Ra (Indic)

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing after having gone through the Gupta letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing. Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:

• र [ɾə] = 40 (४०)
• रि [ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
• रु [ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
• रृ [ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
• रॢ [ɾlə] = 4Template:E (४×१०^९)
• रे [ɾe] = 4Template:E (४×१०^११)
• रै [ɾɛː] = 4Template:E (४×१०^१३)
• रो [ɾoː] = 4Template:E (४×१०^१५)
• रौ [ɾɔː] = 4Template:E (४×१०^१७)

Historic Ra

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, Error creating thumbnail: File missing, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Error creating thumbnail: File missing. The Tocharian Ra had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Error creating thumbnail: File missing. The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi (Error creating thumbnail: File missing), was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ra

The Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing, Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)
Error creating thumbnail: File missing		Error creating thumbnail: File missing		Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Tocharian Ra

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi Error creating thumbnail: File missing, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form Error creating thumbnail: File missing used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	Rä	Fremdzeichen
				Error creating thumbnail: File missing		Error creating thumbnail: File missing			Error creating thumbnail: File missing	Error creating thumbnail: File missing			Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Kharoṣṭhī Ra

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.

Devanagari Ra

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Ra (र) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing, after having gone through the Gupta letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ર, and the Modi letter 𑘨. Ra, along with the Latin capital letter R, is the basis of the currency symbol ₹, which represents the Indian rupee.

Devanagari-using languages

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari र with vowel marks

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rr̄	Rl	Rl̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	R
र	रा	रि	री	रु	रू	रृ	रॄ	रॢ	रॣ	रे	रै	रो	रौ	र्

Several languages use the dotted form Rra Error creating thumbnail: File missing for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Conjuncts with र

Devanagari Repha

Devanagari Rakar

Eyelash Ra

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks. When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar. Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally. Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline. The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

Devanagari Repha

• Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

• Repha र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RBha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• Repha र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

• Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RJa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

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• Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RKSsa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

• Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

• Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

• Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• Repha र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RPha.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives the ligature rra:

• Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

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• Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

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• Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTa.svg

• Repha र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

• Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

• Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

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• Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

Devanagari Rakar

• भ্ (b^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

• ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

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• छ্ (c^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature c^hra:

• च্ (c) + र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

• द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

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• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

• ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct DdRa.svg

• द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

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• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

• ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

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• द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

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• घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

• ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

• झ্ (j^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature j^hra:

• ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

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• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct KTRa.svg

• ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḷra:

• ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives the ligature lra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct LRa.svg

• म্ (m) + र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct MRa.svg

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

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• ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

• ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

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• न্ (n) + र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

• ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

• फ্ (p^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

• प্ (p) + र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

• श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

• स্ (s) + र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

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• ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct SsKRa.svg

• ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

• थ্ (t^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

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• त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TRa.svg

• त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

File:Devanagari Conjunct TRYa.svg

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭ^hra:

• ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

• त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

• व্ (v) + र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

• य্ (y) + र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

Several conjuncts have both Repha and Rakar forms:

• र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RDhRa.svg

• र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

• र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

File:Devanagari Conjunct RTTRa.svg

Devanagari Eyelash Ra

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RBa.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDda.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RJha.svg

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature rṭ^ha:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

Bengali Ra

The Bengali script র is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/. Like all Indic consonants, র can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali র with vowel marks

ra	rā	ri	rī	ru	rū	rr	rr̄	re	rai	ro	rau	r
র	রা	রি	রী	রু	রূ	রৃ	রৄ	রে	রৈ	রো	রৌ	র্

র in Bengali-using languages

র is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with র

Bengali র exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali র also rarely appears in conjuncts in full form, and has special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala.

Bengali Ra-phala

File:Bengali Letter Ra-phala.svg The letter র has a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

• ভ্ (b^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature b^hra:

• ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives the ligature bra:

• চ্ (c) + ছ্ (c^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature cc^hra:

• দ্ (d) + ভ্ (b^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature db^hra:

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• ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

• ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

• ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

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• দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature dra:

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• দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra:

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• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• খ্ (k^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

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• ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature kṭra:

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• ম্ (m) + ভ্ (b^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature mb^hra:

• ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra:

• ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives the ligature mra:

• ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives the ligature mvra:

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• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra:

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• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra:

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• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

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• ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra:

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• ন্ (n) + থ্ (t^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature nt^hra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

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• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra:

• ফ্ (p^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature p^hra:

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• প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra:

• প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

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• শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

• স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature skra:

• স্ (s) + র (ra) gives the ligature sra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra:

• স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature stra:

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• স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature sṭra:

• থ্ (t^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature t^hra:

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• ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature tra:

File:Bengali Conjunct Tra.svg

• ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

• ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

Bengali Repha

File:Bengali Letter Repha.svg Unlike other letters, র also has a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala and Va-phala in many conjuncts.

• র্ (r) + ভ (b^ha) gives the ligature rb^ha:

• র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca:

• র্ (r) + ছ (c^ha) gives the ligature rc^ha:

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• র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda:

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• র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

• র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rdha.svg

• র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra:

• র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

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• র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha:

• র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja:

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• র্ (r) + ঝ (j^ha) gives the ligature rj^ha:

• র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rjya.svg

• র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka:

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• র্ (r) + খ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

• র্ (r) + খ্ (k^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rk^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + ল (la) gives the ligature rla:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rla.svg

• র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma:

• র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna:

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• র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

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• র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

File:Bengali Conjunct Rnnya.svg

• র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

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• র্ (r) + ফ (p^ha) gives the ligature rp^ha:

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• র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

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• র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

• র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

• র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta:

• র্ (r) + থ (t^ha) gives the ligature rt^ha:

• র্ (r) + থ্ (t^h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rt^hya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

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• র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

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• র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

Gujarati Ra

Gujarati Ra.

Ra (ર) is twenty-seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing. When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr	Rl	Rr̄	Rl̄	Rĕ	Re	Rai	Rŏ	Ro	Rau	R
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ર

Gujarati Repha

Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Repha

Rakar

* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) gives the ligature RKa: ર્ (r) + ખ (kha) gives the ligature RKha: ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa: ર્ (r) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature RGha: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa: ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa: ર્ (r) + છ (cha) gives the ligature RCha: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ઝ (jha) gives the ligature RJha: ર્ (r) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RÑa: ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa: ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈha) gives the ligature RṬha: ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa: ર્ (r) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature RḌha: ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives the ligature RTa: ર્ (r) + થ (tha) gives the ligature RTha: ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa: ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha: ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa: ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa: ર્ (r) + ફ (pha) gives the ligature RPha: ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ભ (bha) gives the ligature RBha: ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa: ર્ (r) + ય (ya) gives the ligature RYa: File:Gujarati conjunct RYa.svg ર્ (r) + લ (la) gives the ligature RLa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ળ (ɭ̆a) gives the ligature Ra: ર્ (r) + વ (va) gives the ligature RVa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + સ (sa) gives the ligature RSa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa: ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa: ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa: ર્ (r) + ર (ra) gives the ligature RRa:

* ક્ (k) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KRa: ખ્ (kh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KhRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa: ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GhRa: ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa: ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa: છ્ (ch) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa: ઝ્ (jh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JhRa: ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ÑRa: ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa: File:Gujarati conjunct TtRa.svg ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa: ઠ્ (ʈh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa: ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌhRa: ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa: ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives the ligature TRa: થ્ (th) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ThRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa: ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa: ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa: પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ફ્ (ph) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa: ભ્ (bh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BhRa: મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa: ય્ (y) + ર (ra) gives the ligature YRa: લ્ (l) + ર (ra) gives the ligature LRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ર (ra) gives the ligature Ra: વ્ (v) + ર (ra) gives the ligature VRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa: ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa: સ્ (s) + ર (ra) gives the ligature SRa: હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa: ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa: જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa: Error creating thumbnail: File missing

Javanese Ra

Main article: Ra (Javanese)

Telugu Ra

Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra (ర) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ರ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Telugu Rra

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Malayalam Ra

Malayalam letter Ra

Ra (ര) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing, via the Grantha letter Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

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Malayalam Ra matras: Ra, Rā, Ri, Rī, Ru, Rū, Rr̥, Rr̥̄, Rl̥, Rl̥̄, Re, Rē, Rai, Ro, Rō, Rau, and R.

Conjuncts of ര

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ഖ് (k^h) + ര (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

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• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

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• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

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Malayalam Ṟa

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

Conjuncts of റ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature nṟa:

• റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature ṟṟa:

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Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Re

Template:Canadian Syllabics sidebar ᕂ, ᕆ, ᕈ and ᕋ are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᕐ (R) is a small version of the A-series letter ᕋ, although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character ᕂ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation. Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant	E-series		I-series		O-series			A-series			Other
R + vowel	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	Re	Cree Re	Ri		Ro			Ra			Ray
Small	-		-		-			Template:Huge			-
	-		-		-			R			-
R with long vowels	-		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	-		Rī		Rō			Rā			Rāi
R + W-vowels	Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge			-
	Cree Rwe		Rwi		Rwo			Rwa			Rway
R + long W-vowels	Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge		Template:Huge	-
	Rwē		Rwī		Rwō			Rwā		Cree Rwā	-
Related characters	-		-		-			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
								Medial R			Cree R

Odia Ra

Odia independent letter Ra

Ra (ର) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Error creating thumbnail: File missing, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ra with vowel matras

Ra	Rā	Ri	Rī	Ru	Rū	Rr̥	Rr̥̄	Rl̥	Rl̥̄	Re	Rai	Ro	Rau	R
ର	ରା	ରି	ରୀ	ରୁ	ରୂ	ରୃ	ରୄ	ରୢ	ରୣ	ରେ	ରୈ	ରୋ	ରୌ	ର୍

Conjuncts of ର

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Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

Odia Repha

• ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

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• ର୍ (r) + ଖ (k^ha) gives the ligature rk^ha:

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• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

• ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

• ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives the ligature rra:

Odia Ra Phala

• କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

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• ଖ୍ (k^h) + ର (ra) gives the ligature k^hra:

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• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

• ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

• ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives the ligature lra:

Comparison of Ra

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ra, are related as well.

Comparison of Ra in different scripts
Notes

Character encodings of Ra

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ra in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ra from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Template:Indic encoding

References

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".