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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[BP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{short description|Overview of the production, consumption, import and export of energy and electricity in India}}
[[File:Energy consumption India.svg|thumb|Energy consumption by source, India]]
[[File:Energy consumption India.svg|thumb|Energy consumption by source, India]]
[[File:CO2 emissions India.svg|thumb|Development of carbon dioxide emissions]]
[[File:CO2 emissions India.svg|thumb|Development of carbon dioxide emissions]]
Since 2013, total [[primary energy]] consumption in [[India]] has been the third highest in the world (see [[world energy consumption]]) after [[China]] (see [[energy in China]]) and [[United States]] (see [[energy in the United States|energy in United States]]).<ref name=eia>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6 |title=India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdebtclock.org/energy.html |title=World energy consumption clock |publisher=US debt clock org |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> India is the second-top coal consumer in the year 2017 after China. India ranks third in oil consumption with 22.1 [[crore]] (221 million) tons in 2017 after United States and China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/edm/#home|title=India energy dashboard |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> India is net energy importer to meet nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Energy Balance 2019, NITI Aayog| url=https://niti.gov.in/edm/#balance| access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian energy Statistics 2016| url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_statistics_2016.pdf| access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
Since 2013, the total [[primary energy]] consumption in [[India]] has been the third greatest in the world (see [[world energy consumption]]) after [[Energy policy of China|China]] and the [[Energy in the United States|United States]].<ref name=eia>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=IND&src=home-b6 |title=India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdebtclock.org/energy.html |title=World energy consumption clock |publisher=US debt clock org |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Having the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|largest national population]] of over 1.4 billion people, its [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita|per capita energy consumption]] is still below the median for all nations despite its large total energy consumptionn. India was a net energy importer, importing nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Energy Balance 2019, NITI Aayog| url=https://niti.gov.in/edm/#balance| access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian energy Statistics 2016| url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_statistics_2016.pdf| access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>


While much of its energy comes from fossil fuels, as of 2024, India is in the midst of a very rapid growth of solar and other renewable energy. However, this page currently only discusses the country's fossil fuel–based energy. For information about its renewable energy sources, see the page [[Renewable energy in India]].
     
== Overview ==
== Overview ==
In 2022-23, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita is 25,745 mega joule whereas Total Final Consumption per capita is 16,699 mega joule. Electricity
consumption per capita is 1015 kWh in 2022-23. The [[energy intensity]] of agriculture is seven times less than industries in 2022-23 (see Table 8.9<ref name=mspi/>)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Yearwise consumption of energy sources<ref name=mspi>{{cite web | url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/EnergyStatistics_India_publication_2024N.pdf?download=1 | title= Energy Statistics_India 2024|publisher= Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! Fiscal year
! Mid Year Population<br/>(million)
! Coal<br/>(million tonnes)
! Lignite<br/>(million tonnes)
! Crude oil<br/>(million tonnes)
! Natural gas<br/>(billion cubic meters)
! Electricity@<br/>(billion kWh)
! Eq CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions<br/>(million tonnes)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1055542/EI_Stat_Review_PDF_single_3.pdf1 | title=Statistical Review of World Energy 2023 | publisher=The Energy Institute | access-date=16 March 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>     
|-
| align="left" | 2013-14 ||  1,252 || 739 || 44 || 222 ||52  ||874 ||2,087.5
|-
| align="left" | 2014-15 ||  1,268|| 822 || 47 || 223 || 51 || 948||2,248.1
|-
| align="left" | 2015-16 ||  1,284 || 837 || 42 || 233 || 53 || 1,001||2,321.4
|-
| align="left" | 2016-17 ||  1,299 || 837 || 43 || 245 || 56 || 1,061||2,425.2
|-
| align="left" | 2017-18 || 1,313 || 898|| 46|| 252 || 59|| 1,123||2,493.6
|-
| align="left" | 2018-19 ||  1,328 || 968 || 46 || 257 || 61 || 1,209||2,613.2
|-
| align="left" | 2019-20 || 1,342 || 956 || 42 || 254 || 64 || 1,248||2,645.4
|-
| align="left" | 2020-21 ||  1,357 || 906 || 38 || 222 ||61 || 1,230||2,450.3
|-
| align="left" | 2021-22 ||  1,370 || 1,028 || 49 || 242 || 64 || 1,316||2,700.5
|-
| align="left" | 2022-23 ||  1,383 || 1,115 || 47 || 255 || 60 || 1,403||2,865.2
|}
@ Includes electricity generated from fossil fuels.
{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|thumb = right
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| align="left" | 2013 ||  1,250 || 9,018 || 6,086 || 2,962 || 979 || 1,869
| align="left" | 2013 ||  1,250 || 9,018 || 6,086 || 2,962 || 979 || 1,869
|-
|-
| align="left" | Change 2004–10 ||  8.4% || 20.9% || 11.1% || 72% || 53% || 47%
| align="left" | Change 2004–10 ||  8.4% || 20.9% || 11.1% || 72% || 53% || 47.4%
|-
|-
| align="left" colspan=7 | <small> Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power<ref name=Sverigetab49>[http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f Energy in Sweden 2010]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f |date=16 October 2013 }}, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto</ref></small>
| align="left" colspan=7 | <small> Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power<ref name=Sverigetab49>[http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f Energy in Sweden 2010]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f |date=16 October 2013 }}, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto</ref></small>
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{{See also|List of countries by coal reserves|Coal in India}}
{{See also|List of countries by coal reserves|Coal in India}}
[[File:Coal production of India.svg|thumb|Coal production of India]]
[[File:Coal production of India.svg|thumb|Coal production of India]]
Coal and lignite production was 73.1 crore (731 million) tons in the financial year 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ProvisionalCoalStatistics2019-20.pdf|title=Provisional Coal Statistics 2019-20|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> India was the fourth top [[Coal mining|coal]] producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtoe (7.8% global share).<ref name=srwe/> Nearly 80% of total electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the main source of [[Greenhouse gas emissions by India|the nation's greenhouse gas emissions]].  
 
In 2023, India was both the [[List of countries by coal production|second largest producer of coal]] and second largest consumer of coal, although for both statistics having less than a fourth of that of leading China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |title=Coal consumption |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh?tab=chart&country=IND~USA~CHN |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> India is planning to use 100 million tonnes of coal for gasification by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/03/30/carbon-omissions-indias-coal-gasification-plans-are-ambitious-but-face-an-uphill-task|title=Carbon omissions: India’s coal gasification plans are ambitious but face an uphill task|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The abundantly available coal in India is low [[coal rank| rank]] coal which is not suitable for coal gasification without blending with [[pet coke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coal.gov.in/sites/default/files/ncgm/ncgm21-09-21.pdf  |title= National Coal Gasification Mission, Ministry of Coal|access-date= 28 May 2025}}</ref> However, low rank coal/lignite can be converted to natural gas by using hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2025 |title=In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen |url=https://www.ijeer.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v4i3/C104404030525.pdf |access-date=2025-05-28 |journal=Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources |issn=2583-1186|volume=4 |issue=3|pages=1–5 |doi=10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525 |s2cid=258753397}}</ref>
 
Coal and lignite production was 73.1 crore (731 million) tons in the financial year 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216204644/https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ProvisionalCoalStatistics2019-20.pdf|title=Provisional Coal Statistics 2019-20|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202013728/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/ProvisionalCoalStatistics2019-20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> India was the fourth top [[Coal mining|coal]] producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtons (7.8% global share).<ref name=srwe/> Nearly 80% of total electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the main source of [[Greenhouse gas emissions by India|the nation's greenhouse gas emissions]].  
   
   
According to [[Greenpeace]] the largest coal belt in India is at [[Jharia]]. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the [[coal mine]]s were nationalised. [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines.<ref name=truecost>[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf "The True Cost of Coal"] Greenpeace 27 November 2008 pp. 24–29</ref>
According to [[Greenpeace]] the largest coal belt in India is at [[Jharia]]. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the [[coal mine]]s were nationalised. [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines.<ref name=truecost>[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf "The True Cost of Coal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130101613/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/true-cost-coal.pdf |date=30 November 2008 }} Greenpeace 27 November 2008 pp. 24–29</ref>


India accounts for the world’s greatest concentration of [[coal seam fire]]s. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land.<ref name="truecost"/>
India accounts for the world’s greatest concentration of [[coal seam fire]]s. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land.<ref name="truecost"/>
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As of 2019, coal production was integrated into the Central Government;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/coal-in-india/|title=Coal in India|last=Gross|first=Rahul Tongia and Samantha|date=2019-03-08|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> for example, the [[Government of India|Government]] owned about 75% of [[Coal India|Coal India Limited]], which supplied about 84% of India's thermal coal.<ref name=":0" />
As of 2019, coal production was integrated into the Central Government;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/coal-in-india/|title=Coal in India|last=Gross|first=Rahul Tongia and Samantha|date=2019-03-08|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> for example, the [[Government of India|Government]] owned about 75% of [[Coal India|Coal India Limited]], which supplied about 84% of India's thermal coal.<ref name=":0" />


India imports coking coal as good quality [[coking coal]] deposits suitable for iron and steel production are not available. [[Sponge iron]] route using non coking coal is also followed to produce iron and steel which does not depend on coke or natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jspl-resumes-operations-in-coal-gasification-plant-in-odisha-s-angul-district-11578977735242.html|title=JSPL's 1.8 MTPA coal gasification based DRI plant resumes operations in Angul|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ispatguru.com/coal-gasification-based-production-of-direct-reduced-iron/|title=Coal Gasification based Production of Direct Reduced Iron|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
India imports coking coal as good quality [[coking coal]] deposits suitable for iron and steel production are not available. In the financial year 2021 -22, India imported nearly 57.16 million tons (90%) against the consumption of 63.74 MT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/import%20of%20coal.pdf|title=Import of coal - Trends and issue of self reliance|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225102903/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/import%20of%20coal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sponge iron]] route using noncoking coal is also followed to produce iron and steel which does not depend on coke or natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jspl-resumes-operations-in-coal-gasification-plant-in-odisha-s-angul-district-11578977735242.html|title=JSPL's 1.8 MTPA coal gasification based DRI plant resumes operations in Angul|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ispatguru.com/coal-gasification-based-production-of-direct-reduced-iron/|title=Coal Gasification based Production of Direct Reduced Iron|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>


== Oil and natural gas==
== Oil and natural gas==
{{Main|Energy policy of India|Oil and gas industry in India}}
{{Main|Energy policy of India|Oil and gas industry in India}}
India was the third top crude oil consumer globally (4.8% of the world) with 221 Mt  in 2017. India was the second-top net [[crude oil]] (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.<ref name=bp20>{{cite web | url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf | title= Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)| access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> India has 49.72 [[lakh]] (4.972 million) barrels per day (5.1% of the world) crude oil refining capacity which is ranked 4th globally in 2017.<ref name=srwe/>
 
As of 2022, India was the [[List of countries by oil consumption|fourth top oil consumer globally]], at 5.2 million barrels per day (5% of global consumption). However, on a per capita basis, its standing is much lower. India was the second-top net [[crude oil]] (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.<ref name=bp20>{{cite web | url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf | title= Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)| access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> India has 49.72 [[lakh]] (4.972 million) barrels per day (5.1% of the world) crude oil refining capacity which is ranked 4th globally in 2017.<ref name=srwe/>


==Liquefied petroleum gas==
==Liquefied petroleum gas==
[[File:Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.jpg|thumb|Cylinders with LPG in [[India]] ]]
[[File:Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.jpg|thumb|Cylinders with LPG in [[India]] ]]


Nearly 1 crore (10.937 million) tons [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) was consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in domestic sector mainly for cooking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201911220459272617502WebVersionLPGProfile1.10.2019.pdf |title=LPG Profile 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> The number of domestic connections are 274 million (one connection for five people) with a circulation of more than 40 crore (400 million) LPG cylinders whose net aggregate length would form a 2,00,000&nbsp;km long pipe line which is more than the length of total [[Indian Railways|railway track laid in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 |title=LPG cylinder now used by 89% households|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> India is second largest consumer of LPG globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-becomes-worlds-2nd-largest-lpg-consumer-after-govts-ujjawla-push/67848639|title= India becomes world's second-largest LPG consumer|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Most of the LPG requirement is imported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180358/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2017|title=India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on major scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/pm-modi-says-70-of-indias-population-will-have-city-gas-facility-in-2-3-years/66752204|title= PM Modi says 70% of India’s population will have city gas facility in 2-3 years|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gailebank.gail.co.in/goga/NewApplication/index.html#existing-customer|title= Map of GAIL's Natural Gas Pipelines|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>
Nearly 1 crore (10.937 million) tons [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]] (LPG) was consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in the domestic sector mainly for cooking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201911220459272617502WebVersionLPGProfile1.10.2019.pdf |title=LPG Profile 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> The number of domestic connections are 274 million (one connection for five people) with a circulation of more than 40 crore (400 million) LPG cylinders whose net aggregate length would form a 2,00,000&nbsp;km long pipe line which is more than the length of total [[Indian Railways|railway track laid in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/66930301 |title=LPG cylinder now used by 89% households|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> India is second largest consumer of LPG globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-becomes-worlds-2nd-largest-lpg-consumer-after-govts-ujjawla-push/67848639|title= India becomes world's second-largest LPG consumer|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Most of the LPG requirement is imported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227180358/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-challenges-china-as-worlds-biggest-lpg-importer/62263809|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2017|title=India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on major scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/pm-modi-says-70-of-indias-population-will-have-city-gas-facility-in-2-3-years/66752204|title= PM Modi says 70% of India's population will have city gas facility in 2-3 years|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gailebank.gail.co.in/goga/NewApplication/index.html#existing-customer|title= Map of GAIL's Natural Gas Pipelines|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>


== Biomass and charcoal==
== Biomass and charcoal==
{{See also | Electricity sector in India#Biomass power | l1= Biomass power in India  }}
{{See also | Electricity sector in India#Biomass power | l1= Biomass power in India  }}


[[Biomass]] is a renewable energy source and its use for energy generation is mostly [[carbon-neutral fuel]]. Carbon dioxide is first taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and later released when biomass is burned. Presently, only 20% of house holds in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose as LPG use for cooking purpose is rising rapidly.<ref>{{cite web|  url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/nearly-80-of-indian-households-now-have-access-to-lpg-gas/63226987 |title= Nearly 80% of Indian households now have access to LPG gas |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/niti-aayog-pitches-for-round-the-clock-power-for-all-electric-vehicles/60217855|title=NITI Aayog pitches for round-the-clock power for all electric vehicles |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> In addition biomass is also used marginally in commercial cooking, electricity generation, process industries, etc. The total biomass use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.<ref name=eia/> Substantial surplus crop residue is also burnt in agriculture fields for clearing the land for the next crop. Nearly 75 crore (750 million) tons of non edible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition without [[global warming|CO<sub>2</sub> emissions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf|title=Renewable Methanol|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831190140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste |access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>
[[Biomass]] is a renewable energy source and its use as feedstock to produce [[biofuels]] or organic chemicals is mostly [[carbon-neutral fuel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Carbon dioxide is first taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and later released when biomass is burned. Presently, only 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes as LPG use for cooking purposes is rising rapidly.<ref>{{cite web|  url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/nearly-80-of-indian-households-now-have-access-to-lpg-gas/63226987 |title= Nearly 80% of Indian households now have access to LPG gas |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/niti-aayog-pitches-for-round-the-clock-power-for-all-electric-vehicles/60217855|title=NITI Aayog pitches for round-the-clock power for all-electric vehicles |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> In addition biomass is also used marginally in commercial cooking, electricity generation, process industries, etc. The total biomass use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.<ref name=eia/> Substantial surplus crop residue is also burnt in agriculture fields to clear the land for the next crop. Nearly 75 crores (750 million) tons of nonedible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition without [[global warming|CO<sub>2</sub> emissions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf|title=Renewable Methanol|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831190140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-punjab-top-producers-of-green-energy-from-farm-waste/article1-1385893.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste |access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref>


Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to [[Hardgrove Grindability Index|grind]] into fine powder due to [[Caking (chemical engineering)|caking]] problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after [[torrefaction]] in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|title=The upgrading of solid biomasss by means of Torrefaction|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230838/http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. [[Cofiring]] dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|title=Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153412/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| title=CEA has written to all States to use 5-10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] at a faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html| title=Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>
Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised [[coal-fired power station]]s. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to [[Hardgrove Grindability Index|grind]] into fine powder due to [[Caking (chemical engineering)|caking]] problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after [[torrefaction]] in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|title=The upgrading of solid biomasss by means of Torrefaction|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230838/http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/BiofuelsShippingStorageLogistics/Michael_Wild.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. [[Cofiring]] dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|title=Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153412/http://www.iea-coal.org.uk/documents/83524/9188/Henderson---Cofiring-of-biomass-in-coal-fired-power-plants-%E2%80%93-European-experience|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/cea-has-written-to-all-states-to-use-5-10-of-118020801216_1.html| title=CEA has written to all States to use 5-10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] at a faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pollution-delhi-gets-whiff-of-hope-as-ntpc-steps-in-to-buy-crop-residue-from-farmers/story-nmfwHl5bDCgdi5ImQPtNQM.html| title=Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>


[[Bio gas|Biogas]] which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used for generating protein-rich cattle, poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating [[Methylococcus capsulatus]] bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill’s Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of [[algae oil]] from [[algae]] particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Union government is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>
When an existing blast furnace is modified to use biomass products as its fuel, production of green steel, green hydrogen/ammonia/urea and green slag cement are feasible.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2025|title=Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v5i2/B187105021125.pdf
|journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering|language=en|volume=5|pages=19–25|doi=10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125|issn= 2582-9289|last1=Nallapaneni|first1=Sasidhar|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
 
[[Biogas]] which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used to produce protein-rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish culture in villages economically by cultivating [[Methylococcus capsulatus]] bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of [[algae oil]] from [[algae]] particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701001900/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Union government is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift [[rural economics|rural economy]] and job potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>


== Biofuel ==
== Biofuel ==
{{see also | Biofuel in India | Energy policy of India#Bio-fuels | l2= Bio-fuels energy policy of India }}
{{see also | Biofuel in India | Energy policy of India#Bio-fuels | l2= Bio-fuels energy policy of India }}


India imports 85% of petrol products with an import cost of $55 billion in 2020-21, India has set a target of blending 20% [[ethanol]] in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US$4 billion or [[Indian rupee|₹]]30,000 crore and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.<ref name=bioeth1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-wants-to-use-foodgrain-for-ethanol-thats-a-problem-in-a-hungry-country/686707/ India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol. That’s a problem in a hungry country], The Print, 1 July 2021.</ref> In 2016, ethanol market penetration had reached 3.3% blend rate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_6-27-2017.pdf|title=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN Report}}</ref>
In 2021, India imported 85% of petroleum products worth $55 billion. The country set a target of blending 20% [[ethanol]] in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.<ref name=bioeth1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-wants-to-use-foodgrain-for-ethanol-thats-a-problem-in-a-hungry-country/686707/ India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol. That’s a problem in a hungry country], The Print, 1 July 2021.</ref> This target was achieved in 2025.<ref name=ar1>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/govt-constructing-10000-km-greenfield-expressway-projects-at-6-lakh-cr-investment-gadkari/124423868 Govt constructing 10000 km greenfield expressway projects at 6 lakh cr investment- Gadkari], Economic Times, 9 Oct 2025.</ref>


==Electricity==
==Electricity==
Line 96: Line 141:
{{Main|Electricity sector in India | Renewable energy in India }}
{{Main|Electricity sector in India | Renewable energy in India }}


India was the third largest electricity producer in the world with 1,383 TWh generation in FY 2019–2020 and 99.99% of the population having access to power supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saubhagya.gov.in/|title=Households electrification in India| access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> By 2013, India became the world's third largest producer of electricity with 4.8% global share, surpassing Japan and Russia.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf IEA Key energy statistics 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=11 October 2010 }} p. 27</ref><ref>[http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme, 2015]</ref> India ranks 6th globally in hydropower generation during the year 2019.<ref name=bp20/>
In India, 99.99% of the population have access to power supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saubhagya.gov.in/|title=Households electrification in India| access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> By 2013, India became the world's third largest producer of electricity with 4.8% global share, surpassing Japan and Russia.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf IEA Key energy statistics 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=11 October 2010 }} p. 27</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |title=Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100407/http://www.adelphi.de/en/publications/dok/43509.php?pid=1971 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India ranks 6th globally in hydropower generation during the year 2019.<ref name=bp20/>


India has 136 GW (38%) installed capacity of [[Renewable energy in India|renewable energy]]. It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1475736/india-is-now-a-world-leader-in-renewable-energy/|title=India is now a world leader in renewable energy|last=Thomas|first=Maria|date=November 27, 2018|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
India had set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy (excluding large hydro) capacity by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180728|title=A target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022 has been set|date=July 19, 2018|website=Public Information Bureau|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> It included 100 GW capacity from [[solar energy]] sources, 60 GW from [[wind power]], 10 GW from [[biopower]], and 5 GW from [[small hydro]]power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-to-install-54-7-gw-wind-energy-capacity-by-2022-fitch-solutions/69081148|title=India to install 54.7 GW wind energy capacity by 2022: Fitch Solutions - ET EnergyWorld|date=April 28, 2019|website=ETEnergyworld|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>


India has set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180728|title=A target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022 has been set|date=July 19, 2018|website=Public Information Bureau|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> This would include 100 GW capacity from [[solar energy]] sources, 60 GW from [[wind power]], 10 GW from [[biopower]], and 5 GW from [[small hydro]]power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/india-to-install-54-7-gw-wind-energy-capacity-by-2022-fitch-solutions/69081148|title=India to install 54.7 GW wind energy capacity by 2022: Fitch Solutions - ET EnergyWorld|date=April 28, 2019|website=ETEnergyworld|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
As of 31 March 2024, India has 190.573 GW (43% of total) installed capacity of [[Renewable energy in India|renewable energy]]. It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1475736/india-is-now-a-world-leader-in-renewable-energy/|title=India is now a world leader in renewable energy|last=Thomas|first=Maria|date=November 27, 2018|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>
 
== Energy reserves ==
India has abundant solar, wind, hydro (including pumped storage) and biomass power potential. In addition, as of January 2011 India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the world's 26th largest reserve.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2013 |title=CIA – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309174844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2179rank.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> The United States [[Energy Information Administration]] estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. India already produces [[coalbed methane]].


==See also==
==See also==
 
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*[[Climate change in India]]
*[[Climate change in India]]
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*[[Solar power in India]]
*[[Solar power in India]]
*[[Nuclear power in India]]
*[[Nuclear power in India]]
*[[World energy supply and consumption]]
*[[List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production]]
*[[List of countries by oil consumption]]
*[[List of countries by natural gas consumption]]
*[[List of countries by coal production]]
*[[List of countries by electricity production]]
*[[List of countries by electricity consumption]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


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{{Energy in India}}
{{Energy in India}}
{{Energy companies and organizations in India}}
{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Asia_topic|Energy in}}
{{Asia_topic|Energy in}}
{{Asia topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Asia topic|Energy policy of}}


[[Category:Energy in India| ]]
[[Category:Energy in India| ]]

Latest revision as of 18:47, 22 March 2026


Energy consumption by source, India
Development of carbon dioxide emissions

Since 2013, the total primary energy consumption in India has been the third greatest in the world (see world energy consumption) after China and the United States.[1][2] Having the largest national population of over 1.4 billion people, its per capita energy consumption is still below the median for all nations despite its large total energy consumptionn. India was a net energy importer, importing nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.[3][4]

While much of its energy comes from fossil fuels, as of 2024, India is in the midst of a very rapid growth of solar and other renewable energy. However, this page currently only discusses the country's fossil fuel–based energy. For information about its renewable energy sources, see the page Renewable energy in India.

Overview[edit | edit source]

In 2022-23, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita is 25,745 mega joule whereas Total Final Consumption per capita is 16,699 mega joule. Electricity consumption per capita is 1015 kWh in 2022-23. The energy intensity of agriculture is seven times less than industries in 2022-23 (see Table 8.9[5])

Yearwise consumption of energy sources[5]
Fiscal year Mid Year Population
(million) 		Coal
(million tonnes) 		Lignite
(million tonnes) 		Crude oil
(million tonnes) 		Natural gas
(billion cubic meters) 		Electricity@
(billion kWh) 		Eq CO2-emissions
(million tonnes)[6]
2013-14 1,252 739 44 222 52 874 2,087.5
2014-15 1,268 822 47 223 51 948 2,248.1
2015-16 1,284 837 42 233 53 1,001 2,321.4
2016-17 1,299 837 43 245 56 1,061 2,425.2
2017-18 1,313 898 46 252 59 1,123 2,493.6
2018-19 1,328 968 46 257 61 1,209 2,613.2
2019-20 1,342 956 42 254 64 1,248 2,645.4
2020-21 1,357 906 38 222 61 1,230 2,450.3
2021-22 1,370 1,028 49 242 64 1,316 2,700.5
2022-23 1,383 1,115 47 255 60 1,403 2,865.2

@ Includes electricity generated from fossil fuels.

India: Total primary energy use of 753.7 Mtoe (excluding traditional biomass use) in the calendar year 2017[7]

  424.0 Mtoe Coal (56.26%)
  222.1 Mtoe Petroleum & other liquids (29.47%)
  46.6 Mtoe Natural gas (6.18%)
  8.5 Mtoe Nuclear (1.13%)
  30.7 Mtoe Hydroelectricity (4.07%)
  21.8 Mtoe Other renewables (2.89%)
Energy in India[8]
Population
million 		Prim. energy
TWh 		Production
TWh 		Import
TWh 		Electricity
TWh 		CO2-emission
Mt
2004 1,080 6,662 5,430 1,230 494 1,103
2007 1,123 6,919 5,244 1,745 610 1,324
2008 1,140 7, 222 5,446 1,836 645 1,428
2009 1,155 7,860 5,844 2,116 690 1,586
2010 1,171 8,056 6,032 2,110 755 1,626
2012 1,241 8,716 6,291 2,483 835 1,745
2012R 1,237 9,166 6,333 2,829 940 1,954
2013 1,250 9,018 6,086 2,962 979 1,869
Change 2004–10 8.4% 20.9% 11.1% 72% 53% 47.4%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[9]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Coal[edit | edit source]

See also: List of countries by coal reserves and Coal in India
Coal production of India

In 2023, India was both the second largest producer of coal and second largest consumer of coal, although for both statistics having less than a fourth of that of leading China.[10] India is planning to use 100 million tonnes of coal for gasification by 2030.[11] The abundantly available coal in India is low rank coal which is not suitable for coal gasification without blending with pet coke.[12] However, low rank coal/lignite can be converted to natural gas by using hydrogen.[13]

Coal and lignite production was 73.1 crore (731 million) tons in the financial year 2019-2020.[14][15] India was the fourth top coal producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtons (7.8% global share).[7] Nearly 80% of total electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the main source of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.

According to Greenpeace the largest coal belt in India is at Jharia. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the coal mines were nationalised. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines.[16]

India accounts for the world’s greatest concentration of coal seam fires. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land.[16]

As of 2019, coal production was integrated into the Central Government;[17] for example, the Government owned about 75% of Coal India Limited, which supplied about 84% of India's thermal coal.[17]

India imports coking coal as good quality coking coal deposits suitable for iron and steel production are not available. In the financial year 2021 -22, India imported nearly 57.16 million tons (90%) against the consumption of 63.74 MT.[18] Sponge iron route using noncoking coal is also followed to produce iron and steel which does not depend on coke or natural gas.[19][20]

Oil and natural gas[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Energy policy of India and Oil and gas industry in India

As of 2022, India was the fourth top oil consumer globally, at 5.2 million barrels per day (5% of global consumption). However, on a per capita basis, its standing is much lower. India was the second-top net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.[21] India has 49.72 lakh (4.972 million) barrels per day (5.1% of the world) crude oil refining capacity which is ranked 4th globally in 2017.[7]

Liquefied petroleum gas[edit | edit source]

Cylinders with LPG in India

Nearly 1 crore (10.937 million) tons Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in the domestic sector mainly for cooking.[22] The number of domestic connections are 274 million (one connection for five people) with a circulation of more than 40 crore (400 million) LPG cylinders whose net aggregate length would form a 2,00,000 km long pipe line which is more than the length of total railway track laid in India.[23] India is second largest consumer of LPG globally.[24] Most of the LPG requirement is imported.[25] Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on major scale.[26][27]

Biomass and charcoal[edit | edit source]

See also: Biomass power in India

Biomass is a renewable energy source and its use as feedstock to produce biofuels or organic chemicals is mostly carbon-neutral fuel.[28] Carbon dioxide is first taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and later released when biomass is burned. Presently, only 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes as LPG use for cooking purposes is rising rapidly.[29][30] In addition biomass is also used marginally in commercial cooking, electricity generation, process industries, etc. The total biomass use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.[1] Substantial surplus crop residue is also burnt in agriculture fields to clear the land for the next crop. Nearly 75 crores (750 million) tons of nonedible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition without CO2 emissions.[31][32]

Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal.[33] Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem.[34] North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.[35] As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG at a faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.[36]

When an existing blast furnace is modified to use biomass products as its fuel, production of green steel, green hydrogen/ammonia/urea and green slag cement are feasible.[37]

Biogas which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used to produce protein-rich feed for cattle, poultry and fish culture in villages economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.[38][39][40] The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of algae oil from algae particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.[41][42] Union government is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential.[43][44]

Biofuel[edit | edit source]

See also: Biofuel in India and Bio-fuels energy policy of India

In 2021, India imported 85% of petroleum products worth $55 billion. The country set a target of blending 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.[45] This target was achieved in 2025.[46]

Electricity[edit | edit source]

India electricity production
Main articles: Electricity sector in India and Renewable energy in India

In India, 99.99% of the population have access to power supply.[47] By 2013, India became the world's third largest producer of electricity with 4.8% global share, surpassing Japan and Russia.[48][49] India ranks 6th globally in hydropower generation during the year 2019.[21]

India had set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy (excluding large hydro) capacity by 2022.[50] It included 100 GW capacity from solar energy sources, 60 GW from wind power, 10 GW from biopower, and 5 GW from small hydropower.[51]

As of 31 March 2024, India has 190.573 GW (43% of total) installed capacity of renewable energy. It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.[52]

Energy reserves[edit | edit source]

India has abundant solar, wind, hydro (including pumped storage) and biomass power potential. In addition, as of January 2011 India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the world's 26th largest reserve.[53] The United States Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas. India already produces coalbed methane.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "India was the third-largest energy consumer in 2013". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "World energy consumption clock". US debt clock org. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  3. ↑ "India - Energy Balance 2019, NITI Aayog". Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  4. ↑ "Indian energy Statistics 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Energy Statistics_India 2024" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  6. ↑ "Statistical Review of World Energy 2023". The Energy Institute. Retrieved 16 March 2024.[dead link]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "BP Statistical Review of world energy 2018" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  8. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  9. ↑ Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
  10. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max. "Coal consumption". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  11. ↑ "Carbon omissions: India's coal gasification plans are ambitious but face an uphill task". Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  12. ↑ "National Coal Gasification Mission, Ministry of Coal" (PDF). Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  13. ↑ Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (May 2025). "In-situ and Ex-situ Conversion of Coal to Methane using Hydrogen" (PDF). Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources. 4 (3): 1–5. doi:10.54105/ijeer.C1044.04030525. ISSN 2583-1186. S2CID 258753397. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  14. ↑ "Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard". Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  15. ↑ "Provisional Coal Statistics 2019-20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "The True Cost of Coal" Archived 30 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Greenpeace 27 November 2008 pp. 24–29
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gross, Rahul Tongia and Samantha (8 March 2019). "Coal in India". Brookings. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  18. ↑ "Import of coal - Trends and issue of self reliance" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  19. ↑ "JSPL's 1.8 MTPA coal gasification based DRI plant resumes operations in Angul". Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  20. ↑ "Coal Gasification based Production of Direct Reduced Iron". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  22. ↑ "LPG Profile 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "LPG cylinder now used by 89% households". Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  24. ↑ "India becomes world's second-largest LPG consumer". Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  25. ↑ "India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer". Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  26. ↑ "PM Modi says 70% of India's population will have city gas facility in 2-3 years". Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  27. ↑ "Map of GAIL's Natural Gas Pipelines". Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  28. ↑ "Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  29. ↑ "Nearly 80% of Indian households now have access to LPG gas". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  30. ↑ "NITI Aayog pitches for round-the-clock power for all-electric vehicles". Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "Renewable Methanol" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  32. ↑ "Maharashtra, Punjab top producers of green energy from farm waste". Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  33. ↑ "The upgrading of solid biomasss by means of Torrefaction" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  34. ↑ "Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience". Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  35. ↑ "CEA has written to all States to use 5-10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers". Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  37. ↑ Nallapaneni, Sasidhar (November 2025). "Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea" (PDF). Indian Journal of Environment Engineering. 5: 19–25. doi:10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125. ISSN 2582-9289. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  38. ↑ "BioProtein Production" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  39. ↑ "Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us". Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  40. ↑ "New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein". Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  41. ↑ "Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  42. ↑ "ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough In Renewable Energy". Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  43. ↑ "Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  44. ↑ "Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  45. ↑ India wants to use food grain stock for ethanol. That’s a problem in a hungry country, The Print, 1 July 2021.
  46. ↑ Govt constructing 10000 km greenfield expressway projects at 6 lakh cr investment- Gadkari, Economic Times, 9 Oct 2025.
  47. ↑ "Households electrification in India". Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  48. ↑ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine p. 27
  49. ↑ "Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme, 2015". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  50. ↑ "A target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022 has been set". Public Information Bureau. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  51. ↑ "India to install 54.7 GW wind energy capacity by 2022: Fitch Solutions - ET EnergyWorld". ETEnergyworld. 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  52. ↑ Thomas, Maria (27 November 2018). "India is now a world leader in renewable energy". Quartz India. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  53. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook". 9 March 2013. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2019.

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