Pha (Indic)

Pha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of फ are:

• फ [pʰə] = 22 (२२)
• फि [pʰɪ] = 2,200 (२ २००)
• फु [pʰʊ] = 220,000 (२ २० ०००)
• फृ [pʰri] = 22,000,000 (२ २० ०० ०००)
• फॢ [pʰlə] = 22Template:E (२२×१०^८)
• फे [pʰe] = 22Template:E (२२×१०^१०)
• फै [pʰɛː] = 22Template:E (२२×१०^१२)
• फो [pʰoː] = 22Template:E (२२×१०^१४)
• फौ [pʰɔː] = 22Template:E (२२×१०^१६)

Historic Pha

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pha as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Pha did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of pha, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Pha

The Brahmi letter , Pha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pha historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)
	No sample	No sample

Tocharian Pha

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Pha with vowel marks

Pha	Phā	Phi	Phī	Phu	Phū	Phr	Phr̄	Phe	Phai	Pho	Phau	Phä

Kharoṣṭhī Pha

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pha.

Devanagari Pha

Main article: Devanagari pha

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Pha (फ) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ફ, and the Modi letter 𑘣.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, फ is pronounced as [pʰə] or [pʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari फ with vowel marks

Pha	Phā	Phi	Phī	Phu	Phū	Phr	Phr̄	Phl	Phl̄	Phe	Phai	Pho	Phau	Ph
फ	फा	फि	फी	फु	फू	फृ	फॄ	फॢ	फॣ	फे	फै	फो	फौ	फ्

Conjuncts with फ

Half form of Pha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Most Devanagari letters drop a character's vertical stem to create a half form, but due to its large tail to the right of the stem, the common half form of फ has its tail reduced to attach to the following letter. Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

Ligature conjuncts of फ

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RPha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

• फ্ (pʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature pʰna:

• फ্ (pʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pʰra:

Stacked conjuncts of फ

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• छ্ (cʰ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature cʰpʰa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱpʰa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍpʰa:

• द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:

• फ্ (pʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature pʰca:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pʰḍa:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pʰja:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pʰjña:

• फ্ (pʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature pʰka:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature pʰla:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:

• फ্ (pʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pʰña:

• फ্ (pʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature pʰva:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰpʰa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṭpʰa:

Bengali Pha

The Bengali script ফ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, फ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ফ will sometimes be transliterated as "pho" instead of "pha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /pʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ফ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ফ with vowel marks

pha	phā	phi	phī	phu	phū	phr	phr̄	phe	phai	pho	phau	ph
ফ	ফা	ফি	ফী	ফু	ফূ	ফৃ	ফৄ	ফে	ফৈ	ফো	ফৌ	ফ্

ফ in Bengali-using languages

ফ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ফ

Bengali ফ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.

• ল্ (l) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature lpʰa:

• ম্ (m) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature mpʰa:

• ফ্ (pʰ) + ল (la) gives the ligature pʰla:

• ফ্ (pʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature pʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa, with the repha prefix:

• স্ (s) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature spʰa:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṣpʰa:

Gujarati Pha

Gujarati Pha.

Pha (ફ) is the twenty-second consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter . ફ (Pha) is similar in appearance to ક (Ka), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ફ is pronounced as [pʰə] or [pʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Pha	Phā	Phi	Phī	Phu	Phū	Phr	Phl	Phr̄	Phl̄	Phĕ	Phe	Phai	Phŏ	Pho	Phau	Ph
Gujarati Pha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ફ

Gujarati ફ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Pha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Pha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ફ (pʰa) gives the ligature RPha:

• ફ્ (pʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa:

Javanese Pha

Main article: Pha (Javanese)

Telugu Pha

Telugu independent and subjoined Pha.

Pha (ఫ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಫ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Pha

Malayalam letter Pha

Pha (ഫ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Pha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Pha matras: Pha, Phā, Phi, Phī, Phu, Phū, Phr̥, Phr̥̄, Phl̥, Phl̥̄, Phe, Phē, Phai, Pho, Phō, Phau, and Ph.

Conjuncts of ഫ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• പ് (p) + ഫ (pʰa) gives the ligature ppʰa:

Odia Pha

Odia independent and subjoined letter Pha.

Pha (ଫ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Pha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pha with vowel matras

Pha	Phā	Phi	Phī	Phu	Phū	Phr̥	Phr̥̄	Phl̥	Phl̥̄	Phe	Phai	Pho	Phau	Ph
ଫ	ଫା	ଫି	ଫୀ	ଫୁ	ଫୂ	ଫୃ	ଫୄ	ଫୢ	ଫୣ	ଫେ	ଫୈ	ଫୋ	ଫୌ	ଫ୍

Conjuncts of ଫ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ମ୍ (m) + ଫ (pʰa) gives the ligature mpʰa:

Comparison of Pha

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pha, are related as well.

Comparison of Pha in different scripts
Notes

Character encodings of Pha

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Template:Indic encoding

References

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".