Foreign-exchange reserves of India: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|India's foreign currency holdings}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|India's foreign currency holdings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[India]] has large '''[[foreign-exchange reserves]]'''; holdings of cash, bank deposits, bonds, and other [[financial asset]]s denominated in currencies other than India's national currency, the [[Indian rupee]].  The reserves are managed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for the Indian government and the main component is foreign currency assets.
[[India]] has large '''[[foreign-exchange reserves]]'''; holdings of cash, bank deposits, bonds, and other [[financial asset]]s denominated in currencies other than India's national currency, the [[Indian rupee]].  The reserves are managed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for the Indian government and the main component is foreign currency assets.
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Foreign-exchange reserves act as the first line of defense for India in case of economic slowdown, but acquisition of reserves has its own costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Costs-Involved-In-Increasing-Forex-Reserves-RBI/25-02-2015-79407/|title=Costs Involved in Increasing Forex Reserves: RBI}}</ref> Foreign exchange reserves facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx#MF|title=RBI}}</ref>
Foreign-exchange reserves act as the first line of defense for India in case of economic slowdown, but acquisition of reserves has its own costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Costs-Involved-In-Increasing-Forex-Reserves-RBI/25-02-2015-79407/|title=Costs Involved in Increasing Forex Reserves: RBI}}</ref> Foreign exchange reserves facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx#MF|title=RBI}}</ref>


India's total foreign exchange (Forex) reserves stand at around US$608.999 Billion on 24 June 2021, the highest ever, with the Foreign Exchange Assets (FCA) component at around US$563.240 Billion, Gold Reserves at around US$36.296 Billion, SDRs (Special Drawing Rights with the IMF) of around US$1.498 Billion and around US$4.965 Billion Reserve Position in the [[IMF]], as per Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) weekly statistical supplement published on 24 June 2021.<ref>https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/WSSView.aspx?Id=23824</ref> The [[Economic survey of India]] 2014-15 said India could target foreign exchange reserves of US$750 Billion-US$1 Trillion.<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI Monetary Policy $1 trillion forex reserves: A pipe dream |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-monetary-policy-1-trillion-forex-reserves-a-pipe-dream-115040300661_1.html}}</ref>
India's total foreign exchange (Forex) reserves stand at around US$633.558 Billion on 27 August 2021, the highest ever, with the Foreign Exchange Assets (FCA) component at around US$571.660 Billion, Gold Reserves at around US$37.441 Billion, SDRs (Special Drawing Rights with the IMF) of around US$19.407 Billion and around US$5.110 Billion Reserve Position in the [[IMF]], as per Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) weekly statistical supplement published on 3 September 2021.<ref>https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/WSSView.aspx?Id=23824</ref> The [[Economic survey of India]] 2014-15 said India could target foreign exchange reserves of US$750 Billion-US$1 Trillion.<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI Monetary Policy $1 trillion forex reserves: A pipe dream |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-monetary-policy-1-trillion-forex-reserves-a-pipe-dream-115040300661_1.html}}</ref>


India's foreign exchange reserves are mainly composed of [[US dollar]] in the forms of US [[government bonds]] and [[institutional bonds]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Major foreign holders of treasury securities of USA|url=https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bis.org/review/r020510f.pdf Y V Reddy: India’s foreign exchange reserves – policy, status and issues – May 10, 2002]</ref> with nearly 6.2% of forex reserves in gold. The FCAs also include investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments and deposits with foreign central and commercial banks. As of January 2021, India holds fourth largest [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves in the world]] following [[Switzerland]].<ref name="ranking">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/column-surging-forex-reserves-to-help-improve-economic-outlook-2069433|title=Surging forex reserves to help improve economic outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/04/04/look-how-rich-indias-become-under-new-prime-minister-modi/|title=Look How Rich India's Become Under New Prime Minister Modi}}</ref>
India's foreign exchange reserves are mainly composed of [[US dollar]] in the forms of US [[government bonds]] and [[institutional bonds]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Major foreign holders of treasury securities of USA|url=https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bis.org/review/r020510f.pdf Y V Reddy: India’s foreign exchange reserves – policy, status and issues – May 10, 2002]</ref> with nearly 5.91% of forex reserves in gold. The FCAs also include investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments and deposits with foreign central and commercial banks. As of September 2021, India holds fourth largest [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves in the world]] following [[Switzerland]].<ref name="ranking">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/column-surging-forex-reserves-to-help-improve-economic-outlook-2069433|title=Surging forex reserves to help improve economic outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/04/04/look-how-rich-indias-become-under-new-prime-minister-modi/|title=Look How Rich India's Become Under New Prime Minister Modi}}</ref>


==Composition==
==Composition==
[[Reserve Bank of India]] Act and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 set the legal provisions for governing the foreign exchange reserves. [[Reserve Bank of India]] accumulates foreign currency reserves by purchasing from authorized dealers in open market operations. Foreign exchange reserves of India act as a cushion against rupee volatility once global interest rates start rising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-forex-reserves-will-cushion-rupee-volatility-rajan/article1-1250963.aspx|title=India’s forex reserves will cushion Rupee volatility: Rajan}}</ref>
[[Reserve Bank of India]] Act and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 set the legal provisions for governing the foreign exchange reserves. [[Reserve Bank of India]] accumulates foreign currency reserves by purchasing from authorized dealers in open market operations. Foreign exchange reserves of India act as a cushion against rupee volatility once global interest rates start rising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-forex-reserves-will-cushion-rupee-volatility-rajan/article1-1250963.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812153427/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-forex-reserves-will-cushion-rupee-volatility-rajan/article1-1250963.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=India’s forex reserves will cushion Rupee volatility: Rajan}}</ref>


The Foreign exchange reserves of India consists of below four categories;<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Management of Foreign Exchange Reserves|date=8 December 2020|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=20259#I2|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentaffairsindia.info/2011/09/foreign-exchange-reserves-of-india.html|title=Foreign exchange reserves of india}}</ref>
The Foreign exchange reserves of India consists of below four categories;<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Management of Foreign Exchange Reserves|date=8 December 2020|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=20259#I2|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentaffairsindia.info/2011/09/foreign-exchange-reserves-of-india.html|title=Foreign exchange reserves of india}}</ref>
# Foreign Currency Assets - Total FCA till March 2021 was $536.69 billion out of which $359.87 billion is invested in overseas securities, $153.39 billion is deposited with other central banks and $23.42 (4.36 percent of total FCA) billion is deposited with overseas commercial banks.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/foreign-currency-asset-exposure-to-overseas-lenders-central-banks-rises-7312755/</ref>
# Foreign Currency Assets - Total FCA till March 2021 was $536.69 billion out of which $359.87 billion is invested in overseas securities, $153.39 billion is deposited with other central banks and $23.42 (4.36 percent of total FCA) billion is deposited with overseas commercial banks.<ref name="indianexpress.com">https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/foreign-currency-asset-exposure-to-overseas-lenders-central-banks-rises-7312755/</ref>
# Gold - As of March 2021 RBI held 695.31 metric tonnes of gold. 403.01 metric tonnes of which is in custody of [[Bank of England]] and [[Bank for International Settlements]]. 292.30 tonnes of gold is held domestically. <ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/foreign-currency-asset-exposure-to-overseas-lenders-central-banks-rises-7312755/</ref>  
# Gold - As of March 2021 RBI held 695.31 metric tonnes of gold. 403.01 metric tonnes of which is in custody of [[Bank of England]] and [[Bank for International Settlements]]. 292.30 tonnes of gold is held domestically.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>  
# [[Special Drawing Rights]] (SDRs)  
# [[Special Drawing Rights]] (SDRs)  
# [[Reserve Tranche Position]]
# [[Reserve Tranche Position]]
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* In June 2020 India for the first time crossed the 500 Billion USD mark.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/indias-forex-reserves-crosses-half-trillion-dollars-for-the-first-time/articleshow/76342768.cms</ref>
* In June 2020 India for the first time crossed the 500 Billion USD mark.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/indias-forex-reserves-crosses-half-trillion-dollars-for-the-first-time/articleshow/76342768.cms</ref>
* In June 2021 India crossed the 600 Billion USD mark for the first time.
* In June 2021 India crossed the 600 Billion USD mark for the first time.
* The total forex reserves touched an all time high of 605 billion US$ on 04 June 2021.
* The total forex reserves touched an all time high of 633.558 billion US$ on 27 August 2021.


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160501144004/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/ind/eng/curind.htm#I#I IMF - India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160501144004/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/ind/eng/curind.htm#I IMF - India]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?TYPE=Section&PARAM1=2 Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?TYPE=Section&PARAM1=2 Reserve Bank of India]


Latest revision as of 09:31, 11 December 2022


India has large foreign-exchange reserves; holdings of cash, bank deposits, bonds, and other financial assets denominated in currencies other than India's national currency, the Indian rupee. The reserves are managed by the Reserve Bank of India for the Indian government and the main component is foreign currency assets.

Foreign-exchange reserves act as the first line of defense for India in case of economic slowdown, but acquisition of reserves has its own costs.[1] Foreign exchange reserves facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.[2]

India's total foreign exchange (Forex) reserves stand at around US$633.558 Billion on 27 August 2021, the highest ever, with the Foreign Exchange Assets (FCA) component at around US$571.660 Billion, Gold Reserves at around US$37.441 Billion, SDRs (Special Drawing Rights with the IMF) of around US$19.407 Billion and around US$5.110 Billion Reserve Position in the IMF, as per Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) weekly statistical supplement published on 3 September 2021.[3] The Economic survey of India 2014-15 said India could target foreign exchange reserves of US$750 Billion-US$1 Trillion.[4]

India's foreign exchange reserves are mainly composed of US dollar in the forms of US government bonds and institutional bonds.[5][6] with nearly 5.91% of forex reserves in gold. The FCAs also include investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments and deposits with foreign central and commercial banks. As of September 2021, India holds fourth largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world following Switzerland.[7][8]

Composition[edit]

Reserve Bank of India Act and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 set the legal provisions for governing the foreign exchange reserves. Reserve Bank of India accumulates foreign currency reserves by purchasing from authorized dealers in open market operations. Foreign exchange reserves of India act as a cushion against rupee volatility once global interest rates start rising.[9]

The Foreign exchange reserves of India consists of below four categories;[10][11]

  1. Foreign Currency Assets - Total FCA till March 2021 was $536.69 billion out of which $359.87 billion is invested in overseas securities, $153.39 billion is deposited with other central banks and $23.42 (4.36 percent of total FCA) billion is deposited with overseas commercial banks.[12]
  2. Gold - As of March 2021 RBI held 695.31 metric tonnes of gold. 403.01 metric tonnes of which is in custody of Bank of England and Bank for International Settlements. 292.30 tonnes of gold is held domestically.[12]
  3. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
  4. Reserve Tranche Position

Statistics[edit]

  • In 1960, forex reserve covered just 8.6 weeks of imports[13]
  • In 1980, India had foreign exchange reserves of over U$7 billion, more than double the level (U$2.55 billion) of what China had at that time.[7]
  • In 1990, forex reserve covered just 4.8 weeks of imports[13]
  • Foreign exchange reserves of India reached milestone of $100 billion mark only in 2004.
  • India was forced to sell dollars to the extent of close to U$35 billion in the spot markets in Financial Year 2009 due to 22% depreciation in rupee (against the dollar) in the same fiscal year 2009.
  • In 2009, India purchased 200 tonnes of gold from the International Monetary Fund, worth US$6.7bn (€4.57bn, £4.10bn).[14]
  • In June 2020 India for the first time crossed the 500 Billion USD mark.[15]
  • In June 2021 India crossed the 600 Billion USD mark for the first time.
  • The total forex reserves touched an all time high of 633.558 billion US$ on 27 August 2021.

See also[edit]

India related
Global lists and other nations

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Costs Involved in Increasing Forex Reserves: RBI".
  2. ↑ "RBI".
  3. ↑ https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/WSSView.aspx?Id=23824
  4. ↑ "RBI Monetary Policy $1 trillion forex reserves: A pipe dream".
  5. ↑ "Major foreign holders of treasury securities of USA". Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  6. ↑ Y V Reddy: India’s foreign exchange reserves – policy, status and issues – May 10, 2002
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Surging forex reserves to help improve economic outlook".
  8. ↑ "Look How Rich India's Become Under New Prime Minister Modi".
  9. ↑ "India's forex reserves will cushion Rupee volatility: Rajan". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
  10. ↑ "Report on Management of Foreign Exchange Reserves". 8 December 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  11. ↑ "Foreign exchange reserves of india".
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/foreign-currency-asset-exposure-to-overseas-lenders-central-banks-rises-7312755/
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Forex reserve history
  14. ↑ "India flexes its foreign reserve muscles".
  15. ↑ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/indias-forex-reserves-crosses-half-trillion-dollars-for-the-first-time/articleshow/76342768.cms

External links[edit]

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