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{{ | {{Other uses}}{{Short description|City in Andhra Pradesh, India}} | ||
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | ||
<!-- See [[ | <!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Kakinada | ||
| other_name | | other_name = | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = [[City]] | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| | | border = infobox | ||
| | | total_width = 280 | ||
| | | image_style = | ||
| | | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | ||
| | | image1 = District Collector Office building at Kakinada.jpg | ||
| | | image2 = KAKINADA STATION MAIN ENTRANCE.jpg | ||
| | | image3 = Mahatma gandhi gate.jpg | ||
| | | image4 = Kakinada port.jpg | ||
| | | image5 = Scenic view of Kakinada beach during evening.jpg | ||
| image_alt | | image6 = River in coringa forest.jpg}} | ||
| image_caption | | image_alt = | ||
| etymology | | image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': District Collectorate Office, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada|JNTU Kakinada]], Kakinada Beach, Riverfront view in [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], a boat at [[Kakinada Port]], and [[Kakinada Town railway station]] | ||
| | | etymology = | ||
| pushpin_map | | nicknames = Second [[Madras]],<br />Pensioners' Paradise | ||
| pushpin_map_caption | | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh | ||
| pushpin_label | | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India | ||
| pushpin_label_position | | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | ||
| coordinates | | pushpin_label_position = right | ||
| coordinates_footnotes | | coordinates = {{coord|16|57|58|N|82|15|18|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| subdivision_type | | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --> | ||
| subdivision_name | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_type1 | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_name1 | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 | | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
| subdivision_name2 | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]] | ||
| established_title | | subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] | ||
| established_date | | established_title = Established | ||
| established_title1 | | established_date = | ||
| established_date1 | | established_title1 = Incorporated (Municipality) | ||
| established_title2 | | established_date1 = 1866<ref name=":11"/> | ||
| established_date2 | | established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation) | ||
| founder | | established_date2 = | ||
| named_for | | founder = | ||
| parts_type | | named_for = | ||
| government_footnotes | | parts_type = | ||
| government_type | | government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite news |last1=M. N. |first1=Samdani |title=Andhra Pradesh's move to supply Krishna water to Coca-Cola plant irks opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradeshs-move-to-supply-Krishna-water-to-Coca-Cola-plant-irks-opposition/articleshow/47239899.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2015 |location=Mangalagiri |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| governing_body | | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]] | ||
| leader_party | | governing_body = [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation|Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC)]] | ||
| leader_title | | leader_party = | ||
| leader_name | | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | ||
| unit_pref | | leader_name = Sunkara Siva Prasanna | ||
| area_footnotes | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sunkara-siva-prasanna-is-new-kakinada-mayor/article37169908.ece|title=Sunkara Siva Prasanna is new Kakinada Mayor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 October 2021|last1=Naidu|first1=T. Appala}}</ref> | ||
| area_total_km2 | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_metro_footnotes | | area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Kakinada Corporation |url=https://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62 |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218221521/http://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| elevation_footnotes | | area_total_km2 = 152.51 | ||
| elevation_m | | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags --> | ||
| population_as_of 2011 | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| population_footnotes | | elevation_m = | ||
| population_total | | population_as_of 2011 = | ||
| population_metro | | population_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=41 |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="profile" /> | ||
| pop_est_as_of | | population_total = 384,128 [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|(6th)]] [[Andhra Pradesh|in AP]] | ||
| pop_est_footnotes | | population_metro = 443,028 | ||
| population_est | | pop_est_as_of = | ||
| population_density_km2 | | pop_est_footnotes = | ||
| population_est = | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="profile" /> | | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="profile" /> | ||
| population_blank1_title | | population_blank1_title = | ||
| population_blank1 | | population_blank1 = | ||
| population_demonym | | population_demonym = | ||
| population_note = | |||
| population_note | | demographics_type1 = Literacy | ||
| demographics_type1 | | demographics1_title1 = | ||
| demographics1_title1 | | demographics1_info1 = | ||
| demographics1_info1 | | demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate | ||
| demographics1_title2 | | demographics1_info2 = 81.23% | ||
| demographics1_info2 | | demographics_type2 = Languages | ||
| demographics_type2 | | demographics2_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics2_title1 | | demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | ||
| demographics2_info1 | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| timezone1 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
| utc_offset1 | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code_type | | postal_code = 533001, 533002, 533003, 533004, 533005, 533006, 533016 | ||
| postal_code | | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | ||
| area_code_type | | area_code = +91–884 | ||
| area_code | | registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]] | ||
| registration_plate_type | | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05, AP06 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| registration_plate | | blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]]<br/>(2023–24) | ||
| website | | blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|20876|c|=2024}}<ref>https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
| footnotes | | website = {{URL|https://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62|Kakinada Municipal Corporation}} | ||
| official_name | | footnotes = | ||
| leader_title1 | | official_name = | ||
| leader_name1 | | leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] | ||
| leader_title2 | | leader_name1 = [[Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao]] ([[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Urban]]) <br/>[[Pantham Venkateswara Rao|Pantham Nanaji]] ([[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Rural]]) | ||
| leader_name2 | | leader_title2 = [[Member of parliament|MP]] | ||
| leader_name2 = [[Tangella Uday Srinivas]] | |||
| native_name = | |||
| mapframe = yes | |||
| mapframe-zoom = 12 | |||
| mapframe-wikidata = yes | |||
| map_caption = Interactive map | |||
}} | }} | ||
Kakinada | '''Kakinada''' ({{audio|Kakinada.ogg|listen}}; formerly known as '''Cocanada''') is a [[Port|port city]] and [[municipal corporation]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="pensioner's_paradise2">{{cite news |last1=Kalavalapalli |first1=Yogendra |date=19 July 2016 |title=Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cMXZqsIvDHpFZMpCNN3uDM/Pensioners-paradise-Kakinada-coming-of-age.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=Livemint}}</ref> Situated along the [[Bay of Bengal]], it serves as the headquarters of [[Kakinada district]] and is a prominent economic and cultural centre in the region. It is the sixth most populous city in the state and is recognised as one of India's most livable and cleanest cities among those with a population under one million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Mapped: Most 'liveable' cities in India |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-mapped-most-liveable-cities-in-india/20210305.htm |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-26 |title=Kakinada Smart City bags Indian Smart City Award 2022 in sanitation category |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/kakinada-smart-city-bags-indian-smart-city-award-2022-in-sanitation-category/articleshow/103089358.cms#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKakinada%20Smart%20City%20has%20emerged,2022%E2%80%9D%20in%20the%20sanitation%20category. |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nicknamed the "Pensioners' Paradise," Kakinada is known for its well-planned layout and modern infrastructure.<ref name="city_desc">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Rishi |date=18 March 2016 |title=Kakinada: 'Pensioner's paradise' goes fishing for more |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/kakinada-pensioners-paradise-goes-fishing-for-more/article8366177.ece |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> | ||
The city rose to prominence in the mid-19th century, when the decline of the nearby Coringa port, caused by natural disasters and silting, redirected trade activities to Kakinada port. It became the administrative headquarters of the [[Godavari district]] in 1859, further growing as a cotton export hub during the [[American Civil War]]. By the late 19th century, Kakinada emerged as one of India's largest ports and the most significant in the Andhra region.<ref name=":7" /> According to the 1891 census, Kakinada was the most populous city in the Andhra region, a status it largely retained until the 1930s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=H. A. Stuart |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59372/page/n63/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Census Of India, 1891. Volume XIII. |year=1893 |series=Madras. The Report on the Census |pages=25–27}}</ref> During the colonial era, the city also gained importance as the starting point of the [[Buckingham Canal]], a vital route for trade and transportation.<ref name="city_desc" /> | |||
In modern times, Kakinada's economy is driven by industries such as fertilizer production, edible oil refining, natural gas extraction, food processing, IT, and power generation. The city also plays a vital role in the [[Krishna Godavari Basin|Krishna-Godavari Basin]], serving as a key hub for petrochemical companies.<ref name="city_desc" /> Culturally, Kakinada is known for its iconic sweet, [[Kakinada Kaja]], and has been the hometown of several notable personalities in [[Telugu cinema]]. Historically, Telugu migrants to countries like [[Myanmar|Burma]] and [[Malaysia]] were referred to as "Coranghees," a term derived from the nearby Coringa port, which served as a major migration point in Andhra.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=W. W. Hunter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1885 |publisher=Trübner & Company |volume=IV |pages=42–43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=Adapa |date=2008 |title=Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147252 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=904–914 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44147252}}</ref> | |||
Kakinada is also an educational hub, hosting institutions such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]] (JNTU), [[Rangaraya Medical College]], the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT) campus, and Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh. The city also boasts nearby attractions such as [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]], which acts as a natural barrier protecting it from cyclones and tsunamis, and the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], home to vast [[Mangrove forest|mangrove forests]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Places - Kakinada District |url=https://kakinada.ap.gov.in/tourism/tourist-places/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Kakinada District Administration |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, Kakinada was among the first 20 cities selected under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Govt. announces list of first 20 smart cities under 'Smart Cities Mission' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-first-20-smart-cities-under-smart-cities-mission/article8162775.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}} | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The name "Kakinada" has multiple theories regarding its origin. One theory suggests that it is derived from the Telugu word "Koka" or "Coca," referring to [[Sari|saree]] products that were stored and exported by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] when the city served as a Dutch settlement. Another theory links the name to the Telugu word "Kaki," meaning "crow," interpreting Kakinada as the "abode of crows," referencing the birds often seen catching fish along the shore.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/208/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=209–210}}</ref> A third theory associates it with Kakasura, a mythological figure from the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Additionally, some believe the name was derived from Kakichika, an ancient ruler of [[Vengi]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6ljAAAAMAAJ&q=kakinada+kakichika |title=Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India |date=1987 |publisher=Epigraphical Society of India |volume=14 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sr21AAAAIAAJ&q=kakinada |title=Archaeology of Andhra Pradesh: Victoria Jubilee Museum, Vijayawada, Centenary, 1887-1987: a Souvenir |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums]] |year=1987 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
During British rule, the city was known as "Cocanada." Some believe the name "Cocanada" was modified by the British East India Company from "Co-Canada" for convenience, as the original name was considered difficult to pronounce. The city was also referred to as "Coringa," a name derived from its proximity to the [[Koringa River|Koringa]] River.{{fact|date=February 2026}} | |||
The | The name "Cocanada" gained prominence with the establishment of the first [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] in the area under British administration. After India gained independence, the city was officially renamed Kakinada.{{fact|date=February 2026}} | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
=== Dutch settlement at Jaggernaickpuram === | |||
The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) established a [[trading post]] at Jaggernaickpuram (also spelled Jagernaykpalam, among other variations) in present-day Kakinada, during the [[Dutch India|Dutch colonization of India]]. On 25 September 1734, Haji Muhammad Hussain, the Nawab of Rajahmundry, granted the Dutch a parwana and kaul, officially transferring the hamlet of "Jagernaykpalam" to the VOC for the construction of a trading lodge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Numismatic Society of Bombay, Volume 23-24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFNmAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay |page=99}}</ref><ref name=":73" /> | |||
In 1781, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]], the English seized Dutch settlements along the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel coast]], including Jaggernaickpuram. The Dutch factory and public buildings were demolished that year. However, in 1784, after peace was declared, the Dutch factories were returned to the VOC.<ref name=":73" /> | |||
The Dutch settlements were once again captured by the British during the [[French Revolutionary Wars|wars of the French Revolution]] (1789-1795), but were handed back in 1818 through the Convention of 1814. Finally, in 1825, the Dutch territories in India, including Jaggernaickpuram, were transferred to the British under a treaty between [[Netherlands]] and the UK.<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4pDAAAAYAAJ&q=cocanada+name&pg=PA338 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |last4=Meyer |first4=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |volume=X |pages=338–340 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
=== Establishment and decline of Coringa port === | |||
In 1759, the British established a shipbuilding and repair facility in the area, which came to be known as [[Coringa, Kakinada district|Coringa]] Town, located on the [[Koringa River|Coringa River]], a branch of the [[Godavari River]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/40/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=40}}</ref> Its strategic location and safe anchorage attracted European merchants, including the British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese, who utilized its port for trade and maritime activities on the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name=":732">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/210/mode/2up |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=210–212}}</ref> | |||
In 1802, a wet dock was constructed in Coringa, making it a vital facility for repairing [[Royal Navy]] and other vessels. This dock was notable for being the only wet dock between [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and one of the few locations capable of accommodating large ships.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the area, including Cape Cori (now known as [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]]), became internationally recognized for its shipbuilding industry, which flourished alongside its repair operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankar |first1=K.N. Murali |date=20 July 2016 |title=Coringa's relic of the past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/coringas-relic-of-the-past/article3379198.ece |access-date=24 April 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> | |||
The town's coastal location, however, made it vulnerable to frequent storms and inundations. In 1784, a sea rise caused vessels to drift as far inland as [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":3" /> Coringa also suffered significant damage from various storms, including a devastating storm in 1789 that claimed 20,000 lives, and another in May 1832 that further damaged the area.<ref name="Coast of Golconda- Coringa Bay2">{{cite book |last1=Horsburgh |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbhAAQAAMAAJ&q=Coringa+ship+building+AND+india&pg=PA602 |title=The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the ..., Volume 1 |date=1841 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co. |pages=602–603 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib |title=Students' Britannica. India: Select essays |date=2000 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd |isbn=0-85229-762-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib/page/n423 409] |quote=shipbuilding in Coringa. |access-date=24 April 2018 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The most catastrophic of these was the [[1839 Coringa cyclone|cyclone]] of 25 November 1839, which had a storm surge estimated at 40 feet. This cyclone completely destroyed the port and around 20,000 vessels killing over 300,000 people across the region.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Hell on Earth: 12 of History's Most Destructive Natural Disasters |url=https://historycollection.com/12-historys-remarkable-natural-disasters/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=HistoryCollection.com |language=en-US}}</ref> This event was one of the first to be cited by [[Henry Piddington]], who coined the term "[[cyclone]]" to describe such phenomena.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |year=1840 |title=A Second Memoir with reference to the THeory of the Law of Storms in India- Coringa Hurricane of November, 1839, with other Storms. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39938330 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=9 |pages=107–133}}</ref> | |||
After the 1839 disaster, Coringa's port never fully recovered, and homes were relocated further inland.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |url=https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |title=1839 Coringa destroyed by cyclone |date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Knappily Books |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202125356/https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the 1870s, the river had become too shallow, and the approaches too difficult, limiting the town's role to servicing only small craft. Despite this decline, Coringa continued to maintain some trade connections, particularly with [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]] and [[Yangon|Rangoon]].<ref name=":8" /> Neighboring villages, such as [[Thallarevu]], took over the shipbuilding activities, further cementing Coringa’s decline as a maritime centre.<ref name=":732" /> By 1901, [[Siltation|silting]] in the [[estuary]] rendered the port inaccessible to large ships, and by 1905, shipbuilding activities ceased, leading to the eventual closure of the port.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coringa |url=https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Knappily Books |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202125356/https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Building of docks2">{{cite book |last1=Frowde |first1=Henry |url=http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/2/25/imperialgazettee11greauoft/imperialgazettee11greauoft.pdf |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol XI |date=1908 |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press |page=51 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> | |||
=== Growth of Cocanada === | |||
With the silting of Coringa Bay, Kakinada, then known as Cocanada, emerged as a prominent port, replacing [[Coringa, Kakinada district|Coringa]]. Its strategic location and growing exports established it as a significant trade centre in the 19th century.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":73" /> Regular steamer services, initiated in 1858-59, connected the town to [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Yangon|Rangoon]], and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], facilitating trade.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/30/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=30–34}}</ref> By the 1860s, the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] began regular maritime operations in the region.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
In 1859, Kakinada became the administrative headquarters of the newly formed [[Godavari district]] following the reorganization of the Rajahmundry, Masulipatam, and Guntur Collectorates.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/302/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=302–304}}</ref> This reorganization resulted in the creation of two districts, Godavari and Kistna, with their boundaries defined by the Upputeru and Tamaleru rivers.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/168/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |page=169}}</ref> Since its designation, Kakinada has consistently served as a district headquarters, cementing its role as a key administrative and economic centre in the region. | |||
The [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) further boosted Kakinada's prominence as a key shipping hub for cotton from Guntur.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> With the disruption of cotton supply to mills in [[Lancashire]] during the war, the demand for cotton surged. As a result, Kakinada saw a significant increase in port activity, playing a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for cotton by supplying it to international markets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Penny |first=Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn/page/182/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Church in Madras: Being the History of Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras from 1835 to 1861 |date=1922 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |volume=III |pages=182}}</ref> In 1865, infrastructure developments included an iron-girder bridge linking Kakinada with Jagannadhapuram<ref name=":5" /> and a [[lighthouse]] to support maritime activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/64/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=64}}</ref> These improvements bolstered trade and communication in the region.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
Kakinada was established as a municipality in 1866, reflecting its growing importance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/306/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=307}}</ref> The European Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1868, represented European firms, while the native Chamber of Commerce worked alongside it to promote trade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2020-03-15 |title=Renovation of CCC building nears completion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/renovation-of-ccc-building-nears-completion/article31076598.ece |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The local economy thrived on exports of cotton, gingelly oil seeds, sugar, and rice, while imports included iron and copper.<ref name=":5" /> The town also became a centre for publications, including the ''Cocanada Advertiser'', a mercantile newspaper, and ''Suddhiranjani'', a Telugu [[Weekly newspaper|weekly]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1852, the [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram zamindar]] established a middle school, which was elevated to a second-grade college in 1884, becoming [[P. R. Government College|Pithapur Rajah's College]]. This institution soon gained prominence as a leading educational centre.<ref name=":11" /> | |||
By 1871, Kakinada's population reached 17,839, with Hindus making up 94% of the populace. Over the next decades, the population grew significantly, increasing by 61.8% between 1871 and 1881, and 40.5% between 1881 and 1891.<ref name=":6" /> By 1891, Kakinada's population reached 40,553, making it the most populous city in Andhra.<ref name=":6" /> It retained this position until 1921 when it briefly fell to second place with a population of 53,348, narrowly surpassed by [[Rajahmundry]]'s 53,791 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=H. H. Risley |last2=E. A. Gait |year=1903 |title=Census of India, 1901. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901IndiaTables.pdf |series=Part II - Tables |pages=16–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=E. A. Gait |year=1913 |title=Census of India, 1911. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20India%20-%20Vol%20II.pdf |series=Part II - Tables |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J. T. Marten |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1921/CensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf |title=Census of India, 1921. Volume I. |year=1923 |series=Part II - Tables |pages=30}}</ref> However, Kakinada reclaimed its status as the region's largest city by 1931, with its population rising to 65,952.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. H. Hutton |year=1933 |title=Census of India, 1931. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1931/CensusIndia1931IndiaTables.pdf |series=Part II - Imperial Tables |pages=18–20}}</ref> | |||
By the early 20th century, Kakinada had emerged as the principal port on the Coromandel Coast, north of Madras.<ref name=":11" /> In 1902–03, it was ranked fifth among the ports of the [[Madras Presidency]] in terms of total trade and held the twelfth position among all ports in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Within the region of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Kakinada was the largest port and ranked seventh among the ports in the territory of modern India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/112/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=113–117}}</ref> The port became a thriving commercial hub, attracting prominent European and native merchants, including firms like [[Ralli Brothers]], Gordon, Woodroffe & Co., and [[Volkart Brothers]]. Kakinada port played a crucial role in trade within the [[Godavari district]] and its hinterlands, and even with parts of the [[Hyderabad State|Nizam's Dominions]]. Local industries, such as rice mills, [[cheroot]] factories, and salt works, supported by companies like Simson & Co. and Innes & Co., contributed to the town's economic growth.<ref name=":7" /> But, its economy remained primarily focused on shipping.<ref name=":11" /> The port’s exports included cotton (to the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[France]], and [[Belgium]]), oilseeds (to France and the UK), rice (to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]]), and tobacco (to Rangoon), while imports included cotton goods, gunny bags, rice, and kerosene.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":7" /> | |||
By the early 20th century, Kakinada was home to five printing presses. Among them, the Sujana Ranjani Press published Telugu books, along with a weekly newspaper, ''Ravi'', and a monthly magazine, ''Savitri''. Another press produced a monthly magazine called ''Sarasvati''.<ref name=":73" /> In 1923, Kakinada hosted the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) meeting from 28 December to 1 January 1924. The event became notable for a controversy over the rendition of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', which highlighted religious sensitivities of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1998 |title=Kanchan Gupta on the Vande Mataram controversy |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/03vande.htm |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> | |||
During [[World War II]], on 6 April 1942, Kakinada was targeted by a Japanese air raid. A single aircraft attacked the port, damaging two ships and causing casualties, including one death and five injuries. This marked one of the earliest Japanese air raids on India's eastern coast during the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-01 |title=October, 69 years ago, when Madras was bombed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/october-69-years-ago-when-madras-was-bombed/article3956159.ece |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> | |||
Today, Kakinada is a thriving port city renowned for its industrial and economic importance within Andhra Pradesh. It serves as a key hub for trade, maritime activities, and cultural heritage in the region. | |||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
Kakinada is located at {{Coord|16.93|N|82.22|E|}}, with the [[82nd meridian east|82-degrees east longitude]] passing through the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kakinada |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kakinada.html |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Fallingrain.com}}</ref> The city has an average elevation of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and several areas lie below sea level.<ref name="pensioner's_paradise">{{cite news |last1=Kalavalapalli |first1=Yogendra |date=19 July 2016 |title=Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cMXZqsIvDHpFZMpCNN3uDM/Pensioners-paradise-Kakinada-coming-of-age.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=Livemint}}</ref> | |||
The city is divided into two regions, connected by bridges. The southern part, Jagannadhapuram, is separated from the main city by the [[Buckingham Canal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Parks to parking lots: 20 smart cities list their complaints to HT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parks-to-parking-lots-20-smart-cities-list-their-complaints-to-ht/story-xKwwWnTYmwFUZ9jtaHz2jP.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The canal and its branches form Medaline Island,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankar |first=K. n Murali |date=10 May 2016 |title=Merger issue returns to haunt Medaline Island |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/merger-issue-returns-to-haunt-medaline-island/article8577564.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> which borders the city to the southwest. | |||
Kakinada features an industrial belt that runs north–south, separating the eastern part of the city from the coast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017 |title=India, ADB ink $375 mn loan pact for industrial corridor |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-adb-ink-375-mn-loan-pact-for-industrial-corridor/565470/}}</ref> To the southeast, Kakinada Bay and surrounding marshlands are home to India's second-largest [[mangrove forest]], which includes the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="Coringa">{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Vadrevu |date=26 December 2015 |title=Coringa to be ecotourism hotspot |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151226/nation-current-affairs/article/coringa-be-ecotourism-hotspot |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The Gouthami, a branch of the Godavari River, flows into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near the city. | |||
=== Climate === | |||
=== | Kakinada experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw) , characterized by hot and humid conditions throughout most of the year. The hottest period occurs in late May and early June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 38°C to 42°C (100°F to 108°F). January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18°C to 20°C (64°F to 68°F). The city receives most of its rainfall during the southwest monsoon, though it also gets significant rainfall from the northeast monsoon between mid-October and mid-December. Kakinada is frequently affected by cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Rajalakshmi |date=8 December 2016 |title=Cyclone 'Vardah' may cross Nellore-Kakinada on AP coast by Monday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cyclone-vardah-may-cross-nellorekakinada-on-ap-coast-by-monday/article9417172.ece |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> | ||
Prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they shift to the northeast. The city's average annual rainfall is between 110 and 115 centimetres (43 to 45 inches) | |||
{{Weather box | In October 2025, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) reported that a depression over the southeast [[Bay of Bengal]] was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm and approach the [[Andhra Pradesh]] coast near Kakinada with wind speeds up to 100 km/h. Due to its coastal location, Kakinada periodically experiences such cyclonic systems during the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Cyclone Montha to make landfall on October 28; rain alert on for Odisha, Tamil Nadu|date=26 October 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-montha-to-make-landfall-on-october-28-imd-issues-heavy-rain-alert-in-odisha-tamil-nadu-101761441071736.html}}</ref>{{Weather box | ||
| location = Kakinada ( | | location = Kakinada (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | ||
| metric first = yes | | metric first = yes | ||
| single line = yes | | single line = yes | ||
| Line 143: | Line 178: | ||
| Jul record high C = 41.7 | | Jul record high C = 41.7 | ||
| Aug record high C = 38.4 | | Aug record high C = 38.4 | ||
| Sep record high C = | | Sep record high C = 38.0 | ||
| Oct record high C = 37.3 | | Oct record high C = 37.3 | ||
| Nov record high C = 35.9 | | Nov record high C = 35.9 | ||
| Dec record high C = 34.0 | | Dec record high C = 34.0 | ||
| year record high C = 47.4 | | year record high C = 47.4 | ||
| Jan high C = 29. | | Jan high C = 29.5 | ||
| Feb high C = 31. | | Feb high C = 31.4 | ||
| Mar high C = 34. | | Mar high C = 34.1 | ||
| Apr high C = 36. | | Apr high C = 36.0 | ||
| May high C = 37. | | May high C = 37.7 | ||
| Jun high C = 35. | | Jun high C = 35.7 | ||
| Jul high C = | | Jul high C = 33.0 | ||
| Aug high C = 32. | | Aug high C = 32.4 | ||
| Sep high C = 32.7 | | Sep high C = 32.7 | ||
| Oct high C = | | Oct high C = 32.2 | ||
| Nov high C = 30. | | Nov high C = 30.8 | ||
| Dec high C = 29. | | Dec high C = 29.5 | ||
| year high C = 32.8 | | year high C = 32.9 | ||
|Jan mean C = 24.8 | |||
|Feb mean C = 26.4 | |||
|Mar mean C = 28.8 | |||
|Apr mean C = 30.7 | |||
|May mean C = 32.3 | |||
|Jun mean C = 31.1 | |||
|Jul mean C = 29.3 | |||
|Aug mean C = 28.9 | |||
|Sep mean C = 28.9 | |||
|Oct mean C = 28.4 | |||
|Nov mean C = 26.7 | |||
|Dec mean C = 24.8 | |||
| Jan low C = 20.3 | | Jan low C = 20.3 | ||
| Feb low C = 21. | | Feb low C = 21.5 | ||
| Mar low C = 24.0 | | Mar low C = 24.0 | ||
| Apr low C = 26.2 | | Apr low C = 26.2 | ||
| May low C = | | May low C = 28.0 | ||
| Jun low C = 27. | | Jun low C = 27.4 | ||
| Jul low C = 26.2 | | Jul low C = 26.2 | ||
| Aug low C = | | Aug low C = 26.0 | ||
| Sep low C = | | Sep low C = 26.0 | ||
| Oct low C = 24. | | Oct low C = 24.9 | ||
| Nov low C = 22. | | Nov low C = 22.7 | ||
| Dec low C = 20.3 | | Dec low C = 20.3 | ||
| year low C = 24.4 | | year low C = 24.4 | ||
| Line 188: | Line 235: | ||
| year record low C = 12.0 | | year record low C = 12.0 | ||
| rain colour = green | | rain colour = green | ||
| Jan rain mm = | | Jan rain mm = 7.6 | ||
| Feb rain mm = | | Feb rain mm = 9.4 | ||
| Mar rain mm = | | Mar rain mm = 6.2 | ||
| Apr rain mm = | | Apr rain mm = 22.0 | ||
| May rain mm = | | May rain mm = 53.3 | ||
| Jun rain mm = | | Jun rain mm = 128.0 | ||
| Jul rain mm = | | Jul rain mm = 177.5 | ||
| Aug rain mm = | | Aug rain mm = 156.0 | ||
| Sep rain mm = | | Sep rain mm = 201.7 | ||
| Oct rain mm = | | Oct rain mm = 248.0 | ||
| Nov rain mm = | | Nov rain mm = 103.9 | ||
| Dec rain mm = | | Dec rain mm = 13.2 | ||
| year rain mm = | | year rain mm = 1126.8 | ||
| Jan rain days = 0. | | Jan rain days = 0.6 | ||
| Feb rain days = | | Feb rain days = 0.7 | ||
| Mar rain days = 0. | | Mar rain days = 0.4 | ||
| Apr rain days = 1. | | Apr rain days = 1.4 | ||
| May rain days = 2. | | May rain days = 2.5 | ||
| Jun rain days = 7. | | Jun rain days = 7.3 | ||
| Jul rain days = | | Jul rain days = 11.5 | ||
| Aug rain days = | | Aug rain days = 9.6 | ||
| Sep rain days = 9. | | Sep rain days = 9.4 | ||
| Oct rain days = | | Oct rain days = 8.7 | ||
| Nov rain days = 3. | | Nov rain days = 3.6 | ||
| Dec rain days = 0.9 | | Dec rain days = 0.9 | ||
| year rain days = | | year rain days = 56.5 | ||
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| Jan humidity = | | Jan humidity = 67 | ||
| Feb humidity = 63 | | Feb humidity = 63 | ||
| Mar humidity = 61 | | Mar humidity = 61 | ||
| Apr humidity = | | Apr humidity = 62 | ||
| May humidity = | | May humidity = 62 | ||
| Jun humidity = | | Jun humidity = 62 | ||
| Jul humidity = | | Jul humidity = 70 | ||
| Aug humidity = | | Aug humidity = 73 | ||
| Sep humidity = | | Sep humidity = 75 | ||
| Oct humidity = | | Oct humidity = 74 | ||
| Nov humidity = | | Nov humidity = 70 | ||
| Dec humidity = | | Dec humidity = 67 | ||
|year humidity = | |year humidity = 67 | ||
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals> | |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| Line 248: | Line 295: | ||
| page = M9 | | page = M9 | ||
| access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref> | | access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref> | ||
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43189 | |||
| title = Normals Data: Kakinada – India Latitude: 16.95°N Longitude: 82.23°E Height: 8 (m) | |||
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency | |||
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
{{Historical populations | {{Historical populations | ||
| Line 263: | Line 312: | ||
|1911 | 54110 | |1911 | 54110 | ||
|1921 | 53348 | |1921 | 53348 | ||
|1931 | | |1931 |65952|1941 | 75140 | ||
|1941 | 75140 | |||
|1951 | 99952 | |1951 | 99952 | ||
|1961 | 122865 | |1961 | 122865 | ||
| Line 273: | Line 321: | ||
|2011 | 384128 | |2011 | 384128 | ||
}} | }} | ||
As of 2011 [[Census of India]], Kakinada had a population of 443,028, with 222,461 males and 220,567 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/404-kakinada.html|title=Kakinada Census 2011|website=Census 2011}}</ref> The Kakinada Urban Agglomeration also had a population of 443,028, comprising 217,459 males and 225,569 females, including the city's outgrowths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/351-kakinada.html|title=Kakinada Metropolitan Population|website=Census 2011}}</ref> Kakinada ranks as the 115th largest city in India by population and is one of the fastest-growing cities in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kakinada Snapshot |url=http://www.smartcitieschallenge.in/files/dmfile/Draft-Smart-Cities-Proposal-kakinada1.pdf |website=Smart City Kakinada }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |||
== Governance == | == Governance == | ||
[[Kakinada Municipal Corporation]] | [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation]] covers an area of {{convert|16.63|km2|abbr=on}}, while the [[urban agglomeration]] extends over an area of {{convert|40.36|km2|abbr=on}}. The urban agglomeration includes the Kakinada Municipal Corporation, [[Census town|census towns]] such as Chidiga, [[Ramanayyapeta]], and [[Suryaraopeta]], as well as the [[Out growth|outgrowths]] of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi, and Turangi.<ref name="municipality">{{cite web |title=Kakinada Profile |url=http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013010/http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2015 |website=Kakinada Municipal Corporation |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – East Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf |access-date=6 November 2015 |website=Census of India |page=3,16–17}}</ref> | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
Kakinada's economy primarily relies on industry, agriculture, and fishing. Key agricultural products include paddy and coconut, while the industrial sector is dominated by edible oil refineries, fertilizers, and natural gas production.<ref name="city_desc" /> In the late 1940s, around the time of Indian independence, the city had minimal industrial activity, with its economy centered on agriculture and fishing.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2008 |title=Naval Enclave will enhance maritime security: Pallam Raju |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Naval-Enclave-will-enhance-maritime-security-Pallam-Raju/article15248353.ece |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> By the early 1980s, before the establishment of fertilizer companies, the local economy expanded to include the textile industry, auto parts manufacturing, steel-related ancillary units, alongside its traditional reliance on agriculture and fishing.<ref name="pensioner's_paradise" /> | |||
=== Kakinada port === | === Kakinada port === | ||
[[Hope Island, India|Hope Island]], about {{convert|5|km}} from the coast, makes [[Kakinada Port]] a natural harbour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-island-of-hope/202572 | title=An Island of Hope | website=outlookindia.com| date=6 February 2022 }}</ref> It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port ( and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/AP-to-set-up-commercial-port-at-Kakinada/articleshow/55319372.cms|title=AP to set up commercial port at Kakinada | Visakhapatnam News|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after [[Visakhapatnam]] port) and the first in the country to be built in a [[public-private partnership]], in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kakinada Port |url=http://www.apports.in/in/content/view/52/71/Kakinadaseaports.in|publisher=apports.in |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/andhra-pradesh-ports-steering-growth/article1571942.ece|title=Andhra Pradesh ports steering growth|date=25 March 2011 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> | [[Hope Island, India|Hope Island]], about {{convert|5|km}} from the coast, makes [[Kakinada Port]] a natural harbour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-island-of-hope/202572 | title=An Island of Hope | website=outlookindia.com| date=6 February 2022 }}</ref> It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port (and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/AP-to-set-up-commercial-port-at-Kakinada/articleshow/55319372.cms|title=AP to set up commercial port at Kakinada | Visakhapatnam News|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after [[Visakhapatnam]] port) and the first in the country to be built in a [[public-private partnership]], in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kakinada Port |url=http://www.apports.in/in/content/view/52/71/Kakinadaseaports.in|publisher=apports.in |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/andhra-pradesh-ports-steering-growth/article1571942.ece|title=Andhra Pradesh ports steering growth|date=25 March 2011 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
Kakinada's principal exports include seafood ([[Prawn]]s, [[Shrimp]], [[Fish]]) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-corn-exports-idINDEL30591120080721 | work=Reuters|title=UPDATE 1-India corn exports up to Sept set to treble-trade | date=21 July 2008}}</ref> oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=WB floats tender to import 1.86 lakh tonnes of wheat | date=16 April 2008 | access-date=15 April 2008 | archive-date=2 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202170933/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> (including wheat and sugar). | Kakinada's principal exports include seafood ([[Prawn]]s, [[Shrimp]], [[Fish]]) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-corn-exports-idINDEL30591120080721 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075659/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-corn-exports-idINDEL30591120080721 | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2016 | work=Reuters|title=UPDATE 1-India corn exports up to Sept set to treble-trade | date=21 July 2008}}</ref> oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=WB floats tender to import 1.86 lakh tonnes of wheat | date=16 April 2008 | access-date=15 April 2008 | archive-date=2 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202170933/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> (including wheat and sugar). | ||
=== Industrial sector === | === Industrial sector === | ||
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In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/03/29/stories/2002032900211300.htm |title=Nikhil, Acalmar edible oil refineries go on stream |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2002 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> | In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/03/29/stories/2002032900211300.htm |title=Nikhil, Acalmar edible oil refineries go on stream |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2002 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> | ||
Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from [[biodiesel]] companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalbiofuelsltd.com/ |title=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |publisher=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bio-fuel-is-next-big-bet-if-crude-continues-to-rise_345655.html |title=>> News >> Business >> Bio-fuel is next big bet if crude continues to rise |publisher=Moneycontrol|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for [[Jatropha incentives in India|''jatropha'' planting]]. The company selected {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of land in Kakinada to grow ''jatropha'' for quality biodiesel fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5PUX6ShIurFRjlk9krgTPI/Reliance8217s-new-biofuel-business-model-to-provide-fuel.html|title=Reliance's new biofuel business model to provide fuel with food |publisher=Livemint.com|date=20 July 2008|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> | Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from [[biodiesel]] companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalbiofuelsltd.com/ |title=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |publisher=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bio-fuel-is-next-big-bet-if-crude-continues-to-rise_345655.html |title=>> News >> Business >> Bio-fuel is next big bet if crude continues to rise |publisher=Moneycontrol|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for [[Jatropha incentives in India|''jatropha'' planting]]. The company selected {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of land in Kakinada to grow ''jatropha'' for quality biodiesel fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5PUX6ShIurFRjlk9krgTPI/Reliance8217s-new-biofuel-business-model-to-provide-fuel.html|title=Reliance's new biofuel business model to provide fuel with food |publisher=Livemint.com|date=20 July 2008|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> | ||
=== Information technology === | === Information technology === | ||
Kakinada is a tier-II city. [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url= | [[File:Ratan IT Towers Krify Kakinada.png|thumb|alt=Ratan IT Towers in ADB Road, Kakinada|Ratan Towers in ADB Road, Kakinada where companies such as Krify, Avineon are operating]]Kakinada is a tier-II city. [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/gmr-signs-mous-with-firms-on-setting-up-units-in-kakinada-sez/articleshow/56868627.cms|title=GMR signs MoUs with firms on setting up units in Kakinada SEZ|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada | Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada, including Krify,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://krify.co/contact/ |work=Krify |location=India |title=Krify Software Technologies Pvt Ltd in Kakinada}}</ref> Avineon, [[Cyient]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.inkakinada.com/rate/best-it-companies-in-kakinada |work=ITAAP |location=India |title=Software Companies in Kakinada}}</ref> | ||
An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kakinada-zooms-ahead-as-an-IT-hub-Vadrevu/articleshow/7490454.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |location=India |title=Kakinada zooms ahead as an IT hub- |date=14 February 2011}}</ref> Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://theitaap.org/pages/kakinadachapter-membercomitee.html |work=ITAAP |location=India |title=ITAAP Godavari Chapter}}</ref> | An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kakinada-zooms-ahead-as-an-IT-hub-Vadrevu/articleshow/7490454.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |location=India |title=Kakinada zooms ahead as an IT hub- |date=14 February 2011}}</ref> Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://theitaap.org/pages/kakinadachapter-membercomitee.html |work=ITAAP |location=India |title=ITAAP Godavari Chapter}}</ref> | ||
=== Power generation === | |||
There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first [[Independent Power Producer]]s in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spgl.co.in |title=SPGL.co.in |publisher=SPGL.co.in |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Anil-Ambani-monitors-progress-at-Samalkot-Plant/articleshow/7341997.cms |work=The Times of India |location=India |title= Anil Ambani monitors progress at Samalkot Plant |date=22 January 2011}}</ref> and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at [[Samalkota]] (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a [[power purchase agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh taking corrective measures to ensure smooth power supply |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-taking-corrective-measures-to-ensure-smooth-power-supply/article67782693.ece |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |language=}}</ref> | |||
There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first [[Independent Power Producer]]s in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spgl.co.in |title=SPGL.co.in |publisher=SPGL.co.in |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Anil-Ambani-monitors-progress-at-Samalkot-Plant/articleshow/7341997.cms |work=The Times of India |location=India |title= Anil Ambani monitors progress at Samalkot Plant |date=22 January 2011}}</ref> and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at [[Samalkota]] (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a [[power purchase agreement]] | |||
In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a [[consortium]] of [[GAIL]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/piped-gas-in-eighteen-months-official/article808337.ece | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu | title=Piped gas in eighteen months: official | date=2 October 2010}}</ref> | === Natural gas and petroleum === | ||
Kakinada is the base for [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]'s Eastern Offshore Asset. Several [[petroleum|oil]] companies use Kakinada for oil and gasoline shipments. Baker Hughes and [[Schlumberger]] are field-development companies working on offshore natural-gas fields near the city. The [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] is considered the largest natural gas basin in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/oct/31ril.htm |title=Hemangi Balse, "Reliance gas-find 40 times bigger than Bombay High" |work=Rediff.com|date=31 October 2002|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Significant discoveries of oil and natural gas were made by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]] and [[Reliance Industries Limited|Reliance]], which has been extracting gas from its KG D6 block off the Kakinada coast. Reliance has an onshore terminal in Gadimoga, about {{convert|25|km}} from Kakinada, to process and distribute gas to other parts of the country. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure (RGTIL) has built a {{convert|1440|km|adj=on}} pipeline from Kakinada to [[Bharuch]] (Gujarat) to transport 120 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) of natural gas from the Krishna-Godavari fields (owned by Reliance Industries)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/reliance-gets-ready-to-test-east-west-gas-pipeline-_334102.html |title="Reliance gets ready to test east-west gas pipeline" (Apr 14 2008) CNBC Money control.com |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> across India to its west coast. In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a [[consortium]] of [[GAIL]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/piped-gas-in-eighteen-months-official/article808337.ece | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu | title=Piped gas in eighteen months: official | date=2 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
== Culture == | == Culture == | ||
=== Festivals === | === Festivals === | ||
[[File:Andhra Telangana Sweets - Kakinada Kaja.jpg|thumb|[[Kakinada | [[File:Andhra Telangana Sweets - Kakinada Kaja.jpg|thumb|[[Kakinada Kaja]], a sweet delicacy of Kakinada|195x195px]] | ||
Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121222/news-current-affairs/article/beach-festival-be-held-every-year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073642/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121222/news-current-affairs/article/beach-festival-be-held-every-year |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2013 |title=Beach festival to be held every year |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-set-to-become-a-tourist-destination/article4301586.ece |title=AP set to become a tourist destination |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It is a three-day event where many artists perform.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/singer-muralidhar-dies-during-train-journey/article4301623.ece |title=Singer Muralidhar dies during train journey |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121222/news-current-affairs/article/beach-festival-be-held-every-year |title=Beach festival to be held every year |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-set-to-become-a-tourist-destination/article4301586.ece |title=AP set to become a tourist destination |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It is a three-day event where many artists perform.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/singer-muralidhar-dies-during-train-journey/article4301623.ece |title=Singer Muralidhar dies during train journey |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== Notable personalities === | === Notable personalities === | ||
Kakinada has made notable contributions to [[Telugu cinema]] (Tollywood) with several prominent actors, actresses, and filmmakers hailing from the city. Among the notable figures are [[Anjali Devi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K. N. Murali |date=2016-12-22 |title=Young Men's Happy Club: Lasting legacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/Young-Men%E2%80%99s-Happy-Club-Lasting-legacy/article16925634.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=అలనాటి నటి సూర్యకాంతంకు అరుదైన గుర్తింపు.. కాకినాడలో ఘనంగా..! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/rajahmundry/kakinada-postal-department-will-release-postal-cover-in-the-name-of-actress-suryakantham/articleshow/87740067.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Rao Gopal Rao]],<ref name="విశిష్ట తెలుగు మహిళలు">{{cite book|title=దామెర వేంకట సూర్యారావు|last1=రావు కమలకుమారి|first1=విశిష్ట తెలుగు మహిళలు|date=2016 |publisher=రీమ్ పబ్లికేషన్స్|isbn=978-81-8351-2824|page=200}}</ref> [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]],<ref name=":0" /> [[C. Pullayya]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=C.+Pullaiah+kakinada |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |pages=390 |language=en}}</ref> [[P. B. Sreenivas]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-14 |title=Veteran singer PBS passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-singer-pbs-passes-away/article4617069.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[C. S. Rao]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1973-IA10 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |page=1973 |language=en}}</ref> [[Krishna Bhagavaan|Krishna Bhagawan]], [[Gunnam Gangaraju]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Jeevi |last2=Aditya |date= |title=Interview with Gunnam Gangaraju - Anukokunda Oka Roju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404031526/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Gautam Raju|Goutham Raju]], [[Ohmkar]], and singer Anjana Sowmya. | |||
In addition to its contributions to cinema, Kakinada is also the hometown of Indian cricketer [[Hanuma Vihari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuma Vihari Profile |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8424/hanuma-vihari |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> and the freedom fighter [[Baru Alivelamma]].<ref>Janaki, Dr. Komanduri (1999). ''Role Of Women In Freedom Struggle In Andhra Pradesh'' (1st ed.). Hyderabad, India: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 82.</ref> | |||
== Literature == | |||
[[ | [[File:Andhra Sahitya parishat - Kakinada-5.JPG|thumb|250px|Andhra Sahitya Parishat, an [[Archaeology museum|archaeological museum]] at Kakinada]]Kakinada has been a significant hub for Telugu literature, hosting numerous scholars, poets, and historians who have contributed extensively to the language and its history. The [[Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu|''Sri Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu'']], considered the most comprehensive monolingual Telugu dictionary, was first published in its initial four volumes by the Andhra Sahitya Parishad in Kakinada between 1936 and 1944.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ShriiSuuryaraayaandhraNighantuvu6/shrii%20suryaraayan%27dhra%20nighan%27t%27uvu%208/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Suryaraaya Andhra Nighantuvu |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |year=1982 |volume=8 |language=en}}</ref> This monumental work, featuring over 1.1 lakh words, provides detailed information about word origins, meanings, synonyms, and historical usage in literature, showcasing the city's pivotal role in advancing Telugu linguistic studies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2528 |title=Dictionaries: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography |date=1991 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-012421-7 |volume=Third |pages=2528 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
[[ | |||
[https:// | [[Kasibhatta Brahmaiah Sastry]] (1863–1940), a notable Sanskrit and Telugu scholar, was among the eminent figures in Kakinada's literary landscape. Another celebrated personality, [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao]], earned the title ''Maha Sahasravadhani'' for performing one thousand ''[[Avadhanam]]'' feats, a challenging Telugu poetry competition. He also authored the epic poem ''Sagaraghosha'', adding to his reputation as a literary luminary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=Sagara Ghosha {{!}} Pustakanidhi |url=https://pustakanidhi.com/books/sagara-ghosha/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
Modern contributions to Telugu literature include Ryali Prasad, a poet, short story writer, and historian. He authored 32 epic poems and historical works, delving into various subjects, including the history of Kakinada. His notable works include ''Kakinada Charitra'', a comprehensive history of the city. Prasad was also skilled in performing Telugu Avadhanam in free verse poetry, exemplifying his versatility as a writer. [[:te:బొల్లోజు బాబా|Bolloju Baba]], a contemporary poet and historian residing in Kakinada, has further enriched the region's literary heritage. He has authored 11 books, six of which focus on literature and the remaining on history. His works include ''Ancient Cities of East Godavari'' and ''Yanam under French Colonial Rule'', which highlight the historical and cultural significance of the region. | |||
== Transport == | == Transport == | ||
| Line 345: | Line 387: | ||
=== Railways === | === Railways === | ||
[[File: | [[File:Kakinada Town Railway station main entrance.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Kakinada Town Jn. Railway Station main entrance]] | ||
{{rws|Kakinada Town}} and {{rws|Kakinada Port}} are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains from Kakinada to Secunderabad|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-02-24/Special-trains-from-Kakinada-to-Secunderabad/209385|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref> {{rws|Kakinada Town}} is classified as an ''A–category'' station in [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=12 May 2017|page=2}}</ref> It is recognised as one of the ''Adarsh stations'' of the division in [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1327487244480-Division%20profile-new.pdf |title = Vijayawada Division – a profile| publisher= Indian Railways| access-date = 13 February 2013}}</ref> | {{rws|Kakinada Town}} and {{rws|Kakinada Port}} are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains from Kakinada to Secunderabad|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-02-24/Special-trains-from-Kakinada-to-Secunderabad/209385|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref> {{rws|Kakinada Town}} is classified as an ''A–category'' station in [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=12 May 2017|page=2}}</ref> It is recognised as one of the ''Adarsh stations'' of the division in [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1327487244480-Division%20profile-new.pdf |title = Vijayawada Division – a profile| publisher= Indian Railways| access-date = 13 February 2013}}</ref> | ||
SCR operates its carriage and Wagon depot which is one of the medium sized depots in [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada division]]. It's the second station after [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]] to have Intermediate Overhauling IOH shed for all types of coaches.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624606460406-03%20Functions%20CnW%20English.pdf | title = Coaching Depots Vijayawada Division - a profile | publisher= South Central Railway| access-date = 10 August 2021}}</ref> | SCR operates its carriage and Wagon depot which is one of the medium-sized depots in [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada division]]. It's the second station after [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]] to have Intermediate Overhauling IOH shed for all types of coaches.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624606460406-03%20Functions%20CnW%20English.pdf | title = Coaching Depots Vijayawada Division - a profile | publisher= South Central Railway| access-date = 10 August 2021}}</ref> | ||
=== Waterways === | === Waterways === | ||
[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|thumb|Far view of Kakinada port from Beach]] | [[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|thumb|Far view of Kakinada port from Beach]] | ||
[[Kakinada Port]] is located on the shore of [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The [[National Waterway 4]] connects Kakinada with [[ | [[Kakinada Port]] is located on the shore of [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The [[National Waterway 4]] connects Kakinada with [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] and was declared in 2008 as National Waterway by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] for cargo transport and tourism.<ref name="city_desc" /> | ||
=== Airways === | === Airways === | ||
The nearest airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city. Cocanada was a stop by [[Francesco de Pinedo]] of the [[Regia Aeronautica]] and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, during Pinedo's 1925 Rome- Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight.<ref name="flight19251001"> | The nearest airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city. Cocanada was a stop by [[Francesco de Pinedo]] of the [[Regia Aeronautica]] and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, during Pinedo's 1925 Rome- Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight.<ref name="flight19251001">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1925%2F1925%2520-%25200644.html&usg=AFQjCNGcDxbpKBgjBn6FteoTZfVFzYOUBw&sig2=gaw8DyhjS4bvT4SKyE7QOw&bvm=bv.110151844,d.cGc | author=Anonymous | title=Italian Flight to Tokyo Accomplished | work=Flight | date=1 October 1925 | page=644}}</ref><ref name="Flight19251112">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com%2FFlightPDFArchive%2F1925%2F1925%2520-%25200756.PDF&usg=AFQjCNGAjxLdvh8rMqo4jsBR3rq5aLF8jw&sig2=odTGJ0rWSqY1qNjRuPA6xw | author=Anonymous | title=Rome-Tokyo-Rome: Marquis de Pinedo's Grand Air Tour Successfully Concluded | work=Flight | date=12 November 1925 | page=756}}</ref>{{Clear}} | ||
== Education == | == Education == | ||
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Kakinada}} | {{Main|List of educational institutions in Kakinada}} | ||
[[File:Mahatma gandhi gate.jpg|left|thumb|281x281px|One of the entrance gates of JNTU, Kakinada]] | |||
[[File:Entr.JPG|thumb|245x245px|Entrance of Rangaraya Medical College]] | |||
Kakinada, known as an educational hub in Andhra Pradesh, provides a wide range of primary, secondary, and higher education options. Primary and secondary education in the city is offered by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh, with instruction available in both English and Telugu. | |||
The city and its surrounding areas are home to numerous professional institutions offering courses in fields such as engineering, medicine, information technology, and management at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Among these institutions, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]] (JNTU Kakinada), stands out. Originally established as Vishakapatnam College of Engineering on former military land, it offers a variety of engineering programs and includes a business school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.jntucek.ac.in/history |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=University college of Engineering Kakinada, JNTUK}}</ref> | |||
[[Rangaraya Medical College]], established in 1958 by Dr. M. V. Krishna Rao and Dr. [[Datla Satyanarayana Raju]], is another prominent institution in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangaraya Medical College - History |url=http://rmckakinada.com/pdf/RMC%20History.pdf}}</ref> Initially supported by donations, including land and financial contributions from various benefactors, the college became a fully government-run institution by 1981. The Government General Hospital, Kakinada serves as its teaching hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangaraya Medical College |url=https://dme.ap.nic.in/edu_inst/med_colle/Rangaraya%20Medical%20College.pdf#:~:text=on%2017%2D11%2D1959.%20In%20the%20year%201977%20Government,Rangaraya%20Medical%20College%20became%20a%20full%20fledged. |website=Directorate of Medical Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> | |||
Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, | The Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, founded in 1977, provides higher education in Kakinada. It is located on a {{convert|50.93|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in Thimmapuram, approximately six kilometers from Kakinada Town Railway Station. Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh, was established in 1946 by the British Indian government on land donated by [[M. S. N. Charities]] in Jagannaickpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.andhrapolytechnickkd.com/about.php |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Andhra Polytechnic college, Kakinada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thrimurthulu |first=S. |date=2021-07-11 |title=MSN Trust committed to cause of education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/Jul/11/msn-trust-committed-tocause-of-education-2328508.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In recent years, Kakinada's educational landscape has expanded with the establishment of the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT), inaugurated by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], making it the third IIFT campus in the country, after [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFT Kakinada Campus |url=https://www.iift.ac.in/iift/iiftkakinada.php |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=[[IIFT]]}}</ref> | |||
[[National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tadepalligudem]] is 80 | Additionally, the city is home to several other prominent institutions, including [[P. R. Government College, Kakinada|P. R. Government College]] and [[Ideal College of Arts and Sciences]], offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The [[National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh]], located in [[Tadepalligudem]], is also situated 80 kilometres from Kakinada, further strengthening the region’s reputation as an educational center. | ||
== Tourism == | == Tourism == | ||
[[File:Coringa | [[File:Coringa national park Mangrove forest 28.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Coringa wildlife sanctuary ]] | ||
[[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], part of the Godavari delta, [[Hope Island, India]], a sandspit formed by the Godavari, [[Konaseema]], scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans.<ref name="Coringa" /> Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hudhud-brings-out-vulnerability-of-uppada-beach-road/article6498960.ece|title=Hudhud brings out vulnerability of Uppada beach road|first=K. n Murali|last=Sankar|date=14 October 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day. | |||
[[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], part of the Godavari delta, [[Hope Island, India]], a sandspit formed by the Godavari, [[Konaseema]], scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans.<ref name="Coringa" /> Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hudhud-brings-out-vulnerability-of-uppada-beach-road/article6498960.ece|title=Hudhud brings out vulnerability of Uppada beach road|first=K. n Murali|last=Sankar|date=14 October 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day. The temples of Suryanarayana Swami and | |||
[[Bhavanarayana Temple, Sarpavaram|Bhavanarayana Swamy temple]] in Sarpavaram in Kakinada suburbs is a historic temple renowned for its mythological significance, intricate architecture, and historical inscriptions dating back to various dynasties.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Kakinada: Ancient temple in Sarpavaram in pitiable condition |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kakinada-ancient-temple-in-sarpavaram-in-pitiable-condition-757129 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> It is recognized as one of the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh|State Protected Monuments]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web |title=Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002152/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> The Bala Tripura Sundari Devi Temple is a famous temple located within the city. The temples of [[Suryanarayana Swamy Temple, Gollala Mamidada|Suryanarayana Swami]] and [[Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada|Kodandarama]] are located at G. Mamidada which is 20 km from the city.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada |date=2023-05-20 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodandarama_Temple,_Gollala_Mamidada&oldid=1156030630 |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Kodanda_Ramalayam_,_G._Mamidada.jpg|thumb|kodanda rama temple,G mamidada]] | |||
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== Sports == | == Sports == | ||
Cricket is the most popular game in the city, followed by badminton and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2017-03-08/Andhra-Loyola-Engg-College-wins-JNTU-K-cricket-runners-up-cup/285419|title=Andhra Loyola Engg College wins JNTU-K cricket runners-up cup|first=The Hans|last=India|date=8 March 2017|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> with a stadium used for [[Ranji Trophy]] matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian | [[Cricket]] is the most popular game in the city, followed by [[badminton]] and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2017-03-08/Andhra-Loyola-Engg-College-wins-JNTU-K-cricket-runners-up-cup/285419|title=Andhra Loyola Engg College wins JNTU-K cricket runners-up cup|first=The Hans|last=India|date=8 March 2017|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> with a stadium used for [[Ranji Trophy]] matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian international [[Hanuma Vihari]] hails from Kakinada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuma Vihari Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8424/hanuma-vihari |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Tennis is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of [[Rangaraya Medical College]] There is a [[Roller rink|roller-skating rink]] in Vivekananda Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/follow-in-vivekanandas-footsteps-students-told/article4303910.ece|title=Follow in Vivekananda's footsteps, students told|date=13 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> | [[Tennis]] is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of [[Rangaraya Medical College]] There is a [[Roller rink|roller-skating rink]] in Vivekananda Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/follow-in-vivekanandas-footsteps-students-told/article4303910.ece|title=Follow in Vivekananda's footsteps, students told|date=13 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Wikivoyage|Kakinada}} | |||
{{Commons category|Kakinada}} | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021085143/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Links.html ULBs of Andhra Pradesh] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021085143/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Links.html ULBs of Andhra Pradesh] | ||
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[[Category:Smart cities in India]] | [[Category:Smart cities in India]] | ||
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]] | [[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Port cities in India]] | [[Category:Port cities and towns in India]] | ||
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]] | [[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kakinada district]] | [[Category:Cities and towns in Kakinada district]] | ||
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Kakinada district]] | [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Kakinada district]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:20, 26 February 2026
Kakinada | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top: District Collectorate Office, JNTU Kakinada, Kakinada Beach, Riverfront view in Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, a boat at Kakinada Port, and Kakinada Town railway station | |
| Nicknames: Second Madras, Pensioners' Paradise | |
  Kakinada Location in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 16°57′58″N 82°15′18″E / 16.96611°N 82.25500°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Kakinada |
| Incorporated (Municipality) | 1866[1] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC) |
| • Mayor | Sunkara Siva Prasanna [2] |
| • MLA | Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao (Urban) Pantham Nanaji (Rural) |
| • MP | Tangella Uday Srinivas |
| Area | |
| • City | 152.51 km2 (58.88 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • City | 384,128 (6th) in AP |
| • Metro | 443,028 |
| Literacy | |
| • Literacy rate | 81.23% |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 533001, 533002, 533003, 533004, 533005, 533006, 533016 |
| Area code | +91–884 |
| Vehicle Registration | AP05, AP06 (Former) AP39 (from 30 January 2019)[6] |
| Nominal GDP (2023–24) | ₹20,876 crore (US$2.9 billion)[7] |
| Website | Kakinada Municipal Corporation |
Kakinada (
listen (help·info); formerly known as Cocanada) is a port city and municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[8] Situated along the Bay of Bengal, it serves as the headquarters of Kakinada district and is a prominent economic and cultural centre in the region. It is the sixth most populous city in the state and is recognised as one of India's most livable and cleanest cities among those with a population under one million.[9][10] Nicknamed the "Pensioners' Paradise," Kakinada is known for its well-planned layout and modern infrastructure.[11]
The city rose to prominence in the mid-19th century, when the decline of the nearby Coringa port, caused by natural disasters and silting, redirected trade activities to Kakinada port. It became the administrative headquarters of the Godavari district in 1859, further growing as a cotton export hub during the American Civil War. By the late 19th century, Kakinada emerged as one of India's largest ports and the most significant in the Andhra region.[12] According to the 1891 census, Kakinada was the most populous city in the Andhra region, a status it largely retained until the 1930s.[13] During the colonial era, the city also gained importance as the starting point of the Buckingham Canal, a vital route for trade and transportation.[11]
In modern times, Kakinada's economy is driven by industries such as fertilizer production, edible oil refining, natural gas extraction, food processing, IT, and power generation. The city also plays a vital role in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, serving as a key hub for petrochemical companies.[11] Culturally, Kakinada is known for its iconic sweet, Kakinada Kaja, and has been the hometown of several notable personalities in Telugu cinema. Historically, Telugu migrants to countries like Burma and Malaysia were referred to as "Coranghees," a term derived from the nearby Coringa port, which served as a major migration point in Andhra.[14][15]
Kakinada is also an educational hub, hosting institutions such as Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Rangaraya Medical College, the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) campus, and Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh. The city also boasts nearby attractions such as Hope Island, which acts as a natural barrier protecting it from cyclones and tsunamis, and the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, home to vast mangrove forests.[16] Notably, Kakinada was among the first 20 cities selected under the Smart Cities Mission.[17]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The name "Kakinada" has multiple theories regarding its origin. One theory suggests that it is derived from the Telugu word "Koka" or "Coca," referring to saree products that were stored and exported by the Dutch when the city served as a Dutch settlement. Another theory links the name to the Telugu word "Kaki," meaning "crow," interpreting Kakinada as the "abode of crows," referencing the birds often seen catching fish along the shore.[18] A third theory associates it with Kakasura, a mythological figure from the Ramayana. Additionally, some believe the name was derived from Kakichika, an ancient ruler of Vengi region.[19][20]
During British rule, the city was known as "Cocanada." Some believe the name "Cocanada" was modified by the British East India Company from "Co-Canada" for convenience, as the original name was considered difficult to pronounce. The city was also referred to as "Coringa," a name derived from its proximity to the Koringa River.[citation needed]
The name "Cocanada" gained prominence with the establishment of the first Canadian Baptist Mission in the area under British administration. After India gained independence, the city was officially renamed Kakinada.[citation needed]
History[edit | edit source]
Dutch settlement at Jaggernaickpuram[edit | edit source]
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a trading post at Jaggernaickpuram (also spelled Jagernaykpalam, among other variations) in present-day Kakinada, during the Dutch colonization of India. On 25 September 1734, Haji Muhammad Hussain, the Nawab of Rajahmundry, granted the Dutch a parwana and kaul, officially transferring the hamlet of "Jagernaykpalam" to the VOC for the construction of a trading lodge.[21][18]
In 1781, during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the English seized Dutch settlements along the Coromandel coast, including Jaggernaickpuram. The Dutch factory and public buildings were demolished that year. However, in 1784, after peace was declared, the Dutch factories were returned to the VOC.[18]
The Dutch settlements were once again captured by the British during the wars of the French Revolution (1789-1795), but were handed back in 1818 through the Convention of 1814. Finally, in 1825, the Dutch territories in India, including Jaggernaickpuram, were transferred to the British under a treaty between Netherlands and the UK.[18][1]
Establishment and decline of Coringa port[edit | edit source]
In 1759, the British established a shipbuilding and repair facility in the area, which came to be known as Coringa Town, located on the Coringa River, a branch of the Godavari River.[22] Its strategic location and safe anchorage attracted European merchants, including the British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese, who utilized its port for trade and maritime activities on the Coromandel Coast.[23]
In 1802, a wet dock was constructed in Coringa, making it a vital facility for repairing Royal Navy and other vessels. This dock was notable for being the only wet dock between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Calcutta (now Kolkata) and one of the few locations capable of accommodating large ships.[22] Additionally, the area, including Cape Cori (now known as Hope Island), became internationally recognized for its shipbuilding industry, which flourished alongside its repair operations.[24]
The town's coastal location, however, made it vulnerable to frequent storms and inundations. In 1784, a sea rise caused vessels to drift as far inland as Rajahmundry.[22] Coringa also suffered significant damage from various storms, including a devastating storm in 1789 that claimed 20,000 lives, and another in May 1832 that further damaged the area.[25][26] The most catastrophic of these was the cyclone of 25 November 1839, which had a storm surge estimated at 40 feet. This cyclone completely destroyed the port and around 20,000 vessels killing over 300,000 people across the region.[27] This event was one of the first to be cited by Henry Piddington, who coined the term "cyclone" to describe such phenomena.[28]
After the 1839 disaster, Coringa's port never fully recovered, and homes were relocated further inland.[29] By the 1870s, the river had become too shallow, and the approaches too difficult, limiting the town's role to servicing only small craft. Despite this decline, Coringa continued to maintain some trade connections, particularly with Moulmein and Rangoon.[14] Neighboring villages, such as Thallarevu, took over the shipbuilding activities, further cementing Coringa’s decline as a maritime centre.[23] By 1901, silting in the estuary rendered the port inaccessible to large ships, and by 1905, shipbuilding activities ceased, leading to the eventual closure of the port.[30][31]
Growth of Cocanada[edit | edit source]
With the silting of Coringa Bay, Kakinada, then known as Cocanada, emerged as a prominent port, replacing Coringa. Its strategic location and growing exports established it as a significant trade centre in the 19th century.[1][18] Regular steamer services, initiated in 1858-59, connected the town to Madras, Rangoon, and Calcutta, facilitating trade.[32] By the 1860s, the British India Steam Navigation Company began regular maritime operations in the region.[32]
In 1859, Kakinada became the administrative headquarters of the newly formed Godavari district following the reorganization of the Rajahmundry, Masulipatam, and Guntur Collectorates.[33] This reorganization resulted in the creation of two districts, Godavari and Kistna, with their boundaries defined by the Upputeru and Tamaleru rivers.[34] Since its designation, Kakinada has consistently served as a district headquarters, cementing its role as a key administrative and economic centre in the region.
The American Civil War (1861–1865) further boosted Kakinada's prominence as a key shipping hub for cotton from Guntur.[1][32] With the disruption of cotton supply to mills in Lancashire during the war, the demand for cotton surged. As a result, Kakinada saw a significant increase in port activity, playing a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for cotton by supplying it to international markets.[35] In 1865, infrastructure developments included an iron-girder bridge linking Kakinada with Jagannadhapuram[32] and a lighthouse to support maritime activities.[36] These improvements bolstered trade and communication in the region.[32]
Kakinada was established as a municipality in 1866, reflecting its growing importance.[37] The European Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1868, represented European firms, while the native Chamber of Commerce worked alongside it to promote trade.[38] The local economy thrived on exports of cotton, gingelly oil seeds, sugar, and rice, while imports included iron and copper.[32] The town also became a centre for publications, including the Cocanada Advertiser, a mercantile newspaper, and Suddhiranjani, a Telugu weekly.[32] In 1852, the Pithapuram zamindar established a middle school, which was elevated to a second-grade college in 1884, becoming Pithapur Rajah's College. This institution soon gained prominence as a leading educational centre.[1]
By 1871, Kakinada's population reached 17,839, with Hindus making up 94% of the populace. Over the next decades, the population grew significantly, increasing by 61.8% between 1871 and 1881, and 40.5% between 1881 and 1891.[13] By 1891, Kakinada's population reached 40,553, making it the most populous city in Andhra.[13] It retained this position until 1921 when it briefly fell to second place with a population of 53,348, narrowly surpassed by Rajahmundry's 53,791 residents.[39][40][41] However, Kakinada reclaimed its status as the region's largest city by 1931, with its population rising to 65,952.[42]
By the early 20th century, Kakinada had emerged as the principal port on the Coromandel Coast, north of Madras.[1] In 1902–03, it was ranked fifth among the ports of the Madras Presidency in terms of total trade and held the twelfth position among all ports in British India. Within the region of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Kakinada was the largest port and ranked seventh among the ports in the territory of modern India.[12] The port became a thriving commercial hub, attracting prominent European and native merchants, including firms like Ralli Brothers, Gordon, Woodroffe & Co., and Volkart Brothers. Kakinada port played a crucial role in trade within the Godavari district and its hinterlands, and even with parts of the Nizam's Dominions. Local industries, such as rice mills, cheroot factories, and salt works, supported by companies like Simson & Co. and Innes & Co., contributed to the town's economic growth.[12] But, its economy remained primarily focused on shipping.[1] The port’s exports included cotton (to the UK, France, and Belgium), oilseeds (to France and the UK), rice (to Sri Lanka, Réunion, Mauritius), and tobacco (to Rangoon), while imports included cotton goods, gunny bags, rice, and kerosene.[1][12]
By the early 20th century, Kakinada was home to five printing presses. Among them, the Sujana Ranjani Press published Telugu books, along with a weekly newspaper, Ravi, and a monthly magazine, Savitri. Another press produced a monthly magazine called Sarasvati.[18] In 1923, Kakinada hosted the All India Congress Committee (AICC) meeting from 28 December to 1 January 1924. The event became notable for a controversy over the rendition of Vande Mataram, which highlighted religious sensitivities of the time.[43]
During World War II, on 6 April 1942, Kakinada was targeted by a Japanese air raid. A single aircraft attacked the port, damaging two ships and causing casualties, including one death and five injuries. This marked one of the earliest Japanese air raids on India's eastern coast during the war.[44]
Today, Kakinada is a thriving port city renowned for its industrial and economic importance within Andhra Pradesh. It serves as a key hub for trade, maritime activities, and cultural heritage in the region.
Geography[edit | edit source]
Kakinada is located at 16°56′N 82°13′E / 16.93°N 82.22°E, with the 82-degrees east longitude passing through the city.[45] The city has an average elevation of 2 meters (6.6 feet), and several areas lie below sea level.[46]
The city is divided into two regions, connected by bridges. The southern part, Jagannadhapuram, is separated from the main city by the Buckingham Canal.[47] The canal and its branches form Medaline Island,[48] which borders the city to the southwest.
Kakinada features an industrial belt that runs north–south, separating the eastern part of the city from the coast.[49] To the southeast, Kakinada Bay and surrounding marshlands are home to India's second-largest mangrove forest, which includes the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary.[50] The Gouthami, a branch of the Godavari River, flows into the Bay of Bengal near the city.
Climate[edit | edit source]
Kakinada experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw) , characterized by hot and humid conditions throughout most of the year. The hottest period occurs in late May and early June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 38°C to 42°C (100°F to 108°F). January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18°C to 20°C (64°F to 68°F). The city receives most of its rainfall during the southwest monsoon, though it also gets significant rainfall from the northeast monsoon between mid-October and mid-December. Kakinada is frequently affected by cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal.[51]
Prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they shift to the northeast. The city's average annual rainfall is between 110 and 115 centimetres (43 to 45 inches)
In October 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that a depression over the southeast Bay of Bengal was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm and approach the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada with wind speeds up to 100 km/h. Due to its coastal location, Kakinada periodically experiences such cyclonic systems during the monsoon season.[52]
| Climate data for Kakinada (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.6 (94.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
46.9 (116.4) |
47.4 (117.3) |
41.7 (107.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
47.4 (117.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
34.1 (93.4) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
32.9 (91.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
28.4 (83.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 7.6 (0.30) |
9.4 (0.37) |
6.2 (0.24) |
22.0 (0.87) |
53.3 (2.10) |
128.0 (5.04) |
177.5 (6.99) |
156.0 (6.14) |
201.7 (7.94) |
248.0 (9.76) |
103.9 (4.09) |
13.2 (0.52) |
1,126.8 (44.36) |
| Average rainy days | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 56.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 67 | 63 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 70 | 73 | 75 | 74 | 70 | 67 | 67 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department[53][54] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[55] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit | edit source]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1871 | 17,839 | — |
| 1881 | 28,856 | +61.8% |
| 1891 | 40,553 | +40.5% |
| 1901 | 48,096 | +18.6% |
| 1911 | 54,110 | +12.5% |
| 1921 | 53,348 | −1.4% |
| 1931 | 65,952 | +23.6% |
| 1941 | 75,140 | +13.9% |
| 1951 | 99,952 | +33.0% |
| 1961 | 122,865 | +22.9% |
| 1971 | 164,200 | +33.6% |
| 1981 | 226,409 | +37.9% |
| 1991 | 279,875 | +23.6% |
| 2001 | 327,541 | +17.0% |
| 2011 | 384,128 | +17.3% |
As of 2011 Census of India, Kakinada had a population of 443,028, with 222,461 males and 220,567 females.[56] The Kakinada Urban Agglomeration also had a population of 443,028, comprising 217,459 males and 225,569 females, including the city's outgrowths.[57] Kakinada ranks as the 115th largest city in India by population and is one of the fastest-growing cities in Andhra Pradesh.[58]
Governance[edit | edit source]
Kakinada Municipal Corporation covers an area of 16.63 km2 (6.42 sq mi), while the urban agglomeration extends over an area of 40.36 km2 (15.58 sq mi). The urban agglomeration includes the Kakinada Municipal Corporation, census towns such as Chidiga, Ramanayyapeta, and Suryaraopeta, as well as the outgrowths of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi, and Turangi.[59][60]
Economy[edit | edit source]
Kakinada's economy primarily relies on industry, agriculture, and fishing. Key agricultural products include paddy and coconut, while the industrial sector is dominated by edible oil refineries, fertilizers, and natural gas production.[11] In the late 1940s, around the time of Indian independence, the city had minimal industrial activity, with its economy centered on agriculture and fishing.[61] By the early 1980s, before the establishment of fertilizer companies, the local economy expanded to include the textile industry, auto parts manufacturing, steel-related ancillary units, alongside its traditional reliance on agriculture and fishing.[46]
Kakinada port[edit | edit source]
Hope Island, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the coast, makes Kakinada Port a natural harbour.[62] It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port (and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ).[63] Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after Visakhapatnam port) and the first in the country to be built in a public-private partnership, in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports.[64] Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.[65]
Kakinada's principal exports include seafood (Prawns, Shrimp, Fish) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn),[66] oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products[67] (including wheat and sugar).
Industrial sector[edit | edit source]
A number of industries and edible oil refineries, and serves as a base for a thriving oil and gas industry for the state of Andhra Pradesh are established at Kakinada.[11]
Agro−products[edit | edit source]
Coconuts are exported by several companies in and around Kakinada. The Murugappa Group-owned EID Parry (India) and Cargill International joint venture, Silk Road Sugars, has a port-based stand-alone sugar refinery in Kakinada with a capacity of 600,000 tonnes.,[68][69]
Edible oil refineries and biofuel plants[edit | edit source]
In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.[70]
Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from biodiesel companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.[71][72] Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for jatropha planting. The company selected 200 acres (81 ha) of land in Kakinada to grow jatropha for quality biodiesel fuel.[73]
Information technology[edit | edit source]
Kakinada is a tier-II city. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.[74]
Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada, including Krify,[75] Avineon, Cyient.[76]
An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city.[77] Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.[78]
Power generation[edit | edit source]
There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first Independent Power Producers in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested.[79] A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy[80] and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at Samalkota (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a power purchase agreement.[81]
Natural gas and petroleum[edit | edit source]
Kakinada is the base for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation's Eastern Offshore Asset. Several oil companies use Kakinada for oil and gasoline shipments. Baker Hughes and Schlumberger are field-development companies working on offshore natural-gas fields near the city. The Krishna Godavari Basin is considered the largest natural gas basin in India.[82] Significant discoveries of oil and natural gas were made by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation and Reliance, which has been extracting gas from its KG D6 block off the Kakinada coast. Reliance has an onshore terminal in Gadimoga, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Kakinada, to process and distribute gas to other parts of the country. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure (RGTIL) has built a 1,440-kilometre (890 mi) pipeline from Kakinada to Bharuch (Gujarat) to transport 120 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) of natural gas from the Krishna-Godavari fields (owned by Reliance Industries)[83] across India to its west coast. In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a consortium of GAIL and Hindustan Petroleum.[84]
Culture[edit | edit source]
Festivals[edit | edit source]
Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada.[85] It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012.[86] It is a three-day event where many artists perform.[85][87]
Notable personalities[edit | edit source]
Kakinada has made notable contributions to Telugu cinema (Tollywood) with several prominent actors, actresses, and filmmakers hailing from the city. Among the notable figures are Anjali Devi,[88] Suryakantham,[89] Relangi,[88] Rao Gopal Rao,[90] Chitti Babu, P. Adinarayana Rao,[88] C. Pullayya,[91] P. B. Sreenivas,[92] C. S. Rao,[93] Krishna Bhagawan, Gunnam Gangaraju,[94] Goutham Raju, Ohmkar, and singer Anjana Sowmya.
In addition to its contributions to cinema, Kakinada is also the hometown of Indian cricketer Hanuma Vihari[95] and the freedom fighter Baru Alivelamma.[96]
Literature[edit | edit source]
Kakinada has been a significant hub for Telugu literature, hosting numerous scholars, poets, and historians who have contributed extensively to the language and its history. The Sri Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu, considered the most comprehensive monolingual Telugu dictionary, was first published in its initial four volumes by the Andhra Sahitya Parishad in Kakinada between 1936 and 1944.[97] This monumental work, featuring over 1.1 lakh words, provides detailed information about word origins, meanings, synonyms, and historical usage in literature, showcasing the city's pivotal role in advancing Telugu linguistic studies.[98]
Kasibhatta Brahmaiah Sastry (1863–1940), a notable Sanskrit and Telugu scholar, was among the eminent figures in Kakinada's literary landscape. Another celebrated personality, Garikapati Narasimha Rao, earned the title Maha Sahasravadhani for performing one thousand Avadhanam feats, a challenging Telugu poetry competition. He also authored the epic poem Sagaraghosha, adding to his reputation as a literary luminary.[99]
Modern contributions to Telugu literature include Ryali Prasad, a poet, short story writer, and historian. He authored 32 epic poems and historical works, delving into various subjects, including the history of Kakinada. His notable works include Kakinada Charitra, a comprehensive history of the city. Prasad was also skilled in performing Telugu Avadhanam in free verse poetry, exemplifying his versatility as a writer. Bolloju Baba, a contemporary poet and historian residing in Kakinada, has further enriched the region's literary heritage. He has authored 11 books, six of which focus on literature and the remaining on history. His works include Ancient Cities of East Godavari and Yanam under French Colonial Rule, which highlight the historical and cultural significance of the region.
Transport[edit | edit source]
The city has various modes of transport in terms of road, rail and sea.[11] Previously private city buses and rickshaws used to dominate the roads but after massive amount of urbanisation the primary mode of intra-city public transport is auto rickshaws and there are about 7,000 of them being operated in the city limits with an additional of 3,000 from the surrounding settlements.[100] Non-transport vehicles cover, Motorcycles, bicycles.[101] For cyclists and motorists, there are planned cycling paths, bicycle sharing stations,[102] and bike hiring outlets.[103]
Roadways[edit | edit source]
Kakinada is connected by road to the rest of the state and other cities of India by means of National Highways. National Highway 216 which stretches from Kathipudi to Ongole passes through Kakinada. The bypass road is under construction which reduces the traffic in the city[104] It is a well planned city with Grid type Road network.[11] The city has a total road length of 719.21 km.state highway 42 connects Kakinada with other cities. ADB Road and Canal Road connects Kakinada with Rajamahendravaram. Government is going to construct a new national highway to Tuni along coast under Sagaramala scheme.[105]
Railways[edit | edit source]
Kakinada Town and Kakinada Port are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city.[106] Kakinada Town is classified as an A–category station in Vijayawada railway division.[107] It is recognised as one of the Adarsh stations of the division in South Coast Railway zone.[108]
SCR operates its carriage and Wagon depot which is one of the medium-sized depots in Vijayawada division. It's the second station after Vijayawada Junction railway station to have Intermediate Overhauling IOH shed for all types of coaches.[109]
Waterways[edit | edit source]
Kakinada Port is located on the shore of Bay of Bengal. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The National Waterway 4 connects Kakinada with Puducherry and was declared in 2008 as National Waterway by the Inland Waterways Authority of India for cargo transport and tourism.[11]
Airways[edit | edit source]
The nearest airport is Rajahmundry Airport which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city. Cocanada was a stop by Francesco de Pinedo of the Regia Aeronautica and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, during Pinedo's 1925 Rome- Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight.[110][111]
Education[edit | edit source]
Kakinada, known as an educational hub in Andhra Pradesh, provides a wide range of primary, secondary, and higher education options. Primary and secondary education in the city is offered by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh, with instruction available in both English and Telugu.
The city and its surrounding areas are home to numerous professional institutions offering courses in fields such as engineering, medicine, information technology, and management at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Among these institutions, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada (JNTU Kakinada), stands out. Originally established as Vishakapatnam College of Engineering on former military land, it offers a variety of engineering programs and includes a business school.[112]
Rangaraya Medical College, established in 1958 by Dr. M. V. Krishna Rao and Dr. Datla Satyanarayana Raju, is another prominent institution in the city.[113] Initially supported by donations, including land and financial contributions from various benefactors, the college became a fully government-run institution by 1981. The Government General Hospital, Kakinada serves as its teaching hospital.[114]
The Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, founded in 1977, provides higher education in Kakinada. It is located on a 50.93-acre (20.61 ha) campus in Thimmapuram, approximately six kilometers from Kakinada Town Railway Station. Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh, was established in 1946 by the British Indian government on land donated by M. S. N. Charities in Jagannaickpur.[115][116]
In recent years, Kakinada's educational landscape has expanded with the establishment of the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), inaugurated by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, making it the third IIFT campus in the country, after Delhi and Kolkata.[117]
Additionally, the city is home to several other prominent institutions, including P. R. Government College and Ideal College of Arts and Sciences, offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, located in Tadepalligudem, is also situated 80 kilometres from Kakinada, further strengthening the region’s reputation as an educational center.
Tourism[edit | edit source]
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, part of the Godavari delta, Hope Island, India, a sandspit formed by the Godavari, Konaseema, scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans.[50] Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches.[118] Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day.
Bhavanarayana Swamy temple in Sarpavaram in Kakinada suburbs is a historic temple renowned for its mythological significance, intricate architecture, and historical inscriptions dating back to various dynasties.[119] It is recognized as one of the State Protected Monuments by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in Andhra Pradesh.[120] The Bala Tripura Sundari Devi Temple is a famous temple located within the city. The temples of Suryanarayana Swami and Kodandarama are located at G. Mamidada which is 20 km from the city.[121]
Sports[edit | edit source]
Cricket is the most popular game in the city, followed by badminton and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches,[122] with a stadium used for Ranji Trophy matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian international Hanuma Vihari hails from Kakinada.[123]
Tennis is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of Rangaraya Medical College There is a roller-skating rink in Vivekananda Park.[124]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cotton, James Sutherland; Burn, Sir Richard; Meyer, Sir William Stevenson; Meyer, William (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. X. Clarendon Press. pp. 338–340.
- ↑ Naidu, T. Appala (26 October 2021). "Sunkara Siva Prasanna is new Kakinada Mayor". The Hindu.
- ↑ M. N., Samdani (12 May 2015). "Andhra Pradesh's move to supply Krishna water to Coca-Cola plant irks opposition". The Times of India. Mangalagiri. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Kakinada Corporation". Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ↑ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ↑ https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Kalavalapalli, Yogendra (19 July 2016). "Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age". Livemint. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
- ↑ "Mapped: Most 'liveable' cities in India". Rediff. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ↑ "Kakinada Smart City bags Indian Smart City Award 2022 in sanitation category". The Times of India. 26 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Kumar, V. Rishi (18 March 2016). "Kakinada: 'Pensioner's paradise' goes fishing for more". The Hindu Business Line.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Hemingway, F. R. (1915). Godavari District Gazetteer. Vol. 1. Public Resource. Asian Educational Services. pp. 113–117. ISBN 978-81-206-1462-8.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 H. A. Stuart (1893). Census Of India, 1891. Volume XIII. Madras. The Report on the Census. pp. 25–27.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 W. W. Hunter (1885). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. IV. Trübner & Company. pp. 42–43.
- ↑ Satyanarayana, Adapa (2008). "Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 69: 904–914. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147252.
- ↑ "Tourist Places - Kakinada District". Kakinada District Administration. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
- ↑ "Govt. announces list of first 20 smart cities under 'Smart Cities Mission'". The Hindu. 28 January 2016.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Hemingway, F. R. (1915). Godavari District Gazetteer. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-81-206-1462-8.
- ↑ Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. Vol. 14. Epigraphical Society of India. 1987. p. 60.
- ↑ Archaeology of Andhra Pradesh: Victoria Jubilee Museum, Vijayawada, Centenary, 1887-1987: a Souvenir. Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums. 1987. p. 21.
- ↑ "Numismatic Society of Bombay, Volume 23-24". Numismatic Society of Bombay. 2001. p. 99.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Morris, Henry (1878). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras. Trübner & Co. p. 40.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Hemingway, F. R. (1915). Godavari District Gazetteer. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. pp. 210–212. ISBN 978-81-206-1462-8.
- ↑ Sankar, K.N. Murali (20 July 2016). "Coringa's relic of the past". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ Horsburgh, James (1841). The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the ..., Volume 1. Wm. H. Allen and Co. pp. 602–603. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica. India: Select essays. Encyclopedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd. p. 409. ISBN 0-85229-762-9. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
shipbuilding in Coringa.
- ↑ "Hell on Earth: 12 of History's Most Destructive Natural Disasters". HistoryCollection.com. 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ↑ "A Second Memoir with reference to the THeory of the Law of Storms in India- Coringa Hurricane of November, 1839, with other Storms". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 9: 107–133. 1840.
- ↑ 1839 Coringa destroyed by cyclone. Knappily Books. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ "Coringa". Knappily Books. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ↑ Frowde, Henry (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol XI (PDF). Oxford at the Clarendon Press. p. 51. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Morris, Henry (1878). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras. Trübner & Co. pp. 30–34.
- ↑ Morris, Henry (1878). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras. Trübner & Co. pp. 302–304.
- ↑ Hemingway, F. R. (1915). Godavari District Gazetteer. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-206-1462-8.
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