Pa (Indic)

Pa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of प are:

• प hi = 21 (२१)
• पि hi = 2,100 (२ १००)
• पु hi = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
• पृ hi = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
• पॢ hi = 21Template:E (२१×१०^८)
• पे hi = 21Template:E (२१×१०^१०)
• पै hi = 21Template:E (२१×१०^१२)
• पो hi = 21Template:E (२१×१०^१४)
• पौ hi = 21Template:E (२१×१०^१६)

Historic Pa

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pa as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Pa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Pa

The Brahmi letter , Pa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pa historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Pa

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.

Tocharian Pa with vowel marks

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pr	Pr̄	Pe	Pai	Po	Pau	Pä	Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Pa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pa.

Devanagari Pa

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Pa (प) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter પ, and the Modi letter 𑘢.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, प is pronounced as hi or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari प with vowel marks

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pr	Pr̄	Pl	Pl̄	Pe	Pai	Po	Pau	P
प	पा	पि	पी	पु	पू	पृ	पॄ	पॢ	पॣ	पे	पै	पो	पौ	प्

Conjuncts with प

Half form of Pa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

Ligature conjuncts of प

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

• प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:

• प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:

• प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

Stacked conjuncts of प

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• छ্ (c^h) + प (pa) gives the ligature c^hpa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:

• द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

• प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

• प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:

• प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

• प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

• प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:

File:Devanagari Conjunct PLa.svg

• प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

• प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:

• प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:

• प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

• प্ (p) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature pṭ^ha:

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭ^hpa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

Bengali Pa

The Bengali script প is derived from the Siddhaṃ , but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/. Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali প with vowel marks

pa	pā	pi	pī	pu	pū	pr	pr̄	pe	pai	po	pau	p
প	পা	পি	পী	পু	পূ	পৃ	পৄ	পে	পৈ	পো	পৌ	প্

প in Bengali-using languages

প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with প

Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.

• ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

• ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

• ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:

• প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:

• প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

• প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

• প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:

• প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

• প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:

• প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:

• প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

• প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the repha prefix:

• স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:

• স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:

File:Bengali Conjunct Spla.svg

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:

Gujarati Pa

Gujarati Pa.

Pa (પ) is the twenty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as gu or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pr	Pl	Pr̄	Pl̄	Pĕ	Pe	Pai	Pŏ	Po	Pau	P
Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with પ

Half form of Pa.

Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

• પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

• પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:

• પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

Javanese Pa

Main article: Pa (Javanese)

Telugu Pa

Telugu independent and subjoined Pa.

Pa (ప) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಪ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Pa

Malayalam letter Pa

Pa (പ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Pa matras: Pa, Pā, Pi, Pī, Pu, Pū, Pr̥, Pr̥̄, Pl̥, Pl̥̄, Pe, Pē, Pai, Po, Pō, Pau, and P.

Conjuncts of പ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:

• പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

• പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

• മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

• ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

• ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

• സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:

• പ് (p) + ഫ (p^ha) gives the ligature pp^ha:

• പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe

ᐯ, ᐱ, ᐳ and ᐸ are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᑉ (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation. Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant	E-series		I-series		O-series			A-series			Other
P + vowel	Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	Pe		Pi		Po			Pa			Pay
Small	-		Template:Huge		-			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	-		Ojibway P		-			P			Cree P
P with long vowels	-		Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	-		Pī		Pō		Cree Pō	Pā			Pāi
P + W-vowels	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		-
	Pwe	Cree Pwe	Pwi	Cree Pwi	Pwo		Cree Pwo	Pwa	Cree Pwa		-
P + long W-vowels	-		Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	-
	-		Pwī	Cree Pwī	Pwō		Cree Pwō	Pwā	Cree Pwā		-
Other P forms	-		-		Template:Huge		Template:Huge	-			-
	-		-		Poy		Pwoy	-			-

Odia Pa

Odia independent and subjoined letter Pa.

Pa (ପ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pa with vowel matras

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pr̥	Pr̥̄	Pl̥	Pl̥̄	Pe	Pai	Po	Pau	P
ପ	ପା	ପି	ପୀ	ପୁ	ପୂ	ପୃ	ପୄ	ପୢ	ପୣ	ପେ	ପୈ	ପୋ	ପୌ	ପ୍

Conjuncts of ପ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

Kaithi Pa

Kaithi consonant and half-form Pa.

Pa (𑂣) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Pa with vowel matras

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pe	Pai	Po	Pau	P
𑂣	𑂣𑂰	𑂣𑂱	𑂣𑂲	𑂣𑂳	𑂣𑂴	𑂣𑂵	𑂣𑂶	𑂣𑂷	𑂣𑂸	𑂣𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂣

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

Tirhuta Pa

Tirhuta consonant Pa

Pa (𑒣) is a consonant of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Tirhuta Pa with vowel matras

Pa	Pā	Pi	Pī	Pu	Pū	Pṛ	Pṝ	Pḷ	Pḹ	Pē	Pe	Pai	Pō	Po	Pau	P
𑒣	𑒣𑒰	𑒣𑒱	𑒣𑒲	𑒣𑒳	𑒣𑒴	𑒣𑒵	𑒣𑒶	𑒣𑒷	𑒣𑒸	𑒣𑒹	𑒣𑒺	𑒣𑒻	𑒣𑒼	𑒣𑒽	𑒣𑒾	𑒣𑓂

Conjuncts of 𑒣

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit virama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

• 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• 𑒣 (p) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature pu:

• 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature pva:

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature tpa:

Comparison of Pa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.

Comparison of Pa in different scripts
Notes

Character encodings of Pa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Template:Indic encoding

References

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".