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{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Short description|Hill Station in Jammu & Kashmir, India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Gulmarg | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = Hill Station | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| border = infobox | |||
| | | total_width = 260 | ||
| | | image_style = | ||
| | | perrow = 1/2/1 | ||
| | | image1 = Gulmarg - Jannat on Earth.jpg | ||
| | | image2=Flora of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg | ||
| image3= Gulmarg-Gondala.JPG | |||
| image4= Gulmarg gondola.JPG | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
| image_alt = | |||
| image_caption = Houses in Gulmarg, [[Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Gulmarg Gondola]] | |||
| nickname = | |||
| image_map = | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_caption = | |||
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India | |||
| pushpin_label_position = right | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|34.05|N|74.38|E|display=inline,title}} | |||
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | |||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | |||
| subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]}} | |||
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] | |||
| established_title = <!-- Established --> | |||
| established_date = | |||
| founder = | |||
| named_for = | |||
| government_type = | |||
| governing_body = | |||
| unit_pref = Metric | |||
| area_footnotes = | |||
| area_total_km2 = | |||
| area_rank = | |||
| elevation_footnotes = | |||
| elevation_m = 2650 | |||
| population_total = 1965<ref name="Gulmarg Population"/> | |||
| population_as_of = 2011 | |||
| population_footnotes = | |||
| demographics_type1 = Languages | |||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | |||
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_rank = | |||
| population_demonym = | |||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 | |||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | |||
| postal_code = 193403 | |||
| registration_plate = | |||
| website = {{url|baramulla.nic.in/tourist-place/gulmarg}} | |||
| footnotes = | |||
| official_name = | |||
| native_name = | |||
| native_name_lang = ks | |||
}} | |||
'''Gulmarg''' ({{IPA-ur|gʊlmərɡ}}), known as '''Gulmarag'''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S.K|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241983/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dictionary|last2=Koul|first2=Lal|last3=Hajni|first3=Mohiuddin|last4=Pushp|first4=P|last5=Mohiuddin|first5=Akhtar|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=5|pages=362|language=ks}}</ref> ({{IPA-ks|ɡulmarɨɡ}}; {{lit|meadow of flowers}})<ref name="Plumbe">{{Cite book |last=Plumbe |first=Wilfred John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVgcAAAAMAAJ&q=Gulmarg+,+meaning+%27+Meadow+of+Flowers+%27+was+8,500+feet+above+sea+level |title=The Golden Pagoda Tree: Adventures in Southeast Asia |publisher=Grey Seal |year=1990 |isbn=9781856400039 |pages=211 |quote=Gulmarg , meaning 'Meadow of Flowers' was 8,500 feet above sea level'}}</ref> in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], is a [[town]], [[hill station]], popular [[tourist destination]], popular [[skiing]] destination and a [[notified area committee]] in the [[Baramulla district]] in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/travel/a-family-ski-adventure-in-the-himalayas.html|title=A Family Ski Adventure in the Himalayas|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> It is located at a distance of {{Convert|31|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Baramulla]] and {{Convert|49|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Srinagar]]. The town is situated in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the [[Western Himalayas]] and lies within the boundaries of [[Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMPLIANCE REPORT of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary: A Biodiversity Hotspot|url=http://jkwildlife.com/pdf/sanc/Compliance%20Report%20Gulmarg%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary.pdf|access-date=16 November 2020|website=jkwildlife.com}}</ref> | |||
'' | ==Etymology== | ||
Kashmir has many summer retreats suffixed with the word ''-marg'': Sonamarg, Tangmarg, Gulmarg, Khilanmarg, Youmarg, and Nagmarg. Gulmarg is one of the Margs that has historical importance for Kashmiris. | |||
Gulmarg is a compound word or portmanteau of two Persian words ''Gul'' and ''Marg''. ''Gul'' means flowers and ''Marg'' means meadow. So, Gulmarg is a meadow of flowers. The credit for discovering the charms of Gulmarg first time in history has been given to Yousuf Shah Chak, the last Chak ruler who reigned from 1579 to 1586 AD. | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
[[Yousuf Shah Chak]], who ruled Kashmir from 1579 to 1586, frequented the place with his queen [[Habba Khatoon]] and renamed it 'Gulmarg' ("meadow of flowers").<ref name="Chaturvedi">{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=B.K.|title=Tourist Centers Of India|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC&pg=PA82|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2|page=82}}</ref><ref name="About-Gulmarg">{{cite web |url=http://gulmarggondola.com/about_gulmarg.php |title=About Gulmarg |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir State Cable Car Corporation |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] for his gardens in Gulmarg.<ref name="Chaturvedi"/><ref name="Lovell-HoareLovell-Hoare2014">{{cite book|last1=Lovell-Hoare|first1=Sophie|last2=Lovell-Hoare|first2=Max|title=Kashmir: Jammu. Kashmir Valley. Ladakh. Zanskar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mJQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-396-2|pages=208–11}}</ref> In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in [[ | [[File:Gulmarg in 1969.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Gulmarg in August 1969]] | ||
[[Yousuf Shah Chak]], who ruled Kashmir from 1579 to 1586, frequented the place with his queen [[Habba Khatoon]] and renamed it 'Gulmarg' ("meadow of flowers").<ref name="Chaturvedi">{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=B.K.|title=Tourist Centers Of India|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLcFkhRZPYC&pg=PA82|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-137-2|page=82}}</ref><ref name="About-Gulmarg">{{cite web |url=http://gulmarggondola.com/about_gulmarg.php |title=About Gulmarg |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir State Cable Car Corporation |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] for his gardens in Gulmarg.<ref name="Chaturvedi"/><ref name="Lovell-HoareLovell-Hoare2014">{{cite book|last1=Lovell-Hoare|first1=Sophie|last2=Lovell-Hoare|first2=Max|title=Kashmir: Jammu. Kashmir Valley. Ladakh. Zanskar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mJQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-396-2|pages=208–11}}</ref> In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]]. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women.<ref name="Mitra2013">{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|title=Jammu & Kashmir: Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WFU8G7hiEYC&pg=PA30|year=2013|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited|isbn=978-93-80262-45-1|pages=30–36}}</ref><ref name="Lovell-HoareLovell-Hoare2014"/> One of the golf courses survives and at an altitude of {{convert|2650|m|ft}} is the world's highest golf course.<ref name="Mitra2013"/> In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one each during Christmas and Easter.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lang|first1=Thomas|title=Gulmarg - Kashmir - India|url=http://www.skimuseum.ca/documents/annuals/1934_pt13_pg31-32.pdf|access-date=9 February 2018|work=Canadian Ski Year Book 1934}}</ref><ref name="JKTourism">{{cite web |url=http://jktourism.org/index.php/destinations/kashmir/gulmarg1 |title=Gulmarg |publisher=Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Tourism |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206230324/http://jktourism.org/index.php/destinations/kashmir/gulmarg1 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Central Asian explorer [[Aurel Stein]] also visited Gulmarg during this period.<ref name="About-Gulmarg"/> | |||
After the end of [[British Raj|British rule in India]], Gulmarg became a part of the independent [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|princely state of Kashmir and Jammu]]. Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called [[Operation Gulmarg]]. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the [[Haji Pir pass]] and Gulmarg onto the state capital [[Srinagar]]. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian army led by the 1 [[Sikh Regiment]], which had been airlifted to Srinagar only after the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra ruler]] of the state Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] had signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with India on 26 October 1947, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ashok|title=India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGIkXCsgT2UC&pg=PA12|year=1998|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-47-9|pages=12–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/ |title=Defence of Srinagar 1947 |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back and many towns including Gulmarg were recaptured.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA94|year=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|pages=93–97}}</ref> In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] of the Indian army specializing in snow–craft and winter warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=1 May 2004 |title=High-altitude warfare school takes global aim |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/High-altitude-warfare-school-takes-global-aim/articleshow/651951.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) by the [[Shimla Agreement]] of 1972,<ref>{{cite book|last=Karim|first=Afsir|title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC&pg=PA142|year=1991|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-127-0|pages=142–145}}</ref> came into being close to Gulmarg.<ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news |last=Rafiq |first=Zahid |date=26 | After the end of [[British Raj|British rule in India]], Gulmarg became a part of the independent [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|princely state of Kashmir and Jammu]]. Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called [[Operation Gulmarg]]. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the [[Haji Pir pass]] and Gulmarg onto the state capital [[Srinagar]]. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian army led by the 1 [[Sikh Regiment]], which had been airlifted to Srinagar only after the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra ruler]] of the state Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] had signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with India on 26 October 1947, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ashok|title=India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGIkXCsgT2UC&pg=PA12|year=1998|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-47-9|pages=12–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/ |title=Defence of Srinagar 1947 |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back and many towns including Gulmarg were recaptured.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA94|year=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|pages=93–97}}</ref> In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] of the Indian army specializing in snow–craft and winter warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=1 May 2004 |title=High-altitude warfare school takes global aim |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/High-altitude-warfare-school-takes-global-aim/articleshow/651951.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) by the [[Shimla Agreement]] of 1972,<ref>{{cite book|last=Karim|first=Afsir|title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC&pg=PA142|year=1991|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-127-0|pages=142–145}}</ref> came into being close to Gulmarg.<ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news |last=Rafiq |first=Zahid |date=26 February 2009 |title=Ski respite for war weary Kashmiris |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7899152.stm |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |location=Gulmarg |access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> | ||
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Indian planners sought to develop a destination for [[Winter sports in India]]. The Department of Tourism of the [[Government of India]] invited [[Rudolph Matt]], in 1960 to select a suitable location for such purpose. Matt zeroed in on Gulmarg as a suitable location for development of a winter sports destination in India. In 1968, Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade Indian planners invested {{INRConvert|30|m}} to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became a centre for skiers from Asian nations.<ref name="Seth2006">{{cite book|last=Seth|first=Pran Nath|title=Successful Tourism: Volume I: Fundamentals of Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkgnSKQiOgsC&pg=PA175|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3199-8|pages=175–176}}</ref> In mid-1980s, [[heli-skiing]] was introduced in Gulmarg in collaboration with the Swiss skier [[Sylvain Saudan]] of Himalaya Heli-Ski Club of France.<ref name="JKTourism"/> | After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], Indian planners sought to develop a destination for [[Winter sports in India]]. The Department of Tourism of the [[Government of India]] invited [[Rudolph Matt]], in 1960 to select a suitable location for such purpose. Matt zeroed in on Gulmarg as a suitable location for the development of a winter sports destination in India. In 1968, the Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade, Indian planners invested {{INRConvert|30|m}} to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became a centre for skiers from Asian nations.<ref name="Seth2006">{{cite book|last=Seth|first=Pran Nath|title=Successful Tourism: Volume I: Fundamentals of Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkgnSKQiOgsC&pg=PA175|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3199-8|pages=175–176}}</ref> In mid-1980s, [[heli-skiing]] was introduced in Gulmarg in collaboration with the Swiss skier [[Sylvain Saudan]] of Himalaya Heli-Ski Club of France.<ref name="JKTourism"/> | ||
In the 1990s, the rise of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militancy in Jammu and Kashmir]] affected tourism in Gulmarg.<ref name="Seth2006"/> With the abatement of terrorism in the area, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the [[Aerial lift|cable car]] project between Gulmarg and [[Apharwat Peak]], which was commissioned in 1988 by [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] but was subsequently abandoned due to militancy in 1990, was resumed in 1998. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was also inaugurated, making it one of the longest and highest ropeways of Asia. The [[chairlift]] installed as a part of Phase 3 of the project began its operations in 2011. The [[National Games of India#Winter|National Winter Games]] were held in Gulmarg in 1998, 2004 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulmarggondola.com/about_gondola.php |title=About Gondola |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir State Cable Car Corporation |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Government of Jammu and Kashmir drafted a Master Plan–2032 for Gulmarg. The plan includes development of a solid-waste treatment plant on 20 acres of land close to Gulmarg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/May/31/draft-master-plan-2032-for-gulmarg-74.asp |title=Draft Master Plan-2032 for Gulmarg |last=Wani |first=Arif Shafi |date=30 May 2014 |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> | |||
In the 1990s, the rise of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militancy in Jammu and Kashmir]] affected tourism in Gulmarg.<ref name="Seth2006"/> With the abatement of terrorism in the area, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the [[Aerial lift|cable car]] project between Gulmarg and [[Apharwat Peak]], which was commissioned in 1988 by [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] but was subsequently abandoned due to militancy in 1990, was resumed in 1998. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was also inaugurated, making it one of the longest and highest | |||
==Geology and geography == | ==Geology and geography== | ||
Gulmarg lies in a cup-shaped valley in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] of the Himalayas, at an altitude of {{convert|2650|m|ft|abbr=on | Gulmarg lies in a cup-shaped valley in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] of the Himalayas, at an altitude of , {{convert|2650|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 56 km from [[Srinagar]].<ref name="Mitra2013"/> The soil in Gulmarg comprises glacial deposits, [[Lacustrine plain|lacustrine deposits]] and [[moraines]] of [[Pleistocene]] age covering shales, limestones, sandstones, schists and other varieties of rocks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaidya|first=Balkrishna C.|title=Geography of Transport Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUWxZVRHB90C&pg=PA349|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-957-5|page=354}}</ref> The natural meadows of Gulmarg, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, forget-me-nots and buttercups during spring and summer.<ref name="Mitra2013"/><ref name="Chaturvedi"/> The meadows are interspersed by enclosed parks and small lakes, and surrounded by forests of green pine and fir.<ref name="Mitra2013"/> Skiing and other winter sports in Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes of Apharwat peak at a height of {{convert|4267|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="JKTourism"/> Many points on Apharwat peak and [[Khilanmarg]] offer a panoramic view of [[Nanga Parbat]] and [[Harmukh]] mountains.<ref name="Mitra2013"/> | ||
== Climate == | == Climate == | ||
| Line 197: | Line 206: | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
At the 2011 Indian [[census]], Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. | {{pie chart | ||
|thumb = right | |||
|caption = Religion in Gulmarg (2011)<ref name="Gulmarg Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/baramula/tangmarg/gulmarg-mc-population.html|title=Gulmarg population|work=Census India 2011|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> | |||
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] | |||
|value1 = 86.7 | |||
|color1 = DarkOrange | |||
|label2 = [[Islam]] | |||
|value2 = 12.4 | |||
|color2 = Green | |||
|label3 = [[Sikhism]] | |||
|value3 = 0.4 | |||
|color3 = Yellow | |||
|label4 = [[Christianity]] | |||
|value4 = 0.6 | |||
|color4 = Blue | |||
}} | |||
At the 2011 Indian [[census]], Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. The male population in the town stood at 1,957 while there were only eight females and no children between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Gulmarg had an average literacy rate of 99.24%, compared to the state average of 67.16%, of which male literacy was 99.23% and female literacy was 100%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constituted 0.61% and 0.15% of the population respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800009-gulmarg-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title= Gulmarg Population Census 2011 |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gulmarg has few permanent residents with most residents being tourists or those involved in the tourism industry.<ref name="Mitra2013"/> | |||
== Tourism == | == Tourism == | ||
[[File: | [[File:Gulmarg, India.jpg|thumb|Domestic tourists at Gulmarg]] | ||
According to [[CNN]], Gulmarg is the "heartland of winter sports in India" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir ski paradise beckons|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2004-02-23/travel/kashmir.ski_1_snowboarders-and-skiers-country-snowboarding-gulmarg?_s=PM:TRAVEL|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gulmarg rated Asia's seventh best ski resort|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/gulmarg-rated-asias-seventh-best-ski-resort-1588901.html|publisher=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref> The town is accessible from [[Srinagar]] by road via [[Tangmarg]]. | According to [[CNN]], Gulmarg is the "heartland of winter sports in India" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir ski paradise beckons|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2004-02-23/travel/kashmir.ski_1_snowboarders-and-skiers-country-snowboarding-gulmarg?_s=PM:TRAVEL|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gulmarg rated Asia's seventh best ski resort|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/gulmarg-rated-asias-seventh-best-ski-resort-1588901.html|publisher=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref> The town is accessible from [[Srinagar]] by road via [[Tangmarg]]. | ||
The road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing through forests of pine and fir.<ref name="Mitra2013"/><ref name="Chaturvedi"/><ref name="Lovell-HoareLovell-Hoare2014"/> Winter sports like skiing, [[tobogganing]], [[snowboarding]] and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a [[Gondola lift]].<ref name="JKTourism"/> | The road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing through forests of pine and fir.<ref name="Mitra2013"/><ref name="Chaturvedi"/><ref name="Lovell-HoareLovell-Hoare2014"/> Winter sports like skiing, [[tobogganing]], [[snowboarding]] and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a [[Gondola lift]].<ref name="JKTourism"/> | ||
== | === Gulmarg Gondola === | ||
[[File:Gulmarg Gondola, Cable Car.JPG|thumb|[[Gulmarg Gondola]]]] | |||
Built by the French company [[Pomagalski]], the [[Gulmarg Gondola]] is one of the highest in the world reaching 3,979 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gulmarg among 7 top ski resorts in Asia: CNN Int'l|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/25/gulmarg-among-7-top-ski-resorts-in-asia-cnn-int-l-30.asp|website=greaterkashmir.com|publisher=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour between Gulmarg and a shoulder of nearby [[Apharwat Peak]] ({{convert|4200|m|ft}}). The first stage transfers from Gulmarg at {{convert|2600|m|ft}} to Kongdoori at {{convert|3080|m|ft}}. The second stage which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes passengers to a height of {{convert|3950|m|ft}} on the Apharwat Peak {{convert|4200|m|ft}}. A chair lift system connects Kongdoori with Mary's shoulder for taking skiers to higher altitudes. The high inflow of tourists has had an effect on the fragile eco-system of Gulmarg and activists have demanded tighter regulation to save the environment of the area from over-tourism.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2011). Tourism pressure on high elevation IBAs. ''Mistnet'' 12(1): 11-12.</ref> | |||
[[File:K-Line Adventures Gulmarg Terrain Map Alpine Zone v2.png|thumb|Ski Resort Terrain Map showing Gulmarg Gondola, lift, and terrain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://klineadventures.com/|title=K-line Adventures - Gulmarg}}</ref> | |||
An accident occurred on 15 June 2017 due to an enormous pine tree being uprooted by a gust of wind and breaking the perspex windows on one of the gondola cabins, causing it to swing violently and its seven occupants to fall {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on|0}} to the ground.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://klineadventures.com/gulmarg-gondola-claims-7-lives/|title=Gulmarg Gondola claims 7 lives in tragic accident {{!}} K-Line Adventures|date=26 June 2017|work=K-Line Adventures|access-date=14 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
==St Mary's Church== | ===Igloo cafe and Igloo restaurant=== | ||
In February 2022, the World's largest igloo cafe was opened in Gulmarg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/world-s-largest-igloo-cafe-in-gulmarg-can-seat-40-guests-details-here-1909932-2022-02-07|title='World's largest' Igloo Cafe in Gulmarg can seat 40 guests. Details here}}</ref> It was made with a height of 37.5 feet and a diameter of 44.5 feet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/largest-igloo-cafe-comes-up-in-gulmarg-can-seat-40-guests-7758794/|title='Largest' igloo café comes up in Gulmarg, can seat 40 guests}}</ref> Around 40 people can eat there at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/worlds-largest-igloo-cafe-is-now-open-in-jks-gulmarg/articleshow/89833789.cms|title=World's largest igloo cafe is now open in J&K's Gulmarg|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> In 2023, a glass igloo restaurant was developed by Kolahoi Green Heights, a hotel in Gulmarg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/indias-first-glass-igloo-restaurant-in-j-ks-gulmarg/97453852|title=India's first glass igloo restaurant in J-K's Gulmarg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in-pics-india-s-first-glass-igloo-restaurant-in-kashmir-s-gulmarg-11675220879161.html|title=In Pics: India's first glass igloo restaurant in Kashmir's Gulmarg}}</ref> | |||
===Maharani Temple=== | |||
[[File:Ancient Temple, Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Maharani Temple in Gulmarg]] | |||
Maharani Temple (commonly known as Shiv Temple of Gulmarg) was built by a Hindu ruler Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] for his wife Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia who ruled till 1915. This temple was considered as the stately possession of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra kings]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. This temple is situated on a slight hilltop with greenery. This temple is visible from all corners of Gulmarg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoveredindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/attractions/temples/maharani-temple.htm..|title=Maharani Temple Gulmarg Kashmir}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |||
===Maharaja Palace at Gulmarg=== | |||
The 8700 sq ft Palace was built by Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] in early 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/photos/in-pictures-tourists-throng-maharaja-palace-at-gulmarg-on-hari-singhs-birth-anniversary|title=In Pictures: Tourists Throng Maharaja Palace At Gulmarg On Hari Singh's Birth Anniversary}}</ref> | |||
===St Mary's Church=== | |||
[[File:St Mary's Church in Gulmarg.JPG|thumb|St Mary's Church in Gulmarg]] | [[File:St Mary's Church in Gulmarg.JPG|thumb|St Mary's Church in Gulmarg]] | ||
The St Mary's Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.buzzntravel.com/st-marys-church_2|title=St. Mary's Church Gulmarg India Travel Guide {{!}} Location {{!}} History {{!}} about & facts of St. Mary's Church {{!}} Gulmarg {{!}} Buzzntravel.com|work=Buzzntravel|access-date=2017 | The St Mary's Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.buzzntravel.com/st-marys-church_2|title=St. Mary's Church Gulmarg India Travel Guide {{!}} Location {{!}} History {{!}} about & facts of St. Mary's Church {{!}} Gulmarg {{!}} Buzzntravel.com|work=Buzzntravel|access-date=16 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalvisiontours.com/Kashmir/gulmarg/st-mary-church.aspx |title=St Mary Church - tourist attraction in gulmarg |website=www.globalvisiontours.com |access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder".<ref>{{cite web|title=St Mary Church - Gulmarg|url=http://www.kashmirhills.com/destinations/gulmarg/st-marys-church-gulmarg/|website=www.kashmirhills.com|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> | It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder".<ref>{{cite web|title=St Mary Church - Gulmarg|url=http://www.kashmirhills.com/destinations/gulmarg/st-marys-church-gulmarg/|website=www.kashmirhills.com|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
In 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of [[Bruce Bairnsfather]]; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as "very prettily decorated" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wedding at Gulmarg - Bruce Bairnsfather's Brother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h5DAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA38|access-date=18 May 2017|work=The Pioneer Mail|date=17 September 1920|pages=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=Major Tonie|last2=Holt|first2=Valmai|title=The Biography of Captain Bruce Bairnsfather: In Search of the Better Ole|date=1995|publisher=Milestone Publications|isbn=9781473827233|edition=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiUeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> | In 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of [[Bruce Bairnsfather]]; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as "very prettily decorated" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wedding at Gulmarg - Bruce Bairnsfather's Brother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h5DAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA38|access-date=18 May 2017|work=The Pioneer Mail|date=17 September 1920|pages=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=Major Tonie|last2=Holt|first2=Valmai|title=The Biography of Captain Bruce Bairnsfather: In Search of the Better Ole|date=1995|publisher=Milestone Publications|isbn=9781473827233|edition=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiUeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT180|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
St Mary's was closed for years | St Mary's was closed for years but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service there for 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holidaymine.com/blog/gulmarg/1639|title=Gulmarg|website=www.holidaymine.com|language=en|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> The church belongs to the [[Church of North India|Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India]]. | ||
==High Altitude Warfare School== | |||
In 1948, the [[Indian Army]] established a ski school in Gulmarg that later became the [[High Altitude Warfare School]], which specializes in snow–craft and winter warfare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/high-altitude-warfare-school-where-indian-jawans-are-trained-to-survive-in-siachen/articleshow/50968653.cms|title=High Altitude Warfare School Where Indian jawans are trained to survive in Siachen}}</ref> It is located in an area which is prone to avalanches. | |||
==Sport== | ==Sport== | ||
=== Gulmarg Winter Games 2020 === | === Gulmarg Winter Games 2020 === | ||
The first ever Khelo India Winter Games | The first-ever [[Khelo India Winter Games]] were held from 7 March at Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir. Around 955 participants took part in the 5-day event. Organised by Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council in collaboration Union Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, the Games included various sports disciplines at the ski resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir from 7 to 11 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/gulmarg-to-host-5-day-national-winter-games-from-march-7-2020/as74285557.cms |title=Gulmarg to host 5-day national winter games from March 7, 2020 {{!}} Times of India Travel |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225011851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/gulmarg-to-host-5-day-national-winter-games-from-march-7-2020/as74285557.cms |archive-date=25 February 2020}} </ref> | ||
===Golf course=== | ===Golf course=== | ||
| Line 231: | Line 267: | ||
===Avalanche information center=== | ===Avalanche information center=== | ||
In 2008 an American avalanche forecaster named Brian Newman began | In 2008 an American avalanche forecaster named Brian Newman began an NPO named Gulmarg Avalanche Center. The purpose of this organization was to dispense daily avalanche risk bulletins to visitors entering the unmanaged backcountry surrounding the Gulmarg ski area. The centre provides avalanche education including a free weekly avalanche awareness talk during the winter season. | ||
== Events == | == Events == | ||
An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival. | An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival. | ||
== | ==In popular culture== | ||
Gulmarg has been the shooting location many [[Bollywood]] films like ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'', ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'',<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/holiday-the-bollywood-way/article5505590.ece Holiday, the Bollywood way]</ref> ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'', ''[[Phantom (2014 film)|Phantom]]'', ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'', etc.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/irritated-omar-abdullah-criticises-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-for-portraying-gulmarg-as-manali/1/278007.html This is cheating! The Manali in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is actually Gulmarg, fumes Omar on Twitter]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Omar-Abdullah-disappointed-over-Yeh-Jawaani-Hai-Deewani-projecting-Gulmarg-as-Manali/articleshow/20447950.cms?referral=PM|title=Omar Abdullah disappointed over Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani projecting Gulmarg as Manali|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Kalki-enjoys-skiing-in-Gulmarg/articleshow/30352540.cms|title=Kalki enjoys skiing in Gulmarg|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-goes-from-Beirut-to-Gulmarg/articleshow/28928452.cms|title=Saif goes from Beirut to Gulmarg|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?pt=3&ptv=0&date=01/16/2014&pgid=84397|title=Outlook Photogallery|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304231019/http://photogallery.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?pt=3&ptv=0&date=01%2F16%2F2014&pgid=84397|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gulmarg has been the shooting location many [[Bollywood]] films like ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'', ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'', ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'',<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/holiday-the-bollywood-way/article5505590.ece Holiday, the Bollywood way]</ref> ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'', ''[[Phantom (2014 film)|Phantom]]'', ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'', etc.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/irritated-omar-abdullah-criticises-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-for-portraying-gulmarg-as-manali/1/278007.html This is cheating! The Manali in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is actually Gulmarg, fumes Omar on Twitter]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Omar-Abdullah-disappointed-over-Yeh-Jawaani-Hai-Deewani-projecting-Gulmarg-as-Manali/articleshow/20447950.cms?referral=PM|title=Omar Abdullah disappointed over Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani projecting Gulmarg as Manali|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Kalki-enjoys-skiing-in-Gulmarg/articleshow/30352540.cms|title=Kalki enjoys skiing in Gulmarg|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-goes-from-Beirut-to-Gulmarg/articleshow/28928452.cms|title=Saif goes from Beirut to Gulmarg|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?pt=3&ptv=0&date=01/16/2014&pgid=84397|title=Outlook Photogallery|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304231019/http://photogallery.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?pt=3&ptv=0&date=01%2F16%2F2014&pgid=84397|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-ek-kamre-mein-band-in-kashmir-262823|title=NDTV Movies|work=ndtv.com|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404062106/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-ek-kamre-mein-band-in-kashmir-262823|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirfirst.com/articles/tourism/110301-the-gulmarg-nostalgia-10.htm|title=Kashmir First - The Gulmarg Nostalgia-X|work=kashmirfirst.com|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jktourism.org/index.php/movies-filmed|title=Movies Filmed in Kashmir|work=jktourism.org|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[ | * [[Dal lake]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Peer Ki Gali]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Aharbal]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Gangabal]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Kokernag]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Dachigam National Park]] | ||
*[[Sonamarg]] | * [[Sonamarg]] | ||
*[[Verinag]] | * [[Verinag]] | ||
*[[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] | * [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] | ||
*[[Kausar Nag]] | * [[Kausar Nag]] | ||
*[[Zabarwan Range]] | * [[Zabarwan Range]] | ||
*[[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] | * [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport]] | ||
*[[ | * [[Jammu-Baramulla line]] | ||
*[[Mughal Road]] | * [[Mughal Road]] | ||
*[[Kolahoi Peak]] | * [[Kolahoi Peak]] | ||
*[[Martand Sun Temple]] | * [[Martand Sun Temple]] | ||
* [[Amarnath Cave]] | |||
* [[Chiranbal]] | |||
* [[Kashmir Railway]] | |||
* [[Kheer Bhawani]] | |||
* [[Pahalgam]] | |||
* [[Gurez]] | |||
* '''[https://www.tourexplore.in/2023/03/gulmarg-sightseeing.html Tanmarg Drung Waterfall]''' | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} | {{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} | ||
Latest revision as of 06:10, 22 July 2023
Gulmarg | |
|---|---|
Hill Station | |
Houses in Gulmarg, Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, Gulmarg Gondola | |
  Gulmarg Location in Jammu & Kashmir, India  Gulmarg Gulmarg (India) | |
| Coordinates: 34°03′N 74°23′E / 34.05°N 74.38°E | |
| Country |  India |
| Union Territory | Error creating thumbnail: File missing Jammu and Kashmir |
| District | Baramulla |
| Elevation | 2,650 m (8,690 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 1,965[1] |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, Dogri, English[2][3] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 193403 |
| Website | baramulla |
Gulmarg (Urdu pronunciation: [gʊlmərɡ]), known as Gulmarag[4] (Kashmiri pronunciation: [ɡulmarɨɡ]; lit. 'meadow of flowers')[5] in Kashmiri, is a town, hill station, popular tourist destination, popular skiing destination and a notified area committee in the Baramulla district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.[6][7] It is located at a distance of 31 km (19 mi) from Baramulla and 49 km (30 mi) from Srinagar. The town is situated in the Pir Panjal Range in the Western Himalayas and lies within the boundaries of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary.[8]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
Kashmir has many summer retreats suffixed with the word -marg: Sonamarg, Tangmarg, Gulmarg, Khilanmarg, Youmarg, and Nagmarg. Gulmarg is one of the Margs that has historical importance for Kashmiris.
Gulmarg is a compound word or portmanteau of two Persian words Gul and Marg. Gul means flowers and Marg means meadow. So, Gulmarg is a meadow of flowers. The credit for discovering the charms of Gulmarg first time in history has been given to Yousuf Shah Chak, the last Chak ruler who reigned from 1579 to 1586 AD.
History[edit | edit source]
Yousuf Shah Chak, who ruled Kashmir from 1579 to 1586, frequented the place with his queen Habba Khatoon and renamed it 'Gulmarg' ("meadow of flowers").[9][10] Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the Mughal emperor Jahangir for his gardens in Gulmarg.[9][11] In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women.[12][11] One of the golf courses survives and at an altitude of 2,650 metres (8,690 ft) is the world's highest golf course.[12] In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one each during Christmas and Easter.[13][14] Central Asian explorer Aurel Stein also visited Gulmarg during this period.[10]
After the end of British rule in India, Gulmarg became a part of the independent princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called Operation Gulmarg. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the Haji Pir pass and Gulmarg onto the state capital Srinagar. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian army led by the 1 Sikh Regiment, which had been airlifted to Srinagar only after the Dogra ruler of the state Maharaja Hari Singh had signed an Instrument of Accession with India on 26 October 1947, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar.[15][16] Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back and many towns including Gulmarg were recaptured.[17] In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian army specializing in snow–craft and winter warfare.[18] On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the Line of Control (LOC) by the Shimla Agreement of 1972,[19] came into being close to Gulmarg.[20]
After Indian Independence, Indian planners sought to develop a destination for Winter sports in India. The Department of Tourism of the Government of India invited Rudolph Matt, in 1960 to select a suitable location for such purpose. Matt zeroed in on Gulmarg as a suitable location for the development of a winter sports destination in India. In 1968, the Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade, Indian planners invested ₹30 million (US$420,000) to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became a centre for skiers from Asian nations.[21] In mid-1980s, heli-skiing was introduced in Gulmarg in collaboration with the Swiss skier Sylvain Saudan of Himalaya Heli-Ski Club of France.[14] In the 1990s, the rise of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir affected tourism in Gulmarg.[21] With the abatement of terrorism in the area, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the cable car project between Gulmarg and Apharwat Peak, which was commissioned in 1988 by Government of Jammu and Kashmir but was subsequently abandoned due to militancy in 1990, was resumed in 1998. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was also inaugurated, making it one of the longest and highest ropeways of Asia. The chairlift installed as a part of Phase 3 of the project began its operations in 2011. The National Winter Games were held in Gulmarg in 1998, 2004 and 2008.[22] In 2014, Government of Jammu and Kashmir drafted a Master Plan–2032 for Gulmarg. The plan includes development of a solid-waste treatment plant on 20 acres of land close to Gulmarg.[23]
Geology and geography[edit | edit source]
Gulmarg lies in a cup-shaped valley in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, at an altitude of , 2,650 m (8,694 ft), 56 km from Srinagar.[12] The soil in Gulmarg comprises glacial deposits, lacustrine deposits and moraines of Pleistocene age covering shales, limestones, sandstones, schists and other varieties of rocks.[24] The natural meadows of Gulmarg, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, forget-me-nots and buttercups during spring and summer.[12][9] The meadows are interspersed by enclosed parks and small lakes, and surrounded by forests of green pine and fir.[12] Skiing and other winter sports in Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes of Apharwat peak at a height of 4,267 m (13,999 ft).[14] Many points on Apharwat peak and Khilanmarg offer a panoramic view of Nanga Parbat and Harmukh mountains.[12]
Climate[edit | edit source]
Due to its high elevation, Gulmarg has a humid continental climate where the wet winter season sees heavy snowfall, especially for its latitude. Summers are moderate in temperature and length, whereas shoulder seasons are relatively cool.
| Climate data for Gulmarg (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.5 (52.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
11.6 (52.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 158.2 (6.23) |
223.5 (8.80) |
251.7 (9.91) |
168.6 (6.64) |
153.3 (6.04) |
103.7 (4.08) |
110.8 (4.36) |
93.1 (3.67) |
62.4 (2.46) |
50.3 (1.98) |
55.7 (2.19) |
103.8 (4.09) |
1,535 (60.43) |
| Average rainy days | 8.4 | 10.8 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 97.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 72 | 74 | 72 | 66 | 64 | 63 | 73 | 73 | 64 | 59 | 60 | 66 | 67 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[25][26] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit | edit source]
At the 2011 Indian census, Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. The male population in the town stood at 1,957 while there were only eight females and no children between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Gulmarg had an average literacy rate of 99.24%, compared to the state average of 67.16%, of which male literacy was 99.23% and female literacy was 100%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituted 0.61% and 0.15% of the population respectively.[27] Gulmarg has few permanent residents with most residents being tourists or those involved in the tourism industry.[12]
Tourism[edit | edit source]
According to CNN, Gulmarg is the "heartland of winter sports in India" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination.[28][29] The town is accessible from Srinagar by road via Tangmarg. The road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing through forests of pine and fir.[12][9][11] Winter sports like skiing, tobogganing, snowboarding and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a Gondola lift.[14]
Gulmarg Gondola[edit | edit source]
Built by the French company Pomagalski, the Gulmarg Gondola is one of the highest in the world reaching 3,979 metres.[30] The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour between Gulmarg and a shoulder of nearby Apharwat Peak (4,200 metres (13,800 ft)). The first stage transfers from Gulmarg at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) to Kongdoori at 3,080 metres (10,100 ft). The second stage which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes passengers to a height of 3,950 metres (12,960 ft) on the Apharwat Peak 4,200 metres (13,800 ft). A chair lift system connects Kongdoori with Mary's shoulder for taking skiers to higher altitudes. The high inflow of tourists has had an effect on the fragile eco-system of Gulmarg and activists have demanded tighter regulation to save the environment of the area from over-tourism.[31]
An accident occurred on 15 June 2017 due to an enormous pine tree being uprooted by a gust of wind and breaking the perspex windows on one of the gondola cabins, causing it to swing violently and its seven occupants to fall 100 ft (30 m) to the ground.[33]
Igloo cafe and Igloo restaurant[edit | edit source]
In February 2022, the World's largest igloo cafe was opened in Gulmarg.[34] It was made with a height of 37.5 feet and a diameter of 44.5 feet.[35] Around 40 people can eat there at a time.[36] In 2023, a glass igloo restaurant was developed by Kolahoi Green Heights, a hotel in Gulmarg.[37][38]
Maharani Temple[edit | edit source]
Maharani Temple (commonly known as Shiv Temple of Gulmarg) was built by a Hindu ruler Maharaja Hari Singh for his wife Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia who ruled till 1915. This temple was considered as the stately possession of Dogra kings. The temple is dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. This temple is situated on a slight hilltop with greenery. This temple is visible from all corners of Gulmarg.[39]
Maharaja Palace at Gulmarg[edit | edit source]
The 8700 sq ft Palace was built by Maharaja Hari Singh in early 19th century.[40]
St Mary's Church[edit | edit source]
The St Mary's Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg.[41][42] It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder".[43] In 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of Bruce Bairnsfather; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as "very prettily decorated" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir.[44][45]
St Mary's was closed for years but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service there for 14 years.[46] The church belongs to the Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India.
High Altitude Warfare School[edit | edit source]
In 1948, the Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg that later became the High Altitude Warfare School, which specializes in snow–craft and winter warfare.[47] It is located in an area which is prone to avalanches.
Sport[edit | edit source]
Gulmarg Winter Games 2020[edit | edit source]
The first-ever Khelo India Winter Games were held from 7 March at Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir. Around 955 participants took part in the 5-day event. Organised by Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council in collaboration Union Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, the Games included various sports disciplines at the ski resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir from 7 to 11 March.[48]
Golf course[edit | edit source]
Situated at an altitude of 2,650 m, it is the highest green golf course in the world. The historic Gulmarg Golf Club was started in 1911 by the British who used the place as a holiday resort. The origin of Gulmarg as the golfing centre of India goes back to the late 19th century when a 6-hole course was made in 1890-91 by Colonel Neville Chamberlain. The first golf championship was played at Gulmarg in 1922. The Nedou's Cup was introduced in 1929.
Avalanche information center[edit | edit source]
In 2008 an American avalanche forecaster named Brian Newman began an NPO named Gulmarg Avalanche Center. The purpose of this organization was to dispense daily avalanche risk bulletins to visitors entering the unmanaged backcountry surrounding the Gulmarg ski area. The centre provides avalanche education including a free weekly avalanche awareness talk during the winter season.
Events[edit | edit source]
An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival.
In popular culture[edit | edit source]
Gulmarg has been the shooting location many Bollywood films like Bobby, Aap Ki Kasam, Jab Tak Hai Jaan,[49] Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Highway, Phantom, Haider, etc.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Dal lake
- Peer Ki Gali
- Aharbal
- Gangabal
- Kokernag
- Dachigam National Park
- Sonamarg
- Verinag
- Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden
- Kausar Nag
- Zabarwan Range
- Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport
- Jammu-Baramulla line
- Mughal Road
- Kolahoi Peak
- Martand Sun Temple
- Amarnath Cave
- Chiranbal
- Kashmir Railway
- Kheer Bhawani
- Pahalgam
- Gurez
- Tanmarg Drung Waterfall
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Gulmarg population". Census India 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ↑ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ↑ Toshakhani, S.K; Koul, Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980). Kashir Dictionary (in कॉशुर / کٲشُر). Vol. 5. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts Culture and Languages. p. 362.
- ↑ Plumbe, Wilfred John (1990). The Golden Pagoda Tree: Adventures in Southeast Asia. Grey Seal. p. 211. ISBN 9781856400039.
Gulmarg , meaning 'Meadow of Flowers' was 8,500 feet above sea level'
- ↑ "A Family Ski Adventure in the Himalayas". The New York Times.
- ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 178.
- ↑ "COMPLIANCE REPORT of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary: A Biodiversity Hotspot" (PDF). jkwildlife.com. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Chaturvedi, B.K. (2002). Tourist Centers Of India. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7182-137-2.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "About Gulmarg". Jammu and Kashmir State Cable Car Corporation. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lovell-Hoare, Sophie; Lovell-Hoare, Max (1 July 2014). Kashmir: Jammu. Kashmir Valley. Ladakh. Zanskar. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 208–11. ISBN 978-1-84162-396-2.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Mitra, Swati (2013). Jammu & Kashmir: Travel Guide. Eicher Goodearth Limited. pp. 30–36. ISBN 978-93-80262-45-1.
- ↑ Lang, Thomas. "Gulmarg - Kashmir - India" (PDF). Canadian Ski Year Book 1934. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Gulmarg". Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Tourism. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ↑ Krishna, Ashok (1998). India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace. Lancer Publishers. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-1-897829-47-9.
- ↑ Sarkar, Bhaskar (1 November 2014). "Defence of Srinagar 1947". Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ↑ Prasad, Shankar (2005). The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment. Lancer Publishers. pp. 93–97. ISBN 978-81-7062-268-0.
- ↑ Pandit, Rajat (1 May 2004). "High-altitude warfare school takes global aim". Times of India. New Delhi. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ↑ Karim, Afsir (1991). Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor. Lancer Publishers. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-81-7062-127-0.
- ↑ Rafiq, Zahid (26 February 2009). "Ski respite for war weary Kashmiris". BBC News. Gulmarg. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Seth, Pran Nath (1 January 2006). Successful Tourism: Volume I: Fundamentals of Tourism. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-81-207-3199-8.
- ↑ "About Gondola". Jammu and Kashmir State Cable Car Corporation. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ↑ Wani, Arif Shafi (30 May 2014). "Draft Master Plan-2032 for Gulmarg". Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ↑ Vaidya, Balkrishna C. (1 January 2003). Geography of Transport Development in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 354. ISBN 978-81-7022-957-5.
- ↑ "Station: Gulmarg Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 301–302. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ↑ "Gulmarg Population Census 2011". Census Commission of India. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ↑ "Kashmir ski paradise beckons". CNN.
- ↑ "Gulmarg rated Asia's seventh best ski resort". Daily Bhaskar.
- ↑ "Gulmarg among 7 top ski resorts in Asia: CNN Int'l". greaterkashmir.com. Greater Kashmir.
- ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2011). Tourism pressure on high elevation IBAs. Mistnet 12(1): 11-12.
- ↑ "K-line Adventures - Gulmarg".
- ↑ "Gulmarg Gondola claims 7 lives in tragic accident | K-Line Adventures". K-Line Adventures. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ↑ "'World's largest' Igloo Cafe in Gulmarg can seat 40 guests. Details here".
- ↑ "'Largest' igloo café comes up in Gulmarg, can seat 40 guests".
- ↑ "World's largest igloo cafe is now open in J&K's Gulmarg". The Times of India.
- ↑ "India's first glass igloo restaurant in J-K's Gulmarg".
- ↑ "In Pics: India's first glass igloo restaurant in Kashmir's Gulmarg".
- ↑ "Maharani Temple Gulmarg Kashmir".[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "In Pictures: Tourists Throng Maharaja Palace At Gulmarg On Hari Singh's Birth Anniversary".
- ↑ "St. Mary's Church Gulmarg India Travel Guide | Location | History | about & facts of St. Mary's Church | Gulmarg | Buzzntravel.com". Buzzntravel. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ↑ "St Mary Church - tourist attraction in gulmarg". www.globalvisiontours.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ↑ "St Mary Church - Gulmarg". www.kashmirhills.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ "Wedding at Gulmarg - Bruce Bairnsfather's Brother". The Pioneer Mail. 17 September 1920. p. 38. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ Holt, Major Tonie; Holt, Valmai (1995). The Biography of Captain Bruce Bairnsfather: In Search of the Better Ole (2014 ed.). Milestone Publications. ISBN 9781473827233. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ↑ "Gulmarg". www.holidaymine.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ↑ "High Altitude Warfare School Where Indian jawans are trained to survive in Siachen".
- ↑ "Gulmarg to host 5-day national winter games from March 7, 2020 | Times of India Travel". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020.
- ↑ Holiday, the Bollywood way
- ↑ This is cheating! The Manali in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani is actually Gulmarg, fumes Omar on Twitter
- ↑ "Omar Abdullah disappointed over Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani projecting Gulmarg as Manali". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "Kalki enjoys skiing in Gulmarg". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "Saif goes from Beirut to Gulmarg". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "Outlook Photogallery". outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "NDTV Movies". ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "Kashmir First - The Gulmarg Nostalgia-X". kashmirfirst.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ↑ "Movies Filmed in Kashmir". jktourism.org. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
