Father of the Nation

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Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation of India, is a figure celebrated in numerous nations and by international organisations, a departure from most titleholders.

The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a person considered the driving force behind the establishment of a country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and any person who expresses disrespect toward the reigning monarch will face severe criminal penalties.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation".[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" barely failed in September 2007.[6]

List[edit]

The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

Name Nation Title (native) Title (translation) Notes
Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Ahmad Shah the Father[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
Skanderbeg Albania Ati i Kombit Father of the Nation Led a two decade long rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
V. C. Bird Antigua and Barbuda Father of the Nation First prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda.
José de San Martín Argentina Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10] 		Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru 		Primary leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (1778–1850).
Hayk (Հայկ) Armenia Nahapet (Նահապետ) Head of the Family
Patriarch 		Legendary founder of the Armenian nation.
Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG Australia Father of Federation Gave the Tenterfield Oration, which is believed to be pivotal in the process of federating the Australian colonies.
Sir Lynden Pindling The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[11]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক)
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু) 		Father of the Nation
Friend of Bengal 		Founder of Bangladesh.
Errol Barrow Barbados Father of Independence The 3rd and last premier of Barbados (1961–1966) who lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the first prime minister and served three terms (1966–76, 1986–87) dying in office during his third.
George Cadle Price Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[12][13]
Ugyen Wangchuck Bhutan First king of modern Bhutan.
Simón Bolívar Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela 		Libertador Liberator Primary leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Seretse Khama Botswana Father of Independence Leader of the independence movement and first President of Botswana. Creator of democracy in Botswana
Dom Pedro I, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Maria Leopoldina was the first Empress of Brazil. Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (1914–1986).
Asparuh Bulgaria Kanasubigi (Кан) Founder and first ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia សម្តេចឪ (Sâmdéch Âu) King Father Secured independence from France.
John A. Macdonald and the other fathers of Confederation Canada Father of Confederation Father of Confederation
Bernardo O'Higgins Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Principal leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Sun Yat-sen Republic of China simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940.[14] Sun is more widely known in the People's Republic of China as the "Forerunner of the Revolution".[15]
José María Castro Madriz Costa Rica Fundador de la República Founder of the Republic First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[16]
Ante Starčević Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[17]
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[18] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Archbishop Makarios III Cyprus Εθνάρχης Leader of the Nation First and longest President of Cyprus.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Czech Republic Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[19]
František Palacký Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian.[19] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[20]

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

Tatíček /
President Osvoboditel 		Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator First President of Czechoslovakia and proponent of Czechoslovakism.[19][21]
Slovakia
Juan Pablo Duarte Dominican Republic Padre de la patria Father of the Fatherland Defeated Haiti during war of independence.
Ilia Chavchavadze Georgia უგვირგვინო მეფე / ერის მამა The Crownless King / Father of the Nation
Members of the Parlamentarischer Rat Germany Väter und Mütter des Grundgesetzes Fathers and mothers of the Basic Law Drafted the Basic Law, the constitution of (then West) Germany
Kwame Nkrumah Ghana Osagyefo Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Alexander the Great Greece Πατέρας των Ελλήνων Father of the Greeks Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.
Cheddi Jagan Guyana Father of the Nation President of Guyana from 1992 to 1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Primary leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France.
Árpád Hungary Honalapító Founder of the Homeland Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.
Mahatma Gandhi (de facto) India राष्ट्रपिता (Father of the Nation) "Bapuji" (Father) Father of the Nation;[22] Leader of the Indian independence movement from British Raj Article 18 of the Indian Constitution prohibits conferring titles other than military and academic distinctions by the State.
Sukarno Indonesia Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator First President of Indonesia.
Cyrus the Great Iran (Persia) Shahanshah King of Kings The founder of the first Persian Empire
Camillo Benso
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Mazzini
Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia 		Italy Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland Authors of Italian unification[23][24][25]
Emperor Jimmu Japan 神武天皇 (Jinmu Ten-noh) First Emperor of Japan
Alikhan Bukeikhanov Kazakhstan Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.
Jomo Kenyatta Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova Kosovo Babai i Kombit Father of the Nation
Jonas Basanavičius Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[26]
Krste Misirkov North Macedonia Татко на нацијата Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia Bapa Kemerdekaan

Bapa Malaysia

Father of Independence

Father of Malaysia

The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British Empire in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Muhammad Fareed Didi Maldives Founder of modern Maldives and last sultan of Maldives.
Dom Mintoff Malta Missier Malta Hielsa Father of Free Malta A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1955 to 1958, and from 1974 to 1984) as the Leader of the Labour Party, a position he held from 1949 to 1984. In 1974, with him as Prime Minister, Malta negotiated a series of constitutional reforms leading to the establishment of the Maltese Republic and the removal of the British monarch as head of state. In 1979, the last Royal Navy ships left Malta, marking the country's transformation into a fully independent nation. Mintoff is also credited with the establishment of the Maltese welfare state and the socialist-style nationalisation and collectivisation of various key industries.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius Father of the Nation[27] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[28] Father of the Mexican Nation[29] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Genghis Khan Mongolia Монголчуудын эцэг Father of the Mongols, Founding Father of Mongolia[30] After unifying the many nomadic tribes of northeastern Asian steppe peoples, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire and became the first Great Khan and Emperor. He eventually led a conquest of the majority of Eurasia, and his unified homeland would become Mongolia.
Aung San Myanmar Father of Nations, Father of Independence, Father of Tatmadaw 5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947 Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.
Sam Nujoma Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation First President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[31]
Prithvi Narayan Shah Nepal श्री ५ बडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वी नारायण शाह Father of the Nation King of Nepal during the Unification of Nepal.
William the Silent Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[32]
Nnamdi Azikiwe Nigeria Father of Nigerian Nationalism First president of Nigeria when it became a republic on October 1, 1963, and was the last governor general of Nigeria.
Einar Gerhardsen Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[33]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam & Baba-e-Quam[34][35] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare Papua New Guinea Papa Blo Kantri[36] Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[37]
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas First President of the Philippines Military Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the First President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. His birthday, March 22, 1869, is celebrated as Emilio Aguinaldo Day.
Andrés Bonifacio Amá ng Himagsikan Father of the Revolution Political Leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[38]
D. Afonso Henriques Portugal Fundador da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror 		Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Peter I of Russia Russia Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[39]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.
Sir John Compton Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[40]
Saint Marinus San Marino Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: September 3). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[41]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis) Father of the Nation/ The Founder Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He descended from the noble House of Saud, the dynasty which had ruled most of Arabia in the 18th century. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Dobrica Ćosić Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Отац нације[42][43] Father of the Nation Yugoslav Serbian politician, writer, and political theorist.
Donald Dewar Scotland Father of the Nation First First Minister of Scotland following the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.[44]
Saint Sava Serbia Отац отаџбине[45] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović Отац отаџбине[46][47] Father of the Fatherland Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising during the Serbian Revolution.
Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Milan Rastislav Štefánik Slovakia Father of the Nation Politician, diplomat, aviator, astronomer, and one of the leading members of the Czechoslovak National Council. He contributed decisively to the cause of Czechoslovakian sovereignty. In 2019, Štefánik was selected as the "Greatest Slovak". The Milan Rastislav Štefánik Merit Act passed the parliament in the year 2000.[48][49]
Primož Trubar Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of Slovene and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan Somalia Father of the fatherland The emir of Dervish and Diiriye Guure.[50]
Kim Gu South Korea Father of the Nation
Nelson Mandela South Africa Tata wethu Father of the Nation First President of post-apartheid South Africa.[51]
Catholic Monarchs Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[52]
Johan Ferrier Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).
Gustav I of Sweden Sweden Landsfader Father of the Nation Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Per Albin Hansson[citation needed] Landsfader Father of the Nation Prime Minister 1932–1946 and founder of The People's Home.
Julius Nyerere Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania.[53]
Henry Alcazar, Victor Bryan, Tubal Uriah Butler, Rudranath Capildeo, Simbhoonath Capildeo, Arthur Andrew Cipriani, Albert Gomes, Solomon Hochoy, A. P. T. James, Audrey Jeffers, Ranjit Kumar, Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, Chanka Maharaj, Bhadase Sagan Maraj, Quintin O'Connor, Michael Pocock, Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine), Alfred Richards, Harold Robinson, Timothy Roodal, Lionel Seukeran, Ashford Sinanan, Mitra Sinanan, Sarran Teelucksingh, Louis de Verteuil, Gerald Wight, Eric Williams, Hugh Wooding[54] Trinidad and Tobago Moulders of the Nation[54] They helped shape the country's future as an independent nation and laid the foundation of democracy.[54]
Eric Williams Father of the Nation First and three-term Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to his death in 1981, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago from 1961 to 1966, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1956 to 1961, founder of the People's National Movement (PNM) and was instrumental in writing the Trinidad and Tobago constitution and gaining the country independence and republicanism from British rule.[55][56]
Habib Bourguiba Tunisia المجاهد الاكبر(Al mujehed al akbar) The Supreme Warrior Father of the independence of Tunisia and first President of Tunisia. He led the Tunisian national movement against France. After independence, he founded a modern state, built schools and hospitals and gave the Tunisian women rights that are still unique in the Arab World today.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks (always used as a last name and not a title proper) Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[57]
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ukraine Father of the Nation
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[58][59]
Father of the Nation of Great Britain

Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor
Nicholas Hilliard 020.jpg King James the Unifier

 United Kingdom King George VI Sealed Emperor of India, Father of the Nation, Late Father of War Time
Main articles: George III, Acts of Union 1707, Act of Union 1800, and Kingdom of Great Britain
King George VI was First Native King of the Commonwealth and House of Windsor. Father of the current Monarchy Respectively. King James VI decided to side-step the whole issue by unilaterally assuming the title of King of Great Britain by a Proclamation concerning the Kings Majesties Stile on the 20th of October in 1604 announcing that he did "assume to Our selfe by the cleerenesse of our Right, The Name and Stile of KING OF GREAT BRITTAINE, FRANCE AND IRELAND, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c." .
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers United States Founding Fathers[60][61] The Signers signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.
George Washington Father of his country[62][63] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[62][63] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, his resignation of command at the end of the war, the presidency of the Constitutional Convention and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya, Protector de los Pueblos Libres y Jefe de los orientales[64] Father of Uruguayan independence, Defender of the Free and Chief of the eastern people[65] Fought against the Spanish Royalists for independence in the Río de la Plata.
Ho Chi Minh Vietnam Người cha già của dân tộc Father of the people Leader of the Viet Minh, who fought for independence from France and decisively defeated them at the bloody Battle of Dien Bien Phu, resulting in the establishment of an independent communist state in North Vietnam in 1954. Vietnam would eventually be united under communist rule after his death with the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
Kenneth Kaunda Zambia Tata Father of the nation First president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He founded the Zambian African National Congress (ANC), later becoming the head of the United National Independence Party (UNIP which led to attaining independence.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Triulzi, Alessandro (1996). "African cities, historical memory, and street buzz". In Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti (ed.). The Post-colonial Question. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0415108578.
  2. ↑ Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. Algora Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-87586-417-1.
  3. ↑ Schatzberg, Michael G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see index, and esp. p. 8 & p. 213. ISBN 0-253-33992-8.
  4. ↑ Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. translated by Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 210. ISBN 0271023082.
  5. ↑ "Country profile: Bangladesh". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  6. ↑ Balogová, Beata (17 December 2007). "2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  7. ↑ Ganḍā, Singh (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Pub. House. p. 457. ISBN 9781402172786. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  8. ↑ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  9. ↑ Aḥmad Shah Durrānī. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version. 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  10. ↑ [1] Archived December 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ "The death of Jeffrey Thompson". Freeport News. The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009. it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the ৭ of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from the United Kingdom on July 10, 1973.
  12. ↑ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com. CARICOM. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2009. Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize
  13. ↑ "The Father of the Nation Turns 90". 7 News Belize. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009. Even Prime Minister Dean Barrow calls George Price the father of the nation[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ Yin, Xiong (2015). 至樂齋詩抄 第二部. p. 181. ISBN 9787516616048.
  15. ↑ Xie, Xuanjun (2017). 少数民族入主中国史略. p. 403. ISBN 9781387255351.
  16. ↑ "Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla". 27 June 2013.
  17. ↑ "Povijest Oca domovine" (in hrvatski). Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.His works are considered to have laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism and he is often referred to as "Father of the Homeland" by Croats.
  18. ↑ Hautrive, Iliana (10 October 2004). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2009. Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture. Central European University Press. p. 102. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.
  20. ↑ Sayer, Derek; Alena Sayer (2000). The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-05052-X.
  21. ↑ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 36 – 39, 41 – 42, 106 – 107, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
  22. ↑ "Gandhi Jayanti 2021: Inspirational quotes by 'Father of the Nation' Mahatma Gandhi". Firstpost. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  23. ↑ Sarti, Roland (2003). "Giuseppe Mazzini e la tradizione repubblicana". Almanacco della Repubblica: storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane (in italiano). Pearson. ISBN 9788842494997.
  24. ↑ Ugolini, Romano. Cento anni del Vittoriano 1911-2011 (in italiano). Gangemi.
  25. ↑ Perfetti, Francesco (2011). "I padri della Patria". Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. p. 2.
  26. ↑ O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The history of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3.
  27. ↑ "Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam". Mauritius Post Museum. Mauritius Post. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2009. Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence.
  28. ↑ "El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño". El Periodico de Mexico (in español). 15 September 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2009. Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana
  29. ↑ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325–1997. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
  30. ↑ "Genghis Khan". North Georgia College and State University. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament" (PDF). Government Gazette. Windhoek: Republic of Namibia (3567). 29 December 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2008. [dead link]
  32. ↑ The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft
  33. ↑ Bjørn Talen (9 May 1987). "Gratulerer, kjære landsmann!" (in norsk). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  34. ↑ "Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today". The News International. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008. Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation.[permanent dead link]
  35. ↑ "Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  36. ↑ "Sir Michael Somare, Papua New Guinea's 'Father of the Nation', dies aged 84". the Guardian. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  37. ↑ East, Roger; Richard Thomas (2003). "Papua New Guinea". Profiles of People in Power. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 1-85743-126-X.
  38. ↑ "Jose Rizal". Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  39. ↑ Anisimov, Evgeniy Viktorovich (1993). The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. translator John T. Alexander. M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. ISBN 1-56324-047-5.
  40. ↑ "Obituary: Sir John Compton". Daily Telegraph. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  41. ↑ "Saint Marinus". CatholicSaints.Info. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  42. ↑ Zorica Vulić (11 May 2000). "Ko je ovaj čovek?: Dobrica Ćosić" (in српски / srpski). Glas javnosti.
  43. ↑ Lukić, Svetlana Lukić & Svetlana Vuković (16 March 2007). "Injekcija za Srbe". B92: Peščanik. Archived from the original on 27 March 2007.
  44. ↑ "The Glasgow politician who became 'Father of the Nation'".
  45. ↑ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895–1988. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество – земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ...
  46. ↑ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
  47. ↑ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  48. ↑ Slov-lex. "402/2000 Z.z. – Zákon o zásluhách Milana Rastislava..." Slov-lex (in slovenčina). Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  49. ↑ a.s, Petit Press. "Anketu Najväčší Slovák vyhral Milan Rastislav Štefánik". kultura.sme.sk (in slovenčina). Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  50. ↑ Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa. p. 402. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
  51. ↑ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". Un.org. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  52. ↑ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
  53. ↑ Duval Smith, Alex (20 October 1999). "Tanzania weeps for father of the nation". The Independent. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "50th Anniversary of Independence of Trinidad and Tobago".
  55. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago Parliament". ttparliament.org. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  56. ↑ "Dr. Eric Williams: The Father of the Nation". Caribbean Life News. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  57. ↑ Parla, Taha; Andrew Davison (2004). Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?. Syracuse arUniversity Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0-8156-3054-9.
  58. ↑ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009. His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation.
  59. ↑ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 17 January 2009. He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation.
  60. ↑ "America's Founding Fathers". National Archives. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  61. ↑ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Grizzard (2002, pp. 105–107)
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Rupert Cornwell, "George Washington: The father of the nation" (January 17, 2009).
  64. ↑ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in español). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009. 1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850.
  65. ↑ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.

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Template:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups

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