Siddhaṃ script

*Siddhaṃ*
Template:Script/Siddham
Siddhaṃ; Template:Script/Siddham
	The word Siddhaṃ in the Siddhaṃ script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. late 6th century – c. 1200 CE
Languages	Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brahmi script Gupta Siddhaṃ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Nāgarī script; Bengali-Assamese script Assamese alphabet; Bengali alphabet; Tirhuta alphabet; ; Odia script; Nepal script;
Sister systems	Śāradā, Tibetan script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Sidd, , Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā
Unicode
Unicode alias	Template:ISO 15924 alias
Unicode range	U+11580–U+115FF; Final Accepted Script Proposal; Variant Forms
	↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. ;

Siddhaṃ (also Siddhāṃ^[8]), also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā,^[9] is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Assamese, Bengali, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts.^[10]

The word Siddhaṃ means "accomplished" or "perfected" in Sanskrit. The script received its name from the practice of writing Siddhaṃ, or Siddhaṃ astu (may there be perfection), at the head of documents. Other names for the script include bonji (Japanese: 梵字) lit. "Brahma's characters" and "Sanskrit script" and Chinese: 悉曇文字; pinyin: Xītán wénzi lit. "Siddhaṃ script".

History[edit]

Siddhaṃ manuscript of the Heart Sutra. Bibliothèque nationale de France

A reproduction of the palm-leaf manuscript in Siddham script, originally held at Hōryū-ji Temple, Japan; now located in the Tokyo National Museum at the Gallery of Hōryū—ji Treasure. The original copy may be the earliest extant Sanskrit manuscript of the Heart Sutra dated to the 7th–8th century CE. It also contains the Sanskrit text of the Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra and the final line shows the Siddhaṃ abugida.^[11]

Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara mantra, from the Later Tang. 927 CE

Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Mahāpratyaṅgirā mantra. 971 CE

Siddhaṃ Bijakshara A, Daishō-in, Miyajima

Mirror with bijaksharas, Miyajima

The Siddham script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.^[1]

Many Buddhist texts taken to China along the Silk Road were written using a version of the Siddhaṃ script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly it was used for transmitting the Buddhist tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the Siddhaṃ script in East Asia. The practice of writing using Siddhaṃ survived in East Asia where Tantric Buddhism persisted.

Kūkai introduced the Siddhaṃ script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (Chinese: 般若三藏; pinyin: Bōrě Sāncáng, 734–c. 810). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding Abbasid Caliphate.^[12]

In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a series of purges of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of Siddhaṃ texts. In time, other scripts, particularly Devanagari, replaced Siddhaṃ in India, while Siddhaṃ's northeastern derivative called Gaudi evolved to become the Assamese, Bengali, Tirhuta, Odia and also the Nepalese scripts in the eastern and northeastern regions of South Asia,^[13]^[14] leaving East Asia as the only region where Siddhaṃ is still used.

There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in Central Asia, as well, by the early 7th century.

As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.^[15]

Characteristics[edit]

Siddhaṃ is an abugida rather than an alphabet, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the anusvara and visarga. A virama can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.

Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).

Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The nuqta is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.

Vowels[edit]

Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with	Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with
Template:Script/Siddham	a	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	ā	Template:Script/Siddham
Template:Script/Siddham	i	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	ī	Template:Script/Siddham
Template:Script/Siddham	u	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	ū	Template:Script/Siddham
Template:Script/Siddham	e	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	ai	Template:Script/Siddham
Template:Script/Siddham	o	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	au	Template:Script/Siddham
Template:Script/Siddham	aṃ	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	aḥ	Template:Script/Siddham

Alternative forms
ā	i	i	ī	ī	u	ū	o	au	aṃ

Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with	Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with
Template:Script/Siddham	ṛ	Template:Script/Siddham	Template:Script/Siddham	ṝ
Template:Script/Siddham	ḷ		Template:Script/Siddham	ḹ

Consonants[edit]

	Stop					Approximant	Fricative
	Tenuis	Aspirated	Voiced	Breathy voiced	Nasal	Approximant	Fricative
Glottal							Template:Script/Siddham h
Velar	Template:Script/Siddham k	Template:Script/Siddham kh	Template:Script/Siddham g	Template:Script/Siddham gh	Template:Script/Siddham ṅ
Palatal	Template:Script/Siddham c	Template:Script/Siddham ch	Template:Script/Siddham j	Template:Script/Siddham jh	Template:Script/Siddham ñ	Template:Script/Siddham y	Template:Script/Siddham ś
Retroflex	Template:Script/Siddham ṭ	Template:Script/Siddham ṭh	Template:Script/Siddham ḍ	Template:Script/Siddham ḍh	Template:Script/Siddham ṇ	Template:Script/Siddham r	Template:Script/Siddham ṣ
Dental	Template:Script/Siddham t	Template:Script/Siddham th	Template:Script/Siddham d	Template:Script/Siddham dh	Template:Script/Siddham n	Template:Script/Siddham l	Template:Script/Siddham s
Bilabial	Template:Script/Siddham p	Template:Script/Siddham ph	Template:Script/Siddham b	Template:Script/Siddham bh	Template:Script/Siddham m
Labiodental						Template:Script/Siddham v

Conjuncts in alphabet
Template:Script/Siddham kṣ	Template:Script/Siddham llaṃ

Alternative forms
ch	j	ñ	ṭ	ṭh	ḍh	ḍh	ṇ	ṇ	th	th	dh	n	m	ś	ś	v

Conjuncts[edit]

Siddhaṃ alphabet by Kūkai (774–835)

k $\cdots$ kṣ	-ya	-ra	-la	-va	-ma	-na
Template:Script/Siddham k	Template:Script/Siddham kya	Template:Script/Siddham kra	Template:Script/Siddham kla	Template:Script/Siddham kva	Template:Script/Siddham kma	Template:Script/Siddham kna
Template:Script/Siddham rk	Template:Script/Siddham rkya	Template:Script/Siddham rkra	Template:Script/Siddham rkla	Template:Script/Siddham rkva	Template:Script/Siddham rkma	Template:Script/Siddham rkna
Template:Script/Siddham kh	$\cdots$
$\vdots$ total 68 rows.

↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.

Template:Script/Siddham ṅka	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkha	Template:Script/Siddham ṅga	Template:Script/Siddham ṅgha
Template:Script/Siddham ñca	Template:Script/Siddham ñcha	Template:Script/Siddham ñja	Template:Script/Siddham ñjha
Template:Script/Siddham ṇṭa	Template:Script/Siddham ṇṭha	Template:Script/Siddham ṇḍa	Template:Script/Siddham ṇḍha
Template:Script/Siddham nta	Template:Script/Siddham ntha	Template:Script/Siddham nda	Template:Script/Siddham ndha
Template:Script/Siddham mpa	Template:Script/Siddham mpha	Template:Script/Siddham mba	Template:Script/Siddham mbha

Template:Script/Siddham ṅya	Template:Script/Siddham ṅra	Template:Script/Siddham ṅla	Template:Script/Siddham ṅva
Template:Script/Siddham ṅśa	Template:Script/Siddham ṅṣa	Template:Script/Siddham ṅsa	Template:Script/Siddham ṅha	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkṣa

Template:Script/Siddham ska	Template:Script/Siddham skha	Template:Script/Siddham dga	Template:Script/Siddham dgha	Template:Script/Siddham ṅktra
Template:Script/Siddham vca/bca	Template:Script/Siddham vcha/bcha	Template:Script/Siddham vja/bja	Template:Script/Siddham vjha/bjha	Template:Script/Siddham jña
Template:Script/Siddham ṣṭa	Template:Script/Siddham ṣṭha	Template:Script/Siddham dḍa	Template:Script/Siddham dḍha	Template:Script/Siddham ṣṇa
Template:Script/Siddham sta	Template:Script/Siddham stha	Template:Script/Siddham vda/bda	Template:Script/Siddham vdha/bdha	Template:Script/Siddham rtsna
Template:Script/Siddham spa	Template:Script/Siddham spha	Template:Script/Siddham dba	Template:Script/Siddham dbha	Template:Script/Siddham rkṣma

Template:Script/Siddham rkṣvya	Template:Script/Siddham rkṣvrya	Template:Script/Siddham lta	Template:Script/Siddham tkva
Template:Script/Siddham ṭśa	Template:Script/Siddham ṭṣa	Template:Script/Siddham sha	Template:Script/Siddham bkṣa

Template:Script/Siddham pta	Template:Script/Siddham ṭka	Template:Script/Siddham dsva	Template:Script/Siddham ṭṣchra

Template:Script/Siddham jja	Template:Script/Siddham ṭṭa	Template:Script/Siddham ṇṇa	Template:Script/Siddham tta	Template:Script/Siddham nna	Template:Script/Siddham mma	Template:Script/Siddham lla	Template:Script/Siddham vva	$\cdots$

Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain ṇ.

Template:Script/Siddham ṇṭa	Template:Script/Siddham ṇṭha	Template:Script/Siddham ṇḍa	Template:Script/Siddham ṇḍha

ṛ syllables[edit]

Template:Script/Siddham kṛ	Template:Script/Siddham khṛ	Template:Script/Siddham gṛ	Template:Script/Siddham ghṛ	Template:Script/Siddham ṅṛ	Template:Script/Siddham cṛ	Template:Script/Siddham chṛ	Template:Script/Siddham jṛ	Template:Script/Siddham jhṛ	Template:Script/Siddham ñṛ	$\cdots$

Some sample syllables[edit]

Template:Script/Siddham rka	Template:Script/Siddham rkā	Template:Script/Siddham rki	Template:Script/Siddham rkī	Template:Script/Siddham rku	Template:Script/Siddham rkū	Template:Script/Siddham rke	Template:Script/Siddham rkai	Template:Script/Siddham rko	Template:Script/Siddham rkau	Template:Script/Siddham rkaṃ	Template:Script/Siddham rkaḥ
Template:Script/Siddham ṅka	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkā	Template:Script/Siddham ṅki	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkī	Template:Script/Siddham ṅku	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkū	Template:Script/Siddham ṅke	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkai	Template:Script/Siddham ṅko	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkau	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkaṃ	Template:Script/Siddham ṅkaḥ

Usage[edit]

In Japan, the writing of mantras and copying/reading of sutras using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai as well as in the syncretic sect of Shugendō. The characters are known as shittan (悉曇) or bonji (梵字, Chinese: Fànzì). The Taishō Tripiṭaka version of the Chinese Buddhist canon preserves the Siddhaṃ characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists still write bījas in a modified form of Siddhaṃ. A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese Siddhaṃ has evolved from the original script used to write sūtras and is now somewhat different from the ancient script.^[16]^[17]^[18]

It is typical to see Siddhaṃ written with a brush, as with Chinese writing; it is also written with a bamboo pen. In Japan, a special brush called a bokuhitsu (朴筆, Cantonese: pokbat) is used for formal Siddhaṃ calligraphy. The informal style is known as "fude" (筆, Cantonese: "moubat").

Siddhaṃ fonts[edit]

Siddhaṃ is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts, though to date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the Siddhaṃ conjunct consonants. Notably, the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association has created a Siddhaṃ font for their electronic version of the Taisho Tripiṭaka, though this does not contain all possible conjuncts. The software Mojikyo also contains fonts for Siddhaṃ, but split Siddhaṃ in different blocks and requires multiple fonts to render a single document.

A Siddhaṃ input system which relies on the CBETA font Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.

Unicode[edit]

Siddhaṃ script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Siddhaṃ is U+11580–U+115FF:

Template:Unicode chart Siddham

Notes[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson. p. 43. ISBN 9788131716779.
↑ Its usage survives into the modern period for liturgical purposes in Japan and Korea.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Malatesha Joshi, R.; McBride, Catherine (11 June 2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. ISBN 9783030059774.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
↑ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27
↑ Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 1215, col. 1 http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/
↑ Rajan, Vinodh; Sharma, Shriramana (2012-06-28). "L2/12-221: Comments on naming the "Siddham" encoding" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.
↑ "Devanagari: Development, Amplification, and Standardisation". Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India. 3 April 1977. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Google Books.
↑ e-museum 2018 Ink on pattra (palmyra leaves used for writing upon) ink on paper Heart Sutra: 4.9x28.0 Dharani: 4.9x27.9/10.0x28.3 Late Gupta period/7–8th century Tokyo National Museum N-8.
↑ Pandey, Anshuman (2012-08-01). "N4294: Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
↑ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy.
↑ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019)
↑ Kawabata, Taichi; Suzuki, Toshiya; Nagasaki, Kiyonori; Shimoda, Masahiro (2013-06-11). "N4407R: Proposal to Encode Variants for Siddham Script" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
↑ SM Dine, 2012, Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan, University of Washington.
↑ Siddhaṃ : the perfect script.
↑ Buddhism guide: Shingon.

Sources[edit]

Bonji Taikan (梵字大鑑). (Tōkyō: Meicho Fukyūkai, 1983)
Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (1998). Siddham in China and Japan, Sino-Platonic papers No. 88
e-Museum, National Treasures & Important Cultural Properties of National Museums, Japan (2018), "Sanskrit Version of Heart Sutra and Viyaya Dharani", e-Museum{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. (Boston: Shambala, 1995.)
Van Gulik, R.H. Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan (New Delhi, Jayyed Press, 1981).
Yamasaki, Taikō. Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism. (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988.)

External links[edit]

Fonts:
- Noto Sans Siddham from the Noto fonts project
- Muktamsiddham—Free Unicode Siddham font
- ApDevaSiddham—(Japanese) Free Unicode 8.0 Siddham Font (mirror)
Siddham alphabet on Omniglot
Examples of Siddham mantras Chinese language website.
Visible Mantra an extensive collection of mantras and some sūtras in Siddhaṃ script
Bonji Siddham Character and Pronunciation
SiddhamKey Software for inputting Siddham characters

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[semitic-3] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

[Singh_2008-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson. p. 43. ISBN 9788131716779.

[2] Its usage survives into the modern period for liturgical purposes in Japan and Korea.

[archive.org-4] 3.0 ^3.1 https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D/mode/2up,p39-41

[books.google.com-5] 4.0 ^4.1 Malatesha Joshi, R.; McBride, Catherine (11 June 2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. ISBN 9783030059774.

[daniels-6] 5.0 ^5.1 Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[masica-7] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.

[8] Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27

[9] Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page 1215, col. 1 http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/

[10] Rajan, Vinodh; Sharma, Shriramana (2012-06-28). "L2/12-221: Comments on naming the "Siddham" encoding" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.

[11] "Devanagari: Development, Amplification, and Standardisation". Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Govt. of India. 3 April 1977. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Google Books.

[FOOTNOTEe-museum2018-12] -museum 2018 Ink on pattra (palmyra leaves used for writing upon) ink on paper Heart Sutra: 4.9x28.0 Dharani: 4.9x27.9/10.0x28.3 Late Gupta period/7–8th century Tokyo National Museum N-8.

[13] Pandey, Anshuman (2012-08-01). "N4294: Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.

[salomon-14] Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy.

[15] Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019)

[16] Kawabata, Taichi; Suzuki, Toshiya; Nagasaki, Kiyonori; Shimoda, Masahiro (2013-06-11). "N4407R: Proposal to Encode Variants for Siddham Script" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.

[17] SM Dine, 2012, Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan, University of Washington.

[18] Siddhaṃ : the perfect script.

[19] Buddhism guide: Shingon.

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