008	Faf du Plessis	Andy Flower
Sunrisers Hyderabad	Hyderabad	Telangana	Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium	2013	Aiden Markram	Daniel Vettori

Defunct teams[edit]

Team	City	State	Home ground	Debut	Dissolved	Owner(s)
Deccan Chargers	Hyderabad	Telangana	Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium	2008	2012	T. Venkattram Reddy Gayatri Reddy
Kochi Tuskers Kerala	Kochi	Kerala	Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium	2011	2011	Kochi Cricket Pvt Ltd
Pune Warriors India	Pune	Maharashtra	Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium	2011	2013	Subrata Roy
Rising Pune Supergiant	Pune	Maharashtra	Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium	2016	2018	Sanjiv Goenka
Gujarat Lions	Rajkot	Gujarat	Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium	2016	2018	Keshav Bansal

Timeline of teams[edit]

<timeline> DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:1100 height:auto barincrement:25 Period = from:2008 till:2024 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:120 left:20 bottom:50 top:5 #> to display a count on left side of graph, use "left:20" to suppress the count, use "left:20"<# Colors = id:barcolor

id:line value:pink
id:bg   value:white
         id:Present value:rgb(0.4,0.80,0.67) # Use this color to denote a team that is a current league member
         id:Former value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) # Use this color to denote a team that is a former league member
         id:Suspended value:rgb(0.996,0.996,0.699) # Use this color to denote a team that is suspended

PlotData=

width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:S

bar:1  color:Present from:2008 till:2016 text: Chennai Super Kings (2008–2015; 2018–present)
bar:1  color:Suspended from:2016 till:2018 text: Suspended
bar:1  color:Present from:2018 till:end text:

bar:2  color:Present from:2008 till:2019 text: Delhi Daredevils (2008–2018)
bar:2  color:Present from:2019 till:end text: Delhi Capitals (2019–present)

bar:3  color:Present from:2008 till:end text: Kolkata Knight Riders (2008–present)

bar:4  color:Present from:2008 till:end text: Mumbai Indians (2008–present)

bar:5  color:Present from:2008 till:2021 text: Kings XI Punjab (2008–2020)
bar:5  color:Present from:2021 till:end text: Punjab Kings (2021–present)

bar:6  color:Present from:2008 till:2016 text: Rajasthan Royals (2008–2015; 2018–present)
bar:6  color:Suspended from:2016 till:2018 text: Suspended
bar:6  color:Present from:2018 till:end text:

bar:7  color:Present from:2008 till:end text: Royal Challengers Bangalore (2008–present)

bar:8  color:Present from:2013 till:end text: Sunrisers Hyderabad (2013–present)

bar:9  color:Present from:2022 till:end text: Gujarat Titans (2022–present)

bar:10  color:Present from:2022 till:end text: Lucknow Super Giants (2022–present)

bar:8  color:Former from:2008 till:2013 text: Deccan Chargers (2008–2012)

bar:9  color:Former from:2011 till:2012 text: Kochi Tuskers Kerala (2011)

bar:10  color:Former from:2011 till:2014 text: Pune Warriors India (2011–2013)

bar:9  color:Former from:2016 till:2018 text: Gujarat Lions (2016–2017)

bar:10  color:Former from:2016 till:2018 text: Rising Pune Supergiant (2016–2017)

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:2008 TextData =

   fontsize:L
   textcolor:black
   pos:(0,30) tabs:(400-center)
   text:

</timeline>

Present teams Former teams Suspended

Tournament seasons and results[edit]

With five titles each, Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have won the most tournaments. Kolkata Knight Riders have won two,^[71] and Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have all won a single title.^[72]^[73]^[74]

As of 2023^[update], the current champions are Chennai Super Kings, who defeated Gujarat Titans by five wickets in the 2023 IPL final to secure their fifth title.

Number of titles[edit]

Team	Title(s)	Runner-up	Seasons won	Seasons runner-up	No. of seasons played
Chennai Super Kings	5	5	2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2023	2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019	14
Mumbai Indians	5	1	2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020	2010	16
Kolkata Knight Riders	2		2012, 2014	2021	16
Rajasthan Royals	1		2008	2022	14
Sunrisers Hyderabad			2016	2018	11
Gujarat Titans			2022	2023	2
Deccan Chargers^†		–	2009	–	5
Royal Challengers Bangalore	–	3	–	2009, 2011, 2016	16
Punjab Kings		1		2014	16
Delhi Capitals				2020	16
Rising Pune Supergiant^†				2017	2

^† Team now defunct

Finals[edit]

Season	Winner	Winning margin	Runner-up	Final venue	Player of the season
2008	Rajasthan Royals 164/7 (20 overs)	Royals won by 3 wickets Scorecard	Chennai Super Kings 163/5 (20 overs)	DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai	Shane Watson (RR)
2009	Deccan Chargers 143/6 (20 overs)	Chargers won by 6 runs Scorecard	Royal Challengers Bangalore 137/9 (20 overs)	Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg	Adam Gilchrist (DC)
2010	Chennai Super Kings 168/5 (20 overs)	Super Kings won by 22 runs Scorecard	Mumbai Indians 146/9 (20 overs)	DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai	Sachin Tendulkar (MI)
2011	Chennai Super Kings 205/5 (20 overs)	Super Kings won by 58 runs Scorecard	Royal Challengers Bangalore 147/8 (20 overs)	M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai	Chris Gayle (RCB)
2012	Kolkata Knight Riders 192/5 (19.4 overs)	Knight Riders won by 5 wickets Scorecard	Chennai Super Kings 190/3 (20 overs)	M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai	Sunil Narine (KKR)
2013	Mumbai Indians 148/9 (20 overs)	Indians won by 23 runs Scorecard	Chennai Super Kings 125/9 (20 overs)	Eden Gardens, Kolkata	Shane Watson (RR)
2014	Kolkata Knight Riders 200/7 (19.3 overs)	Knight Riders won by 3 wickets Scorecard	Kings XI Punjab 199/4 (20 overs)	M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru	Glenn Maxwell (KXIP)
2015	Mumbai Indians 202/5 (20 overs)	Indians won by 41 runs Scorecard	Chennai Super Kings 161/8 (20 overs)	Eden Gardens, Kolkata	Andre Russell (KKR)
2016	Sunrisers Hyderabad 208/7 (20 overs)	Sunrisers won by 8 runs Scorecard	Royal Challengers Bangalore 200/7 (20 overs)	M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru	Virat Kohli (RCB)
2017	Mumbai Indians 129/8 (20 overs)	Indians won by 1 run Scorecard	Rising Pune Supergiant 128/6 (20 overs)	Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Hyderabad	Ben Stokes (RPSG)
2018	Chennai Super Kings 181/2 (18.3 overs)	Super Kings won by 8 wickets Scorecard	Sunrisers Hyderabad 178/6 (20 overs)	Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai	Sunil Narine (KKR)
2019	Mumbai Indians 149/8 (20 overs)	Indians won by 1 run Scorecard	Chennai Super Kings 148/7 (20 overs)	Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Hyderabad	Andre Russell (KKR)
2020	Mumbai Indians 157/5 (18.4 overs)	Indians won by 5 wickets Scorecard	Delhi Capitals 156/7 (20 overs)	Dubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai	Jofra Archer (RR)
2021	Chennai Super Kings 192/3 (20 overs)	Super Kings won by 27 runs Scorecard	Kolkata Knight Riders 165/9 (20 overs)	Dubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai	Harshal Patel (RCB)
2022	Gujarat Titans 133/3 (18.1 overs)	Titans Won by 7 wickets Scorecard	Rajasthan Royals 130/9 (20 overs)	Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad	Jos Buttler (RR)
2023	Chennai Super Kings 171/5 (15 overs)	Super Kings won by 5 wickets (DLS) Scorecard	Gujarat Titans 214/4 (20 overs)	Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad	Shubman Gill (GT)

Teams' performances[edit]

Season (No. of teams)	2008 (8)	2009 (8)	2010 (8)	2011 (10)	2012 (9)	2013 (9)	2014 (8)	2015 (8)	2016 (8)	2017 (8)	2018 (8)	2019 (8)	2020 (8)	2021 (8)	2022 (10)	2023 (10)
Chennai Super Kings	RU	SF	C	C	RU	RU	PO	RU	Suspended		C	RU	7th	C	9th	C
Deccan Chargers^†	8th	C	4th	7th	8th	–
Delhi Capitals / Delhi Daredevils	SF	SF	5th	10th	PO	9th	8th	7th	6th	6th	8th	PO	RU	PO	5th	9th
Kolkata Knight Riders	6th	8th	6th	PO	C	7th	C	5th	PO	PO	PO	5th	5th	RU	7th	7th
Mumbai Indians	5th	7th	RU	PO	PO	C	PO	C	5th	C	5th	C	C	5th	10th	PO
Punjab Kings / Kings XI Punjab	SF	5th	8th	5th	6th	6th	RU	8th	8th	5th	7th	6th	6th	6th	6th	8th
Rajasthan Royals	C	6th	7th	6th	7th	PO	5th	PO	Suspended		PO	7th	8th	7th	RU	5th
Royal Challengers Bangalore	7th	RU	3rd	RU	5th	5th	7th	PO	RU	8th	6th	8th	PO	PO	PO	6th
Kochi Tuskers Kerala^†	–			8th	–
Pune Warriors / Pune Warriors India^†	–			9th	9th	8th	–
Sunrisers Hyderabad	–					PO	6th	6th	C	PO	RU	PO	PO	8th	8th	10th
Gujarat Lions^†	–								PO	7th	–
Rising Pune Supergiant^†	–								7th	RU	–
Gujarat Titans	–														C	RU
Lucknow Super Giants	–														PO	PO

Teams are listed alphabetically by year of entry into the league

^† Team now defunct

C: champions
RU: runner-up
3rd: team won the 3rd place playoff. A third place playoff only took place in 2010
4th: team lost the 3rd place playoff
SF or PO: team qualified for the semi-final or playoff stage of the competition

Records and statistics[edit]

A summary of the most notable statistical records associated with the tournament is provided below:

As of 25 August 2023

Batting Records
Most runs	Virat Kohli (RCB)	7,263
Highest score	Chris Gayle (RCB)	175 not out vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013)
Highest partnership	Virat Kohli & AB de Villiers (RCB)	229 vs Gujarat Lions (14 May 2016)
Most sixes	Chris Gayle (KKR/RCB/PBKS)	357
Most fours	Shikhar Dhawan (DD/MI/DC/SRH/PBKS)	750
Most centuries	Virat Kohli (RCB)	7
Bowling Records
Most wickets	Yuzvendra Chahal (MI/RCB/RR)	187
Best bowling figures	Alzarri Joseph (MI)	6/12 vs Sunrisers Hyderabad (6 April 2019)
Fielding
Most dismissals (wicket-keeper)	MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS)	180
Most catches (fielder)	Suresh Raina (CSK/GL)	109
Other records
Most matches	MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS)	250
Most matches as captain	MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS)	227
Team records
Highest total	Royal Challengers Bangalore	263/5 (20) vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013)
Lowest total	Royal Challengers Bangalore	49 (9.4) vs Kolkata Knight Riders (23 April 2017)

Source: records extracted from ESPNcricinfo^[75]

Awards[edit]

Orange Cap[edit]

The Orange Cap, introduced in 2008, is awarded to the highest run-scorer at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition with the current highest-run scorer wearing the cap whilst fielding. The eventual winner keeps the cap for the season. Brendon McCullum was the first player to wear the Orange Cap and Shaun Marsh the inaugural winner of the award. Australian batsman David Warner has won the award three times, more than any other player.^[76] Shubman Gill of Gujarat Titans, who scored 890 runs during the 2023 season, is the most recent winner of the award.^[77]^[78]

Purple Cap[edit]

The Purple Cap is awarded to the highest wicket-taker at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition and the bowler who is the leading wicket-taker wears a purple cap whilst fielding. The leading wicket-taker at the end of the season wins the award. Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Dwayne Bravo are the only players to have won the award twice.^[79]^[80]

Most Valuable Player[edit]

The Most Valuable Player award, called the "Man of the Tournament" until the 2012 season, is awarded using a ratings system introduced in 2013. Shubman Gill won the award in 2023.

Fair Play Award[edit]

The Fair Play Award is given after each season to the team considered to have the best fair play record. After each match, the two on-field umpires and the third umpire score the performance of both teams, with the highest scoring team at the end of the season receiving the award.^[81] The 2023 winners were Delhi Capitals.

Emerging Player Award[edit]

The Emerging Player Award was presented to the best under-19 player in 2008 and the best under-23 player in 2009 and 2010. In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year," and in 2013 the "Best Young Player of the Season." Since 2014, the award has been called the Emerging Player of the Year.^[82] The 2023 winner was Yashasvi Jaiswal.

Maximum Sixes Award[edit]

The Maximum Sixes Award is presented to the player who hits the most sixes at the end of the season.^[83]

Finances[edit]

Title sponsorship[edit]

Title sponsorship fees^[84]
Sponsor	Period	Estimated annual sponsorship fee
DLF	2008–2012	₹40 crore (US$5.6 million)
Pepsi	2013–2015	₹79.2 crore (US$11.1 million)
Vivo	2016–2017	₹100 crore (US$14.0 million)
Vivo	2018–2019	₹440 crore (US$61.7 million)
Dream11	2020	₹222 crore (US$31.1 million)
Vivo	2021	₹440 crore (US$61.7 million)
Tata	2022–2023	₹335 crore (US$47.0 million)

From 2008 to 2012, the IPL title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, which bid ₹200 crore (US$28 million) for the rights for five seasons.^[85] After the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹397 crore (US$56 million) for the next five seasons^[86] but terminated the deal in October 2015, two years before the expiry of the contract, due to the two-season suspension of the Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league.^[87] The BCCI transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹200 crore (US$28 million).^[88]

In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons from 2018 to 2022 with a winning bid of ₹2,199 crore (US$310 million).^[89]^[90] On 4 August 2020, Vivo canceled the title sponsorship rights due to the military stand-off between India and China at the Line of Actual Control in July 2020.^[91] The withdrawal was also a result of Vivo's market losses due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; Vivo intended to return as the title sponsor for the following three years.^[92] Dream11 bagged the title sponsorship for the 2020 IPL for an amount of ₹222 crore (US$31 million).^[93] Vivo returned as the title sponsor for the 2021 IPL season^[94] but withdrew again, and was replaced by the Tata Group for the next two seasons.^[95] InsideSport reported the BCCI would receive ₹498 crore (US$70 million) for the 2022 and 2023 seasons from title sponsors. Vivo had previously agreed to pay a higher amount for the last two seasons of its sponsorship contract due to the league's expansion from the 2022 season. According to InsideSport, due to the new deal's structure, Tata would pay ₹335 crore (US$47 million) per year while Vivo would pay the deficit of ₹163 crore (US$23 million) per season.^[96]^[97]

Saudi Aramco brought the rights to advertise on the Purple and Orange caps in 2022.^[98]

Payments to foreign national boards[edit]

The BCCI pays ten percent of the auctioned value of a player to their respective cricket board. In January 2018, IPL chairman Rajiv Shukla said the IPL would double the amount paid to cricket boards that made their players available for an entire season.^[99] In 2022, Australian Cricketers' Association expressed its unhappiness about this.^[100]

Brand value[edit]

The IPL tournament rapidly grew in value between 2016 and 2018. Financial experts valued the IPL at US$4.16 billion in 2016; that number grew to $5.3 billion in 2017 and $6.13 billion in 2018. A report from Duff & Phelps said one of the contributing factors in the rapid growth of the IPL's value was a new television deal with Star India Private Limited, which engaged more viewers because the IPL was transmitted to regional channels in eight languages; under the previous deal, the transmissions were limited to sports networks with English-language commentary.^[101]^[102]

According to an independent report conducted by Brand Finance, a London-based company, after the conclusion of the 2017 Indian Premier League, the IPL's business value grew by 37% to an all-time peak of $5.3 billion, exceeding the five-billion-dollar mark for the first time in a season. According to the company's director Savio D'Souza:

Now in its 11th season, the Indian Premier League is here to stay. The league has delivered financially for the players, franchisees, sponsors, and India as a whole, prompting a strong desire among stakeholders to value it appropriately. To ensure continued development, management, and team owners must explore innovative ways of engaging fans, clubs, and sponsors.^[103]^[relevant?]

In December 2022, the IPL became a decacorn valued at US$10.9 billion, registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D & P Advisory.^[16]

Brand value
Team	Year
	2023		2022		2021
	Brand value	Ref	Brand value	Ref	Brand value	Ref
Mumbai Indians	₹9,962 crore (US$1.4 billion)	^[104]	$83M	^[105]^[106]^[104]	$80M	^[105]
Kolkata Knight Riders	₹8,428 crore (US$1.2 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$77M		$66M
Chennai Super Kings	₹8,811 crore (US$1.2 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$74M		$76M
Royal Challengers Bangalore	₹7,853 crore (US$1.1 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$68M		$50M
Delhi Capitals	₹7,930 crore (US$1.1 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$62M		$56M
Rajasthan Royals	₹7,662 crore (US$1.1 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$61M		$34M
Sunrisers Hyderabad	₹7,432 crore (US$1.0 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$49M		$52M
Gujarat Titans	₹6,512 crore (US$913.0 million)	^{[citation needed]}	$47M		N/A
Punjab Kings	₹7,087 crore (US$993.6 million)	^{[citation needed]}	$45M		$36M
Lucknow Super Giants	₹8,236 crore (US$1.2 billion)	^{[citation needed]}	$32M		N/A

In 2022, the BCCI took insurance of ₹5,000 crore (US$700 million) for the IPL. This insurance policy involves all stakeholders, including broadcasters, ancillary services providers, and sponsors. The BCCI is covered in the case of any revenue losses due to weather, riots, and other unforeseen events.^[107]

Broadcasting[edit]

2008–2017: Sony Pictures Networks[edit]

The IPL's broadcast rights were held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks (SPN) and World Sport Group (WSG) under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.03 billion; SPN held domestic rights in India while WSG handled international distribution.^[108]^[109] The initial plan was for twenty percent of these proceeds to go to the IPL, eight percent as prize money and seventy-two percent would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares.^[110] In March 2010, however, the IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.^[111] As of the 2016 season, Sony Max, Sony Six, and Sony ESPN served as the IPL's domestic broadcasters; Max and Six aired broadcasts with commentary in Hindi, SIX also aired broadcasts in Bengali, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu, while Sony ESPN aired broadcasts in English.^[112] SPN also produced Extraaa Innings T20, a combination of a post-match show with an entertainment talk show featuring celebrity guests.^[113]^[114]

The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony Max is typically the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament,^[115] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue exceeded ₹12 billion (US$170 million). Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new Broadcast Audience Research Council audience measurement system, which calculates viewership in both urban and rural markets rather than only urban markets.^[116]^[112]

2018–2022: Star Sports and Hotstar[edit]

On 4 September 2017, it was announced the IPL's then-current digital rights holder Star India had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018.^[117] The contract was valued at ₹163.475 billion (US$2.55 billion), a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television and Facebook made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights – which US media interpreted as a sign Facebook was interested in pursuing professional sports rights – ^[118]^[119] Star was the only bidder from the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.^[120]^[121]^[122]

Star Sports broadcast matches on television and Hotstar streamed matches in India and other markets.^[123]^[124] In September 2018, Star and mobile carrier Jio reached a five-year sub-licencing agreement under which all domestic cricket matches aired by Hotstar would also be available via the Jio TV service for Jio Prime mobile subscribers.^[125] Throughout the 2019 season, international streaming viewership on Hotstar broke records, exceeding 10 million concurrent viewers multiple times. The 2019 final broke these records, peaking at 18.6 million concurrent streaming viewers.^[126]

2023–2027: Star Sports and JioCinema[edit]

The next cycle of IPL media rights will last from 2023 to 2027 and was put to auction.^[127] In this auction, the broadcasting rights were divided into four packages. Package A was for domestic television rights, and Package B was for domestic digital rights. Package C was for the digital rights of eighteen non-exclusive matches, and Package D was for international television and digital rights, further divided into four groups. On 13 June 2022, it was reported the packages for domestic television and streaming rights had fetched at least ₹397.75 billion (nearly US$5.1 billion) in total, doubling the value of the 2018–2022 contract.^[127]

The next day, it was announced that Star Sports had renewed its contract for television rights by winning package A, and that a Viacom18 consortium had exclusively acquired the streaming rights by winning both Package B and C.^[128] The two contracts for Package A and B are cumulatively valued at around US$6.2 billion; with the new contracts, the IPL overtook the Premier League in English football as the second highest-valued sports media property worldwide, behind only the NFL, whose new media contracts taking effect in the 2023 season cumulatively fetched US$111 billion.^[129]^[130]^[131]^[132]

In February 2023, Viacom18 announced it would stream the 2023 IPL for free on JioCinema with feeds in 12 languages, including English and regional languages, and in 4K resolution.^[133]^[134]^[135] The same month, The Walt Disney Company reported its loss of the IPL had contributed to a net loss of 2.4 million Disney+ subscribers worldwide, primarily in India.^[136]^[137]

Ahead of the 2023 IPL, Star launched HD feeds of Star Sports 1 in Tamil and Telugu and announced its free-to-air channel Star Utsav Movies would carry twelve matches. It was anticipated viewership of Star Sports' broadcasts may not be heavily impacted by the Jio deal due to its existing market reach (including as rights holder of India's home matches) and viewers who preferred linear television due to being less familiar with over-the-top services, or concerns over technical issues associated with such services. JioCinema reported the IPL had 1.4 billion views on the service over the opening weekend, which was higher than the entirety of the 2022 season on Disney+ Hotstar.^[138]^[139] The 2023 final set a record for the most concurrent viewers of a livestreamed event, peaking at over 32 million viewers (surpassing a record of 25.3 million set by Hotstar during the 2019 Cricket World Cup).^[140]^[141]

List of broadcasters[edit]

In June 2022 media-rights auction, Sky Sports and Viacom18 acquired the rights for the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, while Times Internet gained the rights for the Middle East, North Africa, and the US.^[142]

Territory	Channels and Online streaming	Years
India	Star Sports	2023–2027^[1]
India	Jio Cinema (Internet)	2023–2027^[2]
Bangladesh	T Sports, GTV	2022^[143]
Bangladesh	T Sports App	2023
Afghanistan	Ariana Television Network	2022^[144]
Africa	SuperSport	2023
Australia	Kayo Sports, Fox Sport's Foxtel (Internet)	2023^[1]
Indonesia	Vidio (Internet)	2023–present^[145]
Ireland	Sky Sports, DAZN	2023–present
United Kingdom	Sky Sports, DAZN	2023–present
Middle East and North Africa	Times Internet	2023^[1]
New Zealand	Sky Sport	2021–present
South Africa	SuperSport	2023^[1]
Sub-Saharan Africa	SuperSport	2021–present
United States	Willow TV	2023^[1]

Controversies[edit]

IPL spot fixing[edit]

In the 2012 IPL spot-fixing case, the BCCI gave a lifetime ban to Deccan Chargers player TP Sudhindra and suspended four other players.^[146] In a sting operation, Pune Warriors India player Mohnish Mishra was recorded stating IPL franchise owners pay their players through black money. His franchise later said Mishra had apologized for his incorrect statement.^[147]^[148] On 20 May 2012, police detained Rahul Sharma and Wayne Parnell when they caught during a raid at a rave party at a suburb of Mumbai; both players denied taking drugs or drinking alcohol.^[149] However it was later proven that in reality, they had taken banned drugs after police tested their urine and blood samples in a lab.^[150]

In the 2013 IPL spot-fixing and betting case, Delhi police arrested players Ajit Chandila, Ankeet Chavan and S Sreesanth on allegations of spot-fixing; they received a lifetime ban from the BCCI. Police also arrested Gurunath Meiyappan, Chennai Super Kings' team principal and son-in-law of then BCCI president N. Shrinivasan for illegally betting on IPL matches and passing team information to the bookmakers.^[151]^[152]

The Supreme Court of India appointed Lodha Committee banned Rajasthan Royals (RR) and Chennai Super Kings (CSK) for two years due to the RR proprietor and CSK team principal Meiyappan was found guilty of betting and bringing IPL and the game into disrepute. After this, BCCI banned Meiyappan from involving in the game. Justice R.M.Lodha said due to all this fixing-betting matter, the reputation of the game has been hurt quite grievously, "Disrepute has been brought to cricket, the BCCI, and the IPL to such an extent that there are doubts abound in the public whether the game is clean or not." He further elaborated his Committee's observations and said it had proved beyond doubt that Gurunath Meiyappan, the CSK's team principal, was heavily involved in betting on his team.^[153]

Strategic timeouts[edit]

In its 3rd season in 2010, the IPL administration brought a new rule: "strategic timeout" of seven minutes and fifty seconds duration in each inning. Franchises and Sachin Tendulkar disapproved of it. Many saw it as BCCI's use of 'extended drinks break' to earn money; it faced widespread backlash.^[154]^[155] Then IPL president said the rule is intended to allow teams to make strategies amid the game. Still, critics disagreed with this argument and said the strategic time-out is a way to generate money. Later, the BCCI reduced its duration but still applied it.^[155]

These timeouts boost the IPL revenue; every 10-second slot gets sold for ₹5 lakhs or more.^[156]^[157] Due to these time-outs, an IPL match halts four times for more than 10 minutes. As per Sunil Gavaskar, along with many other reasons, Strategic Timeouts (ST) delay the IPL matches, and they did not end at the stipulated time of 3 hours 10 minutes, instead end after 4 hours.^[158] Amid Super Giants against Mumbai Indians eliminator game 2023, on-air he uttered, "How many times batsmen get out after a strategic timeout," indicating it plays negative role in immediate fall of wickets by disrupting concentration of the batters.^[159]

Some cricketers have criticized strategic timeouts for interrupting the flow of play. In the past, it even faced a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) with the possibility that ST breaks were being used by bookies to connect with the players. In the past, IPL's stakeholders admitted that STs are unavoidable because it gives BCCI and broadcasters additional time for more ads. In 2013, after a spot-fixing matter, then-president N. Shrinivasan got sacked due to a pending inquiry, and Jagmohan Dalmia got appointed as interim president. Dalmia expressed openly that he wants to end STs and take other measures to restrain malpractices in IPL.^[154]

Incidents with players[edit]

In 2008 edition, after a game Harbhajan who was playing for Mumbai Indians slapped S Sreesanth, IPL fined and banned him from the remaining entire edition. However years later he apologized Sreesanth for it on TV and said he is ashamed for doing it.^[160]^[161]

In an interview Yuzvendra Chahal revealed two incidents of physical harassment that happened with him, while he was with Mumbai Indians. In 2013, in a party of the team in a building, a drunken teammate took him to balcony overpowered him and hung him from 15th floor of the building. Yuzvendra said, he narrowly survived that day.^[162]^[163]^[164] In an anathor incident two teammates including Andrew Symonds tied him, gagged his mouth and thrown him in a room of hotel, he remained whole night alone in that room, when the hotel room service arrived at morning, they untied his hands and legs.^[165] He did not revealed the names of the offenders involved in the first incident. Reacting to these revelations, Virender Sehwag expressed that he want Yuzvendra to reveal the offender's name and furious Ravi Shastri expressed that the offender should be banned.^[163]^[164]

Ravindra Jadeja ban[edit]

In 2010, the BCCI banned Ravindra Jadeja from the IPL for one year after he violated the IPL guidelines by not signing a renewal contract with his team Rajasthan Royals, and instead negotiated a more lucrative contract with other teams through back door.^[166]

Rajasthan Royals ownership dispute[edit]

In April 2010, IPL president Shashank Manohar said in a press conference that we (IPL) don't know who the owners of Rajasthan Royals (RR) and Punjab team are. I did not find Shilpa Shetty in the papers. She says she is an owner of Rajasthan Royals. The initial bid for RR was made by a person named Manoj Bhandale. After that, other firms from Mauritius were added as share holders. In response, Shilpa Shetty tweeted that she was a proprietor of RR. Regarding the Punjab team, the IPL president revealed that in the team bidding event, only Preity Zinta was interested in buying that team. She said she would form a firm. She did it and signed bid agreement with BCCI. However, Preity did not have a single share in her name in that firm. Manohar alleged that Shetty and Zinta violated the agreement as prior permission of BCCI is mandatory before transferring ownership shares with other people.^[167]

N. Srinivasan-CSK[edit]

In 2010, an e-mail leaked in Indian media, according to an Economic Times article, said former IPL president Lalit Modi helped then-BCCI president N Shrinivasan to buy Andrew Flintoff in the auction for his team Chennai Super Kings (CSK).^[168] Shrinivasan was criticized for owning an IPL team due to his conflict of interests. Former BCCI president A. Muthiah filed a lawsuit against Shrinivasan in the Supreme Court of India; he claimed Shrinivasan altered the BCCI's rules to allow himself to purchase a team. The Lodha Committee banned CSK from the IPL for two years when their team principal, Gurunath Meiyappan, was found guilty of betting and providing inside information to bookies.^[169] The supreme court criticized Shrinivasan for buying an IPL team while serving as BCCI president; a judge commented; "How can a BCCI chief own a team?".^[170] However he still own the team and his daughter Rupa Gurunath often appear in stadiums amid CSK's games.

Australian players dispute with their board[edit]

Due to the BCCI giving one-tenth of foreign players' salaries to their respective country's national cricket boards, a dispute between Australian cricketers and Cricket Australia started. The Australian Cricketers' Association also opposed the arrangement.^[171]

Shashi Tharoor, Sunanda Pushkar Kochi team ownership[edit]

In 2010, the IPL president revealed that the Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor's friend Sunanda Pushkar have sweat equity share in Rendezvous Sports World (RSW), the proprieter of Kochi Tuskers Kerala team. Opposition BJP agitated against Congress party. Later it was revealed that Pushkar has ₹70 Cr. equity in RSW. Tharoor offered to leave his equity but many within Congress felt that by doing this Tharoor pleaded guilty. Due to pressure, Congress demanded his resignation. He was the first minister of United Progressive Alliance 2 who got slammed for his illigal moves.^[172]

Slow over rates[edit]

IPL frequently gets criticism due to the slow pace of its matches. During the 2023 season, Jos Buttler mentioned on Twitter to speed up the pace of the play. An IPL match should end within 3:10 hours of the stipulated time, but it often ends after 4 hours. As per Gavaskar, strategic timeouts, reserve players running on the field with drinks and messages amid games, and batsmen asking for helmet results in these delays. Field umpires sometimes penalize teams by restricting them to field just four fielders outside the 30-yard area, or match referee penalizes by cutting captain's - team members' match fees, but it has not solved the problem. Games often run at a slow speed and finish late. Millions of viewers feel that IPL matches should be fast-paced.^[173]

Negative impact on international cricket[edit]

As per Kapil Dev, nowadays players avoiding to play for Indian team but they play all the games of IPL. He pointed, due to the league, injuries of Indian players are increased.^[174]

Explanatory notes[edit]

↑ Indian cricket leagues established using similar formats to the IPL include the Women's Premier League and various domestic state-level leagues. Leagues established in other sports include the association football Indian Super League,^[9] the Pro Kabaddi League and Pro Volleyball League^[10] Other international leagues have also adopted elements of the IPL and been influenced by the business model used.

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External links[edit]

[11] Indian cricket leagues established using similar formats to the IPL include the Women's Premier League and various domestic state-level leagues. Leagues established in other sports include the association football Indian Super League,^[9] the Pro Kabaddi League and Pro Volleyball League^[10] Other international leagues have also adopted elements of the IPL and been influenced by the business model used.

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v t e Indian Premier League
Seasons	2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Finals	2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Participating teams	Chennai Super Kings Delhi Capitals Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Punjab Kings Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad
Defunct teams	Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant
Auctions	2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Statistics and records	Team Result Scores Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping Fielding Individual Partnership Miscellaneous Umpires
Lists	Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five-wicket hauls Hundred run partnerships
Controversies	2012 spot-fixing case 2013 spot-fixing and betting case
Related topics	Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player
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