Va (Indic)

Comparison of Va in different scripts

Notes

Va or Wa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Va is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . It is generally romanized as "Va" in scripts for Indic languages, but as "Wa" in many scripts for other language families.

Āryabhaṭa numerationEdit

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of व are:^[1]

व [ʋə] = 60 (६०)
वि [ʋɪ] = 6,000 (६ ०००)
वु [ʋʊ] = 600,000 (६ ०० ०००)
वृ [ʋri] = 60,000,000 (६ ०० ०० ०००)
वॢ [ʋlə] = 6Template:E (६×१०^९)
वे [ʋe] = 6Template:E (६×१०^११)
वै [ʋɛː] = 6Template:E (६×१०^१३)
वो [ʋoː] = 6Template:E (६×१०^१५)
वौ [ʋɔː] = 6Template:E (६×१०^१७)

Historic VaEdit

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Va as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Va had an alterante Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of va, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi VaEdit

The Brahmi letter , Va, is probably derived from the Aramaic Waw , and is thus related to the modern Latin F, V, U, W, Y, and Greek Upsilon.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Va can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Va historic forms
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian VaEdit

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Vä.

Tocharian Va with vowel marks
Va	Vā	Vi	Vī	Vu	Vū	Vr	Vr̄	Ve	Vai	Vo	Vau	Vä	Fremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī VaEdit

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Waw , and is thus related to F, V, U, W, Y, and Upsilon, in addition to the Brahmi Va.^[2]

Devanagari VaEdit

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Va (व) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter વ, and the Modi letter 𑘪.

Devanagari-using LanguagesEdit

In all languages, व is pronounced as [və] or [v] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari व with vowel marks
Va	Vā	Vi	Vī	Vu	Vū	Vr	Vr̄	Vl	Vl̄	Ve	Vai	Vo	Vau	V
व	वा	वि	वी	वु	वू	वृ	वॄ	वॢ	वॣ	वे	वै	वो	वौ	व्

Conjuncts with वEdit

Half form of Va.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[4]

Ligature conjuncts of वEdit

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva: ^note

Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

व্ (v) + न (na) gives the ligature vna:

व্ (v) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature dva:

द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

Stacked conjuncts of वEdit

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

ब্ (b) + व (va) gives the ligature bva:

छ্ (cʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature cʰva:

च্ (c) + व (va) gives the ligature cva:

ढ্ (ḍʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍʱva:

ड্ (ḍ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍva:

ह্ (h) + व (va) gives the ligature hva:

झ্ (jʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature jʰva:

ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + व (va) gives the ligature jjva:

ख্ (kʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature kʰva:

क্ (k) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature ktva:

क্ (k) + व (va) gives the ligature kva:

ळ্ (ḷ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḷva:

ल্ (l) + व (va) gives the ligature lva:

ङ্ (ŋ) + व (va) gives the ligature ŋva:

ञ্ (ñ) + व (va) gives the ligature ñva:

फ্ (pʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature pʰva:

Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

श্ (ʃ) + व (va) gives the ligature ʃva:

ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:

स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature sva:

ठ্ (ṭʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṭʰva:

ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṭva:

त্ (t) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature ttva:

त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature tva:

व্ (v) + ब (ba) gives the ligature vba:

व্ (v) + च (ca) gives the ligature vca:

व্ (v) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature vcʰa:

व্ (v) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature vḍa:

व্ (v) + ग (ga) gives the ligature vga:

व্ (v) + ज (ja) gives the ligature vja:

व্ (v) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature vjña:

व্ (v) + क (ka) gives the ligature vka:

व্ (v) + ल (la) gives the ligature vla:

व্ (v) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature vŋa:

व্ (v) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature vña:

व্ (v) + व (va) gives the ligature vva:

Bengali VaEdit

The Bengali script ব is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, व. Unlike many of its cognates in other Indic scripts, ব is primarily identified as the /b/ consonant, especially as an independent consonant. It tends to have no inherent pronunciation itself when in a non-head position of a conjuct conjunct, often serving as an indication of gemination (doubling) of the preceding consonant sound, although there are a few words where it retains its /b/ pronunciation.

Like all Indic consonants, ব can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ব with vowel marks
ba	bā	bi	bī	bu	bū	br	br̄	be	bai	bo	bau	b
ব	বা	বি	বী	বু	বূ	বৃ	বৄ	বে	বৈ	বো	বৌ	ব্

ব in Bengali-using languagesEdit

ব is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with non-head বEdit

Bengali ব exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. When used as the head (first) consonant in a conjunct, ব is normally pronounced as /b/.^[5]

Bengali Va-phalaEdit

Bengali Va-phala

Like Ra and Ya, the Bengali Va is almost always realized in a reduced form called "Va phala" (vo pholo) when found as the final consonant of a conjunct. This reduced form is appended at the bottom of a vertical stem, or otherwise attached at the bottom of a preceding consonant or conjunct.

ভ্ (bʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature bʰva:

চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ccʰva:

চ্ (c) + ব (va) gives the ligature cva:

ড্ (ḍ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ḍva:

দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ddva:

দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature dva:

গ্ (g) + ব (va) gives the ligature gva:

জ্ (j) + জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jjva:

জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jva:

খ্ (kʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kʰva:

ক্ (k) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kʃva:

ক্ (k) + ব (va) gives the ligature kva:

ল্ (l) + ব (va) gives the ligature lva:

ম্ (m) + ব (va) gives the ligature mva:

ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva:

ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva:

ন্ (n) + ব (va) gives the ligature nva:

র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with repha in addition to va phala:

র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with repha in addition to va phala:

শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ʃva:

ষ্ (ṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṣva:

স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature stva:

স্ (s) + ব (va) gives the ligature sva:

থ্ (tʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature tʰva:

ট্ (ṭ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṭva:

ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ttva:

ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature tva:

Other ব conjunctsEdit

A few letters conjoin with ব by keeping it in its full form instead of the reduced Va-phala.

ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature dʱva with full-form va:

র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with repha:

ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives the ligature mvra, with the ra phala suffix. Note that this is a different base conjunct than mva, above:

Gujarati VaEdit

Gujarati Va.

Va (વ) is the twenty-ninth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Va with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using LanguagesEdit

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, વ is pronounced as [və] or [v] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Va	Vā	Vi	Vī	Vu	Vū	Vr	Vl	Vr̄	Vl̄	Vĕ	Ve	Vai	Vŏ	Vo	Vau	V

Gujarati Va syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with વEdit

Half form of Va.

Gujarati વ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

ર્ (r) + વ (va) gives the ligature RVa:

વ્ (v) + ર (ra) gives the ligature VRa:

ટ્ (ʈ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ṬVa:

ડ્ (ɖ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ḌVa:

દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:

વ્ (v) + ન (na) gives the ligature VNa:

શ્ (ʃ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ŚVa:

હ્ (h) + વ (va) gives the ligature HVa:

Javanese VaEdit

Telugu VaEdit

Telugu independent and subjoined Va.

Va (వ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ವ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam VaEdit

Malayalam letter Va

Va (വ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Va. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Va matras: Va, Vā, Vi, Vī, Vu, Vū, Vr̥, Vr̥̄, Vl̥, Vl̥̄, Ve, Vē, Vai, Vo, Vō, Vau, and V.

Conjuncts of വEdit

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

വ് (v) + വ (va) gives the ligature vva:

Odia WaEdit

Odia independent and subjoined letter Wa.

Wa (ୱ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Va. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Wa with vowel matras
Wa	Wā	Wi	Wī	Wu	Wū	Wr̥	Wr̥̄	Wl̥	Wl̥̄	We	Wai	Wo	Wau	W
ୱ	ୱା	ୱି	ୱୀ	ୱୁ	ୱୂ	ୱୃ	ୱୄ	ୱୢ	ୱୣ	ୱେ	ୱୈ	ୱୋ	ୱୌ	ୱ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. Wa shares its subjoined form with Ba, called "Ba Phala" or "Wa Phala" depending on its pronunciation in context. Ba is the character normally used for the /w/ and /v/ sounds of the letter Wa. ୱ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

ReferencesEdit

↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

[Ifrah-1] Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.

[Buhler-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bühler, Georg. "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[3] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]

[KNAB-4] Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[5] "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

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[2]

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note

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