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{{short description|city in Bihar, India}}
{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{copy edit|for=spacing around punctuation|date=June 2021}}
<!-- See ym[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See ym[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
| name                           = Darbhanga
| name                     = Darbhanga
| other_name                     =  
| other_name               =  
| settlement_type                 = [[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan city]]
| settlement_type         = [[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan city]]
| image_skyline                   = Darbhanga images.png
| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage |photo1a = Darbhanga images.png |photo2a =Darbhanga 1.jpg}}
| imagesize                       = 300
| imagesize               = 300
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| image_alt               =  
| image_caption                   = From top - [[Darbhanga Fort]], [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], Anandbag Botanical garden, Shyama Mall, [[Darbhanga Airport]], Night view of [[Darbhanga Junction railway station]]
| image_caption           = From top - [[Darbhanga Fort]], [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], Anandbag Botanical garden, Shyama Mai Mandir, [[Darbhanga Airport]], Night view of [[Darbhanga Junction railway station]]
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| pushpin_map             = India Bihar#India#Asia|
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| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in [[Bihar]]
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| coordinates                     = {{coord|26.17|N|85.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type               = Country
| coordinates             = {{coord|26.17|N|85.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name               = India
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_type1               = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3               = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| established_title               = <!-- Established -->
| subdivision_name3       = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| established_date               =  
| established_title       = <!-- Established -->
| founder                         =  
| established_date         =  
| named_for                       =  
| founder                 =  
| government_type                 = Municipal Corporation
| named_for               =  
| governing_body                 = [[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
| government_type         = Municipal Corporation
| leader_title                   = Mayor
| governing_body           = [[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_name                     = Baijanti Devi Khedia
| leader_title             = Mayor
| leader_title1                   = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name             = Munni Devi
| leader_name1                   = Badruzzma Khan
| leader_title1           = Deputy Mayor
| leader_title2                   = Municipal commissioner
| leader_name1             = Bharat Sahani
| leader_name2                   = Manesh Kumar Meena, IAS<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/80075785.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=About Municipal Commissioner of Darbhanga}}</ref>
| leader_title2           = Municipal commissioner
| leader_title3                   = MP
| leader_name2             = Manesh Kumar Meena, IAS<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/80075785.cms|title=About Municipal Commissioner of Darbhanga|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| leader_name3                   = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]], [[BJP]]
| leader_title3           = MP
| leader_title4                   = MLA
| leader_name3             = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]], [[BJP]]
| leader_name4                   = [[Sanjay Saraogi]], [[BJP]]
| leader_title4           = MLA
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| leader_name4             = [[Sanjay Saraogi]], [[BJP]]
| area_footnotes                 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Darbhanga City|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=74614}}</ref>
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_total_km2                 = 19
| area_footnotes           = <ref>{{cite web|title=Darbhanga City|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=74614}}</ref>
| area_rank                       =  
| area_total_km2           = 19
| elevation_footnotes             =  
| area_rank               =  
| elevation_m                     = 52
| elevation_footnotes     =  
| population_total               = 380,125
| elevation_m             = 52
| population_footnotes           =  
| population_as_of        = 2011
| population_density_km2         =  
| population_total         = 380,125
| population_rank                 =  
| population_footnotes     =  
| population_demonym             =  
| population_density_km2   =  
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_rank         =  
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30
| population_demonym       =  
| postal_code_type               = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code                     = 846001–846009<ref>{{cite web |title=STD & PIN Codes |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/std-pin-codes/ |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| area_code                       = 06272
| postal_code_type         = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_code_type                 = Telephone code
| postal_code             = 846001–846009<ref>{{cite web |title=STD & PIN Codes |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/std-pin-codes/ |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
| registration_plate             = BR-07
| area_code               = 06272
| blank1_name_sec1               = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| area_code_type           = Telephone code
| blank1_info_sec1               = 910:1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| registration_plate       = BR-07
| website                         = {{URL|darbhanga.bih.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec1         = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| iso_code                       = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| blank1_info_sec1         = 910:1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| footnotes                       =  
| website                 = {{URL|darbhanga.bih.nic.in/}}
| demographics_type1             = Languages
| iso_code                 = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| demographics1_title1           = Official
| footnotes               =  
| demographics1_info1             = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| demographics_type1       = Languages
| demographics1_title2           = Additional official
| demographics1_title1     = Official
| demographics1_info2             = [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title=NCLM52ndReport|date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_info1     = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title3           = Regional Languages
| demographics1_title2     = Additional official
| demographics1_info3             = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_info2     = [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title=NCLM52ndReport|date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_info4             =  
| demographics1_title3     = Regional Language
| blank2_name_sec1               = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| demographics1_info3     = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=22 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_info_sec1               = [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| demographics1_info4     =  
| blank3_name_sec1               = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_name_sec1         = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1               = [[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]],
| blank2_info_sec1         = [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| blank3_name_sec1         = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1         = [[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]],
[[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]], [[Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurpur]], [[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]], [[Jale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jale]], [[Kusheshwar Asthan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kusheshwar Asthan]], [[Gaura Bauram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaura Bauram]], [[Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Benipur]], [[Alinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alinagar]], [[Hayaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hayaghat]]
[[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]], [[Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurpur]], [[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]], [[Jale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jale]], [[Kusheshwar Asthan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kusheshwar Asthan]], [[Gaura Bauram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaura Bauram]], [[Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Benipur]], [[Alinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alinagar]], [[Hayaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hayaghat]]
| official_name                   =  
| official_name           =  
}}
}}
'''Darbhanga''' is the fifth-largest city and [[municipal corporation]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] situated centrally in Mithila region. 


'''Darbhanga''' is a city and [[Municipal Corporation]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is the 5th largest city of Bihar situated In the centre of Mithilanchal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of cities in Bihar by population - Wikipedia|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bihar_by_population|access-date=2021-06-17|website=en.m.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2021}} It Is also the headquarters of [[Darbhanga district]] and [[Darbhanga division]] and was the seat of the [[Raj Darbhanga]] and capital of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].
Darbhanga is the headquarters of the [[Darbhanga district]] and the [[Darbhanga division]]. It was the seat of the erstwhile [[Raj Darbhanga|Khandwala]] dynasty. It was the capital of [[Mithila (proposed Indian state)|Mithila]].


Darbhanga is regarded as the cultural capital of the state of Bihar owing to its rich heritage and cultural Significance. It Is one of the oldest cities in India.
Darbhanga is one of the oldest cities in India. Musical, folk art, and literary traditions in Sanskrit and Maithili have been passed down generations in Darbhanga and constitute the city's strong cultural background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/culture-heritage/|title= Darbhanga : Heart of Mithilaanchal}}</ref>
Musical, folk art and literary traditions in Sanskrit and Maithili have been passed down generations in Darbhanga and constitute the place's strong cultural background.
 
The City is also the biggest medical and educational hub in the Northern Bihar/[[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Region.


==History==
==History==
The city was the capital of the Darbhanga raj, an estate established in the 16th century, and contains the Anandbagh palace. It was constituted a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is the seat of Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University (1961), which is located on the grounds of the palace, and Lalit Narayan Mithila University (1972). There is a museum containing archaeological materials as well as historical and handicraft exhibits. Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known ''dhrupad'' (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing, there is some light manufacturing al.
{{See also|Raj Darbhanga}}
The city was the capital of the Darbhanga Raj, an estate established in the 16th century, and contains the Anandbagh Palace. It was constituted a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is home to the Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University (1961), which is located on the grounds of the palace, and the Lalit Narayan Mithila University (1972). Darbhanga has a museum housing archaeological materials, as well as historical and handicrafts exhibits. Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known ''dhrupad'' (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing, the city has a light manufacturing industry.


Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Darbhanga|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Darbhanga|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>


Under the British Rule, Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut up to 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. The subdivisions had been created earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866 and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867.
Under the [[British Raj]], Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut until 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. Its subdivisions had been constituted earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866, and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867.
The district takes its name from its only city Darbhanga the District headquarters, which is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga has been derived from Dwar Banga or Dari – Banga, meaning the ‘door of Bengal’. This derivation does not appear to be very correct as division between Bengal and Bihar has always been further to the east. However, the linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal may be said to commence from here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} India|url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/history/|access-date=2021-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
The city of Darbhanga is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga is derived from Dwar Banga or Dar-e-Banga, meaning the ‘door of Bengal’. This etymology does not appear to be very correct as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been held to be further to the east. Nonetheless, the region has a linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} India|url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/history/|access-date=17 June 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>


{{See also|Raj Darbhanga}}Excavation at Balirajgarh revealed brick fortifications dating back to 2nd century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology:A Review|last=A.|first=Ghosh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1965|location=New Dehli|pages=3–5}}</ref>
Excavation at Balirajgarh revealed brick fortifications dating back to the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology:A Review|last=A.|first=Ghosh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1965|location=New Delhi|pages=3–5}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Line 116: Line 116:


{{see also|List of cities in Bihar}}
{{see also|List of cities in Bihar}}
The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with its population of 380,125 comprising 196,573 males and 183,552 females while the district as a whole has a population of 3 million.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/164-darbhanga.html</ref> It is the 5<ref>https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf</ref>th largest city in Bihar in terms of urban population. Males constitute 52.6% of the population and females 47.4%. Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, while the male literacy rate is 85.08% with women at 73.08%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001|title=Census of India: View Population Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427193419/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|archive-date=27 April 2016|access-date=2016-01-14|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> However as per document published on 06/03/2021 by office of District Magistrate Darbhanga the urban population of Darbhanga stands 3,80,125<ref>https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf</ref>
The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with a population of 380,125 while the surrounding district has 3 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/164-darbhanga.html |title = Darbhanga City Population Census 2011-2022 {{!}} Bihar}}</ref> It is the 5th largest city in Bihar in terms of the urban population.<ref>https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2022}}</ref> The city has 196,573 males (52.6%) and 183,552 females (47.4%). Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, with male literacy at 85.08% and female literacy at 73.08%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001|title=Census of India: View Population Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427193419/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|archive-date=27 April 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> However, as per the document published on 6 March 2021 by the office of District Magistrate Darbhanga, the urban population of Darbhanga stands 380,125<ref>https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=January 2022}}</ref>


==Transport==
==Transport==
Darbhanga is the biggest Transport hub of North Bihar. The only city to be well-connected by all the major modes of transportation - Airways, Railways, and Roadways.


===Railways===
===Railways===
[[File:Darbhangarailwaystation.jpg|left|thumb|[[Darbhanga Junction]]]]
[[Darbhanga Railway Station|Darbhanga Junction]] lies on the [[East Central Railway Zone (India)|East Central Railway]]. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India.
[[Darbhanga Railway Station|Darbhanga Junction]] lies on the [[East Central Railway Zone (India)|East Central Railway]]. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India.


Of the beginning of railway in Darbhanga and its neighbouring areas, ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' noted:
Of the beginning of railway in Darbhanga and its neighbouring areas, ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' noted:


{{quote|The famine of 1874 gave a great impetus to the construction of railways, and the District is on the whole well off in the matter of communications. Its south-west corner is traversed for 29 miles by the main line of the Bengal and North-Western Railway, and also by 25 miles of the new chord-line from Hajipur to Bachwara, which runs parallel to the Ganges embankment from east to west. From Samastipur a line runs to Darbhanga town and there branches off in two directions, the first north-west to Sitamarhi through Kamtaul and Jogiara, and the other due east to Khanwa Ghat on the Kosi (Old streem) near Pratapganj. The total length of the line within the District is 146 miles. Most of the earthwork for a line from Sakri to Jainagar on the Nepal frontier was completed as a relief work during the famine of 1897; and the line, which has now been opened, should tap a large grain supply from Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_164.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205257/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_164.gif |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|The famine of 1874 gave a great impetus to the construction of railways, and the District is on the whole well off in the matter of communications. Its southwest corner is traversed for 29 miles by the mainline of the Bengal and North-Western Railway, and also by 25 miles of the new chord-line from Hajipur to Bachwara, which runs parallel to the Ganges embankment from east to west. From Samastipur a line runs to Darbhanga town and there branches off in two directions, the first north-west to Sitamarhi through Kamtaul and Jogiara, and the other due east to Khanwa Ghat on the Kosi (Old Stream) near Pratapganj. The total length of the line within the District is 146 miles. Most of the earthwork for a line from Sakri to Jainagar on the Nepal frontier was completed as relief work during the famine of 1897; and the line, which has now been opened, should tap a large grain supply from Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_164.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205257/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_164.gif |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}}
 
Darbhanga Junction connects a large part of North Bihar and the [[Terai]] of Nepal with the rest of India as it serves as a major railhead for the region. It is the main station of Darbhanga and the district of [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}


=== Darbhanga Airport ===
=== Darbhanga Airport ===
[[File:DBR Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Darbhanga Airport]]]]
Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which is connected with all the major cities of India.
Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which is connected with all the major cities of India.


[[Spicejet]] and [[Indigo]],The Two Major airlines of the country operate daily flights from here for Metro cities like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]] & [[Ahmedabad]].
'''[[Darbhanga Airport]]''' ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''DBR''', [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''VE89''') is a [[civil enclave]] at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the [[Indian Air Force]], 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the NH-105 and NH-57 East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. The civil enclave is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The foundation stone for the project was laid by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and then Civil Aviation Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister [[Jayant Sinha]] on 24 December 2018. Commercial flights started on 8 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मिथिलांचल के लिए खुशखबरी! दरभंगा एयरपोर्ट का संचालन शुरू, देखिए अंदर की तस्वीरें|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/good-news-for-mithila-darbhanga-airport-starts-operating-see-inside-photos-asj|access-date=8 November 2020|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref>
 
Darbhanga has the longest runway in the state of Bihar Which is about 9328 ft long.
 
'''[[Darbhanga Airport]]''' ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''DBR''', [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''VE89''') is a [[civil enclave]] at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the [[Indian Air Force]], 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the NH-105 and NH-57 East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. The civil enclave is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The foundation stone for the project was laid by the Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and then Civil Aviation Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister [[Jayant Sinha]] on 24 December 2018. Commercial flights started from 8 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मिथिलांचल के लिए खुशखबरी! दरभंगा एयरपोर्ट का संचालन शुरू, देखिए अंदर की तस्वीरें|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/good-news-for-mithila-darbhanga-airport-starts-operating-see-inside-photos-asj|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref>


===Roadways===
===Roadways===
Line 144: Line 139:


The [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] expressway, which connects [[Porbandar]] in [[Gujarat]] to [[Silchar]] in [[Assam]], passes through Darbhanga.
The [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] expressway, which connects [[Porbandar]] in [[Gujarat]] to [[Silchar]] in [[Assam]], passes through Darbhanga.
A New Expressway is also proposed between [[Aurangabad]]-[[Patna]]-Darbhanga Which will connect [[Patna]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] with Darbhanga.
===Public transport===
For local transport, the commuters have the options of buses operated by [[BSRTC]] and [[auto-rickshaw]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} There is a new bus stand. The bus Stand located to the corner of the Connectivity [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] & [[National Highway 527B (India)|National Highway 527B]] Also Located near by Darbhanga Airport. Bus services are available from Darbhanga to all the major cities of India and Bihar viz. [[Delhi]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Patna]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
===Nearby Airports===
The nearest domestic airport is [[Darbhanga Airport]] in Darbhanga, approximately 04 kilometres away and 2nd nearest airport is roughly 150&nbsp;km away [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]] in Patna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/flights-start-from-bihar-s-darbhanga-airport-to-delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-11604889374463.html}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 282: Line 269:
  |publisher  = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
  |publisher  = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
  |access-date  = 18 August 2020
  |access-date  = 18 August 2020
|url-status    = live
|url-status    = live
  |archive-url  = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121223080239/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42391.TXT
  |archive-url  = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121223080239/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42391.TXT
  |archive-date = 23 December 2012}}</ref>
  |archive-date = 23 December 2012}}</ref>
Line 306: Line 293:
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Darbhanga( Under Construction )]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Darbhanga( Under Construction )]]
* [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Shyama Surgical Sansthan]]


===University===
===University===
[[File:Lalit Narayan Mithila University darbhanga.jpg|alt=LNMU|thumb|Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)]] Regional Centre
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)]] Regional Centre
Line 323: Line 309:
===Colleges===
===Colleges===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->* [[C. M. College]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[C. M. Science College, Darbhanga]]
* [[C. M. Science College, Darbhanga]]
* [[Kunwar Singh College]]
* [[Kunwar Singh College]]
* [[Marwari College]]
* [[Marwari College, Darbhanga|Marwari College]]
* [[Millat College]], Laharaisharai, Darbhanga
* [[Millat College]], Laharaisharai, Darbhanga


=== Schools. ===
=== Schools. ===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Only add an educational institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->*[[D.A.V. Public School]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the lists in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[D.A.V. Public School]]
*[[Darbhanga Public School]]
*[[Darbhanga Public School]]
*[[Holy Cross School, Darbhanga|Holy Cross School]]
*Holy Cross School
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Darbhanga
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Darbhanga
*[[Jesus & Mary Academy Darbhanga|Jesus & Mary Academy]]
*[[Jesus & Mary Academy Darbhanga|Jesus & Mary Academy]]
*[[Madonna English School]]
*[[Madonna English School]]
*[[Rose Public School]]
*[[Rose Public School]]
*[[High School Nehra, Darbhanga|Nehra High School +2]]
==Tourism==
{{see also|Tourism in Bihar}}
Darbhanga has various tourist attractions and is among the oldest cities of [[Bihar]].
Tourist spots include:
*[[Darbhanga Fort]]- It is a very famous tourist spot in Darbhanga.
*Ahilya Sthan
*Shyama Kali Temple
*[[Chandradhari Museum]]
*Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary
*[[Maharajadhiraj lakmeshwar singh museum Darbhanga]]
*Villages Of Dharbhanga
and much more....make it one of [[Bihar]]'s most visited city both by foreign and domestic tourists.


==Media and communications==
==Media and communications==
Line 372: Line 373:
*[[Ram Chatur Mallick]], musician
*[[Ram Chatur Mallick]], musician
*[[Ramnandan Mishra]], Indian nationalist who fought for India's freedom from British rule
*[[Ramnandan Mishra]], Indian nationalist who fought for India's freedom from British rule
*[[Sanjay Paswan]], politician and MP
*[[Sultan Ahmad]], former MLA
*[[Sanjay Saraogi]], MLA
*[[Sanjay Saraogi]], MLA
*[[Murari Mohan Jha|Dr. Murari Mohan Jha]], MLA from Keoti Vidhan Sabha Assembly Constituency
*[[Murari Mohan Jha|Dr. Murari Mohan Jha]], MLA from Keoti Vidhan Sabha Assembly Constituency
*[[Satya Narayan Sinha]], politician
*[[Satya Narayan Sinha]], politician
*[[Surendra Jha 'Suman']], poet, freedom fighter, politician, essayist, literary critic, journalist, publisher and academician
*[[Surendra Jha 'Suman']], poet, freedom fighter, politician, essayist, literary critic, journalist, publisher and academician
*[[Jyoti Kumari]], [[Sirhulli]], cyclist and [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Bal Puraskar]] recipient 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 26, 2021|first=Binay Kumar|last=Jha|title=Republic Day: Darbhanga ‘cycle girl’ Jyoti Kumari gets PM’s award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/darbhanga-cycle-girl-gets-pms-award-ahead-of-r-day/articleshow/80455201.cms|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jyoti Kumari]], [[Sirhulli]], cyclist and [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Bal Puraskar]] recipient 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|first=Binay Kumar|last=Jha|title=Republic Day: Darbhanga 'cycle girl' Jyoti Kumari gets PM's award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/darbhanga-cycle-girl-gets-pms-award-ahead-of-r-day/articleshow/80455201.cms|access-date=2 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tariq-ur-Rehman]], cricketer
*[[Tariq-ur-Rehman]], cricketer
*[[Tochi Raina]], singer, composer, and philosopher
*[[Tochi Raina]], singer, composer, and philosopher
Line 383: Line 384:
*[[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf]], ethnologist
*[[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf]], ethnologist
*[[Ritviz]], electronic singer
*[[Ritviz]], electronic singer
*[[Manas Bihari Verma]], Padam Shri decorated Aeronautical scientist, LCA Tejas<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-president-kalams-close-associate-scientist-manas-verma-dies/article34479522.ece| title = Former President Kalam's close associate scientist Manas Verma dies - The Hindu}} </ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 404: Line 406:


[[Category:Darbhanga| ]]
[[Category:Darbhanga| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bihar]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]

Latest revision as of 23:12, 30 June 2022


Darbhanga
Metropolitan city
Darbhanga images.png
Darbhanga 1.jpg
From top - Darbhanga Fort, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Anandbag Botanical garden, Shyama Mai Mandir, Darbhanga Airport, Night view of Darbhanga Junction railway station
Darbhanga is located in Bihar
Darbhanga
Darbhanga
Location in Bihar
Darbhanga is located in India
Darbhanga
Darbhanga
Darbhanga (India)
Darbhanga is located in Asia
Darbhanga
Darbhanga
Darbhanga (Asia)
Coordinates: 26°10′N 85°54′E / 26.17°N 85.9°E / 26.17; 85.9Coordinates: 26°10′N 85°54′E / 26.17°N 85.9°E / 26.17; 85.9
Country India
StateBihar
RegionMithila
DistrictDarbhanga
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyDarbhanga Municipal Corporation
 • MayorMunni Devi
 • Deputy MayorBharat Sahani
 • Municipal commissionerManesh Kumar Meena, IAS[1]
 • MPGopal Jee Thakur, BJP
 • MLASanjay Saraogi, BJP
Area
[2]
 • Total19 km2 (7 sq mi)
Elevation
52 m (171 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total380,125
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
 • Additional officialUrdu[3]
 • Regional LanguageMaithili[4]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
846001–846009[5]
Telephone code06272
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR
Vehicle registrationBR-07
Sex ratio910:1000 ♂/♀
Lok Sabha constituencyDarbhanga
Vidhan Sabha constituencyDarbhanga, Darbhanga Rural, Bahadurpur, Keoti, Jale, Kusheshwar Asthan, Gaura Bauram, Benipur, Alinagar, Hayaghat
Websitedarbhanga.bih.nic.in

Darbhanga is the fifth-largest city and municipal corporation in the Indian state of Bihar situated centrally in Mithila region.

Darbhanga is the headquarters of the Darbhanga district and the Darbhanga division. It was the seat of the erstwhile Khandwala dynasty. It was the capital of Mithila.

Darbhanga is one of the oldest cities in India. Musical, folk art, and literary traditions in Sanskrit and Maithili have been passed down generations in Darbhanga and constitute the city's strong cultural background.[6]

History[edit]

See also: Raj Darbhanga

The city was the capital of the Darbhanga Raj, an estate established in the 16th century, and contains the Anandbagh Palace. It was constituted a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is home to the Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University (1961), which is located on the grounds of the palace, and the Lalit Narayan Mithila University (1972). Darbhanga has a museum housing archaeological materials, as well as historical and handicrafts exhibits. Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known dhrupad (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing, the city has a light manufacturing industry.

Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region.[7]

Under the British Raj, Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut until 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. Its subdivisions had been constituted earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866, and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867. The city of Darbhanga is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga is derived from Dwar Banga or Dar-e-Banga, meaning the ‘door of Bengal’. This etymology does not appear to be very correct as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been held to be further to the east. Nonetheless, the region has a linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal.[8]

Excavation at Balirajgarh revealed brick fortifications dating back to the 2nd century BC.[9]

Demographics[edit]

Religions in Darbhanga Town
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 71.76%
Muslims
 
 27.76%
Christian
 
 0.18%
Sikh
 
 0.11%
Buddhist
 
 0.01%
Jain
 
 0.01%
Not Stated
 
 0.16%
See also: List of cities in Bihar

The 2011 Census of India recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with a population of 380,125 while the surrounding district has 3 million people.[10] It is the 5th largest city in Bihar in terms of the urban population.[11] The city has 196,573 males (52.6%) and 183,552 females (47.4%). Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, with male literacy at 85.08% and female literacy at 73.08%.[12] However, as per the document published on 6 March 2021 by the office of District Magistrate Darbhanga, the urban population of Darbhanga stands 380,125[13]

Transport[edit]

Railways[edit]

Darbhanga Junction

Darbhanga Junction lies on the East Central Railway. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India.

Of the beginning of railway in Darbhanga and its neighbouring areas, The Imperial Gazetteer of India noted:

The famine of 1874 gave a great impetus to the construction of railways, and the District is on the whole well off in the matter of communications. Its southwest corner is traversed for 29 miles by the mainline of the Bengal and North-Western Railway, and also by 25 miles of the new chord-line from Hajipur to Bachwara, which runs parallel to the Ganges embankment from east to west. From Samastipur a line runs to Darbhanga town and there branches off in two directions, the first north-west to Sitamarhi through Kamtaul and Jogiara, and the other due east to Khanwa Ghat on the Kosi (Old Stream) near Pratapganj. The total length of the line within the District is 146 miles. Most of the earthwork for a line from Sakri to Jainagar on the Nepal frontier was completed as relief work during the famine of 1897; and the line, which has now been opened, should tap a large grain supply from Nepal.[14]

Darbhanga Airport[edit]

Darbhanga Airport

Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which is connected with all the major cities of India.

Darbhanga Airport (IATA: DBR, ICAO: VE89) is a civil enclave at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force, 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the NH-105 and NH-57 East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. The civil enclave is operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The foundation stone for the project was laid by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar and then Civil Aviation Minister Suresh Prabhu in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister Jayant Sinha on 24 December 2018. Commercial flights started on 8 November 2020.[15]

Roadways[edit]

NH 27 which is part of India's East–West highway corridor passes through Darbhanga

Darbhanga is connected to other parts of India by National Highway 27, National Highway 527B and Bihar State highways 50, 56, 88 and 75. Darbhanga is also connected to Madhubani and Sitamarhi.

The East-West Corridor expressway, which connects Porbandar in Gujarat to Silchar in Assam, passes through Darbhanga.

Geography[edit]

Darbhanga is located in the northern part of Bihar.

Climate[edit]

Darbhanga has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa).

Climate data for Darbhanga (1971–1990, extremes 1901–1998)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.6
(87.1) 		34.1
(93.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		43.9
(111.0) 		44.1
(111.4) 		43.6
(110.5) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.6
(101.5) 		38.6
(101.5) 		39.4
(102.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		36.6
(97.9) 		44.1
(111.4)
Average high °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		30.7
(87.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.7
(63.9) 		24.4
(75.9)
Average low °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		18.2
(64.8)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13
(0.5) 		14
(0.6) 		9
(0.4) 		29
(1.1) 		76
(3.0) 		139
(5.5) 		353
(13.9) 		254
(10.0) 		193
(7.6) 		73
(2.9) 		6
(0.2) 		7
(0.3) 		1,166
(45.9)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.6 1.7 1.6 2.6 4.6 7.6 16.4 12.2 10.5 3.4 0.5 1.0 63.7
Average relative humidity (%) 68 63 49 56 60 70 78 79 79 73 66 67 67
Source 1: NOAA (1971–1990)[16]
Source 2: India Meteorological Department[17]

Education[edit]

Notable educational institutions include:

Medical colleges[edit]

Platinum Jubilee gate of Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital

University[edit]

Engineering and technology colleges[edit]

Colleges[edit]

Schools.[edit]

Tourism[edit]

See also: Tourism in Bihar

Darbhanga has various tourist attractions and is among the oldest cities of Bihar. Tourist spots include:

and much more....make it one of Bihar's most visited city both by foreign and domestic tourists.

Media and communications[edit]

All India Radio has a 20 kW medium-wave radio station in Darbhanga which transmits various programmes of mass interest and covers a part of North Bihar as well as the Terai of Nepal.[citation needed]

Doordarshan has one DD National and one DD News LPT relay transmitters.[citation needed]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "About Municipal Commissioner of Darbhanga". The Times of India.
  2. ↑ "Darbhanga City".
  3. ↑ "NCLM52ndReport" (PDF). 25 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017.
  4. ↑ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  5. ↑ "STD & PIN Codes". Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  6. ↑ "Darbhanga : Heart of Mithilaanchal".
  7. ↑ "Darbhanga | India". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  8. ↑ "History | Welcome to Darbhanga District | India". Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  9. ↑ A., Ghosh (1965). Indian Archaeology:A Review. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 3–5.
  10. ↑ "Darbhanga City Population Census 2011-2022 | Bihar".
  11. ↑ https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  12. ↑ "Census of India: View Population Details". www.censusindia.gov.in. Government of India. 2001. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  13. ↑ https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ↑ "मिथिलांचल के लिए खुशखबरी! दरभंगा एयरपोर्ट का संचालन शुरू, देखिए अंदर की तस्वीरें". Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News (in हिन्दी). Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Darbhanga Climate Normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  17. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  18. ↑ Jha, Binay Kumar (26 January 2021). "Republic Day: Darbhanga 'cycle girl' Jyoti Kumari gets PM's award". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  19. ↑ "Former President Kalam's close associate scientist Manas Verma dies - The Hindu".

External links[edit]

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