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{{update|{{date}}|date=January 2021}}
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{{Short description|Indian government project to develop border roads}}
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'''India-China Border Roads''' (ICBR) project<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17 India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources], India Today, 17 June 2020.</ref> is a [[Government of India]] programme for developing the infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]] by constructing strategic roads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2019-02-13|title=Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/speed-up-road-construction-along-china-border-parliamentary-panel-asks-bro/story-GACofYeYv5l6tbK3XDjbvO.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> After China has significantly upgraded infrastructure in the [[Tibetan Autonomous Region]] with five airbases, an extensive rail network and more than 58,000 km of roads,<ref name=chinaInfrastructure>{{Cite news |title=China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-investment-tibet-idUSKBN25V1KS}}</ref> India is said to be playing catch-up.<ref>Pratik Jakhar, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-53171124 India and China race to build along a disputed frontier], BBC News, 30 July 2020.</ref>
{{Infobox
| bodystyle        = width:22em
| titlestyle      =
| above            = India China Border Roads
| abovestyle      = background:#cfc;
| subheader        = ICBRs, ICB Roads
| imagestyle      =
| captionstyle    =
| image            = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = ICB roads Ladakh.png
| photo1b = ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png
| photo2a =  ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png
| photo2b =
| size = 240
| color = transparent
| border = 0
| text = Highlights in red for Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
| text_background = transparent
}}
| caption          =
| headerstyle      = background:#bae6c6;
| labelstyle      = background:#ddf width:8em%;
| header1          =
| label1          = Type of project
| data1            = Infrastructure development
| header2          =
| label2          = Current status
| data2            = Ongoing (Establishing connectivity and maintenance)
| header3          =
| label3          = Location
| data3            = Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
| header5          =
| label5          = Approved
| data5            = 1999
| header6          = Length of roads
| label7          = Phase 1
| data7            = 3,323 km (approved in 2005)
| header8          =
| label8          = Phase 2
| data8            = 6,700 km (approved in 2020)
| label9          = Total length
| data9            = 10,023 km
| header10        = Status
| label11          = Phase 1
| data11          = 15% complete by 2012,<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" /> 20% complete by 2015<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sudhi Ranjan|date=27 February 2015|title=Only 20 Per Cent of India-China Strategic Border Roads Ready Till Now|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/only-one-fifth-of-india-china-strategic-border-roads-ready-till-now-743051|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=NDTV}}</ref> 46% complete and 95% connectivity established by 2021<ref name=":Status" />
| header11        =
| label12          = Phase 2
| data12          = Ongoing
| header12        =
| belowstyle      =
| below            = Some stretches of road are in disputed territory
}}
'''India-China Border Roads''' (ICBRs, ICB Roads) is a [[Government of India]] project for developing infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]] by constructing strategic roads, including bridges and tunnels.<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics">{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Ajay|date=9 June 2013|title=Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO.|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/edit.htm#1|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=2019-02-13|title=Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/speed-up-road-construction-along-china-border-parliamentary-panel-asks-bro/story-GACofYeYv5l6tbK3XDjbvO.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-08|website=India Today}}</ref> The ICBR project is largely in response to Chinese infrastructure development along the borderlands with India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jakhar|first=Pratik|date=2020-07-30|title=India and China race to build along a disputed frontier|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53171124|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref><ref name="chinaInfrastructure">{{Cite news|date=4 September 2020|title=China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-investment-tibet-idUSKBN25V1KS}}</ref>


As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over 10,023 km length along its [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China under the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], including 73 roads of 3,323 km length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.<ref name=euro1>[https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/ India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India], EurAsian Times, 4 May 2021.</ref><ref name=euro2/><ref name=":1"/> India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.<ref name=add1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715 Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC], The Tribune, 17 March 2021.</ref> Some of the important already completed projects include the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road]] (DS-DBO) and [[Atal Tunnel]] under [[Rohtang Pass]]; and the under-construction important projects include the [[Sela Tunnel]] in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the [[Brahmaputra river]] in Assam.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020620/amid-ladakh-standoff-with-china-india-puts-border-roads-in-fast-lane.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over 10,023&nbsp;km length along its [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) with China under the "Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. This includes 73 roads of 3,323&nbsp;km length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than 6,700&nbsp;km length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/545284/struggling-73-roads-govt-plans.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>  


Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,<ref name=":0"/> [[National Highway Authority of India|NHAI]], [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|MoDNER]], [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC), PWDs of respective states and others. The BRO is responsible for constructing at least 94 ICBR roads, including 61 of the 73 ICBR-I roads and at least 32 of 104 ICBR-II roads.<ref name=":3"/> At least 67% of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.<ref name=":0" />  
India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Tribune India}}</ref> Some of the important already completed projects include the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road]] (DS-DBO) and [[Atal Tunnel]] under [[Rohtang Pass]]; and the under-construction important projects include the [[Sela Tunnel]] in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the [[Brahmaputra river]] in Assam.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020620/amid-ladakh-standoff-with-china-india-puts-border-roads-in-fast-lane.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>


By end of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads have been achieved and among these 52 have been [[Asphalt concrete|black topped]], 7 more roads will be black topped by March 2022 and remaining 2 roads will be black topped by March 2023.<ref name=fin1/>
Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,<ref name=":0" /> [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (MoDNER), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), public works departments of respective states and others.<ref name=":3" /> At least 67% of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.<ref name=":0" />


== History ==
By March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads (3,205 km) or 95+%  of the total length had been achieved and among these 42 (1,530 km) have been [[Asphalt concrete|black topped]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name=":Status">{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=2021-03-15|title=Connectivity achieved on 59 roads along India-China border — Rajnath Singh in Rajya Sabha|url=https://theprint.in/india/connectivity-achieved-on-59-roads-along-india-china-border-rajnath-singh-in-rajya-sabha/622450/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=ThePrint}}</ref>


=== Strategic infastructure requirements ===
== About ==
{{see also | Sino-Indian War | Line of Actual Control |  Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China }}


In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's Northern & Eastern Frontiers, India constituted a China Study Group (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]], a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:<ref name=":4">[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2019) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal.] Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. [http://archive.today/2020.06.19-062007/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Archived] from the original on 19 June 2020.</ref>
=== Strategic infrastructure requirements ===
{{Quote|text=It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.|author=BRO|title=|source=50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19)}}Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Amitabh|date=3 July 2020|title=How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?|url=https://thewire.in/security/fact-check-india-china-border-roads|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2013 the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The [[2017 Doklam Standoff|2017 Doklam standoff]] further raised the profile of the issue with the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government for border infrastructure along the China border.<ref name=":10" />
{{see also|Sino-Indian War|Line of Actual Control}}


=== Requirement for strategic roads ===
In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's northern and eastern frontiers, India constituted a [[China Study Group]] (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]], a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:<ref name=":4">[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2019) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal.] Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. [https://archive.today/20200619062007/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf Archived] from the original on 19 June 2020.</ref>
{{Quote|text=It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.|author=BRO|title=|source=50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19)}}Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Dubey|first=Amitabh|date=3 July 2020|title=How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?|url=https://thewire.in/security/fact-check-india-china-border-roads|access-date=2020-09-07|website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2013 the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The [[2017 Doklam Standoff|2017 Doklam standoff]] further raised the profile of the issue with the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government for border infrastructure along the China border.<ref name=":10" /> ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":4" />


Ministry of Defence submitted a total operational requirement of 852 roads of length 30118 km to the BRO. Out of this, border roads have been classified under the Long Term Roll on Works Plan (LTRoWP); that is 530 roads spanning 22803 km including 73 ICBRs. The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies. Out of the 73 ICBRs, BRO was responsible for 61 roads while the remaining to other departments such as the [[NBCC (India) Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation]] (NBCC), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.<ref name=":4" /> ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh has the most proposed ICBRs numbering 27.<ref name=":4" />
=== ICBR project phases ===
 
Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"{{Efn|"GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC"|name=|group=}} to ICBRs.<ref name=":1" />
 
== ICBR project phases ==
{{ anchor | Phase | Phases | phase | phases | ICBR Phases | ICBR phases }}
{{ anchor | Phase | Phases | phase | phases | ICBR Phases | ICBR phases }}


=== ICBR-I or Phase-1 ===
==== ICBR-I or Phase-1 ====
{{ anchor | ICBR-I | ICBR Phase-I | ICBR phase-I | ICBR Phase-1 | ICBR phase-1 }}
{{ anchor | ICBR-I | ICBR Phase-I | ICBR phase-I | ICBR Phase-1 | ICBR phase-1 }}


Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000 km length.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2018-04-20|title=Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/shortage-of-funds-delaying-strategic-roads-along-china-border/articleshow/63848147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It was approved in 2005.<ref name=":1"/> Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to [[Central Public Works Department|CPWD]].<ref name=cpwd1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms Govt to expedite work on 32 road prrojects along border with China: Officials], Times of India, 23 June 2020.</ref> Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14 km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99 km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355 km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98 km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46 km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=fin1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/ Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved], Financialo Express, 16 March 2021.</ref> ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's [[Himank|Project HIMANK]] which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladkah.
Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000&nbsp;km length.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2018-04-20|title=Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/shortage-of-funds-delaying-strategic-roads-along-china-border/articleshow/63848147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It was approved in 2005.<ref name=":1"/> Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to [[Central Public Works Department|CPWD]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14&nbsp;km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99&nbsp;km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355&nbsp;km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98&nbsp;km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46&nbsp;km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's [[Himank|Project HIMANK]] which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladakh.


Current status: As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16 km length have been achieved and only 29 km out of 118.41 km length of remaining 2 roads remains unconnected. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38 km have been paved with the black top, 10 roads will be black topped by the end of March 2021, 7 more roads by March 2022 and remaining 2 roads will be black topped by March 2023.<ref name=fin1/>
As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16&nbsp;km length have been achieved. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38&nbsp;km have been paved with the black top.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Devanjana|date=16 March 2021|title=Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/massive-boost-to-infra-along-india-china-border-connectivity-on-59-strategically-important-roads-achieved/2213742/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>


=== ICBR-II or Phase-2 ===
==== ICBR-II or Phase-2 ====
{{ anchor | ICBR-II | ICBR Phase-II | ICBR phase-II | ICBR Phase-2 | ICBR phase-2 }}
{{ anchor | ICBR-II | ICBR Phase-II | ICBR phase-II | ICBR Phase-2 | ICBR phase-2 }}


ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,<ref name=euro2>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA], [[The Hindu]], 15 March 2021.</ref> to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length.<ref name=add1/><ref name=euro1/> The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.<ref name=euro2/><ref name=":3" /> Amid the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|India-China skirmishes]], the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.<ref name=":3" /> Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.<ref name=":3" />
ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700&nbsp;km length.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-continues-upgrading-border-infrastructure-amid-chinese-challenges-in-himalayas/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/another-6-700-km-roads-to-come-up-along-lac-226715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Tribune India}}</ref> The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jitendra Bahadur|date=17 June 2020|title=India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-to-accelerate-construction-of-roads-along-chinese-border-sources-1690060-2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Amid the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|India-China skirmishes]], the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.<ref name=":3" /> Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.<ref name=":3" />


ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC Border [[Patrol Point]]s (PP) and [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s (BPM Points). As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh alone under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] and many 18 ft tracks.<ref name=euro2/>
ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC [[Patrol Point|patrol point]]s (PP) and [[Border Personnel Meeting point|Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) point]]s. As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] and many 18&nbsp;ft tracks.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


=== BIMF funding and progress of construction ===
=== BIMF funding and progress of construction ===
{{ anchor | BIMF | Border Infrastructure and Management Fund | Status | Progress | Construction status }}
{{ anchor | BIMF | Border Infrastructure and Management Fund | Status | Progress | Construction status }}


ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.<ref name=euro2/>
ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2021-03-15|title=Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2022-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from {{INRConvert|4600|c|lk=on|year=2020}} to {{INRConvert|11800|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=2020-07-05|title=India’s spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-spending-on-lac-roads-has-tripled-in-4-years/articleshow/76803235.cms|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020-21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019-20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018-19, INR 5450 crore in 2017-18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.<ref name=cpwd1/>
Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from {{INRConvert|4600|c|lk=on|year=2020}} to {{INRConvert|11800|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=2020-07-05|title=India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-spending-on-lac-roads-has-tripled-in-4-years/articleshow/76803235.cms|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020–21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019–20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018–19, INR 5450 crore in 2017–18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>


Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR road construction picked up pace after 2014:
Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR construction picked up pace after 2014:


* Road length construction completed: 4,764 km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610 km during 2008-14.<ref name=cpwd1/>  
* Road length construction completed: 4,764&nbsp;km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610&nbsp;km during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Cut (earthworks)|Mountain formation-cutting]] completed: 470 km during 2017-20 versus 230 km during 2008-17.<ref name=cpwd1/>  
* [[Cut (earthworks)|Mountain formation-cutting]] completed: 470&nbsp;km during 2017-20 versus 230&nbsp;km during 2008–17.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Road#Construction|Surface-clearing]] completed: 380&nbsp;km during 2017-20 versus 170&nbsp;km roads during 2008–17.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including [[Atal Tunnel]] at [[Rohtang Pass]] in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008–14.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"{{Efn|"GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC"|name=|group=}} to ICBRs.<ref name=":1" />


* [[Road#Construction|Surface-clearing]] completed: 380 km during 2017-20 versus 170 km roads during 2008-17.<ref name=cpwd1/>  
=== Types of ICBRs ===
Of the 73 ICBR of 3812&nbsp;km, 61 of 3323.57&nbsp;km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided based on their usage type. [[China Study Group]] had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads. Other roads include connecting inter state and state level.<ref name="jan1">[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] (February 2021) [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Defence Committee Action Taken Report], Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065820/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Archived] on 27 August 2021.</ref> The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies including the [[NBCC (India) Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation]] (NBCC), [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.<ref name=":4" />  


* Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008-14.<ref name=cpwd1/>
== List of ICB Roads ==
=== Phase 1 ===


* Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including [[Atal Tunnel]] at [[Rohtang Pass]] in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008-14. 19 more road tunnels were under planning and/or construction stage in June 2020.<ref name=cpwd1/>
Phase-I consists of 3812&nbsp;km roads.<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" /><ref name=":4" />
<!-- On what basis will roads be listed? A representative sample? Complete maps with ICBR phase 1 visible in The Tribune's article "Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO" (https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/edit.htm#1)  -->


== List of ICBRs ==
==== Key ====


=== Types of ICBR===
* '''Maplink''': Interactive map with road.
*'''OSM ID''': Provides a link to road on [[OpenStreetMap]] (OSM) in the form of a relation.
*'''Status''': Status does not represent current state of the road.
*'''Length:''' Present / planned
*'''Comments and citation:''' Further information about the road including bridges and tunnels.


Of the 73 ICBR of 3812 km, 61 of 3323.57 km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided as follows based on their usage type. [[China Study Group]] had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads.<ref name=jan1/>
==== Arunachal Pradesh ====
 
[[File:ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png|thumb|300x300px|ICB Roads in Arunachal Pradesh<ref name=":TribuneBorderLogistics" />]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"   <!-- Comment: style="text-align: right;" -->
In Arunachal Pradesh the ICBR project, in coordination with other government programmes, has connected a number of [[Border outpost|border outposts]] and frontier areas to the national highway network such as [[Kharsang La]], [[Taksing]], [[Lamang (Arunachal Pradesh)|Lamang]], [[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]], [[Kibithu]] and Dichu.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Dange|first=Vaibhav|date=8 October 2020|title=One step closer|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> Major road projects in Arunachal Pradesh include the '[[Sela Pass]] project' which consists of the under construction [[Sela Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2017|title=To counter China and strengthen border security, India to construct 17 tunnels along LAC|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/to-counter-china-and-strengthen-border-security-india-to-construct-17-tunnels-along-lac/119619|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|+ as of January 2021 <!-- Comment: Optional - insert heading which will appear in BOLD. -->
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Arunachal Pradesh
! Route of road<br /><small>Maplink/OSM ID</small>
! class="unsortable" |Interactive Map
! District
! Length
! Status
! class="unsortable" | Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Type of roads
! colspan="7" |Assam - Arunachal Pradesh
! rowspan="2" | Phase
! rowspan="2" | Usage
! colspan="3" | Roads
! rowspan="2" | Comments and citation
|-
|-
! Total #
! Orang-[[Kalaktang]]-Shergaon-[[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Roopa]]- Tenga (OKSRT)<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13649310}}</small>
! Completed #
|{{maplink|id=Q110475730|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
! In-progress
| [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
|{{Convert|158|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Completed in 2016
| It provides alternate access to eastern flank of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] which also goes to Tawang. Bridges at [[Kalaktang]], Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong.
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road|url=https://arunachal24.in/kiren-rijiju-inaugurates-orang-kalaktang-shergaon-rupa-tenga-road/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal24}}</ref>
|-
|-
| BRO-CSG <br>([[China Study Group]])
! colspan="7" |Arunachal Pradesh
| I
| [[Spoke–hub distribution paradigm|Main hub-and-spoke]] <br>(national level)
| 13
| 6
| 7
| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
|-
| BRO-GSR <br>([[Staff (military)|General Staff]] Roads)
!Tato-Manigong-Tadagade<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13651872}}</small>
| I
|{{maplink|id=Q110486321|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| Main hub-and-spoke <br>([[Division (military)|military Division]] level)
|[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
| 35
|{{Convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 14
|Partially complete
| 21
|Tato is 47&nbsp;km southwest of [[Mechuka]], Manigong is 9&nbsp;km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33&nbsp;km from Manigong.
| <ref name=jan1/>
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|-
| BRO-ITBP
!Bona-[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13652936}}</small>
| I
|{{maplink|id=Q110489452|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| [[Last mile|Last-mile connectivity]] <br>(local frontier)
|[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]
| 13
|{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 8
|Complete
| 5
|[[Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh)|Gelling]] is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona. This is an extension of the '''Tuting-Bona-Gelling road'''.
| To connect Border Posts (BP)s and [[Line of Actual Control#Patrol points|Patrol Points]] (PPs).<ref name=jan1/>
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|-
| Other
![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Taksing]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13653063}}</small>
| I
|{{maplink|id=Q110490013|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| Main hub-and-spoke <br>(inter-state or state level)
| rowspan="3" |[[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
| 12
|{{Convert|54|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 12
|Completed in 2017
| 0
| rowspan="3" |The road from [[Nacho, Arunachal Pradesh|Nacho]] goes to Tame Chung Chung (TCC) at [[Gelensiniak]]. From there it diverges towards [[Taksing]] and Maja (also spelt Maza), both close to the border.
| <ref name=jan1/>
Work on TCC-Taksing started in 2000 but was completed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2018/05/20/bro-toeing-army-targets-indo-china-border-roads-adg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> The road TCC-[[Bidak, Arunachal Pradesh|Bidak]] was completed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 February 2018|others=PTI|title=Arunachal Pradesh: BRO builds strategic road in remote Arunachal Pradesh district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bro-builds-strategic-road-in-remote-arunachal-pradesh-district/articleshow/62952725.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Bidak">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=14 February 2018|title=BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bro-links-remote-villages-on-indochina-border/1252951|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|-
| Total
![[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Maja, Arunachal Pradesh|Maja]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13660521}}</small>
|  
|{{maplink|id=Q110516201|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| All
|{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 73
|Complete till Bidak
| 40
|<ref name=":4" />
| 32
| <ref name=jan1/>
|}
 
===Bridges===
{{ anchor | IBR | List }}
{{ see also | Brahmaputra_River#Bridges | l1= Bridges on Brahmaputra River }}
 
ICBR has numerous large and small bridges. Following 20 large bridges are more vital and are being specifically tracked by the government and the parliamentary committee on defence. Please help expand this by adding the names of bridges.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"  <!-- Comment: style="text-align: right;" -->
|+ <!-- Comment: Optional - insert heading which will appear in BOLD. -->
|-
|-
 
!Nacho-[[Tame Chung Chung]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13660549}}</small>
<!-- Comment: Optional - for merging rows or column use the following style:
|{{maplink|id=Q110516368|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
    Note: If you are using rowspan or colspan for cell merging,
|{{Convert|78|km|mi|abbr=on}}
          then use "!!" and "||" as cell separators in the cell where merge function is used,
|Partially complete
          in other rows or column single "!" or "" can be used within same table.
|<ref name="jan1" />
    Coding example: For merging rows or column, note cells in table header vs table body use "!" vs ""||" as cell separators.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Monthly solar power generation
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| Month
!Jang-Rama Sapper<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13651811}}</small>
! colspan="5"| Solar Power
|{{maplink|id=Q110486185|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
! rowspan="2"| Total
| rowspan="3" |[[Tawang]]
|{{Convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Completed in 2016
|It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]]. [[File:NH13-IN.svg|frameless|27x27px]] It was completed in 2016. It is a part of the unfinished '''Balipara-Charduar-Tawang road'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-29|title=Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/balipara-charduar-tawang-road-to-be-completed-by-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Sentinel Assam}}</ref> (Jang also spelt as Jung)
|<ref>K P Purushotham (2017) [http://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/1520491265-Vtk%20history%20%20Apr%202017.pdf History of Project Vartak]. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.</ref>
|-
|-
! data-sort-type="numeric" | North !! data-sort-type="numeric" | West !! data-sort-type="numeric" | South !! data-sort-type="numeric" | East !! data-sort-type="numeric" | Northeast
![[Sangestar Tso]]-Kharsang La<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13664340}}</small>
|{{maplink|id=Q110530832|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
| [[File:Lake Shungtser at Tawang-3.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]It lies very close to and southeast of [[Bum La Pass]], north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. BRO ensure maintenances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=10 February 2019|title=Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/02/11/work-on-border-roads-intensified-bro-dg/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Arunachal Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Image of [[Sangestar Tso]].
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-02-11|title=Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/border-roads-organization-to-speed-up-road-work-in-arunachal/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=|publisher=Sentinel Assam}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
|-
| align="left"| Apr || 839.92 || 903.75 || 2,358.89 || 64.69 || 1.41 || 4,168.67
![[Zemithang]]-[[Khinzemane]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13664456}}</small>
|{{maplink|id=Q110532437|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|{{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Complete
|The upper portion of the road is close to the [[Namka Chu]] river.
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|-
| align="left"| May || 942.89 || 926.49 || 2,402.74 || 53.94 || 1.37 || 4,327.42
!Yarlung-Lamang
|
|[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
|N/A
|N/A
|Lamang is last Indian outpost near [[Mechuka]]. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang.
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 March 2021|title=Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-speaker-minister-meet-jawans-of-itbp-at-lamang-post-528968|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sentinel Assam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-13|title=Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/13/govt-to-build-27-roads-along-india-china-border-1166004057.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=One India|language=en}}</ref>
|}
|}


-->
==== Uttarakhand ====
 
[[File:ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Uttarakhand]]
! rowspan="2" | Sr No
In Uttarakhand, the border most points of [[Pulam Sumda]], [[Mana Pass]], [[Niti Pass]], [[Lapthal|Lapthal and Rimkhim]], and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] have been connected.<ref name=":18" />
! rowspan="2" | Name of Road
{{Clear}}
! rowspan="2" | Phase
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
! rowspan="2" | State
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Uttarakhand
! colspan="3" | Bridges 
! Route of road<br /><small>Maplink/OSM ID</small>
! rowspan="2" | Comments and citation
! class="unsortable" |Interactive Map
|-
! District
! Total #
! Completed #
! In-progress
|-
| 1
| Balipara-Charduar-Tawang
| I
| Arunachal Pradesh
| 2
| 1
| 1
| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
| 2
|| Orang-Kalaktang-Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga
|| I
|| Arunachal Pradesh
|| 7
|| 5
|| 2
|| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
| 3
| BJG-LGG
|| I
|| Arunachal Pradesh
|| 2
|| 0
|| 2
| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
| 4
| Joshimath-Malari
| I
|| Uttarakhand
|| 5
|| 1
|| 4
|| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
| 5
| Darbuk Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie (DS-DBO)
| I
| Ladakh
| 4
| 0
| 4
| <ref name=jan1/>
|-
| colspan="4" | '''''Total'''''
|| '''''20'''''
|| '''''7'''''
|| '''''13'''''
||
|}
 
===Roads ===
 
Phase-I alone has 73 roads, please help expand this incomplete list:<ref name=":4" />
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Sr No
! Name of Road
! Phase
! State
! Sector
! Length
! Length
! Bridges
! Status
! Completed
! class="unsortable" | Comments
! Comments and citation
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1
| Orang - Kalaktang –Shergaon- Roopa- Tenga (OKSRT)
| I
|Assam/ Arunachal Pradesh
| [[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|158
|Kalaktang, Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong
| Yes
| It provides alternate access to Tawang along the eastern flank of the another road NH13 which also goes to Tawang. It runs between Bhutan border and NH13. <br>Ref.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road {{!}} Arunachal24|url=https://arunachal24.in/kiren-rijiju-inaugurates-orang-kalaktang-shergaon-rupa-tenga-road/|access-date=2020-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Jang-Ramasapper
| I
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Tawang
|64
| -
| Yes
| It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of NH13. It was completed in 2016-17.<ref>[ cohttp://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf STANDING COMMITTEE ON DEFENCE], Lok Sabha Secretariat, 11 Feb 2019.</ref> <br>Ref:<ref>K P Purushotham (2017) [http://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/1520491265-Vtk%20history%20%20Apr%202017.pdf History of Project Vartak]. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Sangestar Tso|Sangestar]] – Kharsangla
| I
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Tawang
|16
| -
| Yes
| It lies very close to and southeast of [[Bum La Pass]], north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. <br>Ref:<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2019-02-11|title=Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/border-roads-organization-to-speed-up-road-work-in-arunachal/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|Ghastoli- Rattakona
| I
|Uttarakhand
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda ([[Chamoli district]]), [[Bara Hoti]] (Chamoli district)
|18
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/545284/struggling-73-roads-govt-plans.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|Nelong-Naga
| I
|Uttarakhand
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district)
|8.10
| -
|Yes
|<br>Ref:<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-07|title=BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border|url=http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
|-
|-
|6
! colspan="7" |Uttarakhand
|Naga-Sonam-Kumal
| I
|Uttarakhand
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district)
|11.65
|Jadganga River bridge
|Yes
| Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, on each leading to Sonam and Jadhang IBTP BoP.<br>Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bro-completes-road-project-reaching-nelong-valley-becomes-convenient-1502762604.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8" />
|-
|-
|7
![[Nelang|Nelong]]-Naga-[[Jadhang]]/Sonam<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13667660}}</small>
|Naga-Jadhang
|{{maplink|id=Q110543269|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| I
|[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
|Uttarakhand
|{{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district)
|Partially complete
|5.5
|Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, one each leading to Sonam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bro-completes-road-project-reaching-nelong-valley-becomes-convenient-1502762604.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=7 June 2019|title=BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border|url=http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621024905/http://www.pioneeredge.in/bro-constructs-two-strategically-important-roads-on-china-border/|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> and [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Jadhang]] IBTP border outposts (BoPs). Jadganga River bridge is on this route. The fork toward Sonam continues to [[Pulam Sumda]]. This is also known as the '''Nelgang-Pulam Sumda road'''.
| -
|<ref name="jan1" />
|Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| <br>Ref:
|-
|-
|8
![[Joshimath]]-[[Malari]]-Girthidobla-Sumna-Rimkhim<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13667486}}</small>
|Sumna-Rimkhim
|{{maplink|id=Q110542766|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| I
| rowspan="2" |[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
|Uttarakhand
|{{Convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
|Partially complete
|14
|[[Barahoti|Bara Hoti]]-[[Lapthal]] disputed sector is 100&nbsp;km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west. Bridges at Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera<ref name="be1">{{Cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> ITBP has  42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and [[Mana Pass]] area.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
| -
|<ref name="comp1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/After-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-India-China-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border], Times of India, 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Yogesh|date=11 November 2016|title=After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/after-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-india-china-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| Yes
| Ref:<ref name=":6" />
|-
|-
|9
![[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana]]-[[Mana Pass]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110543284|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13667703}}</small>
| LGG (Lungro/Lungaro Grazing Ground)-Mukto village-Teli
|{{#tag:mapframe|{{Wikipedia:Map data/Mana-Mana Pass road}}|zoom=8|frameless=1|align=center|height=150|latitude=30.8448|longitude=79.3881 |width=150}}
| I
|{{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Arunachal Pradesh
|Complete
| Tawang
|[[File:Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India.jpeg|left|frameless|165x165px]]Image of [[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana village]]. [[Mana Pass]] is located on the [[China]]–[[India]] border.
|53
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2020-06-13|title=3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/3500-jharkhand-workers-to-be-hired-for-ladakh-road-projects/articleshow/76347531.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| It provides alternative access to Tawang. LGG, 17 km from Tawang town, is part of Bomdir Basti village.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-defeats-china-after-34-years-to-reclaims-202-acres-of-strategic-land-in-sumdorong-chu-valley-arunachal-pradesh-2852403 India defeats China after 34 years to reclaims 202 acres of strategic land in Arunachal's Sumdorong Chu Valley]. DNA India, 26 Octo 2020.</ref><ref name=lgg1/> In Feb 2021 work was going on,<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/amidst-lac-deployments-parliamentary-panel-flags-delays-in-border-road-construction-211893 Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction], The Tribune, 13 Feb 2021.</ref> with 27–36 km remaining.<ref name=lgg1>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bro-links-mukto-teli/cid/1441555 BRO links Mukto-Teli], Telegraph, 10 Feb 2018.</ref>
|-
|-
|10
!Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh-[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13667911}}</small>
|[[Tame Chung Chung]]-[[Taksing]]
|{{maplink|id=Q110543696|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
| I
| rowspan="2" |[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
|{{Convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Upper Subansiri district]]
|Complete
|54
|[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] area and the pass, [[Kalapani territory]], Kailash Mansarovar road.
| -
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621194617/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Shreya|date=2020-05-08|title=BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bro-opens-new-80-km-road-for-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrims-11588956919993.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
| Yes
| Tame Chung Chung is west of Limeking. Taksing is close to the border on the Subansiri River, and forms the entry point to the [[Asaphila]] forest which is disputed. <br>Ref:<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2018-05-17|title=BRO creates history through road link to China border|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bro-creates-history-through-road-link-to-china-border-118051700535_1.html|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref>Niharika Mandhana, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-moves-mountains-to-build-military-road-to-china-border-1491384609 India Moves Mountains to Build Military Road to China Border], The Wall Street Journal, 5 April 2017.</ref>
|-
|-
|11
![[Munsiyari]]-[[Milam, India|Milam]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110543368|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13667746}}</small>
|[[Tame Chung Chung]] - [[Maja, Arunachal Pradesh|Maja]] (Maza)
|
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Upper Subansiri district
|47.38
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
|Maja is the location of Indian border outpost near the LAC on the Tsari Chu river. <br>Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|title=BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bro-links-remote-villages-on-indochina-border/1252951|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
|12
|Yarlung-Lamang
|
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
|Partially complete
| [[Mechuka]] ([[Shi Yomi district]])
|[[Milam, India|Milam]] is the last village.
|18.58
|<ref name=":7" />
| -
|}
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
 
| Lamang is last Indian outpost on LAC near along the Indo-China border near Mechuka. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/arunachal-pradesh-speaker-minister-meet-jawans-of-itbp-at-lamang-post-528968 Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post], The Sentinel,  17 March 2021.</ref> <br>Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-13|title=Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/13/govt-to-build-27-roads-along-india-china-border-1166004057.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=One India|language=en}}</ref>
====Ladakh====
|-
[[File:ICB roads Ladakh.png|thumb|ICB Roads in Ladakh]]
|13
The forward most localities and border outposts of [[Daulat Beg Oldie]] (DBO), [[Hotspring]], [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] and [[Zursar]] have been connected. Roads connectivity has reduced their reliance on air transport.<ref name=":18" />
|Tr Jn-Bheem Base-[[Doka La|Dokala]]
{{Clear}}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|Sikkim
|+Representative list of ICB roads in Ladakh
| India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction
!Route of road<br /><small>Maplink/OSM ID</small>
|19.72
!Interactive Map
| -
!District
| Yes
!Length
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=3 October 2019|title=How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-7-hour-journey-on-mule-track-to-doklam-now-takes-army-only-40-minutes-2111047|access-date=2020-06-19|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-03|title=Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-one-motorable-road-complete-second-to-be-constructed-by-march-2021/articleshow/71424958.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>
!Status
|-
!Comments
|14
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|Tato-Manigong-Tadagade
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Mechuka (Shi Yomi district)
|89.70
| -
| 93% (Jan 2021)<ref name=jan1/>
| Tato is 47 km southwest of Mechuka, Manigong is 9 km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33 km from Manigong. 93% complete in Jan 20221.<ref name=jan1>[http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/17_Defence_10.pdf Defence  Committee Action Taken Report], Parliament of India, Feb 2021.</ref>
|-
|15
|Joshimath-Malari
|
|Uttarakhand
| Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
|62.67
|Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera
| Yes (2016)<ref name=comp1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/After-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-India-China-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border], Times of India, 2016.</ref>
| Bara Hoti disputed sector is 100 km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west.<br>Ref:<ref name=be1>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Joshimath-Malari-highway-inaugurated|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> ITBP has  42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and [[Mana Pass]] area (Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector).<ref name=hint1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure], Hindustan Times, 18 July 2020.</ref> <br> Ref:<ref name=":6" />
|-
|-
|16
! colspan="7" |Ladakh
|Malari-Girthidobla
|
|Uttarakhand
| Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
|
| -
| Yes (2016)<ref name=comp1/>
| <br><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/bro-officials-asked-to-speed-up-pending-road-projects/story-bAInj85nna4zQ3Z49sjadL.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
|17
!Harong-[[Chushul]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13671808}}</small>
|Girthidobla-Sumna
|{{maplink|id=Q110553134|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|
| rowspan="5" |[[Leh district|Leh]]
|Uttarakhand
|{{Convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
| Complete
|
| Part of the {{Convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''[[Spangmik]]-[[Tangtse]]-Harong-[[Chushul]]-Tsaga-Loma route''' on towards [[Nyoma]].
| -
|<ref name=":4" />
| Yes (2016)<ref name=comp1/>
| <br>Ref: <ref name=":6" />
|-
|-
|18
![[Phobrang]]-[[Marsimik La]]-[[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13671836}}</small>
|Sumna-Rimkhim
|{{maplink|id=Q110553221|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|
|{{Convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Uttarakhand
| Complete
| Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
| Route from [[Lukung]] near Pangong Tso towards Hot Springs close to the LAC.
|
|<ref name="jan1" /><ref name=":7" />
| -
| Yes (2016)<ref name=comp1/>
| <br>Ref: <ref name=":6" />
|-
|-
|19
![[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shyok-DBO]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q96375957|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13671859}}</small>
|Musapani-Ghastoli
|
|Uttarakhand
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district), Bara Hoti (Chamoli district)
|9.52
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
|
|
|-
|{{Convert|255|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|20
| Complete
|Nacho-[[Tame Chung Chung]]
| Route is partially along the [[Shyok River]] and LAC. Also called the '''DS-DBO road''' or the '''Sub-Sector North Road.'''
|
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Upper Subansiri district
|78.45
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2018/05/20/bro-toeing-army-targets-indo-china-border-roads-adg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Arunachal Observer|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
|21
![[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma-Saser La]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q96419312|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13671925}}</small>
|LGG-Mukto-Teli
|  
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Tawang
|53
| -
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pranab Kumar|date=10 February 2018|title=BRO links Mukto-Teli|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/bro-links-mukto-teli/cid/1441555|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Partially complete
|22
| [[File:Sasser Pass, Nubra ca. 1857.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]The road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO in addition to existing DS-DBO road. Image of [[Sasser Pass]].  
|Leh-[[Upshi]]-Sarchu
|
|Ladakh
| [[Leh–Manali Highway]]
|249.62
| -
| Yes
|
|
|-
|-
|23
![[Koyul]]-Photila-Chisumle-Zurasar<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q110553569|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=13671950}}</small>
|[[Tawaghat]]-Ghatiabagarh
|
|
|Uttarakhand
|{{Convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Kalapani territory]]  
| Complete
|19.51
| [[Demchok sector]]. Zurasar is one of the last border posts in the area.
| -
|<ref name=":7" />
| Yes
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|title=Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-nepal-objects-road-passing-through-lipulekh-pass-india-reacts/352445|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
|-
|24
! colspan="7" |Himachal Pradesh - Ladakh
|Bona -Gelling
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
| [[Upper Siang district]]
|
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| Gelling is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona.
|-
|-
|25
!Leh-[[Upshi]]-[[Sarchu]]<br /><small>{{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line}}<br />{{OSM|relation=333878}}</small>
|Harong - [[Chushul]]
|{{maplink|id=Q251599|type=line|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=150|frame-height=150}}
|[[Leh district|Leh]]
|{{Convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Complete
|[[File:Bajaj Chetak.jpg|left|frameless|160x160px]]Part of the {{Convert|428|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Leh–Manali Highway|'''Leh–Manali Highway''']].
|
|
|Ladakh
| Chushul
|
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| Chushul to Pooh road is also being constructed, which will connect Hanley and Chusul in Ladkah to Pooh in Himachal. This will connect to new road between Kharcham in Himachal to Harsil in Uttarakhand.
|-
|-
|26
![[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road|Nimmu–Padum–Darcha]]
|[[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma - Saserla]]
|
|
|Ladakh
|[[Leh district|Leh]], [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| DBO
|{{Convert|285|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|Partially complete
|[[File:New Road Zanskar Sumdo Lahaul Oct20 D72 18201.jpg|left|frameless|165x165px]]First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=11 September 2019|title=Zanskar celebrates as new 'road' brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/zanskar-celebrates-as-new-road-brings-it-600km-closer-to-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/71076975.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2020-08-25|title=Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-pushes-hard-to-complete-1st-all-weather-route-to-ladakh/story-bG46RSR4r0xZ2V1jvP5vLM.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|others=PTI|title=India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-laying-new-road-between-ladakh-and-darcha-in-himachal-pradesh-11598412313302.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Livemint}}</ref> Image represents a section below Zanskar Sumdo in Lahaul.
|
|
| -
|}
| No
 
| In addition to existing DBO-Shyok Road, [[Sasoma–Saser La Road]] will provide alternate connectivity to DBO. Formation cutting and end-to-end connectivity achieved, paving is yet to be done.
==== Sikkim====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1"
!Route of road
!Interactive Map
!District
!Length
!Status
!Comments
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|-
|27
! colspan="7" |Sikkim
|[[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Shyok-DBO]]
| I
|Ladakh
| DBO
|
|
| Yes
| Shyok Gang-I, Shyok Gang-II, Shyok Gang-II, Shyok-II
|-
|-
|28
!Gangtok- Chunghang
|[[Koyul]] – Photila – Chisumle - Zurasar
|
|
|Ladakh
|Northeast Sikkim
| [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]]
|
|
| -
|Complete
| Yes
| This will provide 3rd road link to Leh from Mainland. Other being Srinagar to Leh, Manali-Sarchu-Upshi-Leh Road.<br>Ref:<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=2020-06-13|title=3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/3500-jharkhand-workers-to-be-hired-for-ladakh-road-projects/articleshow/76347531.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>
|-
|29
|Nemo-[[Padum]]-[[Darcha]]
|
|
|Himachal Pradesh/Ladakh
| Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road
|
|
| -
| Yes
|First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=11 September 2019|title=Zanskar celebrates as new ‘road’ brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh {{!}} Shimla News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/zanskar-celebrates-as-new-road-brings-it-600km-closer-to-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/71076975.cms|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-pushes-hard-to-complete-1st-all-weather-route-to-ladakh/story-bG46RSR4r0xZ2V1jvP5vLM.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-laying-new-road-between-ladakh-and-darcha-in-himachal-pradesh-11598412313302.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
|30
!Tr Jn-Bheem Base-[[Doka La|Dokala]]
|Ghatiabagarh-[[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]]
| I
|Uttarakhand
| Kalapani territory
|80
| -
| Yes
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Shreya|date=2020-05-08|title=BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bro-opens-new-80-km-road-for-kailash-mansarovar-pilgrims-11588956919993.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|31
|BJG-LGG
|
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
|India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction
| Tawang
|19.72
|45
|Complete
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=3 October 2019|title=How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-7-hour-journey-on-mule-track-to-doklam-now-takes-army-only-40-minutes-2111047|access-date=2020-06-19|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-03|title=Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-one-motorable-road-complete-second-to-be-constructed-by-march-2021/articleshow/71424958.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=13 February 2021|title=Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/amidst-lac-deployments-parliamentary-panel-flags-delays-in-border-road-construction-211893|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|
|
| Yes
|Tawangchu-II/ Tawangchu-III <br>Ref:<ref>Ministry of Environment & Forests (10 March 2011). [http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/agenda-fac.pdf AGENDA FOR THE FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING CONVENED]. Government of India</ref>
|-
|32
|Balipara-Charduar-Tawang
|
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Tawang
|334
| -
| Yes
| It connects Tezpur in Assam to Tamang. br>Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2018-08-29|title=Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021 - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/balipara-charduar-tawang-road-to-be-completed-by-2021/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|33
|Gangtok- Chunghang
|
|Sikkim
| Northeast Sikkim
|
| -
| Yes
|
|-
|34
|[[Khinzemane]]-[[Zemithang]]
| I
|Arunachal Pradesh
| Tawang
|
| -
| Yes
| In the Tawang sector, Khinzemane is right on the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]], close to the [[Namka Chu]] river.
Ref:<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2019|title=Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG {{!}} The Arunachal Times|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/02/11/work-on-border-roads-intensified-bro-dg/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Arunachal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|35
|[[Marsimikla]]-[[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]]
|
|Ladakh
| DBO
|
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| This area lies off the eastern end of Shyok-DBO Road. <br>Ref:<ref name=":7" />
|-
|36
|[[Phobrang]]-[[Marsimikla]]
|
|Ladakh
| DBO
|
| -
| Yes<ref name=jan1/>
| Ref:<ref name=":7" /> This road connects mainland to previous road (item 35).
|-
|37
|[[Mana, Uttarakhand|Mana]]-[[Mana Pass]]
| 56 km
| Uttarakhand
| Nelang-Pulam Sumda
|
| -
| Yes
| <br>Ref:<ref name=":7" />
|-
|38
|[[Munsiyari]]-[[Milam, India|Milam]]
|
| Uttarakhand
| Bara Hoti
|
| -
| Yes
| <br>Ref:<ref name=":7" />
|}
|}
== Related geo-strategic projects ==
== Related geo-strategic projects ==
 
Geostrategic initiatives include the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] and the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].
=== Geostrategic initiatives ===
 
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], integrated command plays an important role in protecting [[Exclusive economic zone of India]] and maritime borders of India, hence various military and infrastructure capabilities upgrades are underway.
* [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]], among India, Australia, USA and Japan is important to [[Indo-Pacific]] geo-strategy especially in countering China in the [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] and for the protection of world's busiest and most voluminous shipping lanes passing through the [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Strait of Malacca]] and [[Singapore Strait]].


=== Border airport and ALG projects ===
=== Border airport and ALG projects ===
Line 622: Line 379:
[[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|240x180px|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]
[[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|240x180px|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]


The [[People's Liberation Army]]'s [[Western Theater Command]] is responsible for the defense of China along the whole [[line of actual control]] with India.<ref name=lac1>{{Cite web |url = http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |title = Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank {{!}} Central Tibetan Administration |website = tibet.net |access-date = 2016-10-01 }}</ref> The [[Indian Armed Forces]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the ''western sector'' across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]], and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=lac2>{{Cite web |url = https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |title = Twisting India’s Chicken’s Neck |website = lowyinstitute.org |access-date = 2020-07-18 }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Indian Airforce]] has the [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Western Air Command]], [[Delhi]]-based [[Central Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.
The [[People's Liberation Army]]'s [[Western Theater Command]] is responsible for the defense of China along the whole [[line of actual control]] with India.<ref name="lac1">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=13 May 2016|title=Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank|url=http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044449/http://tibet.net:80/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/|archive-date=7 October 2018|access-date=2016-10-01|website=|publisher=India Today|via=Central Tibetan Administration}}</ref> The [[Indian Armed Forces]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the ''western sector'' across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]], and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="lac2">{{Cite web|last=Fazl-e-Haider|first=Syed|date=15 July 2020|title=Twisting India's Chicken's Neck|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The Intepreter|publisher=Lowy Institute}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Indian Airforce]] has the [[Prayagraj]]-based [[Western Air Command]], [[Delhi]]-based [[Central Air Command]], and [[Shillong]]-based [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] to cover the LAC.
 
* [[Ladakh]]
**[[Daulat Beg Oldi]] ALG<ref name=padum1/> serves [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (Shaksgam), [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Siachen]] disputed area.
** [[Fukche]] ALG<ref name=padum1/> serves [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]], Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin disputed area.
** [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh Airport]] serves Trans-Karakoram Tract, Aksai Chin amnd Siachen disputed area. 
** [[Nyoma]] ALG<ref name=padum1/> serves two separate noncontiguous but closely located disputed twin areas of [[Chumar]] North and Chumar South.
** [[Padum]] ALG<ref name=padum1>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html India plans AGL strips], Deccan Herald, 2014.</ref> Serves Ladakh LAC and Kashmir LOC as second line of defence airport.
** [[Thoise]] ALG<ref name=parma>[http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/ Parma valley ALG], cogitasia.com.</ref>
 
* [[Himachal Pradesh]] shares 250 km border with China.<ref name=none1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti area], TImes of India, 17 July 2020.</ref>
**[[Shimla Airport]],<ref name=none1/> civil airport available for military use. Serves [[Kaurik]], [[Tashigang]]-[[Shipki La]] and [[Nelang]]-[[Pulam Sumda]] disputed area.
** [[Kullu-Manali Airport]],<ref name=none1/> civil airport available for military use. Serves Kaurik, Tashigang-Shipki La, and Nelang-Pulam Sumda disputed area.
** [[Kibber]]-[[Rangrik]], surveyed but as of July 2020 no progress has been made.<ref name=none1/> Will be closest ALG to Chumar, Kaurik, and Tashigang-Shipki La disputed area.


* [[Uttrakhand]] has 350 km border with Tibet.<ref name=hint1/>
* [[Ladakh]] airports and advanced landing grounds (ALGs) at [[Daulat Beg Oldi]], [[Fukche]], [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh]], [[Nyoma]], [[Padum]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-23|title=India plans advanced landing strips at Ladakh, Tawang|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/387892/india-plans-advanced-landing-strips.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> [[Thoise]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India’s Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China {{!}} cogitASIA CSIS Asia Policy Blog|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.cogitasia.com|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> and the proposed [[Tangtse#Advanced Landing Ground|Parma Valley]] ALG.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India’s Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2022|website=|publisher=cogitASIA [[Center for Strategic and International Studies ]] (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Frank|last2=Bollfrass|first2=Alexander K.|date=March 2020|title=The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/strategic-postures-china-and-india-visual-guide|url-status=live|access-date=8 January 2022|website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]}}</ref>
**[[Chinyalisaur Airport]] ALG serves disputed Bara Hoti and Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector. ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area (Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector).<ref name="hint1" />
* [[Himachal Pradesh]] shares 250&nbsp;km border with China.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Airports include [[Shimla Airport]],<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kullu-Manali Airport]],<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the proposed [[Kibber]]-[[Rangrik]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suresh|date=19 June 2020|title=Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/demand-for-airstrip-in-spiti-grows-amid-increasing-india-china-tension/articleshow/76453863.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
** [[Pithoragarh Airport]] ALG serves disputed Kalapani territory.
* [[Uttrakhand]] has 350&nbsp;km border with Tibet.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Airports and ALGs include [[Chinyalisaur Airport]] and [[Pithoragarh Airport]] ALG.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Chauhan|first=Neeraj|date=2020-07-18|title=Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eyeing-national-security-uttarakhand-itbp-to-improve-border-infrastructure/story-UKZOI5g5xzJ5KDnCCM8V7K.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
 
* [[Sikkim]] consists of the [[Pakyong Airport]] ALG.
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]] has a number of airports and ALGs at [[Aalo]], [[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground|Mechuka]], [[Pasighat]], [[Tawang Air Force Station]], [[Tuting]], [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]], [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong]], [[Ziro]], [[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web|date=22 May 2018|others=IANS|title=UDAN reaches Arunachal Pradesh; first commercial flight flagged off|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html|archive-date=20 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=21 May 2018|title=Arunachal Pradesh finally gets connected with Guwahati by a commercial flight|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms|archive-date=19 November 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> and the proposed [[Alinye (ALG)]],<ref name="Archived copy" /><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" />
** [[Pakyong Airport]] AGL serves the [[Doklam]] disputed area.
 
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
**[[Aalo]] ALG<ref name=Arun1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-have-7-operational-advanced-landing-grounds-in-arunachal-pradesh-in-a-month/articleshow/49809013.cms?from=mdr IAF to have seven AGL in Arunachal Pradesh], Economic Times, 2018.</ref>
** [[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
** [[Pasighat]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
** [[Tawang Air Force Station]]
** [[Tuting]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
** [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijoynagar]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
** [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground]] (Walong ALG)
** [[Ziro]] ALG<ref name=Arun1/>
** [[Daporijo Airport|Daporijo ALG]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Alinye (ALG)]], [[Dibang Valley District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095406/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udan-reaches-arunachal-pradesh-first-commercial-flight-flagged-off-118052200029_1.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/arunachal-pradesh-finally-gets-connected-with-guwahati-by-a-commercial-flight/articleshow/64261669.cms |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Border bridge projects ===
=== Border bridge projects ===
* Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
* Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
* [[Teesta River]] railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.<ref name=sikkim>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001 Scurry to finish rail and road links to border], The Telegraph, 16 July 2020.</ref>  
* [[Teesta River]] railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=19 June 2020|title=Scurry to finish rail and road links to border|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
* [[Brahmaputra_River#Planned_bridges|New bridges on Brahmaputra River]] in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.
* [[Brahmaputra River#Planned bridges|New bridges on Brahmaputra River]] in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.


=== Border railway projects ===
=== Border railway projects ===
{{ main | Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo | l1= Strategic rail lines of India }}  
{{ main | Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo | l1= Strategic rail lines of India }}


India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new [[Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo|geostrategic rail lines]] to be constructed near the [[Line of Actual Control|China]], [[India–Pakistan border|Pakistan]] and [[India–Nepal border|Nepal]] borders for troop deployments.<ref name=geos1>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/10/27/india-to-lay-14-strategic-railway-lines-near-china-pakistan-border/ India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pakistan border], Pakistan Today, APRIL 4, 2014.</ref> In comparison, China has built lines up to [[Shigatse]] in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.<ref name=geos8>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/real-reason-why-india-building-14-strategic-rail-lines-706534 Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines], International Business Times, Dec 1, 2016.</ref> After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the [[Government of India]] approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,<ref name=geos3>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/government-gives-go-ahead-to-4-strategic-rail-lines-along-china-border/ Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border], Indian Express, October 22, 2014.</ref> Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:
India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|geostrategic rail lines]] to be constructed near the [[Line of Actual Control|China]], [[India–Pakistan border|Pakistan]] and [[India–Nepal border|Nepal]] borders for troop deployments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 October 2013|others=PTI|title=India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pak border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-lay-14-strategic-railway-lines-near-china-pak-border/articleshow/24777163.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In comparison, China has built lines up to [[Shigatse]] in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Aditya|date=2016-12-01|title=Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/real-reason-why-india-building-14-strategic-rail-lines-706534|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=International Business Times}}</ref> After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the [[Government of India]] approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|date=2014-10-22|title=Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/government-gives-go-ahead-to-4-strategic-rail-lines-along-china-border/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:


=== Border road projects ===
=== Other border road projects ===
 
* Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh
** [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road]], completed in 2020 as part of ICBR.
** [[Leh–Manali Highway]], not part of ICBR, several tunnels are coming up on this to provide whole year connectivity.


* Uttrakhand
* Uttrakhand
**[[Char Dham Highway]], not part of ICBR,
**[[Char Dham Highway]], not part of ICBR
** [[Kalapani territory]], newly constructed in 2020 as part of ICBR.
** [[Pooh–Chumar Road]], not part of ICBR.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|author-link=Ajai Shukla|date=17 September 2020|title=Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-xi-jinping-six-years-summits-ladakh|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Wire}}</ref>
** [[Lipulekh Pass]] road, proposed spur of Kalapani territory road as part of ICBR.
** [[Pooh–Chumar Road]], not part of ICBR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/modi-xi-jinping-six-years-summits-ladakh|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Wire}}</ref>
 
* Sikkim
* Sikkim
** [[Bagrakote]]-[[Gangtok]] Highway: 250km-long road originating from [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH17]] (NH31 as per old numbering) near Bagrakote in the [[Dooars]] to Gangtok is being upgraded to national highway standard in July 2020 by the National Highway and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited. It passes through [[Algarah]]-[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]]-[[Rishyap]] (in West Bengal on Sikkim border)-[[Rhenock]]-[[Rorathang]]-[[Pakyong]]-[[Ranipool]] to Gangtok. In addition to the existing landslide-prone [[National Highway 10 (India)|NH10 Sevoke-Gangtok Highway]], this will provide the alternate access to state capital Gangtok and beyond to India China border.<ref name=sikkim/>
** [[Bagrakote]]-[[Gangtok]] Highway: 250&nbsp;km-long road originating from [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH17]] (NH31 as per old numbering) near Bagrakote in the [[Dooars]] to Gangtok is being upgraded to national highway standard in July 2020 by the National Highway and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited. It passes through [[Algarah]]-[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]]-[[Rishyap]] (in West Bengal on Sikkim border)-[[Rhenock]]-[[Rorathang]]-[[Pakyong]]-[[Ranipool]] to Gangtok. In addition to the existing landslide-prone [[National Highway 10 (India)|NH10 Sevoke-Gangtok Highway]], this will provide the alternate access to state capital Gangtok and beyond to India China border.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Avijit|date=19 June 2020|title=Scurry to finish rail and road links to border|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
 
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
**[[Arunachal Frontier Highway]], proposed along the India-China border and is not part of ICBR.
**[[Arunachal Frontier Highway]], proposed along the India-China border and is not part of ICBR.
Line 688: Line 411:
=== Border tunnel projects ===
=== Border tunnel projects ===
{{anchor | Tunnels }}
{{anchor | Tunnels }}
{{expand section | incomplete list |date=July 2020}}


As of June 2020, ICBRs included a total of 26 road tunnels, of which 7 were complete and 19 road tunnels were under planning stage.<ref name=cpwd1/> As of November 2017, BRO was constructing 17 road tunnels of a total length of 100&nbsp;km, on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. Presently, road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. Some of these tunnels are under construction while others are still in planning stage. A list of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:<ref name=tun1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61522629.cms "For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border."], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 6 November 2017.</ref><ref name=tun2>[http://www.voyants.in/2015/01/16/voyants-bagged-independent-engineer-services-in-arunachal-pradesh/ "Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh"]</ref>
As of June 2020, ICBRs included a total of 26 road tunnels, of which 7 were complete and 19 road tunnels were under planning stage.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 June 2020|others=PTI|title=Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-to-expedite-works-on-32-road-projects-along-border-with-china-officials/articleshow/76513561.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref> As of November 2017, BRO was constructing 17 road tunnels of a total length of 100&nbsp;km, on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. Presently, road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. Some of these tunnels are under construction while others are still in planning stage. A list of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref><ref name="tun2">{{Cite web|date=16 January 2015|title=Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.voyants.in/2015/01/16/voyants-bagged-independent-engineer-services-in-arunachal-pradesh/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-09|publisher=VOYANTS}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | SN
! Sector
! Name
! Name
! State  
! State  
! Length in km
! Length (km)
! Operational
! Operational
! Status/Comment
! Status/Comment
|-
|-
| 1
| [[Zoji-la Tunnel]]
| Eastern
| [[Zoji La]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
| Jammu and Kashmir
|  
|14.2 km
| N
| N
| On [[National Highway 1 (India)|Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1]].
| On [[National Highway 1 (India)|Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1]].
|-
|-
| 2
| [[Lungalacha La|''Lungalacha La'']]
| Eastern
| rowspan="3" | Ladakh
| [[Lungalacha La]]  
| Ladakh
|  
|  
|  
| N
| On [[Leh-Manali Highway]].
| rowspan="5" | On [[Leh-Manali Highway]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vashisht|first=Abhinav|date=27 September 2020|title=As Rohtang dream becomes reality, focus on 4 more tunnels|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/as-rohtang-dream-becomes-reality-focus-on-4-more-tunnels-147715|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|date=13 July 2018|title=For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/for-year-round-border-security-india-plans-tunnels-on-china-border/articleshow/61522629.cms|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 3
| [[Bara-lacha la|''Bara-lacha la'']]
| Eastern
| [[Bara-lacha la]]
| Ladakh
|  
|  
|  
| N
| On Leh-Manali Highway.
|-
|-
| 4
| [[Tanglang La|''Tanglang La'']]
| Eastern
| [[Tanglang La]]
| Ladakh
|  
|  
|  
| N
| On Leh-Manali Highway.
|-
|-
| 5
| [[Shingo La#Shingo La Tunnel|Shingo La Tunnel]]
| Eastern
| rowspan="2" | Himachal Pradesh
| [[Shingo La]] near [[Nimo, Leh|Nimo]]  
| 13.5 km
| Himachal Pradesh
| N
|  
|  
| On Leh-Manali Highway.
|-
|-
| 6
| Central
| [[Rohtang Tunnel]]  
| [[Rohtang Tunnel]]  
| Himachal Pradesh
| 9.02 km
|
| Y
|
| On Leh-Manali Highway.
|-
|-
| 7
| Central
| Char Dham multiple rail/road tunnels
| Char Dham multiple rail/road tunnels
| Uttrakhand
| Uttrakhand
|  
|  
|  
| N
| See Char Dham Rail and Road projects.
| [[Char Dham Railway]], [[Char Dham Highway]]
|-
|-
| 8
| [[Theng Tunnel]]
| Western
| [[Theng Pass]]
| Sikkim
| Sikkim
| 0.578
| 0.578 km
|  
| Y
| On NH310A between [[Chungthang]] and [[Tung, Sikkim|Tung]] in North Sikkim.
| On NH310A between [[Chungthang]] and [[Tung, Sikkim|Tung]] in North Sikkim.
|-
|-
| 9
| Western
| [[Nechipu Pass]]
| [[Nechipu Pass]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
| rowspan="3" | Arunachal Pradesh
|  
|  
|  
| N
| Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on [[National Highway 13 (India)|NH13 Bogibeel Assam to Tawang]].
| rowspan="3" | Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on [[National Highway 13 (India)|NH13 Bogibeel (Assam) to Tawang]].
|-
|-
| 10
| ''[[Bomdila]]''
| Western
| [[Bomdila]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|  
|  
| N
| N
| Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on "NH13 Bogibeel-Tawang.
|-
|-
| 11
| [[Sela Tunnel]]
| Western
| 3 km
| [[Sela Pass]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|
| N
| N
| Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on "NH13 Bogibeel-Tawang.
|-
|}
|}


=== Sea ports and waterways projects ===
=== Sea ports and waterways projects ===
{{see also | Sagarmala | List of National Waterways in India | Andaman and Nicobar Command }}
[[Sagarmala]] port development project and the [[List of National Waterways in India|National Waterways projects]] will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets, these include [[National Waterway 2]] and [[Subansiri River]].
 
[[Sagarmala]] port development project and [[List of National Waterways in India|Waterways projects]] will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Following waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets:
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | SN
! Sector
! Code
! Name
! State
! Length in km
! Operational
! Comment
|-
| 1
| Eastern 
| [[National Waterway 2|NW2]]
| Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of [[Brahmaputra River]]
| Assam
| 891
| Y
|
|-
| 2
| Eastern 
| NW6
| [[Aai River]]
| Assam
| 121
|
|
|-
| 3
| Eastern 
| NW16
| [[Barak River]]
| Assam
| 121
| Y
|
|-
| 4
| Eastern 
| NW18
| [[Beki River]]
| Assam
| 73
| Y
|
|-
| 5
| Eastern 
| NW30
| [[Dihing River]]
| Assam
| 114
| Y
|
|-
| 6
| Eastern 
| NW31
| [[Dhansiri River]]-[[Chathe River]]
| Assam
| 110
| N
|
|-
| 7
| Eastern 
| NW32
| [[Dikhu River]]
| Assam
| 63
| N
|
|-
| 8
| Eastern 
| NW33
| [[Doyans River]]
| Assam, Nagaland
| 61
| N
|
|-
| 9
| Eastern 
| NW57
| [[Kopili River]]
| Assam
| 46
| N
|
|-
| 10
| Eastern 
| NW62
| [[Lohit River]]
| Assam
| 100
| N
|
|-
| 11
| Eastern 
| NW82
| [[Puthimari River]]
| Assam
| 72
| N
|
|-
| 12
| Eastern 
| NW95
| [[Subansiri River]]
| Assam
| 111
| N
|
|-
| 13
| Eastern 
| NW38
| [[Gangadhar River]]
| Assam, West Bengal
| 62
|
|
|-
|}


=== Under-river tunnel ===
=== Under-river tunnel ===
 
Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
# Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>


=== Mobile and internet connectivity ===
=== Mobile and internet connectivity ===
Line 936: Line 490:


* Uttarakhand
* Uttarakhand
** [[Mukteshwar]], doppler radar<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=17 October 2019|title=Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doppler-radars-will-be-installed-in-ukhand-by-march-2020/articleshow/71620337.cms|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
** Doppler radar at [[Mukteshwar]] and [[Surkanda Devi]]<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=17 October 2019|title=Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doppler-radars-will-be-installed-in-ukhand-by-march-2020/articleshow/71620337.cms|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Surkanda Devi]], doppler radar<ref name=":11" />
** Air defence radars, under construction, at [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] and [[Uttarkashi]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=2020-09-12|title=IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-plans-to-set-up-air-defence-radars-in-3-uttarakhand-districts-6592690/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]], air defence radar, under construction<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=2020-09-12|title=IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iaf-plans-to-set-up-air-defence-radars-in-3-uttarakhand-districts-6592690/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], air defence radar, under construction<ref name=":12" />
** [[Uttarkashi]], air defence radar, under construction<ref name=":12" />


=== Northeast connectivity projects ===
=== Northeast connectivity projects ===
* [[Ministry_of_Development_of_North_Eastern_Region#Projects|Northeast Connectivity projects]]
* [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region#Projects|Northeast Connectivity projects]]
* [[India–Myanmar_barrier#Look-East_Connectivity|Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[North-South and East-West Corridor]]
* [[North-South and East-West Corridor]]
* [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]
* [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]
* [[Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation#BCIM Economic Corridor|BCIM Economic Corridor]]
* [[Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation#BCIM Economic Corridor|BCIM Economic Corridor]]
* [[Asian Highway Network]]
* [[Asian Highway Network]]
* [[Brahmaputra_River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]
* [[Brahmaputra River#Bridges|List of bridges on Brahmaputra River]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 957: Line 508:
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[Western Theater Command]], China
* [[Western Theater Command]], China
* [[List_of_disputed_territories_of_India|East, Central and Western Command LAC]], of India
* [[List of disputed territories of India|East, Central and Western Command LAC]], of India
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]  
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]  
* [[List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases]]
* [[List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases]]
Line 970: Line 521:
** [[National Highways Development Project]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
** [[National Highways Development Project]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
** [[North-South and East-West Corridor]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
** [[North-South and East-West Corridor]], Subsumed in Bharatmala
* [[Indian Expressways]]
* [[Expressways of India]]


; Similar ports and river transport development
; Similar ports and river transport development
Line 990: Line 541:
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rahul Prakash (May 2013). [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OccasionalPaper_42b.pdf Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update]. ORF
*Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, Rahul Prakash (May 2013). [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OccasionalPaper_42b.pdf Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update]. ORF
* {{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Abheet Singh|date=2015-06-29|title=82% Roads Along China Border Unfinished|url=https://www.indiaspend.com/82-roads-along-china-border-unfinished-31084/|url-status=live|website=IndiaSpend}}
* {{Cite news|last=Mandhana|first=Niharika|date=2017-04-05|title=India Moves Mountains to Build Military Road to China Border|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-moves-mountains-to-build-military-road-to-china-border-1491384609|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660}}
* {{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Pranav|date=2015-05-18|title=Will finish building China border infrastructure by 2018: Rao Inderjit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/will-finish-building-china-border-infrastructure-by-18-rao-inderjit/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express}}
{{China–India relations}}
{{China–India relations}}
[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:Roads in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Roads in Ladakh]]

Revision as of 05:19, 24 April 2022


This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
India China Border Roads
ICBRs, ICB Roads
Highlights in red for Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
Type of projectInfrastructure development
Current statusOngoing (Establishing connectivity and maintenance)
LocationArunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
Approved1999
Length of roads
Phase 13,323 km (approved in 2005)
Phase 26,700 km (approved in 2020)
Total length10,023 km
Status
Phase 115% complete by 2012,[1] 20% complete by 2015[2] 46% complete and 95% connectivity established by 2021[3]
Phase 2Ongoing
Some stretches of road are in disputed territory

India-China Border Roads (ICBRs, ICB Roads) is a Government of India project for developing infrastructure along the Sino-Indian border by constructing strategic roads, including bridges and tunnels.[1][4][5] The ICBR project is largely in response to Chinese infrastructure development along the borderlands with India.[6][7]

As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over 10,023 km length along its Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China under the "Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of Ministry of Home Affairs. This includes 73 roads of 3,323 km length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.[8][9][10][11]

India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the Ministry of Defence to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.[12] Some of the important already completed projects include the Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road (DS-DBO) and Atal Tunnel under Rohtang Pass; and the under-construction important projects include the Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the Brahmaputra river in Assam.[13]

Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,[4] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MoDNER), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), public works departments of respective states and others.[14] At least 67% of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.[4]

By March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads (3,205 km) or 95+% of the total length had been achieved and among these 42 (1,530 km) have been black topped.[15][3]

About

Strategic infrastructure requirements

See also: Sino-Indian War and Line of Actual Control

In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's northern and eastern frontiers, India constituted a China Study Group (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The Standing Committee on Defence, a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:[16]

It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.

— BRO, 50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19)

Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.[17] In 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The 2017 Doklam standoff further raised the profile of the issue with the Modi government for border infrastructure along the China border.[17] ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[16]

ICBR project phases

ICBR-I or Phase-1

Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000 km length.[10][4] It was approved in 2005.[10] Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to CPWD.[18] Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14 km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99 km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355 km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98 km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46 km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.[15] ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's Project HIMANK which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladakh.

As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16 km length have been achieved. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38 km have been paved with the black top.[15]

ICBR-II or Phase-2

ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,[9] to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length.[8][12] The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,[14] expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.[14][9] Amid the India-China skirmishes, the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.[14] Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.[14]

ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC patrol points (PP) and Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) points. As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for ITBP and many 18 ft tracks.[9]

BIMF funding and progress of construction

ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.[9]

Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from ₹4,600 crore (US$640 million) to ₹11,800 crore (US$1.7 billion).[19] Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020–21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019–20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018–19, INR 5450 crore in 2017–18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.[18]

Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR construction picked up pace after 2014:

  • Road length construction completed: 4,764 km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610 km during 2008–14.[18]
  • Mountain formation-cutting completed: 470 km during 2017-20 versus 230 km during 2008–17.[18]
  • Surface-clearing completed: 380 km during 2017-20 versus 170 km roads during 2008–17.[18]
  • Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008–14.[18]
  • Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including Atal Tunnel at Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008–14.[18]

Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"[lower-alpha 1] to ICBRs.[10]

Types of ICBRs

Of the 73 ICBR of 3812 km, 61 of 3323.57 km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided based on their usage type. China Study Group had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads. Other roads include connecting inter state and state level.[20] The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies including the National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.[16]

List of ICB Roads

Phase 1

Phase-I consists of 3812 km roads.[1][16]

Key

  • Maplink: Interactive map with road.
  • OSM ID: Provides a link to road on OpenStreetMap (OSM) in the form of a relation.
  • Status: Status does not represent current state of the road.
  • Length: Present / planned
  • Comments and citation: Further information about the road including bridges and tunnels.

Arunachal Pradesh

ICB Roads in Arunachal Pradesh[1]

In Arunachal Pradesh the ICBR project, in coordination with other government programmes, has connected a number of border outposts and frontier areas to the national highway network such as Kharsang La, Taksing, Lamang, Gelling, Kibithu and Dichu.[21] Major road projects in Arunachal Pradesh include the 'Sela Pass project' which consists of the under construction Sela Tunnel.[22][16]

Representative list of ICB roads in Arunachal Pradesh
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Ref
Assam - Arunachal Pradesh
Orang-Kalaktang-Shergaon-Roopa- Tenga (OKSRT)

Template:OSM 		West Kameng 158 km (98 mi) Completed in 2016 It provides alternate access to eastern flank of National Highway 13 which also goes to Tawang. Bridges at Kalaktang, Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong. [23]
Arunachal Pradesh
Tato-Manigong-Tadagade

Template:OSM 		Shi Yomi 86 km (53 mi) Partially complete Tato is 47 km southwest of Mechuka, Manigong is 9 km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33 km from Manigong. [16]
Bona-Gelling

Template:OSM 		Upper Siang 10 km (6.2 mi) Complete Gelling is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona. This is an extension of the Tuting-Bona-Gelling road. [16]
Tame Chung Chung-Taksing

Template:OSM 		Upper Subansiri 54 km (34 mi) Completed in 2017 The road from Nacho goes to Tame Chung Chung (TCC) at Gelensiniak. From there it diverges towards Taksing and Maja (also spelt Maza), both close to the border.

Work on TCC-Taksing started in 2000 but was completed in 2017.[24] The road TCC-Bidak was completed in 2018.[25][26]

[16]
Tame Chung Chung-Maja

Template:OSM 		48 km (30 mi) Complete till Bidak [16]
Nacho-Tame Chung Chung

Template:OSM 		78 km (48 mi) Partially complete [20]
Jang-Rama Sapper

Template:OSM 		Tawang 90 km (56 mi) Completed in 2016 It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of National Highway 13. It was completed in 2016. It is a part of the unfinished Balipara-Charduar-Tawang road.[27] (Jang also spelt as Jung) [28]
Sangestar Tso-Kharsang La

Template:OSM 		16 km (9.9 mi) Complete
It lies very close to and southeast of Bum La Pass, north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. BRO ensure maintenances.[29] Image of Sangestar Tso. 		[30][16]
Zemithang-Khinzemane

Template:OSM 		25 km (16 mi) Complete The upper portion of the road is close to the Namka Chu river. [30][29]
Yarlung-Lamang Shi Yomi N/A N/A Lamang is last Indian outpost near Mechuka. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang. [31][32]

Uttarakhand

ICB Roads in Uttarakhand

In Uttarakhand, the border most points of Pulam Sumda, Mana Pass, Niti Pass, Lapthal and Rimkhim, and Lipulekh have been connected.[21]

Representative list of ICB roads in Uttarakhand
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Ref
Uttarakhand
Nelong-Naga-Jadhang/Sonam

Template:OSM 		Uttarkashi 30 km (19 mi) Partially complete Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, one each leading to Sonam[33][34] and Jadhang IBTP border outposts (BoPs). Jadganga River bridge is on this route. The fork toward Sonam continues to Pulam Sumda. This is also known as the Nelgang-Pulam Sumda road. [20]
Joshimath-Malari-Girthidobla-Sumna-Rimkhim

Template:OSM 		Chamoli 105 km (65 mi) Partially complete Bara Hoti-Lapthal disputed sector is 100 km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west. Bridges at Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera[35] ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area.[36][37] [38][39]
Mana-Mana Pass

Template:OSM
<mapframe>: Couldn't parse JSON: Syntax error
 48 km (30 mi) Complete
Image of Mana village. Mana Pass is located on the China–India border. 		[40]
Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh-Lipulekh

Template:OSM 		Pithoragarh 100 km (62 mi) Complete Lipulekh area and the pass, Kalapani territory, Kailash Mansarovar road. [41][42]
Munsiyari-Milam

Template:OSM 		Partially complete Milam is the last village. [40]

Ladakh

ICB Roads in Ladakh

The forward most localities and border outposts of Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO), Hotspring, Demchok and Zursar have been connected. Roads connectivity has reduced their reliance on air transport.[21]

Representative list of ICB roads in Ladakh
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Ref
Ladakh
Harong-Chushul

Template:OSM 		Leh 65 km (40 mi) Complete Part of the 240 km (150 mi) Spangmik-Tangtse-Harong-Chushul-Tsaga-Loma route on towards Nyoma. [16]
Phobrang-Marsimik La-Hot Springs

Template:OSM 		70 km (43 mi) Complete Route from Lukung near Pangong Tso towards Hot Springs close to the LAC. [20][40]
Darbuk-Shyok-DBO

Template:OSM 		255 km (158 mi) Complete Route is partially along the Shyok River and LAC. Also called the DS-DBO road or the Sub-Sector North Road.
Sasoma-Saser La

Template:OSM 		55 km (34 mi) Partially complete
The road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO in addition to existing DS-DBO road. Image of Sasser Pass.
Koyul-Photila-Chisumle-Zurasar

Template:OSM 		120 km (75 mi) Complete Demchok sector. Zurasar is one of the last border posts in the area. [40]
Himachal Pradesh - Ladakh
Leh-Upshi-Sarchu

Template:OSM 		Leh 250 km (160 mi) Complete
Part of the 428 km (266 mi) Leh–Manali Highway.
Nimmu–Padum–Darcha Leh, Kargil, Lahaul and Spiti 285 km (177 mi) Partially complete
First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.[43][44][45] Image represents a section below Zanskar Sumdo in Lahaul.

Sikkim

Route of road Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Ref
Sikkim
Gangtok- Chunghang Northeast Sikkim Complete
Tr Jn-Bheem Base-Dokala India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction 19.72 Complete [46][47][48]

Related geo-strategic projects

Geostrategic initiatives include the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.

Border airport and ALG projects

See also: Indian Airbases, Chinese Airbases, Indian Army bases, and China's bases along LAC
Western Theater Command of China, area under integrated command.

The People's Liberation Army's Western Theater Command is responsible for the defense of China along the whole line of actual control with India.[49] The Indian Armed Forces has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the western sector across Ladakh and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the central sector across Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand, and the eastern sector across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[50] Similarly, the Indian Airforce has the Prayagraj-based Western Air Command, Delhi-based Central Air Command, and Shillong-based Eastern Air Command to cover the LAC.

Border bridge projects

  • Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
  • Teesta River railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.[58]
  • New bridges on Brahmaputra River in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.

Border railway projects

Main article: Strategic rail lines of India

India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new geostrategic rail lines to be constructed near the China, Pakistan and Nepal borders for troop deployments.[59] In comparison, China has built lines up to Shigatse in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.[60] After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the Government of India approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,[61] Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:

Other border road projects

Border tunnel projects

As of June 2020, ICBRs included a total of 26 road tunnels, of which 7 were complete and 19 road tunnels were under planning stage.[18] As of November 2017, BRO was constructing 17 road tunnels of a total length of 100 km, on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. Presently, road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. Some of these tunnels are under construction while others are still in planning stage. A list of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:[63][64]

Name State Length (km) Operational Status/Comment
Zoji-la Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 14.2 km N On Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1.
Lungalacha La Ladakh N On Leh-Manali Highway.[65][66]
Bara-lacha la N
Tanglang La N
Shingo La Tunnel Himachal Pradesh 13.5 km N
Rohtang Tunnel 9.02 km Y
Char Dham multiple rail/road tunnels Uttrakhand N Char Dham Railway, Char Dham Highway
Theng Tunnel Sikkim 0.578 km Y On NH310A between Chungthang and Tung in North Sikkim.
Nechipu Pass Arunachal Pradesh N Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on NH13 Bogibeel (Assam) to Tawang.
Bomdila N
Sela Tunnel 3 km N

Sea ports and waterways projects

Sagarmala port development project and the National Waterways projects will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets, these include National Waterway 2 and Subansiri River.

Under-river tunnel

Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river.[67]

Mobile and internet connectivity

In June 2020, it was announced that 54 villages in the Ladakh region; including the Demchok is among the 19 in Kargil, 11 in Zanskar and 7 in Nubra Valley; will receive mobile phone connectivity from Jio via the satellite connected towers under the Universal Service Obligation Funding (USOF) programme.[68]

Radars

Northeast connectivity projects

See also

India-China border infrastructure

Geostrategic
Similar rail development
Similar roads development
Similar ports and river transport development
Similar air transport development
General

Notes

  1. ↑ "GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC"

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Banerjee, Ajay (9 June 2013). "Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO". The Tribune India. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (27 February 2015). "Only 20 Per Cent of India-China Strategic Border Roads Ready Till Now". NDTV. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Connectivity achieved on 59 roads along India-China border — Rajnath Singh in Rajya Sabha". ThePrint. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Singh, Rahul (13 February 2019). "Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Singh, Jitendra Bahadur (17 June 2020). "India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources". India Today. Retrieved 8 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ Jakhar, Pratik (30 July 2020). "India and China race to build along a disputed frontier". BBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  7. ↑ "China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say". Reuters. 4 September 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India". The EurAsian Times. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Singh, Vijaita (15 March 2021). "Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (20 April 2018). "Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border". The Economic Times. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  11. ↑ "Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border". Deccan Herald. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC". Tribune India. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ↑ "Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane". Deccan Chronicle. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Singh, Jitendra Bahadur (17 June 2020). "India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources". India Today. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Nag, Devanjana (16 March 2021). "Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved". The Financial Express. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 Standing Committee on Defence (February 2019) Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal. Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Dubey, Amitabh (3 July 2020). "How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?". The Wire. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 "Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials". The Times of India. PTI. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ↑ Tripathi, Rahul (5 July 2020). "India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years". The Economic Times. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Standing Committee on Defence (February 2021) Defence Committee Action Taken Report, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India. Archived on 27 August 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Dange, Vaibhav (8 October 2020). "One step closer". The Pioneer. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ↑ "To counter China and strengthen border security, India to construct 17 tunnels along LAC". Times Now. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road". Arunachal24. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG". Arunachal Observer. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  25. ↑ "Arunachal Pradesh: BRO builds strategic road in remote Arunachal Pradesh district". The Times of India. PTI. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ Kumar, Pradeep (14 February 2018). "BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border". Outlook India. Retrieved 19 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ "Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021". Sentinel Assam. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ K P Purushotham (2017) History of Project Vartak. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG". The Arunachal Times. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal". Sentinel Assam. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post". Sentinel Assam. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border". One India. 13 December 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  33. ↑ "BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient". The Statesman. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  34. ↑ "BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border". The Pioneer. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  35. ↑ "Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated". www.projectstoday.com. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Chauhan, Neeraj (18 July 2020). "Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ↑ "BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects". Hindustan Times. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  38. ↑ After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border, Times of India, 2016.
  39. ↑ Kumar, Yogesh (11 November 2016). "After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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