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{{Short description|Mosque in Uttar Pradesh, India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}} | {{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}} | ||
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}} | |||
{{Infobox religious building | |||
| name = Jama Mosque | |||
| image = Jama Masjid Agra.jpg | |||
| image_upright = 1.4 | |||
| alt = | |||
| caption = The mosque in 2000 | |||
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh | |||
| map_size = 250px | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_relief = yes | |||
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|05|42|N|77|39|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}} | |||
| coordinates_footnotes = | |||
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]] | |||
| locale = | |||
| location = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
| country = [[India]] | |||
| deity = | |||
| rite = | |||
| sect = [[Sufism]] ([[Chishti Order]]) | |||
| tradition = | |||
| festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | |||
| cercle = | |||
| sector = | |||
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | |||
| consecration_year = | |||
| organisational_status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] and [[dargah]]<!-- or | organizational_status = --> | |||
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=March 2025|reason=Is it functioning as a mosque; or is it a monument, only?}} | |||
| heritage_designation = | |||
| ownership = | |||
| governing_body = | |||
| leadership = | |||
| bhattaraka = | |||
| patron = | |||
| religious_features_label = | |||
| religious_features = | |||
| architect = | |||
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}} | |||
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}} | |||
| founded_by = [[Akbar]] | |||
| creator = | |||
| funded_by = | |||
| general_contractor = | |||
| established = | |||
| groundbreaking = | |||
| year_completed = | |||
| construction_cost = | |||
| date_demolished = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --> | |||
| facade_direction = | |||
| capacity = | |||
| length = {{cvt|165.2|m}} | |||
| width = {{cvt|133.6|m}} | |||
| width_nave = | |||
| interior_area = | |||
| height_max = | |||
| dome_quantity = Three | |||
| dome_height_outer = | |||
| dome_height_inner = | |||
| dome_dia_outer = | |||
| dome_dia_inner = | |||
| minaret_quantity = | |||
| minaret_height = | |||
| spire_quantity = | |||
| spire_height = | |||
| site_area = | |||
| temple_quantity = | |||
| monument_quantity = | |||
| shrine_quantity = Several, including:<br/>{{smalldiv|{{bulleted list|[[Tomb of Salim Chishti]]|Tomb of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]]|Other members of the [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] family}}}} | |||
| inscriptions = | |||
| materials = [[Red sandstone]], [[marble]], [[slate]] | |||
| elevation_m = <!-- or | elevation_ft = --> | |||
| elevation_footnotes = | |||
| nrhp = | |||
| designated = | |||
| added = | |||
| refnum = | |||
| footnotes = | |||
| website = | |||
| module = {{Infobox historic site | |||
| embed = yes | |||
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Fatehpur Sikri: Jami Masjid ([[Dargah]]) | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = [[Fatehpur Sikri]] | designation2_number = N-UP-A45-aw | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value = | |||
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | |||
| child = yes | |||
| Official_name = [[Fatehpur Sikri]] | |||
| ID = 255 | |||
| Year = 1986 | |||
| Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, iv | |||
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=point|marker=landmark|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=27.095|frame-longitude=77.662778}} Location of the mosque in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] | |||
}} }} | |||
}} | |||
The '''Jama Mosque''', also known as the '''Jama Masjid''', is a 16th-century [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] and [[dargah]] complex, in the [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], located in the [[Agra district]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was built by [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]], and was the largest mosque in the empire at the time of construction. The Jama Masjid's design drew from earlier mosques built by various pre-Mughal sultanates, and served as an important precedent in subsequent [[Mughal architecture]]. | |||
The mosque, as part of Fatehpur Sikri, is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]], administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra |date= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180402/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable other monuments in the mosque complex include the [[Buland Darwaza]], which acts as the mosque's southern gate, and the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], a saint in whose honour the mosque was constructed. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
Akbar commissioned the Jama Masjid as part of his new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri. The structure was one of the first sites constructed in the city, and was completed sometime between 1571 and 1574, according to its own inscriptions.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=53-54}} The mosque was in honour of the [[Sufi]] [[Shaikh]] [[Salim Chishti]], Akbar's spiritual advisor. It was also meant to serve as a ''[[khanqah]]'' (monastic school) for the Shaikh's descendants. In its time, it was extolled by various authors and travellers for its beauty and grandeur.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} | Akbar commissioned the Jama Masjid as part of his new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri. The structure was one of the first sites constructed in the city, and was completed sometime between 1571 and 1574, according to its own inscriptions.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=53-54}} The mosque was in honour of the [[Sufi]] [[Sheikh|Shaikh]] [[Salim Chishti]], Akbar's spiritual advisor. It was also meant to serve as a ''[[khanqah]]'' (monastic school) for the Shaikh's descendants. In its time, it was extolled by various authors and travellers for its beauty and grandeur.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} | ||
The mosque played a part in Akbar's religious designs. In 1579, he delivered the ''[[khutbah]]'' for a congregational prayer attended by the inhabitants of Fatehpur Sikri. While some of his ancestors had done this, the reading of the ''khutbah'' was typically reserved for religious leaders (such as an ''[[imam]]'') and hence was perceived by the ''[[ulema]]'' as radical. Akbar also joined the population in their prayer, and was even seen sweeping the floors of the mosque.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kavuri-Bauer|first=Santhi|date=2019-01-02|title=The Impact of Akhlaq-i Nasiri on the Forms and Spaces of | The mosque played a part in Akbar's religious designs. In 1579, he delivered the ''[[khutbah]]'' for a congregational prayer attended by the inhabitants of Fatehpur Sikri. While some of his ancestors had done this, the reading of the ''khutbah'' was typically reserved for religious leaders (such as an ''[[imam]]'') and hence was perceived by the ''[[ulema]]'' as radical. Akbar also joined the population in their prayer, and was even seen sweeping the floors of the mosque.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kavuri-Bauer|first=Santhi|date=2019-01-02|title=The Impact of Akhlaq-i Nasiri on the Forms and Spaces of Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574|journal=South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=43–62|doi=10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574|issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=55}} Kavuri-Bauer argues that all these actions were conscious moves on Akbar's part, using the mosque to portray himself as a divine sovereign rather than a regular ruler.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri remained a "symbol of Mughal heritage and pride" after Akbar's rule.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}} The mosque was heavily admired by Akbar's son and successor [[Jahangir]], who called it one of his father's greatest architectural achievements. Jahangir discussed the mosque complex at length with his son Khurram during a stay at Fatehpur Sikri in 1619.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=110}}{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} Khurram went on to become Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], and cited this mosque as the model for his own [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid at Delhi]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}} | The Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri remained a "symbol of Mughal heritage and pride" after Akbar's rule.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}} The mosque was heavily admired by Akbar's son and successor [[Jahangir]], who called it one of his father's greatest architectural achievements. Jahangir discussed the mosque complex at length with his son Khurram during a stay at Fatehpur Sikri in 1619.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=110}}{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} Khurram went on to become Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], and cited this mosque as the model for his own [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid at Delhi]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=202}} | ||
==Architecture== | ==Architecture== | ||
[[File:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img05.jpg|thumb|left|Buland | [[File:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img05.jpg|thumb|left|Buland Darwaza Jama Masjid]] | ||
The Jama Masjid is situated on the highest point of the rocky ridge on which the Fatehpur Sikri site is located.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} It is placed on an elevated plinth, built in order to provide a level surface.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} The mosque complex is surrounded by enclosure walls; just outside the southern wall is a large ''[[baoli]]'' (octagonal step-well).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jami' Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India|url=https://archnet.org/sites/2648 | The Jama Masjid is situated on the highest point of the rocky ridge on which the Fatehpur Sikri site is located.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} It is placed on an elevated plinth, built in order to provide a level surface.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219}} The mosque complex is surrounded by enclosure walls; just outside the southern wall is a large ''[[baoli]]'' (octagonal step-well).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jami' Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India|url=https://archnet.org/sites/2648|website=[[ArchNet]]}}</ref> Similar to the rest of Fatehpur Sikri, the mosque is made of locally-quarried [[red sandstone]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} It also employs yellow sandstone, [[marble]], and [[slate]] for decoration, and features [[Persian calligraphy|Persian]] and [[Arabic calligraphy]].<ref name=":1" /> | ||
At the time of its construction, the mosque was the largest in [[Mughal India]]. It represents a fusion of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]], and [[Jain architecture]], with a marked Gujarati influence.<ref name=":1" /> Asher asserts that the mosque draws elements from the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu|Jama Masjid at Mandu]], and the Jama Masjid at [[Chanderi]], both pre-Mughal structures.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=54}} Alfieri also sees an inspiration from pre-Mughal Jama Masjids, but instead cites those at [[Atala Mosque, Jaunpur|Atala]] and [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Champaner]].{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}} | At the time of its construction, the mosque was the largest in [[Mughal India]]. It represents a fusion of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]], and [[Jain architecture]], with a marked Gujarati influence.<ref name=":1" /> Asher asserts that the mosque draws elements from the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu|Jama Masjid at Mandu]], and the Jama Masjid at [[Chanderi]], both pre-Mughal structures.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=54}} Alfieri also sees an inspiration from pre-Mughal Jama Masjids, but instead cites those at [[Atala Mosque, Jaunpur|Atala]] and [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Champaner]].{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}} | ||
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=== Courtyard === | === Courtyard === | ||
The ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) | [[File:Fatehpur complex (29262812223).jpg|thumb|View from within the courtyard of the Salim Chisti mausoleum (left) and Tomb of Islam Khan (right)]] | ||
The ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) measures {{convert|165|by|130|m}}. An [[Wudu|ablution]] tank lies in its centre.{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=219-220}} The courtyard's northern, southern, and eastern sides are lined by ''dalans'' (arcades). These are shaded by a continuous, projecting ''[[chhajja]]'' (eave), which is supported by [[corbels]]. ''[[Chhatris]]'' top the parapets of these arcades. The inner [[Bay (architecture)|bay]] of the arcades is divided into ''hujra'' (cells), probably used as sleeping quarters for devotees.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
Towards the northern side of the courtyard are the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]] | Towards the northern side of the courtyard are the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], the tomb of [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]], and those of several other members of the Chishti family. Salim Chishti's mausoleum is contrasted from the red sandstone of the Jama Masjid complex by its wholesale use of [[makrana marble]].{{Sfn|Alfieri|2000|p=220}} Underground water reservoirs lie beneath the courtyard.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=52}} | ||
=== Prayer Hall === | === Prayer Hall === | ||
| Line 32: | Line 124: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[ | {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}} | ||
*[[ | * [[Sufism in India]] | ||
*[[ | * [[List of mosques in India]] | ||
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra district]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Bibliography == | === Bibliography === | ||
* {{Citation|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|year=2000|publisher=[[Laurence King Publishing]]|isbn=9781856691895}} | |||
* {{Citation|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|year=1992|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521267281}} | * {{Citation|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|year=1992|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521267281}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 56: | Line 144: | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]] | |||
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra district]] | [[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra district]] | ||
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]] | |||
[[Category:Dargahs in Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]] | [[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]] | ||
[[Category:Grand mosques|Fatehpur Sikri]] | |||
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]] | |||
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1570s]] | |||
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Mughal mosques]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Sufi mosques in India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:11, 2 February 2026
| Jama Mosque | |
|---|---|
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Sunni Islam |
| Sect | Sufism (Chishti Order) |
| Friday mosque and dargah | |
| Status | Active[clarification needed] |
| Location | |
| Location | Fatehpur Sikri, Agra district, Uttar Pradesh |
| Country | India |
Location of the mosque in Uttar Pradesh | |
| Administration | Archaeological Survey of India |
| Coordinates | 27°05′42″N 77°39′46″E / 27.09500°N 77.66278°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Mosque architecture |
| Style | |
| Founder | Akbar |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 165.2 m (542 ft) |
| Width | 133.6 m (438 ft) |
| Dome | Three |
| Shrines | Several, including:
|
| Materials | Red sandstone, marble, slate |
| Template:Infobox designation list/entry | |
| Official name | Fatehpur Sikri |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iii, iv |
| Reference | 255 |
| Inscription | 1986 (10th session) |
| Location of the mosque in Fatehpur Sikri | |
The Jama Mosque, also known as the Jama Masjid, is a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex, in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Fatehpur Sikri, located in the Agra district of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Akbar, and was the largest mosque in the empire at the time of construction. The Jama Masjid's design drew from earlier mosques built by various pre-Mughal sultanates, and served as an important precedent in subsequent Mughal architecture.
The mosque, as part of Fatehpur Sikri, is a Monument of National Importance, administered by the Archaeological Survey of India.[1] Notable other monuments in the mosque complex include the Buland Darwaza, which acts as the mosque's southern gate, and the Tomb of Salim Chishti, a saint in whose honour the mosque was constructed.
History[edit | edit source]
Akbar commissioned the Jama Masjid as part of his new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri. The structure was one of the first sites constructed in the city, and was completed sometime between 1571 and 1574, according to its own inscriptions.[2][3] The mosque was in honour of the Sufi Shaikh Salim Chishti, Akbar's spiritual advisor. It was also meant to serve as a khanqah (monastic school) for the Shaikh's descendants. In its time, it was extolled by various authors and travellers for its beauty and grandeur.[4]
The mosque played a part in Akbar's religious designs. In 1579, he delivered the khutbah for a congregational prayer attended by the inhabitants of Fatehpur Sikri. While some of his ancestors had done this, the reading of the khutbah was typically reserved for religious leaders (such as an imam) and hence was perceived by the ulema as radical. Akbar also joined the population in their prayer, and was even seen sweeping the floors of the mosque.[2][5] Kavuri-Bauer argues that all these actions were conscious moves on Akbar's part, using the mosque to portray himself as a divine sovereign rather than a regular ruler.[2]
The Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri remained a "symbol of Mughal heritage and pride" after Akbar's rule.[6] The mosque was heavily admired by Akbar's son and successor Jahangir, who called it one of his father's greatest architectural achievements. Jahangir discussed the mosque complex at length with his son Khurram during a stay at Fatehpur Sikri in 1619.[7][4] Khurram went on to become Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, and cited this mosque as the model for his own Jama Masjid at Delhi.[6]
Architecture[edit | edit source]
The Jama Masjid is situated on the highest point of the rocky ridge on which the Fatehpur Sikri site is located.[8] It is placed on an elevated plinth, built in order to provide a level surface.[4] The mosque complex is surrounded by enclosure walls; just outside the southern wall is a large baoli (octagonal step-well).[9] Similar to the rest of Fatehpur Sikri, the mosque is made of locally-quarried red sandstone.[8] It also employs yellow sandstone, marble, and slate for decoration, and features Persian and Arabic calligraphy.[9]
At the time of its construction, the mosque was the largest in Mughal India. It represents a fusion of Islamic, Hindu, and Jain architecture, with a marked Gujarati influence.[9] Asher asserts that the mosque draws elements from the Jama Masjid at Mandu, and the Jama Masjid at Chanderi, both pre-Mughal structures.[10] Alfieri also sees an inspiration from pre-Mughal Jama Masjids, but instead cites those at Atala and Champaner.[11]
Gates[edit | edit source]
The mosque complex is entered via three gates.[8] The eastern gate, known as the Badshahi Darwaza (Imperial Gate), was used by Akbar to access the mosque. It is decorated using cut mosaics. The northern and southern gates may have historically resembled each other - however, in 1573 the southern gate was rebuilt by Akbar as the Buland Darwaza (High Gate) to celebrate the success of his military campaign in Gujarat. It is the most prominent gate and a monument in itself, featuring hallways and rooms over its many floors.[11] Asher says that it is more likely the gate was built to emphasise Akbar's relationship with the Chishti Order.[12]
Courtyard[edit | edit source]
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The sahn (courtyard) measures 165 by 130 metres (541 by 427 ft). An ablution tank lies in its centre.[13] The courtyard's northern, southern, and eastern sides are lined by dalans (arcades). These are shaded by a continuous, projecting chhajja (eave), which is supported by corbels. Chhatris top the parapets of these arcades. The inner bay of the arcades is divided into hujra (cells), probably used as sleeping quarters for devotees.[9]
Towards the northern side of the courtyard are the Tomb of Salim Chishti, the tomb of Islam Khan, and those of several other members of the Chishti family. Salim Chishti's mausoleum is contrasted from the red sandstone of the Jama Masjid complex by its wholesale use of makrana marble.[11] Underground water reservoirs lie beneath the courtyard.[8]
Prayer Hall[edit | edit source]
The rectangular prayer hall (dimensions 89 m by 20 m) lies on the western end of the courtyard, facing Mecca in keeping with Islamic tradition.[3] Its facade is dominated by a grand pishtaq, which contains three arched entryways. Three domes rise from the roof, corresponding to the three bays into which the hall is divided.[9] The central bay is square and richly decorated, featuring geometric marble inlays as well as polychrome floral paintings.[5] Its western wall bears ornate mihrabs (prayer niches), bordered by mosaics and glazed tile.[4] The two side bays are colonnaded halls, each containing a square chamber. These halls contain their own decorated mihrabs, and are supported by Hindu-style pillars.[9] At the extremities of the prayer hall are zenanas (women's galleries).[11]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kavuri-Bauer, Santhi (2 January 2019). "The Impact of Akhlaq-i Nasiri on the Forms and Spaces of Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri". South Asian Studies. 35 (1): 43–62. doi:10.1080/02666030.2019.1605574. ISSN 0266-6030.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Asher 1992, p. 53-54.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Alfieri 2000, p. 219.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Asher 1992, p. 55.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Asher 1992, p. 202.
- ↑ Asher 1992, p. 110.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Asher 1992, p. 52.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 "Jami' Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India". ArchNet.
- ↑ Asher 1992, p. 54.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Alfieri 2000, p. 220.
- ↑ Asher 1992, p. 53.
- ↑ Alfieri 2000, p. 219-220.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Alfieri, Bianca Maria (2000), Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, Laurence King Publishing, ISBN 9781856691895
- Asher, Catherine B. (1992), Architecture of Mughal India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521267281