List of Indian flags

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This is a list of flags used in India by various organizations. For more information about the national flag, visit the article Flag of India.

National flag[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1947–present National flag of India A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.

Governmental flag[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1950–1971[1] Presidential Standard of India 1st quarter: state emblem (the Lions of Sarnath) to represent national unity; 2nd quarter: elephant from Ajanta Caves to represent patience and strength; 3rd quarter: scales from the Red Fort, Old Delhi to represent justice and economy; 4th quarter: lotus vase from Sarnath to represent prosperity.
Template:ListFlag present Flag used by Ministry of Defence A horizontal tricolour of red, navy blue and sky blue representing the army, navy and air force respectively.

Ensigns[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Civil ensign A Red Ensign with the flag of India in the canton.
Template:ListFlag State ensign A Blue Ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and a yellow anchor horizontally in the fly.

Naval[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Indian Naval Ensign A red cross on a white field, with the Indian state emblem in yellow at the center, with the Indian national flag in the canton.
Template:ListFlag Naval Reserve Ensign Naval Reserve Ensign used by auxiliary ships and merchant ships whose captain is a Navy Reserve Officer.

Port authorities[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Ensign of Port of Cochin
Template:ListFlag Ensign of Bombay Harbour Trust
Template:ListFlag Ensign of Commissioners of the Port of Calcutta

Military flags[edit]

Indian Armed Forces[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Indian Armed Forces A horizontal tricolour of red, navy blue and sky blue with the tri-service emblem at the centre
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Chief of Defence Staff A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the tri-service emblem

Army[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Indian Army A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the Army badge in the fly
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Field Marshal
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff
Template:ListFlag Flag of the General
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Vice Chief of the Army Staff
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Lieutenant General
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Principal Staff Officer
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Major General
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Brigadier

Components[edit]

Flags seen at Indian Army bases

"Strangely, the Indian national flag seems not to be used in military bases. I saw it only in schoolyards of government schools. Below are described some of the flags I have been able to see properly from the bus. Identification of the units was in most cases not possible for the reasons given above."

Ivan Sache, 25 August 2001, Website

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of Ordnance Corps
Template:ListFlag Flag of Corps of EME
Template:ListFlag Flag of Regiment of Artillery
Template:ListFlag Flag of Service Corps
Template:ListFlag Flag of Medical Corps
Template:ListFlag Flag of 3rd Cavalry regiment
Template:ListFlag Flag of Garhwal Rifles
Template:ListFlag Flag of Northern Command
Template:ListFlag Flag of Punjab Regiment
Template:ListFlag Flag of XIV Corps
Template:ListFlag Flag of Corps of Engineers
Template:ListFlag Flag of Brigade of The Guards
Template:ListFlag Flag of 3rd Infantry
Template:ListFlag Flag of 267th Transit Camp
Template:ListFlag Flag of Vehicles of Basgo

Air Force[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Indian Air Force A sky-blue ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and the Air Force roundel in the fly
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Air Chief Marshal (rank currently reserved for the Chief of Air Staff)
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Air marshal (also Vice Chief of the Air Staff)
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Air vice marshal
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Air commodore
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Group Captain
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Wing Commander

Navy[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Indian Navy A red cross on a white field, with the Indian state emblem in yellow at the center, with the Indian national flag in the canton.
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Admiral (rank currently reserved for the Chief of the Naval Staff)
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Vice Admiral (also Vice Chief of the Naval Staff)
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Rear Admiral
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Commodore
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Senior officer

Coast Guard[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Indian Coast Guard A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Director General of the Indian Coast Guard A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Inspector-General of the Indian Coast Guard
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Deputy Inspector-General of the Indian Coast Guard
Template:ListFlag Flag of the Commandant of the Indian Coast Guard

State and union territory flags[edit]

Main article: List of Indian state flags

At present there are no officially recognised flags for individual states and union territories of India. No legal prohibitions to prevent states adopting distinctive flags exist in either the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 or the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[2] In a 1994 case before the Supreme Court of India, S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared that there is no prohibition in the Constitution of India for a state to have its own flag. However, a state flag should not dishonour the national flag.[3] The Flag code of India also permits other flags to be flown with the Flag of India, but not on the same flag pole of in a superior position to the national flag.[4]

Former official state flags[edit]

The state of Jammu and Kashmir had an officially recognised state flag between 1952 and 2019 under the special status granted to the state by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.

Flag State Usage date Description
Template:ListFlag
Jammu and Kashmir
 1947–1952 The flag was red with a plough in the centre. The red background stood for labour and the plough stood for agriculture. The ratio of the flag was 3:2.
Template:ListFlag 1952–2019 The flag was red with three white vertical stripes in the hoist and a plough in the fly. The red background stood for labour, the stripes stood for the three administrative divisions of the state (Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh) and the plough stood for agriculture. The ratio of the flag was 3:2.[5]

Proposed state flags[edit]

Flags have been proposed for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Flag State Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Tamil Nadu Proposed in 1970 The Government of Tamil Nadu proposed a design for a state flag in 1970.[6] Grey flag with the flag of India in the canton and the Emblem of Tamil Nadu in the fly.
Template:ListFlag Karnataka Proposed in 2018 The Government of Karnataka proposed a design for a state flag in 2018.[7] Yellow, white and red tricolour with the Emblem of Karnataka centred on the white band.

Banners of the states and union territories[edit]

When a distinctive banner is required to represent a state or union territory, the emblem of the state or union territory is usually displayed on a white field.[8][9][10][11]

States[edit]

Union territories[edit]

Historical flags[edit]

Pre-colonial states[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 590 B.C.-1600 A.D. Flag of the Pandya dynasty According to legend, the goddess Meenakshi was born as the daughter of a Pandya king. Her eyes had the shape of a fish and resemble the emblem of the Pandyas.
Template:ListFlag 500 B.C.-1102 A.D. Flag of the Chera dynasty The Chera kings had the title Villavar Kon, the Villavar clan founded the ancient Chera Kingdom. Villavar means archer in Tamil.
Template:ListFlag 300 B.C.-1279 A.D. Flag of the Chola dynasty The tiger flag of Chola is mentioned in Periya Puranam.
Template:ListFlag 275-897 Flag of the Pallava dynasty The Pallava royal insignia was the (lion) and (bull) which was changeable. Narashimavarman used the lion as his emblem and Nandivarman preferred the Nandi. Under the reign of Parameswaravarman was Khatvanga (Skull mace) added to Pallava emblem.
Template:ListFlag 1193-1808 Flag of the Kingdom of Porbandar an yellow-orange flag with a purple border with the draw of a red swallowtailed flag inside.
Template:ListFlag 1206–1526 Flag of the Delhi Sultanate A dark green flag with a black strip left of center.
Template:ListFlag 1336–1646 Flag of the Vijayanagara Empire Yellow coloured flag of the Vijayanagara Empire which ruled over South India.
Template:ListFlag 1399–1950 Flag of the Kingdom of Mysore Red and Brown coloured flag of the Kingdom of Mysore which ruled over most of Karnataka and at its zenith most of South India.
Template:ListFlag 1490-1636 Flag of The Ahmadnagar Sultanate a green swallowtail flag with a Quranic verse engraved.
Template:ListFlag 1518–1687 Flag of Kingdom of Golconda Cyan coloured flag of the Qutb Shahi dynasty which ruled over the Kingdom of Golconda.
Template:ListFlag 1526–1858 Flag of the Mughal Empire (Alam) A flag that was primarily moss green.[12]
Template:ListFlag 1545-1700 Flag of the Arakkal Kingdom a red banner with a crescent and star.
Template:ListFlag 1674–1818 Flag of the Maratha Empire (Bhagwa Dhwaj)[13] A saffron-coloured swallowtail flag.
Template:ListFlag 1699-1818 Flag of The Jaipur Kingdom Similar t the Flag of Nepal, with 5 stripes of red, yellow, white, green and blue
Template:ListFlag 1700-1819 Flag of the Arakkal Kingdom a white banner with a border of 22 red triangles.
Template:ListFlag 1700-1900 Flag of The Hyderabad State an orange triangular flag with a green crescent
Template:ListFlag 1716-1799 Flag of The Sikh Confederacy
Template:ListFlag 1729–1949 Flag of the Kingdom of Travancore Red flag with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (Turbinella pyrum) at its centre.
Template:ListFlag 1799–1849 Flag of the Sikh Empire (Nishan Sahib)[14]
Template:ListFlag 1799–1849 Flag of the Sikh Empire (variant)
Template:ListFlag 1877-1914
1962-1967		 Flag of the Kingdom of Sikkim The flag of Sikkim used from 1877 to 1914 and re-introduced from 1962 to 1967 depicted a Buddhist prayer wheel with a fanciful border and religious pictograms surrounding the wheel.
Template:ListFlag 1900-1947 Flag of The Hyderabad State 2 stripped green and red flag with a white crescent and star
Template:ListFlag 1914-1962 Flag of the Kingdom of Sikkim The flag of Sikkim used from 1914 to 1962 is similar to the previous flag.
Template:ListFlag 1947-1948 Flag of The Hyderabad State an orange flag with 6 black stripes and 4 white stripes. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah".
Template:ListFlag 1967–1975 Flag of the Kingdom of Sikkim The flag of Sikkim used between 1967 and 1975 depicted a Buddhist prayer wheel in gold on a white field with a red border

Company rule in India[edit]

Further information: Flag of the East India Company
Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1600–1707 Flag of the East India Company A striped banner with Saint George's Cross in the canton.
Template:ListFlag 1707–1801 Flag of the East India Company A striped banner with the Union Jack of Great Britain in the canton.
Template:ListFlag 1801–1858 Flag of the East India Company A striped banner with the Union Jack in the canton.

British India[edit]

Further information: Star of India (flag)
Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1858–1947 The official state flag of the British Empire used in India The Flag of the United Kingdom.
Template:ListFlag 1885–1947 Flag of the Viceroy and Governor-General of India The Union Jack defaced with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India beneath the Tudor Crown.
Template:ListFlag 1880–1947 Civil Ensign of British India used to represent British India internationally. A Red Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, defaced with the Star of India emblem displayed in the fly.

Indian Army[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1895-1947 Ensign of the British Indian Army Red field emblazoned with Star of India crossed by two swords and beneath the Tudor Crown.
Template:ListFlag 1878-1947 Flag of the Indian Army Service Corps A Blue Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, and the Star of India crossed by two swords displayed in the fly.

(Royal) Indian Air Force[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1945-1947 Ensign of the Royal Indian Air Force A field of air force blue with the United Kingdom's flag in the canton and the Royal Indian Air Force's roundel in the fly.

(Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1863–1947 1877–1892 Ensign of Her Majesty's Indian Marine
1892–1928: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1928–1934 Naval jack of the Royal Indian Marine
1934–1947: Naval jack of the Royal Indian Navy		 A Blue Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.
Template:ListFlag 1884–1928 1884–1892 Naval jack of Her Majesty's Indian Marine
1892–1928: Naval jack of the Royal Indian Marine		 The Union Jack with blue border.
Template:ListFlag 1928–1950 1928–1934: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1934–1950: Ensign of the Royal Indian Navy		 The White Ensign of the Royal Navy.
Template:ListFlag 1954–1955 1954–1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy		 The St George's Cross.
Ensign of an Admiral in the Royal Navy.
Template:ListFlag 1934–1958 1934–1948: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy
1948–1950: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy
1950–1954: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955–1958: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff, Indian Navy		 Ensign of a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy.
Template:ListFlag 1928–1958 1928–1932: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding and Director, Royal Indian Marine
1934–1950: Flag of a Flag Officer, Royal Indian Navy
1950–1958: Flag of a Flag Officer, Indian Navy		 Ensign of a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy.

Dominion of India[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1947–1950 Flag of the Dominion of India A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.
Template:ListFlag 1947–1950 Flag of the Governor-General of India Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest (a Tudor Crown surmounted by the lion of England, itself wearing the crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.

French India[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1667–1791 Flag of the Kingdom of France Flag of the Kingdom of France.
Template:ListFlag 1791–1794 1791–1792: Flag of the Kingdom of France
1792–1794: Flag of the French First Republic		 The flag of France.
Template:ListFlag 1814-1815
1815–1830		 Flag of the Kingdom of France under the Bourbon Restoration Flag of the Kingdom of France.
Template:ListFlag 1794–1804, 1830–1940, 1944–1954 1794–1804: Flag of the French First Republic
1804–1814, 1815: Flag of the First French Empire
1830–1848; Flag of the Kingdom of France
1848–1852: Flag of the French Second Republic
1852–1870: Flag of the Second French Empire
1870–1940: Flag of the French Third Republic and French Empire
1944–1946: Flag of the Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic
1946–1954: Flag of the French Fourth Republic and French Union		 The flag of France.
Template:ListFlag 1940–1944 Flag of French India under Free France Flag of Free France with the Cross of Lorraine

Portuguese India[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1497–1521 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1521–1578 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1578–1616 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1616–1640 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1640–1667 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1667–1706 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1706–1750 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1816–1826 Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Template:ListFlag 1826–1830 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Template:ListFlag 1830–1910 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.
Template:ListFlag 1910–1961 (de facto)
1910–1974 (de jure)		 Flag of the Portuguese Republic. The final state flag of Portuguese India. Used from the implantation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the Annexation of Portuguese India.
Template:ListFlag 1967 (proposed) Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967. Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.

Danish India[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1620–1869 The flag of Denmark (Denmark-Norway until 1814)

Indian Air Force rank flags[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Marshal of the Indian Air Force Never used.
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Air Vice Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Air Commodore of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Group Captain of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Wing Commander of the Indian Air Force
Template:ListFlag 1950–1980 Squadron Leader of the Indian Air Force

Indian Navy rank flags[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of the Indian Navy
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Admiral of the Fleet of the Indian Navy Never used.
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Admiral of the Indian Navy
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Commodore of the Indian Navy
Template:ListFlag 2001-2004 Flag of Senior Officer of the Indian Navy

Flags used in the Indian independence movement[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag 1906 Calcutta flag Three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. वन्दे मातरम् (Vande Mātaram) was inscribed in the centre in Devanagari. The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist International Meeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]
Template:ListFlag 1907 Early Indian nationalist flags [Note 1]
Template:ListFlag
Template:ListFlag 1917 Flag of the Home Rule Movement[Note 2] Five red and four green horizontal stripes
On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the Dominion status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the Saptarishi constellation (the constellation Ursa Major), which is sacred to Hindus.
Template:ListFlag 1921 Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1921
Template:ListFlag 1931–1947 The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931
Template:ListFlag 1943–1945 Flag of the Azad Hind Imperial Japanese puppet government for India and the Indian National Army between 1943 and 1945
Template:ListFlag 1942–1945 Flag of the Indian Legion of the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany Three horizontal strips of saffron, white, and green, with a springing tiger in the centre.

Former national flag proposals[edit]

Flag Date Use Description
Template:ListFlag Proposed in 1904, used in April 1910 Flag proposed in an issue of an Anglo-Indian weekly.[18] Dark blue, green and light blue triband with a purple band at the hoist depicting the Orion constellation. A thin red border surrounds the whole flag.
Template:ListFlag Proposed in 1947 Louis Mountbatten's proposed flag for India.[19] The Swaraj flag with a small Union Flag in the canton.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.
  2. ↑ In 1916, Suraiya Tayyabji submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Das, Chand N. (1984). Traditions and Customs of the Indian Armed Forces. Vision Books. p. 53.
  2. ↑ "Should States have their own flags?". The Hindu. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "'Non-NDA states playing emblem politics to cover up their failure'". 14 July 2018.
  4. ↑ "Flag Code of India - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  5. ↑ Haynes, Ed (24 September 1996). "Jammu and Kashmir (India)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  6. ↑ "When Tamil Nadu proposed a State flag nearly five decades ago". Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  7. ↑ "Karnataka government unveils the state flag, awaits Centre's approval". hindustantimes.com/. 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  8. ↑ Ben Cahoon. "Indian states since 1947". worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  9. ↑ "Vexilla Mundi". vexilla-mundi.com. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  10. ↑ https://www.eastmojo.com/amp/story/arunachal-pradesh%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Farunachal-new-pema-khandu-govt-to-revamp-education-law-order
  11. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/AmitNESingh/photos/a.107064237539043/329612338617564/
  12. ↑ http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html
  13. ↑ Kadam, Vasant S. (1993), Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 128, ISBN 978-81-215-0570-3
  14. ↑ "Nishan Sahib Khanda Sikh Symbols Sikh Museum History Heritage Sikhs". www.sikhmuseum.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  15. ↑ Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999). "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923". Past & Present. 164 (164): 175–176. doi:10.1093/past/164.1.169. JSTOR 651278.
  16. ↑ Roy 2006, pp. 498–499
  17. ↑ Virmani 1999, pp. 176–177
  18. ↑ Dipesh Navsaria (July 27, 1996). "Indian Flag Proposals". Flags of the World. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  19. ↑ Dipesh Navsaria (July 27, 1996). "Indian Flag Proposals". Flags of the World. Retrieved March 14, 2020.

External links[edit]

Template:Lists of flags

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