>Firestar464 Reverting edit(s) by 110.44.11.184 (talk) to rev. 1030825452 by 2001:8F8:1B69:BCDC:1D8:B106:FE91:5E88: Not providing a reliable source (RW 16.1) |
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{{ | {{Short description|Slum in Mumbai, India}} | ||
{{ | {{Use British English|date=May 2014}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Dharavi | | name = Dharavi | ||
| official_name = | | official_name = | ||
| settlement_type = Slum | | settlement_type = [[Slum]] | ||
| image_skyline = Dharavi India.jpg | | image_skyline = Dharavi India.jpg | ||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
| pushpin_map = Mumbai | | pushpin_map = Mumbai | ||
| pushpin_map_alt = | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
| pushpin_map_caption = | | pushpin_map_caption = Dharavi, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra state|Maharashtra]] | ||
| coordinates = {{ | | coordinates = {{Coord|19|02|16|N|72|51|13|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dharavi¶ms=19_02_16_N_72_51_13_E_type:city_region:IN-MH] | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 = [[ | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]] | ||
| subdivision_type3 = City | | subdivision_type3 = City | ||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] | | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
| founder = | | founder = | ||
| named_for = | | named_for = | ||
| government_type = [[Municipal | | government_type = [[Municipal corporation]] | ||
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM) | | governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM) | ||
| unit_pref = Metric | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes = | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_total_km2 = 2. | | area_total_km2 = 2.39 | ||
| area_rank = | | area_rank = | ||
| elevation_footnotes = | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m = | | elevation_m = 20.47 | ||
| population_footnotes = | | population_footnotes = | ||
| population_density_km2 = auto | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| | | population_est = 700,000 to 1,000,000 | ||
| | | population_as_of = 2016 | ||
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]] | |||
| demographics_type1 = Language | |||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | ||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = + | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code = 400017 | | postal_code = 400017 | ||
| area_code = | | area_code = +9122 | ||
| area_code_type = Telephone | | area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code | ||
| registration_plate = MH-01 | | registration_plate = MH-01 | ||
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency | | blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency | ||
| Line 55: | Line 54: | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Principaux Bidonvilles.png|Dharavi compared to other great slums in the world. Map according to [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]].|thumb|right]] | [[File:Principaux Bidonvilles.png|Dharavi compared to other great slums in the world. Map according to [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]].|thumb|right]] | ||
'''Dharavi''' is a | '''Dharavi''' is a residential area in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered one of the world's largest [[slum]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dharavi-in-Mumbai-is-no-longer-Asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 November 2018|year=2011 |title=Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111002239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dharavi-in-Mumbai-is-no-longer-Asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms|archive-date=11 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Next Billion Users: Digital Life Beyond the West|last=Arora|first=Payal|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780674983786|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=75|oclc=1057240289}}</ref> Dharavi has an area of just over {{convert|2.39|km2|sqmi acre}}<ref name="Shanty-towns emerge targets for development">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/1V0Zs8oNNvbAWEP6xHQQzN/Shantytowns-emerge-targets-for-development.html |title=Shanty-towns emerge targets for development |work=Livemint |access-date=27 December 2016 |date=6 July 2007 |first=Gayatri |last=Ramanathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119202545/http://www.livemint.com/Money/1V0Zs8oNNvbAWEP6xHQQzN/Shantytowns-emerge-targets-for-development.html |archive-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a population of about 1,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Deborah |title=India's biggest slum faces wrecking ball as residents fear change |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/1/24/hopes-and-fears-as-slumdog-millionaire-slum-faces-wrecking-ball |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> With a [[population density]] of over {{pop density|1000000|2.39|km2|sqmi|prec=0}}, Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. | ||
The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era, and grew because the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government and | The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era, and grew because of the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government, and due to the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai. For this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly diverse settlement, religiously and ethnically.<ref name="Sharma, Kalpana 2000">Sharma, Kalpana; ''Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum'' (2000) – Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-100023-6}}</ref> | ||
Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite news |url= | Dharavi has an active [[informal economy]] in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7676337.stm |work=BBC News |title=Indian slum hit by New York woes |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=1 May 2010 |first=Zubair |last=Ahmed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023153647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7676337.stm |archive-date=23 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>—leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over {{USD}}1 billion.<ref name="nyenrode">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/europeindia/Pages/%E2%80%9CJaiHo%E2%80%9DDharavi.aspx |title=Jai Ho Dharavi |publisher=Nyenrode Business Universiteit |access-date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531175111/http://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/europeindia/Pages/%E2%80%9CJaiHo%E2%80%9DDharavi.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of | Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread [[Bombay plague epidemic|plague in 1896]] which killed over half of the population of Bombay.<ref name="Swaminathan, M. 1995">Swaminathan, M. (1995). "Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay." ''Environment and Urbanization'', 7(1), 133–144</ref> Sanitation in the slums remains poor.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bombay Slum Sanitation Program – Partnering with Slum Communities for SustainableSanitation in a Megalopolis |date=1 September 2006 |publisher=World bank |location=Washington |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/620841468041130033/pdf/384560IN0Mumbai0slum01PUBLIC1.pdf |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815152603/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/620841468041130033/pdf/384560IN0Mumbai0slum01PUBLIC1.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a predominantly mangrove swamp.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|page=265|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=978-81-206-0815-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by [[Koli people|Koli]] fishermen.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Globalization and Community, Volume 23 : Durable Slum : Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai|last=Weinstein|first=Liza|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=June 2014|isbn=9780816683109|location=Minneapolis, MN, USA|pages=5}}</ref> Dharavi was then referred to as the village of [[Koliwada]].<ref name=jn2010/> | In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a predominantly [[mangrove swamp]].<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|page=265|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=978-81-206-0815-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by [[Koli people|Koli]] fishermen.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Globalization and Community, Volume 23 : Durable Slum : Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai|last=Weinstein|first=Liza|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=June 2014|isbn=9780816683109|location=Minneapolis, MN, USA|pages=5}}</ref> Dharavi was then referred to as the village of [[Koliwada]].<ref name=jn2010/> | ||
===Colonial era=== | ===Colonial era=== | ||
In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under [[East India Company]] and [[British Raj]], the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of | In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under [[East India Company]] and [[British Raj]], the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Bombay peninsula, the population density was over 10 times higher than [[London]] at that time.<ref name=jn2010>Jan Nijman, A STUDY OF SPACE IN BOMBAY'S SLUMS, Tijdschrift Voor economic en social geographies, Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17, February 2010</ref> | ||
[[File:Shanty dwellings, Railway tracks and Mosque in Dharavi Slum Mumbai India February 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Shanty dwellings next to railway tracks in Dharavi (about 2010). A mosque inside the slum is visible. The railway network provides mass transit to the slum residents.]] | [[File:Shanty dwellings, Railway tracks and Mosque in Dharavi Slum Mumbai India February 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Shanty dwellings next to railway tracks in Dharavi (about 2010). A mosque inside the slum is visible. The railway network provides mass transit to the slum residents.]] | ||
The most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular | The most polluting industries were [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]], and the first tannery moved from peninsular Bombay into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved into Dharavi. Other early settlers included the [[Kumhar|Kumbhars]], a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Bombay, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the [[embroidery]] workers from [[Uttar Pradesh]], started the ready-made garments trade.<ref name="natgeo" /> These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or investment in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, roads or other basic services. But some ethnic, caste and religious communities that settled in Dharavi at that time helped build the settlement of Dharavi by forming organizations and political parties, building school and temples, constructing homes and factories.<ref name=":0" /> Dharavi's first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1883 and organizing Ganesh Chaturthi of 112th year since 1913 following the Southern Tirunelveli Culture.<ref name=jn2010 /> | ||
===Post-independence=== | ===Post-independence=== | ||
At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in | At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in Bombay and all of India. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across the city.<ref name=jn2010 /> Bombay, meanwhile, continued to grow as a city. Soon Dharavi was surrounded by the city, and became a key hub for informal economy.<ref>, Eyre, L. (1990), "The shanty towns of central Bombay." ''Urban Geography'' 11, pages 130–152</ref> Starting from the 1950s, proposals for Dharavi redevelopment plans periodically came out, but most of these plans failed because of lack of financial banking and/or political support.<ref name=":0" /> Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the lives of thousands of slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M.V. Duraiswamy, a well-known social worker and Congress leader of that region. The society promoted 338 flats and 97 shops and was named as Dr. Baliga Nagar. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about {{convert|432|acre|ha|order=flip}}, with an astounding population density of more than 2,900 people per hectare (1,200/acre).<ref name=jn2010/><ref>Graber et al. (2005), "Living and working in slums of Bombay." Working paper 36. Magdeburg: Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Netherlands</ref> | ||
=== Redevelopment | === Redevelopment plan === | ||
[[File:Pottery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional pottery unit in Dharavi.]] | [[File:Pottery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional pottery unit in Dharavi.]] | ||
[[File:Dharavi slum in Mumbai, India August 2009 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Street vendors and farmers market along the road passing through Dharavi slum in Mumbai.]] | [[File:Dharavi slum in Mumbai, India August 2009 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Street vendors and farmers market along the road passing through Dharavi slum in Mumbai.]] | ||
There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as [[Tai Hang]]. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be {{IRs|5000|c}}.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Calls to scrap Dharavi makeover gain ground |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925015929/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |archive-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref | There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as [[Tai Hang]]. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be {{IRs|5000|c}}.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Calls to scrap Dharavi makeover gain ground |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925015929/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |archive-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The latest urban [[redevelopment]] plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta<ref name="natgeo" /> The plan involves the construction of {{convert|30000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of [[houses|housing]], schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with {{convert|40000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of residential and commercial space for sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|title=Dharavi redevelopment plan is robbing us of space: residents|date=5 September 2007|publisher=Live Mint|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194254/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There is still a significant local opposition to the plans, largely because existing residents still feel {{convert|350|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of revised permanent alternate accommodation per tenant is not adequate each. Furthermore, only those families who lived in the area before 2000 are slated for resettlement. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. Due to this opposition, a trust has been proposed called the Dharavi Community Land Trust that will be made up of community members, landowners and neighborhood associations. | The latest urban [[redevelopment]] plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta.<ref name="natgeo" /> The plan involves the construction of {{convert|30000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of [[houses|housing]], schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with {{convert|40000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of residential and commercial space for sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|title=Dharavi redevelopment plan is robbing us of space: residents|date=5 September 2007|publisher=Live Mint|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194254/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There is still a significant local opposition to the plans, largely because existing residents still feel {{convert|350|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of revised permanent alternate accommodation per tenant is not adequate each. Furthermore, only those families who lived in the area before 2000 are slated for resettlement. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. Due to this opposition, a trust has been proposed called the Dharavi Community Land Trust that will be made up of community members, landowners and neighborhood associations. | ||
In 2008 German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect the current residents from needing to relocate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|title=Realizing solutions for the redevelopment of Dharavi, Mumbai, In|[email protected]|first=LafargeHolcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|website=LafargeHolcim Foundation website|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235021/https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | In 2008 German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect the current residents from needing to relocate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|title=Realizing solutions for the redevelopment of Dharavi, Mumbai, In|[email protected]|first=LafargeHolcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|website=LafargeHolcim Foundation website|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235021/https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Other redevelopment schemes include the "Dharavi Masterplan" devised by British architectural and engineering firm Foster + Partners, that proposes "double-height spaces that create an intricate vertical landscape and reflect the community's way of life" built-in phases that the firm says would "eliminate the need for transit camps, | Other redevelopment schemes include the "Dharavi Masterplan" devised by British architectural and engineering firm Foster + Partners, that proposes "double-height spaces that create an intricate vertical landscape and reflect the community's way of life" built-in phases that the firm says would "eliminate the need for transit camps", instead catalyzing the rehabilitation of Dharavi "from within". | ||
A Dubai-based firm, SecLink Group, has planned to redevelop the slum into a completely new area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/dubai-firm-to-transform-asias-biggest-slum-1.62097740|title=Dubai firm to transform Asia's biggest slum|website=gulfnews.com|date=15 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182103/https://gulfnews.com/business/dubai-firm-to-transform-asias-biggest-slum-1.62097740|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On setting up of the SPV, the private firm will have to bring in the equity of Rs 400 crore, while the state government will invest another Rs 100 crore. The company planning to do it is also building infrastructure and affordable housing projects in Singapore and Dubai. Following the empowered committee's nod, the senior state officials said that an MoU will soon be executed between the state government, and the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Authority (DRPA) and the company. With an almost estimated cost of over Rs 26,000 crore, the Dharavi makeover project is the biggest brownfield redevelopment project in India. To make the redevelopment more economically viable, the state government's plan is involving transforming the region into a hub for commercial and business activity. Dharavi is close to the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], which is India's richest business district and one of the richest in Asia. | |||
In the spring of 2023, it became known that the Indian billionaire [[Gautam Adani]] intends to do the reconstruction of Dharavi. Adani Properties Pvt. offers the largest amount of construction investments – 615 million dollars. Mumbai authorities estimate the total cost of the work at $2.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/07/04/2023/642f89999a794701d650fd37|title=Миллиардер из Индии решил перестроить район из «Миллионера из трущоб»|language=ru|date=7 June 2023|website=RBC}}</ref> | |||
As of April 2024, a survey is being conducted by Adani Group to rehabilitate Dharavi residents for redevelopment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Mumbai: 2nd Phase Of Dharavi Housing Survey Begins, New Flats To Have Attached Kitchen, Toilets |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-2nd-phase-of-dharavi-housing-survey-begins-new-flats-to-have-attached-kitchen-toilets-article-108967415 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> On 20 December 2024, the High Count of Bombay awarded the Adani Group after the SecLink Group tried to sue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Bombay HC upholds tender awarded to Adani Group to redevelop Dharavi slum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-upholds-tender-awarded-to-adani-group-to-redevelop-dharavi-slum-sprawl/article69007919.ece |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Dharavi slum redevelopment project: Bombay HC dismisses plea against tender awarded to Adani Group|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/bombay-high-court-upholds-tender-awarded-to-adani-group-to-redevelop-dharavi-slum-sprawl/cid/2072088|access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
The total current population of Dharavi slum is unknown, | The total current population of the Dharavi slum is unknown because of fast changes in the population of migrant workers coming from neighbouring Gujarat state, though voter turnout for the 2019 Maharashtra state legislative assembly election was 119,092 (yielding a 60% rate). Some sources suggest it is 300,000<ref name="claralewis">{{Cite news |first=Clara |last=Lewis |date=6 July 2011 |title=Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dharavi-in-mumbai-is-no-longer-asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Slums: The case of Mumbai, India">{{Cite book |last=Neelima Risbud |url=http://archive.org/details/mumbai-slum-case-study |title=Urban Slums Reports: The case of Mumbai, India, Risbud 2003 |date=2003 |language=english}}</ref> to about a million.<ref name=jimyardley>{{Cite web |last=Yardley |first=Jim |title=Dharavi: Self-created special economic zone for the poor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/dharavi-self-created-special-economic-2302874 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |agency=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> With Dharavi spread over {{convert|500|acre|ha|order=flip}}, it is also estimated to have a population density of 869,565 people per square mile. Among the people, about 20% work on animal skin production, tanneries and leather goods. Other artisans specialise in pottery work, textile goods manufacturing, retail and trade, distilleries and other caste professions – all of these as small-scale household operations. With a literacy rate of 69%, Dharavi is the most literate slum in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-s-slums-are-india-s-most-literate_1015111 |title=Mumbai's slums are India's most literate |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2006 |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070119/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-s-slums-are-india-s-most-literate_1015111 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
About | The western edge of Dharavi is where its original inhabitants, the Kolis, reside. Dharavi consists of various language speakers such as Gujarati, [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and many more.<ref name="Fernando 2014 c786">{{cite web | last=Fernando | first=Benita | title=An urbanist's guide to the Mumbai slum of Dharavi | website=the Guardian | date=2 April 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/01/urbanist-guide-to-dharavi-mumbai | access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> The slum residents are from all over India, people who migrated from rural regions of many different states.<ref>Sharma, Kalpana (2000). ''Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum''. Penguin Books India; {{ISBN|978-0141000237}}</ref> | ||
About 29% of the population of Dharavi is Muslim.<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jonas-bendiksen-photography Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214214727/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jonas-bendiksen-photography |date=14 February 2018}} ''National Geographic'' (2007)</ref><ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx Census Data: India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315004939/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx |date=15 March 2018}} Government of India</ref> The Christian population is estimated to be about 6%,<ref>[http://nazrene.org/dharavi_deanery.html History of Dharavi churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127042243/http://nazrene.org/dharavi_deanery.html |date=27 November 2013 }} Dharavi Deanery (2011)</ref> while the rest are predominantly Hindus with some Buddhists and other minority religions. The slum has numerous mosques, temples and churches to serve people of Hindu, Islam and Christian faiths, with Badi Masjid, a mosque, as the oldest religious structure in Dharavi. | |||
==Location and characteristics== | ==Location and characteristics== | ||
[[File:Bombaywardsmap''H-E''.PNG|thumb|upright|Dharavi is located in Ward H East, marked in dark blue, one of the many [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|British-era administrative wards]] of Mumbai city limits (yellow). Dharavi is southern end of Ward H East, and other residential and commercial areas in the Ward marked in dark blue include [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Vile Parle]] and [[Mahim]].]] | [[File:Bombaywardsmap''H-E''.PNG|thumb|upright|Dharavi is located in Ward H East, marked in dark blue, one of the many [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|British-era administrative wards]] of Mumbai city limits (yellow). Dharavi is southern end of Ward H East, and other residential and commercial areas in the Ward marked in dark blue include [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Vile Parle]] and [[Mahim]].]] | ||
Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to [[Bombay Airport]]. To the west of Dharavi are [[Mahim]] and [[Bandra]], and to the north lies the [[Mithi River]]. The Mithi River empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] through the [[Mahim Creek]]. The area of [[Antop Hill]] lies to the east while the locality called [[Matunga]] is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the [[wet season]]. | Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to [[Bombay Airport|Mumbai Airport]]. To the west of Dharavi are [[Mahim]] and [[Bandra]], and to the north lies the [[Mithi River]]. The Mithi River empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] through the [[Mahim Creek]]. The area of [[Antop Hill]] lies to the east while the locality called [[Matunga]] is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the [[wet season]]. | ||
[[File:Slum in Dharavi - Kristian Bertel.jpg|thumb|Slum shacks in Dharavi, [[India]].]] | [[File:Slum in Dharavi - Kristian Bertel.jpg|thumb|Slum shacks in Dharavi, [[India]].]] | ||
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==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
[[File:An embroidery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|An embroidery unit in Dharavi.]] | [[File:An embroidery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|An embroidery unit in Dharavi.]] | ||
In addition to the traditional [[pottery]] and textile industries in Dharavi,<ref name="natgeo" /> there is an increasingly large [[recycling]] industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of [[Mumbai]]. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people.<ref name="gua" /> While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area.<ref name="gua" /> The district has an estimated 5,000 businesses<ref>{{cite web |first=Madhurima |last=Nandy |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |title=Harvard students get lessons on Dharavi |publisher=Livemint |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918192410/http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |archive-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua"> | In addition to the traditional [[pottery]] and textile industries in Dharavi,<ref name="natgeo" /> there is an increasingly large [[recycling]] industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of [[Mumbai]]. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people.<ref name="gua" /> While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area.<ref name="gua" /> The district has an estimated 5,000 businesses<ref>{{cite web |first=Madhurima |last=Nandy |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |title=Harvard students get lessons on Dharavi |publisher=Livemint |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918192410/http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |archive-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{Cite news |last=McDougall |first=Dan |date=4 March 2007 |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important commuting station for people in the area going to and from work. | ||
Dharavi exports goods around the world.<ref name="Ahmed" /> Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name="Ahmed" /> The total (and largely informal economy) turnover is estimated to be between {{USD}}500 million,<ref name="nyenrode" /> and {{USD}}650 million per year,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url= | Dharavi exports goods around the world.<ref name="Ahmed" /> Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name="Ahmed" /> The total (and largely informal economy) turnover is estimated to be between {{USD}}500 million,<ref name="nyenrode" /> and {{USD}}650 million per year,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm |title=Dharavi|work=BBC News|access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906022807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm|archive-date=6 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> to over {{USD}}1 billion per year.<ref name="gua"/> The per capita income of the residents, depending on estimated population range of 300,000 to about 1 million, ranges between US$500 and US$2,000 per year. | ||
A few travel operators offer guided tours through Dharavi, showing the industrial and the residential part of Dharavi and explaining about the problems and challenges Dharavi is facing. These tours give a deeper insight into a slum in general and Dharavi in particular.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|title=Mumbai slum tour: why you should see Dharavi|access-date=7 November 2012|work=The Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522184950/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status= | A few travel operators offer guided tours through Dharavi, showing the industrial and the residential part of Dharavi and explaining about the problems and challenges Dharavi is facing. These tours give a deeper insight into a slum in general and Dharavi in particular.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|title=Mumbai slum tour: why you should see Dharavi|access-date=7 November 2012|work=The Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522184950/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
== Utility services == | == Utility services == | ||
Potable water is supplied by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|MCGM]] to Dharavi and the whole of Mumbai. However, a large amount of water is lost due to water thefts, illegal connection and leakage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|website=Indian Express|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The community also has a number of water wells that are sources of non-potable water. | Potable water is supplied by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|MCGM]] to Dharavi and the whole of Mumbai. However, a large amount of water is lost due to water thefts, illegal connection and leakage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|website=Indian Express|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The community also has a number of water wells that are sources of non-potable water.{{fact|date=June 2025}} | ||
Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps|date=24 July 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis.|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as through [[Natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen|date=14 September 2012|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps|date=24 July 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis.|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as through [[Natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen|date=14 September 2012|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
There are settlement houses that still do not have legal connections to the utility service and thus rely on illegal connection to the water and power supply which means a water and power shortage for the residents in Dharavi. | There are settlement houses that still do not have legal connections to the utility service and thus rely on illegal connection to the water and power supply which means a water and power shortage for the residents in Dharavi.{{fact|date=June 2025}} | ||
===Sanitation issues=== | ===Sanitation issues=== | ||
[[ | [[File:Dharavi Slum in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Inside Dharavi]] | ||
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 49 Dharavi near Mahim Junction.jpg|thumb|Mosque in Dharavi]] | [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 49 Dharavi near Mahim Junction.jpg|thumb|Mosque in Dharavi]] | ||
Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases.<ref name="natgeo" /> The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul | Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases.<ref name="natgeo" /> The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odours. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. The residents have a section where they wash their clothes in water that people defecate in, causing an estimated 4,000 [[typhoid]] cases daily. There are government proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues. In a 2006 Human Development Report by the UN, they estimated there was an average of 1 toilet for every 1,440 people.<ref>{{Cite report |date=2006 |title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/267/hdr06-complete.pdf |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | ||
==Epidemics and other disasters== | ==Epidemics and other disasters== | ||
Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality.<ref>Gandy, M. (2008), "Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai." ''Environment and Planning''. A, 40(1), 108</ref><ref>Renapurkar, D. M. (1988). "Distribution and Susceptibility of Xenopsylla astia to DDT in Maharashtra State, India." ''International Journal of Tropical Insect Science'', 9(03), 377–380</ref> [[Dysentery]] epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], [[cholera]], [[leprosy]], [[amoebiasis]] and [[polio]].<ref name="Swaminathan, M. 1995"/><ref> | Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality.<ref>Gandy, M. (2008), "Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai." ''Environment and Planning''. A, 40(1), 108</ref><ref>Renapurkar, D. M. (1988). "Distribution and Susceptibility of Xenopsylla astia to DDT in Maharashtra State, India." ''International Journal of Tropical Insect Science'', 9(03), 377–380</ref> [[Dysentery]] epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], [[cholera]], [[leprosy]], [[amoebiasis]] and [[polio]].<ref name="Swaminathan, M. 1995"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Anjali |date=12 September 2013 |title=India Restarts Battle Against Leprosy |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/india-restarts-battle-against-leprosy/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=India Ink |language=en}}</ref> For example, in 1986, a cholera epidemic was reported, where most patients were children of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally high.<ref>Mehta et al., "An outbreak of cholera in children of Bombay slums," ''Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research'', 4 June(2): page 94</ref> In recent years, cases of drug resistant [[tuberculosis]] have been reported in Dharavi.<ref>Udwadia, Z. F., Pinto, L. M., & Uplekar, M. W. (2010). "Tuberculosis management by private practitioners in Mumbai, India: has anything changed in two decades?" ''PLoS One'', 5(8), e12023</ref><ref>Loewenberg, S. (2012), "India reports cases of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis," ''The Lancet'', 379(9812), 205</ref> | ||
Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044/ Dharavi turns into fireball as flames engulf slum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011615/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044 |date=25 January 2013}} ''Indian Express'' (22 January 2013)</ref> In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.<ref>Samaddar, S., Misra, B. A., Chatterjee, R., & Tatano, H. (2012). [http://idrim.ir/index.php/idrim/article/viewFile/38/pdf_11 Understanding | Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044/ Dharavi turns into fireball as flames engulf slum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011615/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044 |date=25 January 2013}} ''Indian Express'' (22 January 2013)</ref> In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.<ref>Samaddar, S., Misra, B. A., Chatterjee, R., & Tatano, H. (2012). [http://idrim.ir/index.php/idrim/article/viewFile/38/pdf_11 Understanding Community's Evacuation Intention Development Process in a Flood Prone Micro-hotspot]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, Mumbai. ''IDRiM Journal'', 2(2)</ref> | ||
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] also affected the slum. The first case was reported in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Sahil |title=First coronavirus case reported from Mumbai's Dharavi slum |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-from-dharavi-in-mumbai-1662265-2020-04-01 |website=India Today |access-date=3 April 2020 |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> | The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] also affected the slum. The first case was reported in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Sahil |title=First coronavirus case reported from Mumbai's Dharavi slum |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-from-dharavi-in-mumbai-1662265-2020-04-01 |website=India Today |access-date=3 April 2020 |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> | ||
==In the media== | ==In the media== | ||
{{ | {{Blockquote | ||
|quote = From the main road leading through Dharavi, the place makes a desperate impression. However, once having entered the narrow lanes Dharavi proves that the prejudice of slums as dirty, underdeveloped, and criminal places does not fit real living conditions. Sure, communal sanitation blocks that are mostly in a miserable condition and overcrowded space do not comfort the living. Inside the huts, it is, however, very clean, and some huts share some elements of beauty. Nice curtains at the windows and balconies covered by flowers and plants indicate that people try to arrange their homes as cosy and comfortable as possible. | |quote = From the main road leading through Dharavi, the place makes a desperate impression. However, once having entered the narrow lanes Dharavi proves that the prejudice of slums as dirty, underdeveloped, and criminal places does not fit real living conditions. Sure, communal sanitation blocks that are mostly in a miserable condition and overcrowded space do not comfort the living. Inside the huts, it is, however, very clean, and some huts share some elements of beauty. Nice curtains at the windows and balconies covered by flowers and plants indicate that people try to arrange their homes as cosy and comfortable as possible. | ||
|source = Denis Gruber et al. (2005)<ref>Denis Gruber, Andrea Kirschner, Sandra Mill, Manuela Schach, Steffen Schmekel, and Hardo Seligman, "Living and Working in Slums of Mumbai," Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Soziologie, Magdeburg, Germany, {{ISSN|1615-8229}} (April 2005)</ref> | |source = Denis Gruber et al. (2005)<ref>Denis Gruber, Andrea Kirschner, Sandra Mill, Manuela Schach, Steffen Schmekel, and Hardo Seligman, "Living and Working in Slums of Mumbai," Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Soziologie, Magdeburg, Germany, {{ISSN|1615-8229}} (April 2005)</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
In the West, Dharavi was most notably used as the backdrop in the British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendes|first=Ana Cristina|date=2010|title=Showcasing India Unshining: Film Tourism in Danny Boyle'sSlumdog Millionaire|journal=Third Text|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=471–479|doi=10.1080/09528822.2010.491379|s2cid=145021606|issn=0952-8822}}</ref> It has also been depicted in a number of Indian films, including ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), ''[[Parinda]]'' (1989), ''[[Dharavi (film)|Dharavi]]'' (1991), ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'' (1995), [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s "[[Ram Gopal Varma#Indian gangster trilogy|Indian Gangster Trilogy]]" (1998–2005), the ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' series ( | In the West, Dharavi was most notably used as the backdrop in the British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendes|first=Ana Cristina|date=2010|title=Showcasing India Unshining: Film Tourism in Danny Boyle'sSlumdog Millionaire|journal=Third Text|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=471–479|doi=10.1080/09528822.2010.491379|s2cid=145021606|issn=0952-8822}}</ref> It has also been depicted in a number of Indian films, including ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), ''[[Parinda]]'' (1989), ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]'' (1991), ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995), [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s "[[Ram Gopal Varma#Indian gangster trilogy|Indian Gangster Trilogy]]" (1998–2005), the ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' series (2005–2017), ''[[Footpath (2003 film)|Footpath]]'' (2003), ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004), ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]'' (2005), ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007), ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' (2007), ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'' (2008), ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011), ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013), ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]'' (2014), ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019). | ||
''Dharavi, Slum for Sale'' (2009) by Lutz Konermann and Rob Appleby is a German [[Documentary film|documentary]].<ref>{{IMDb title|1188984|Dharavi, Slum for Sale}}</ref> In a programme aired in the United Kingdom in January 2010, [[Kevin McCloud]] and Channel 4 aired a two-part series titled ''Slumming It''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |title=Slumming It: Dharavi |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118083854/http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |archive-date=18 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> which centered around Dharavi and its inhabitants. The poem "[[Blessing (poem)|Blessing]]" by [[Imtiaz Dharker]] is about Dharavi not having enough water. ''[[For The Win]]'', by [[Cory Doctorow]], is partially set in Dharavi. In 2014, Belgian researcher Katrien Vankrunkelsven made a 22-minute film on Dharavi which is entitled ''The Way of Dharavi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|title=Documentary – The Way Of Dharavi 2014|last=Sse Productions bvba|date=3 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017233205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ''Dharavi, Slum for Sale'' (2009) by Lutz Konermann and Rob Appleby is a German [[Documentary film|documentary]].<ref>{{IMDb title|1188984|qid=Q22138197|title=Dharavi, Slum for Sale}}</ref> In a programme aired in the United Kingdom in January 2010, [[Kevin McCloud]] and Channel 4 aired a two-part series titled ''Slumming It''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |title=Slumming It: Dharavi |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118083854/http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |archive-date=18 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> which centered around Dharavi and its inhabitants. The poem "[[Blessing (poem)|Blessing]]" by [[Imtiaz Dharker]] is about Dharavi not having enough water. ''[[For The Win]]'', by [[Cory Doctorow]], is partially set in Dharavi. In 2014, Belgian researcher Katrien Vankrunkelsven made a 22-minute film on Dharavi which is entitled ''The Way of Dharavi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|title=Documentary – The Way Of Dharavi 2014|last=Sse Productions bvba|date=3 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017233205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[Hitman 2 (2018 video game)|Hitman 2]], a video game released in 2018, featured the slums of Mumbai in one of its missions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=Hitman 2: 10 Things To Do In Mumbai That The Game Doesn't Tell You About|url=https://www.thegamer.com/hitman-2-mumbai-activities-secret/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=TheGamer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HITMAN™ 2 - Mumbai on Steam|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/950559/HITMAN2__Mumbai/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=store.steampowered.com|language=en}}</ref> | |||
The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the slums of Dharavi in the fictional map.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2020|title=WHAT IS MUMBAI GULLIES?|url=https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=GameEon|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214702/https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2021|first=Bodhisatwa Ray 19|date=19 January 2021|title=Mumbai Gullies, a GTA styled game from an Indian developer, set to launch soon|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/mumbai-gullies-a-gta-styled-game-from-an-indian-developer-set-to-launch-soon|access-date=18 September 2021|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2024}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 151: | Line 160: | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* Sharma, Kalpana; "Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum" (2000) – Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-100023-6}} | * Sharma, Kalpana; "Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum" (2000) – Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-100023-6}} | ||
* [ | * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm "Life in a Slum" – BBC News] | ||
* {{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}} | * {{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}} | ||
* [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311293 "Urban poverty in India: A flourishing slum"] and [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311257 "Recycling: A soul-searching business"], ''[[The Economist]]'', 19 December 2007 | * [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311293 "Urban poverty in India: A flourishing slum"] and [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311257 "Recycling: A soul-searching business"], ''[[The Economist]]'', 19 December 2007 | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [ | {{commons category}} | ||
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dharavi¶ms=19_02_16_N_72_51_13_E_type:city_region:IN-MH GeoHack - Dharavi] | |||
{{Mumbai topics}} | {{Mumbai topics}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:52, 2 March 2026
Dharavi | |
|---|---|
 View of Dharavi | |
  Dharavi Dharavi, Mumbai, Maharashtra | |
| Coordinates: 19°02′16″N 72°51′13″E / 19.03778°N 72.85361°E[1] | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Mumbai City |
| City | Mumbai |
| Founded | 1884 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal corporation |
| • Body | Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (MCGM) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 2.39 km2 (0.92 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 20.47 m (67.16 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
| • Estimate ({{{pop_est_as_of}}}) | 700,000 to 1,000,000 |
| Language | |
| • Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 400017 |
| Telephone code | +9122 |
| Vehicle registration | MH-01 |
| Civic agency | BMC |
Dharavi is a residential area in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered one of the world's largest slums.[1][2] Dharavi has an area of just over 2.39 square kilometres (0.92 sq mi; 590 acres)[3] and a population of about 1,000,000.[4] With a population density of over Script error: No such module "Pop density"., Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.
The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era, and grew because of the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government, and due to the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai. For this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly diverse settlement, religiously and ethnically.[5]
Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents[6]—leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion.[7]
Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Bombay.[8] Sanitation in the slums remains poor.[9]
History[edit | edit source]
In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a predominantly mangrove swamp.[10] It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by Koli fishermen.[11][12] Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwada.[13]
Colonial era[edit | edit source]
In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under East India Company and British Raj, the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Bombay peninsula, the population density was over 10 times higher than London at that time.[13]
The most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Bombay into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved into Dharavi. Other early settlers included the Kumbhars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Bombay, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade.[11] These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or investment in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, roads or other basic services. But some ethnic, caste and religious communities that settled in Dharavi at that time helped build the settlement of Dharavi by forming organizations and political parties, building school and temples, constructing homes and factories.[12] Dharavi's first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1883 and organizing Ganesh Chaturthi of 112th year since 1913 following the Southern Tirunelveli Culture.[13]
Post-independence[edit | edit source]
At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in Bombay and all of India. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across the city.[13] Bombay, meanwhile, continued to grow as a city. Soon Dharavi was surrounded by the city, and became a key hub for informal economy.[14] Starting from the 1950s, proposals for Dharavi redevelopment plans periodically came out, but most of these plans failed because of lack of financial banking and/or political support.[12] Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the lives of thousands of slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M.V. Duraiswamy, a well-known social worker and Congress leader of that region. The society promoted 338 flats and 97 shops and was named as Dr. Baliga Nagar. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about 175 hectares (432 acres), with an astounding population density of more than 2,900 people per hectare (1,200/acre).[13][15]
Redevelopment plan[edit | edit source]
There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as Tai Hang. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be Template:IRs.[16]
The latest urban redevelopment plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta.[11] The plan involves the construction of 2,800,000 square metres (30,000,000 sq ft) of housing, schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with 3,700,000 square metres (40,000,000 sq ft) of residential and commercial space for sale.[17] There is still a significant local opposition to the plans, largely because existing residents still feel 33 square metres (350 sq ft) of revised permanent alternate accommodation per tenant is not adequate each. Furthermore, only those families who lived in the area before 2000 are slated for resettlement. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. Due to this opposition, a trust has been proposed called the Dharavi Community Land Trust that will be made up of community members, landowners and neighborhood associations.
In 2008 German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect the current residents from needing to relocate.[18]
Other redevelopment schemes include the "Dharavi Masterplan" devised by British architectural and engineering firm Foster + Partners, that proposes "double-height spaces that create an intricate vertical landscape and reflect the community's way of life" built-in phases that the firm says would "eliminate the need for transit camps", instead catalyzing the rehabilitation of Dharavi "from within".
A Dubai-based firm, SecLink Group, has planned to redevelop the slum into a completely new area.[19] On setting up of the SPV, the private firm will have to bring in the equity of Rs 400 crore, while the state government will invest another Rs 100 crore. The company planning to do it is also building infrastructure and affordable housing projects in Singapore and Dubai. Following the empowered committee's nod, the senior state officials said that an MoU will soon be executed between the state government, and the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Authority (DRPA) and the company. With an almost estimated cost of over Rs 26,000 crore, the Dharavi makeover project is the biggest brownfield redevelopment project in India. To make the redevelopment more economically viable, the state government's plan is involving transforming the region into a hub for commercial and business activity. Dharavi is close to the Bandra Kurla Complex, which is India's richest business district and one of the richest in Asia.
In the spring of 2023, it became known that the Indian billionaire Gautam Adani intends to do the reconstruction of Dharavi. Adani Properties Pvt. offers the largest amount of construction investments – 615 million dollars. Mumbai authorities estimate the total cost of the work at $2.4 billion.[20]
As of April 2024, a survey is being conducted by Adani Group to rehabilitate Dharavi residents for redevelopment.[21] On 20 December 2024, the High Count of Bombay awarded the Adani Group after the SecLink Group tried to sue.[22][23]
Demographics[edit | edit source]
The total current population of the Dharavi slum is unknown because of fast changes in the population of migrant workers coming from neighbouring Gujarat state, though voter turnout for the 2019 Maharashtra state legislative assembly election was 119,092 (yielding a 60% rate). Some sources suggest it is 300,000[24][25] to about a million.[26] With Dharavi spread over 200 hectares (500 acres), it is also estimated to have a population density of 869,565 people per square mile. Among the people, about 20% work on animal skin production, tanneries and leather goods. Other artisans specialise in pottery work, textile goods manufacturing, retail and trade, distilleries and other caste professions – all of these as small-scale household operations. With a literacy rate of 69%, Dharavi is the most literate slum in India.[27]
The western edge of Dharavi is where its original inhabitants, the Kolis, reside. Dharavi consists of various language speakers such as Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, and many more.[28] The slum residents are from all over India, people who migrated from rural regions of many different states.[29]
About 29% of the population of Dharavi is Muslim.[30][31] The Christian population is estimated to be about 6%,[32] while the rest are predominantly Hindus with some Buddhists and other minority religions. The slum has numerous mosques, temples and churches to serve people of Hindu, Islam and Christian faiths, with Badi Masjid, a mosque, as the oldest religious structure in Dharavi.
Location and characteristics[edit | edit source]
Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to Mumbai Airport. To the west of Dharavi are Mahim and Bandra, and to the north lies the Mithi River. The Mithi River empties into the Arabian Sea through the Mahim Creek. The area of Antop Hill lies to the east while the locality called Matunga is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the wet season.
Dharavi is considered one of the largest slums in the world.[33] The low-rise building style and narrow street structure of the area make Dharavi very cramped and confined. Like most slums, it is overpopulated.
Economy[edit | edit source]
In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi,[11] there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of Mumbai. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people.[34] While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area.[34] The district has an estimated 5,000 businesses[35] and 15,000 single-room factories.[34] Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important commuting station for people in the area going to and from work.
Dharavi exports goods around the world.[6] Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East.[6] The total (and largely informal economy) turnover is estimated to be between US$500 million,[7] and US$650 million per year,[36] to over US$1 billion per year.[34] The per capita income of the residents, depending on estimated population range of 300,000 to about 1 million, ranges between US$500 and US$2,000 per year.
A few travel operators offer guided tours through Dharavi, showing the industrial and the residential part of Dharavi and explaining about the problems and challenges Dharavi is facing. These tours give a deeper insight into a slum in general and Dharavi in particular.[37]
Utility services[edit | edit source]
Potable water is supplied by the MCGM to Dharavi and the whole of Mumbai. However, a large amount of water is lost due to water thefts, illegal connection and leakage.[38] The community also has a number of water wells that are sources of non-potable water.[citation needed]
Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies,[39] as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.[40]
There are settlement houses that still do not have legal connections to the utility service and thus rely on illegal connection to the water and power supply which means a water and power shortage for the residents in Dharavi.[citation needed]
Sanitation issues[edit | edit source]
Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases.[11] The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odours. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. The residents have a section where they wash their clothes in water that people defecate in, causing an estimated 4,000 typhoid cases daily. There are government proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues. In a 2006 Human Development Report by the UN, they estimated there was an average of 1 toilet for every 1,440 people.[41]
Epidemics and other disasters[edit | edit source]
Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality.[42][43] Dysentery epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include typhoid, cholera, leprosy, amoebiasis and polio.[8][44] For example, in 1986, a cholera epidemic was reported, where most patients were children of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally high.[45] In recent years, cases of drug resistant tuberculosis have been reported in Dharavi.[46][47]
Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries.[48] In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.[49]
The COVID-19 pandemic also affected the slum. The first case was reported in April 2020.[50]
In the media[edit | edit source]
From the main road leading through Dharavi, the place makes a desperate impression. However, once having entered the narrow lanes Dharavi proves that the prejudice of slums as dirty, underdeveloped, and criminal places does not fit real living conditions. Sure, communal sanitation blocks that are mostly in a miserable condition and overcrowded space do not comfort the living. Inside the huts, it is, however, very clean, and some huts share some elements of beauty. Nice curtains at the windows and balconies covered by flowers and plants indicate that people try to arrange their homes as cosy and comfortable as possible.
— Denis Gruber et al. (2005)[51]
In the West, Dharavi was most notably used as the backdrop in the British film Slumdog Millionaire (2008).[52] It has also been depicted in a number of Indian films, including Deewaar (1975), Nayakan (1987), Salaam Bombay! (1988), Parinda (1989), Dharavi (1991), Bombay (1995), Ram Gopal Varma's "Indian Gangster Trilogy" (1998–2005), the Sarkar series (2005–2017), Footpath (2003), Black Friday (2004), Mumbai Xpress (2005), No Smoking (2007), Traffic Signal (2007), Aamir (2008), Mankatha (2011), Thalaivaa (2013), Bhoothnath Returns (2014), Kaala (2018) and Gully Boy (2019).
Dharavi, Slum for Sale (2009) by Lutz Konermann and Rob Appleby is a German documentary.[53] In a programme aired in the United Kingdom in January 2010, Kevin McCloud and Channel 4 aired a two-part series titled Slumming It[54] which centered around Dharavi and its inhabitants. The poem "Blessing" by Imtiaz Dharker is about Dharavi not having enough water. For The Win, by Cory Doctorow, is partially set in Dharavi. In 2014, Belgian researcher Katrien Vankrunkelsven made a 22-minute film on Dharavi which is entitled The Way of Dharavi.[55]
Hitman 2, a video game released in 2018, featured the slums of Mumbai in one of its missions.[56][57] The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the slums of Dharavi in the fictional map.[58][59][needs update]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum". The Times of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ↑ Arora, Payal (2019). The Next Billion Users: Digital Life Beyond the West. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780674983786. OCLC 1057240289.
- ↑ Ramanathan, Gayatri (6 July 2007). "Shanty-towns emerge targets for development". Livemint. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ Grey, Deborah. "India's biggest slum faces wrecking ball as residents fear change". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ↑ Sharma, Kalpana; Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum (2000) – Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-100023-6
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ahmed, Zubair (20 October 2008). "Indian slum hit by New York woes". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Jai Ho Dharavi". Nyenrode Business Universiteit. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Swaminathan, M. (1995). "Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay." Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 133–144
- ↑ The Bombay Slum Sanitation Program – Partnering with Slum Communities for SustainableSanitation in a Megalopolis (PDF). Washington: World bank. 1 September 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ↑ D'Cunha, Jose Gerson (1900). "IV The Portuguese Period". The Origins of Bombay (3 ed.). Bombay: Asian Educational Services. p. 265. ISBN 978-81-206-0815-3. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Jacobson, Mark (May 2007). "Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Weinstein, Liza (June 2014). Globalization and Community, Volume 23 : Durable Slum : Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai. Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780816683109.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Jan Nijman, A STUDY OF SPACE IN BOMBAY'S SLUMS, Tijdschrift Voor economic en social geographies, Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17, February 2010
- ↑ , Eyre, L. (1990), "The shanty towns of central Bombay." Urban Geography 11, pages 130–152
- ↑ Graber et al. (2005), "Living and working in slums of Bombay." Working paper 36. Magdeburg: Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Netherlands
- ↑ "Calls to scrap Dharavi makeover gain ground". The Times of India. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
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- ↑ "Dubai firm to transform Asia's biggest slum". gulfnews.com. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
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- ↑ "Bombay HC upholds tender awarded to Adani Group to redevelop Dharavi slum". The Hindu. 20 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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- ↑ Lewis, Clara (6 July 2011). "Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
- ↑ Neelima Risbud (2003). Urban Slums Reports: The case of Mumbai, India, Risbud 2003.
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- ↑ Fernando, Benita (2 April 2014). "An urbanist's guide to the Mumbai slum of Dharavi". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ↑ Sharma, Kalpana (2000). Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum. Penguin Books India; ISBN 978-0141000237
- ↑ Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City Archived 14 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic (2007)
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- ↑ "Slum areas of Mumbai (Bombay) in India". Kristian Bertel Photography. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 McDougall, Dan (4 March 2007). "Waste not, want not in the £700m slum". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
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- ↑ "Dharavi". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
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- ↑ Loewenberg, S. (2012), "India reports cases of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis," The Lancet, 379(9812), 205
- ↑ Dharavi turns into fireball as flames engulf slum Archived 25 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Indian Express (22 January 2013)
- ↑ Samaddar, S., Misra, B. A., Chatterjee, R., & Tatano, H. (2012). Understanding Community's Evacuation Intention Development Process in a Flood Prone Micro-hotspot[permanent dead link], Mumbai. IDRiM Journal, 2(2)
- ↑ Joshi, Sahil (1 April 2020). "First coronavirus case reported from Mumbai's Dharavi slum". India Today. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ Denis Gruber, Andrea Kirschner, Sandra Mill, Manuela Schach, Steffen Schmekel, and Hardo Seligman, "Living and Working in Slums of Mumbai," Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Soziologie, Magdeburg, Germany, ISSN 1615-8229 (April 2005)
- ↑ Mendes, Ana Cristina (2010). "Showcasing India Unshining: Film Tourism in Danny Boyle'sSlumdog Millionaire". Third Text. 24 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1080/09528822.2010.491379. ISSN 0952-8822. S2CID 145021606.
- ↑ Dharavi, Slum for Sale on IMDb
- ↑ "Slumming It: Dharavi". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
- ↑ Sse Productions bvba (3 April 2015). "Documentary – The Way Of Dharavi 2014". Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017 – via YouTube.
- ↑ "Hitman 2: 10 Things To Do In Mumbai That The Game Doesn't Tell You About". TheGamer. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- ↑ "HITMAN™ 2 - Mumbai on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- ↑ "WHAT IS MUMBAI GULLIES?". GameEon. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- ↑ January 2021, Bodhisatwa Ray 19 (19 January 2021). "Mumbai Gullies, a GTA styled game from an Indian developer, set to launch soon". TechRadar. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Dharavi: Documenting Informalities. Practical Action June 2018. Jonatan Habib Engqvist and Maria Lantz. ISBN 978-1853397103
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Sharma, Kalpana; "Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum" (2000) – Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-100023-6
- "Life in a Slum" – BBC News
- Jacobson, Mark (May 2007). "Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
- "Urban poverty in India: A flourishing slum" and "Recycling: A soul-searching business", The Economist, 19 December 2007
- Everyone Wants a Slice of the Dharavi Pie – Live Mint
- Facts About Asia's Largest Slum, Dharavi, Mumbai - TabloidXO
