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COVID-19 pandemic in India

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This article is about the epidemiology of COVID-19 pandemic. For the current quarantine, see COVID-19 lockdown in India.


The COVID-19 pandemic in India is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 in India, which originated from China, was reported on 30 January 2020.[5] India currently has the largest number of confirmed cases in Asia.[6] As of April 2021, India has the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the world (after the United States) with more than 17 million reported cases of COVID-19 infection and 195,123 deaths As of 26 April 2021.[7][8]

COVID-19 pandemic in India
India COVID-19 cases density map.svg
COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people by state, as of April 23
Map of confirmed cases
India COVID-19 confirmed cases map.svg
Map of confirmed cases
Map of active cases
India COVID-19 active cases map.svg
Map of active cases
Map of confirmed deaths
India COVID-19 deaths map.svg
Map of deaths due to the pandemic
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationIndia
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei, China[1]
Index caseThrissur, Kerala[2]
10°31′39″N 76°12′52″E / 10.5276°N 76.2144°E / 10.5276; 76.2144Coordinates: 10°31′39″N 76°12′52″E / 10.5276°N 76.2144°E / 10.5276; 76.2144
Date27 January 2020 – ongoing
(5 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)[3]
Confirmed cases17,313,163
Active cases2,813,658
Recovered14,304,382
Deaths
201,187
Territories
28 states and 8 union territories[4]
Government website
www.mohfw.gov.in
www.mygov.in/covid-19/

In July 2020, India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting said that the country's case fatality rate was among the lowest in the world at 2.41% and was "steadily declining".[9] By mid-May 2020, five cities accounted for around half of all reported cases in the country: Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Chennai and Thane.[10] The last region to report its first case was Lakshadweep, on 19 January 2021, nearly a year after the first reported case in India.[11] On 10 June, India's recoveries exceeded active cases for the first time.[12] Infection rates started to drop significantly in September, and the number of daily new cases and active cases started to decline rapidly.[13] Daily cases peaked mid-September with over 90,000 cases reported per-day, and came down to below 15,000 in January 2021 before rising again under a second wave from March 2021.

India began its vaccination programme on 16 January 2021, in what was described by The Hindu as the largest in the world.[14] India has authorised the British Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield), the Indian BBV152 (Covaxin) vaccine, and the Russian Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use.

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Health care and testing

COVID-19 Dashboard
Total samples tested[15] 279,321,177
Total positive cases 17,625,735
New samples tested 1,402,367
New Positive cases 319,435
New Positivity Rate 22.7%
Total active cases 2,882,513
Total deaths 197,880
Total recovered cases 14,545,342
People vaccinated 1st dose[16] 119,265,786
People vaccinated 2nd dose 22,645,437
As of April 26, 2021[17]
 
Do's & Don'ts of COVID-19 released by Government of India
 
A testing facility at the National Centre for Disease Control in Delhi
 
A sample collection kiosk for COVID-19 testing in Kerala

The Union Health Ministry's war room and policy making team in New Delhi consists of the ministry's Emergency Medical Response Unit, the Central Surveillance Unit (IDSP), the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and experts from three government hospitals.[18] They are part of policy decisions to decide how coronavirus should be tackled in the country.[18] A cluster-containment strategy is mainly being adopted, similar to how India contained previous epidemics, as well as "breaking the chain of transmission".[18][19][20] 15 labs across India led by the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, are testing for the virus, with more labs being trained, as of early March.[21] On 13 March, 52 labs were named capable of virus testing.[22]

On 14 March, scientists at the National Institute of Virology isolated a strain of the novel coronavirus. By doing so, India became the fifth country to successfully obtain a pure sample of the virus after China, Japan, Thailand and the US.[23] The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) said that isolation of the virus will help towards expediting the development of drugs, vaccines and rapid diagnostic kits in the country.[24] NIV has shared two SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences with GISAID.[25] On 16 April, China sent 650,000 testing kits to India[26] but their use was discontinued in view of a very low accuracy (of just 5.4%).[27] In May, National Institute of Virology introduced another antibody test kit ELISA for rapid testing, capable of processing 90 samples in a single run of 2.5 hours.[28]

Initial testing

Initially, the labs tested samples only from those with a travel history to 12 countries designated as high-risk, or those who had come in contact with anyone testing positive for the coronavirus, or showing symptoms as per the government guidelines.[29][30] On 20 March, the government decided to also include all pneumonia cases, regardless of travel or contact history after the country saw a sharp increase in the number of cases.[31] The first and second confirmatory tests for the virus has been made free by the government.[32] On 9 April, ICMR further revised the testing strategy and allowed testing of the people showing symptoms for a week in the hotspot areas of the country, regardless of travel history or local contact to a patient.[33]

The Ministry of Health said that only 10 per cent of test capacity had been used per day till 15 March,[32] claiming that the number of tests was enough. However experts thought they were not, saying that community transmission may go undetected without adequate testing.[34] They also wanted to add more testing centres by including private laboratories.[34][30] In mid-March the government authorised accredited private labs to test for the virus.[35]

Expansion of tests

On 17 March, the Union Ministry of Health had decided to allow private pathology labs to test for COVID-19. The ministry official claimed that by allowing private labs, the work of testing can be doubled. The ministry said that National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accredited laboratories may soon be allowed.[36] Once set up, a person can get COVID-19 test done at a private lab after a qualified physician in a government facility recommends it.[37] The ICMR has appealed to the private labs to offer the tests for free as the government labs do.[36]

On 18 March, a top health ministry official said that a Swiss private company named Roche Diagnostics has been given the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency approval to conduct tests for coronavirus. The Indian regulator has given them a licence to conduct diagnostic tests of the virus on 17 March.[38] The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) was assessing giving another firm licence while two Indian diagnostic companies have also sought approval for the coronavirus testing kits developed by them.[39] The government has also issued guidelines to cap the cost of sample testing by private labs at ₹4,500.[40]

On 19 March, Ramanan Laxminarayan, director of the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy stated that India could be facing a "tsunami of cases within a few weeks" as testing increases and the reason for the low number of confirmed cases currently is due to under-testing. He also said that according to mathematical models applied in the US or UK at least 20%–60% of the population will be affected. Applying the same models in India means that at the lower end of the estimate there could be 300 million cases of which 4–8 million could be severe.[41]

111 additional labs for testing became functional on 21 March.[42] On 24 March, Pune-based molecular diagnostic company Mylab Discovery Solutions became the first Indian company to have received validation for its RT-PCR tests from National Institute of Virology and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The test takes 2.5 hours and the company is looking to price it at around ₹1,200 (US$14), or Rs 80,000 for a 100 test kit.[43][44]

In April, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology of Delhi had developed low cost paper-strip test that could detect COVID-19 within an hour. Each test would cost ₹500 (US$5.70) and method could fulfill India's rapid need of testing.[45]

On 13 April, ICMR advised pool testing in the low infection areas with a positivity rate less than 2% to increase the capacity of the testing and save resources. In this process maximum five samples are tested at once and samples are tested individually only if a pool tests positive.[46] Andaman and Nicobar Islands[47] and Uttar Pradesh[48] have started doing pool testing.

On 14 April, ICMR and DGCI approved 18 new suppliers of test kits that included three Indian firms, bringing the total suppliers to 51.[49]

On 16 April, 650,000 rapid antibody test and RNA extraction kits were dispatched from China, and over 2 million kits were to be sent in next 15 days.[27] On 21 April, Health department of West Bengal alleged that large number of testing kits supplied by ICMR-NICED (National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases) were giving inconclusive results. ICMR-NICED admitted that there was problem in the kits and said that they are addressing the issue.[50] While Rajasthan stopped using rapid testing kits as they were giving low accuracy of 5.4% in compared to expected 90% accuracy.[51] Later, ICMR advised all states to stop using rapid testing kits for next two days until their on-ground teams validates these kits.[52] Rapid antibody test kits were put on hold till further notice. The Chinese manufactures of the rapid testing kits said that the testing kits were approved by ICMR and the problem is not with the kits but with the way they were being used. However, Chinese manufacturers promised to cooperate with Indian authorities to resolve the issue.[53][54] Amid this, ICMR asked states to return the faulty kits which will be sent back to the Chinese suppliers and cancelled the order of all remaining kits.[55][56][57]

Testing community transmission

Testing for community transmission began on 15 March. 65 laboratories of the Department of Health Research and the Indian Council of Medical Research (DHR-ICMR) have started testing random samples of people who exhibit flu-like symptoms and samples from patients without any travel history or contact with infected persons.[58][59] As of 18 March, no evidence of community transmission was found after results of 500 random samples tested negative.[60] Between 15 February and 2 April, 5,911 SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses) patients were tested throughout the country of which, 104 tested positive (1.8%) in 20 states and union territories. About 40% of the identified patients did not have travel history or any history of contact with a positive patient.[61] The ICMR advised to prioritize containment in the 36 districts of 15 states which had reported positive cases among SARI patients.[62] Till the third quarter of the year, India had attained the highest number of daily tests in the world.[63]

Research and treatment

 
The Member (Health), NITI Aayog Dr. Vinod K. Paul along with the Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Shri Rajesh Bhushan and other officials are addressing a press conference on COVID-19, in New Delhi on October 13, 2020.
 
A poster showing the COVID-19 combat mission of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

In Rajasthan, a combination of anti-malaria, anti-swine flu and anti-HIV drugs resulted in the recovery of three patients in March 2020.[64] In the same month, the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Cipla launched a joint venture to develop anti-COVID-19 drugs.[65] Another Indian firm, Stempeutics, announced plans to introduce a stem cell-based agent for treating critical COVID-19 patients.[66] Following randomized clinical trials, another Indian firm Biocon got its novel biologic therapy by use of a newly formulated intravenous drug for treatment of patients.[67]

In March, a startup incubated in Pune's Sci-Tech Park introduced 'Airon', a negative ion generator capable of reducing a room's viral load by 99.7%.[68] In April, funds for a number of preventive agents were released to initiate research.[69][70]

On 23 March, the National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the ICMR recommended the use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of high-risk cases.[71]

According to estimates, India has around 40,000 ventilators, of which 8,432 are with the public sector.[72] Various Indian PSUs, firms and startups, including DRDO and ISRO, have since repurposed their production lines to manufacture general PPEs, full body suits and ventilators. They are also designing low-cost or mobile medical equipment.[73][74][75][76] The focus was to increase the production of low-cost, compact and portable ventilators that could cater to multiple patients at a time. This led to the creation of some of the world's smallest and cheapest ventilators.[77] The government aims to double the current capacity of ventilators by June 2020 with the assistance from PSUs. The government has also requested major private automakers to explore the possibility of manufacturing ventilators at their plants.[78] Maruti Suzuki, in collaboration with AgVa Healthcare, will supply 10,000 ventilators till end of the May.[79] From nil in near past, India was producing around 200,000 PPE kits and 250,000 N95 masks per day in May 2020.[80] By second half of month, India had emerged as world's second largest producer of PPE body coveralls.[81]

The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology has been working on genome sequencing of COVID-19.[82] In May, CCMB also started a partnership with a private company Eyestem Research to grow novel coronavirus strain in human lung epithelial cells for research and trials of anti-viral drugs.[83]

On 12 April, the ICMR invited health institutions and hospitals to participate in trials of convalescent plasma therapy and plasma exchange therapy. Later, the ICMR submitted a list of such institutes to the DCGI to start trials,[84] which the DCGI approved.[85] Several states were allowed by ICMR to start clinical trials of the plasma therapy.[86][87] In Delhi, a 49-year-old man who was on ventilator support became the first patient in the country, who recovered through plasma therapy in April.[88] Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal said that the initial results of the plasma therapy treatment on four patients gave positive and encouraging results, adding that they had decided to conduct it on three more patients.[89] However, the ICMR later stated that there is no robust evidence to support convalescent plasma therapy as a routine therapy, describing it is as an emerging and experimental therapy. It has some risks, which include life-threatening allergies and lung injuries. The ICMR have since started multi-centre clinical trials to ensure the treatment's safety and efficacy in treating COVID-19 patients across the country.[90]

In June 2020, India approved the repurposing of a generic version of the antiviral medication favipiravir, manufactured by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals under the branding "FabiFlu" for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms.[91] India later approved generic versions by Cipla and the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Jenburkt, and Lupin Limited at lower costs than FabiFlu.[92][93]

On 23 April 2021, Cadila Healthcare received an emergency authorisation to repurpose Peginterferon alfa-2b, a medication used to treat hepatitis C, as a treatment for moderate COVID-19 in adults.[94]

Vaccination

Main article: COVID-19 vaccination in India
 
Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on 2 January 2021.

In September 2020, federal science minister Harsh Vardhan stated that the country planned to have a COVID-19 vaccine approved within the first quarter of 2021.[95] 30 million health workers directly dealing with COVID patients, especially doctors and other medical personnel, were to be prioritised as part of Phase 1.[96]

On 1 January 2021, the Drug Controller General of India granted an emergency use authorisation to the British Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, which is being produced locally by the Serum Institute of India under the trade name "Covishield" for domestic use and export.[97][98][99][100][101]

On 2 January, the country also approved BBV152 (Covaxin), a domestic vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Institute of Virology.[102] This approval was met with some concern, as the vaccine had not then completed phase 3 trials.[103]

India officially launched its vaccination program on 16 January, Over 160,000 doses were administered on the first day.[104]

Due to the second wave, in late-March 2021 the country placed a hold on all exports of the AstraZeneca vaccine in order to meet local demand.[100] In April 2021, India approved the Russian Sputnik V vaccine.[105]

Response

Immediate relief

On 19 March, Kerala chief minister (CM) Pinarayi Vijayan announced a stimulus package of ₹20,000 crore (US$2.3 billion) to help the state overcome both the COVID-19 epidemic and economic hardship caused by it.[106] On 21 March, Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath announced ₹1,000 (US$11) to all daily wage labourers.[107] On 22 March, Punjab CM Amarinder Singh announced ₹3,000 (US$34) to all registered construction workers.[108] Telangana CM K. Chandrashekar Rao announced that white ration card holders will be provided ₹1,500 (US$17) per family through ration shops.[109] On 26 March, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced an economic relief package of ₹1.7 lakh crore (US$20 billion), which would be a mix of food security and direct cash transfer, primarily for migrant labourers and daily wage labourers.[110] Prime Minister's National Relief Fund received several donations – ₹3,381 crore (US$390 million) from the Central Reserve Police Force,[111][112] and a month's salary from Vice-President Venkaiah Naidu, Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad and NCP's MPs.[113][114]

NCP President Sharad Pawar announced that his party's MLAs would donate their one month's salary to Maharashtra CM's Relief Fund.[114] RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das permitted all banks to provide a moratorium on all loans for three months without having to worry about NPAs and keeping their books healthy. He also laid down various measures for injecting ₹3.74 lakh crore (US$43 billion) liquidity into the system.[115] Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi donated ₹51 crore (US$5.9 million) to Maharashtra CM's relief fund.[116] The Union Government released ₹4,431 crore (US$510 million) pay off the pending wages of daily wage labourers who come under MGNREGA scheme.[117][118] In Delhi, Arvind Kejriwal announced that if a doctor, nurse or hygiene worker dies during treatment, their family will be provided ₹1 crore (US$110,000).[119] Karnataka chief minister B. S. Yeddyurappa announced ₹16.1 billion (US$180 million) relief for unorganized sectors including flower growers, washermen and women, barbers, construction workers, auto and cab drivers, MSMEs, and weavers.[120]

The outbreak has been declared an epidemic in more than a dozen states and union territories, where provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 have been invoked, leading to the temporary closure of educational and commercial establishments. All tourist visas were suspended in March, as many of the earliest confirmed cases were individuals who had travelled from foreign countries.[121]

Central government response

In mid-March 2020, a number of cities and states announced that they would restrict public gatherings, dine-in restaurants, or order the closure of various non-essential businesses through 31 March to slow the spread of COVID-19, including the capital Delhi,[122][123][124] Lucknow,[125] Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur,[126][127][128] Punjab,[129][130] and Rajasthan.[131][132] On 19 March 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi asked all Indians to observe a 14-hour Janata curfew ("people's curfew") on 22 March, and to thank essential workers by clapping or ringing bells at 5 p.m. outside their homes.[133][134] The curfew was used to evaluate the feasibility of a national lockdown, but the call for Indians to honour essential workers resulted in celebratory crowds—directly contradicting the spirit of the Janata curfew.[135][134][136]

On 24 March, with 519 confirmed cases and 9 deaths in the country,[137] Prime Minister Modi announced that India would be placed under a "total lockdown" for at least three weeks. All non-critical businesses and services were ordered closed except for hospitals, grocery stores, and pharmacies, and there was a "total ban" on leaving the home for non-essential purposes. All public transport was suspended.[138][135][136] Based on the number of deaths at the time they were announced, India imposed strict measures earlier than a number of other countries.[139] It was stated that the country needed consistent, national measures, and NITI Aayog vice chairman Rajiv Kumar stated that the lockdown was imposed "after consultations with everyone."[137] In late-March 2021, BBC News reported that the lockdown was imposed without evidence of consultation with the offices of the chief minister or governor in several states, nor the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).[137]

On 26 March, finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced free gas cylinders for three months will be provided to beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.[140] On 14 April, Modi announced that the lockdown would be extended to 3 May, but with plans to begin relaxing some restrictions after 20 April in regions where COVID-19 transmission was minimal or contained.[141] On 16 April, districts were divided into zones using a colour-coded tier system based on incidence rates, classified as a "Red" (hotspot), "Orange", or "Green" (little to no transmission) zone. All of India's major cities fell into Red zones.[142] Beginning 20 April, agricultural businesses and stores selling farming supplies were allowed to resume operation, as well as public works programmes, cargo transport, and banks and government centres distributing benefits.[143]

On 1 May, the lockdown order was extended to a third phase through 17 May, with some relaxation and changes based on zones. Public gatherings and the operation of railway services, educational institutions, malls, cinemas, and places of worship remained prohibited, and all zones were subject to a curfew for non-essential movement between 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. nightly. Offices could operate at 33% capacity, with all other employees required to work from home. All private and government employees were required to use the government contact tracing app Aarogya Setu. In orange zones, taxis were allowed to operate with two passengers and one driver, and in green zones bus service could resume at 50% capacity, and all other activities could resume unless otherwise prohibited nationwide.[144]

On 17 May, the lockdown was extended into a fourth phase through 31 May, with some changes. All existing nationwide prohibitions remained in force, but other activities could resume nationwide unless otherwise prohibited. Inter-state travel would be permitted with consent of the applicable state or union territory, markets could operate with capacity restrictions, and sports would be allowed to resume, but spectators were prohibited. States were also given greater power in determining their districts' zone classification.[145][146][147] The country began a phased lifting of restrictions on 8 June.[148]

PM CARES Fund

Main article: PM CARES Fund

On 28 March 2020, the Prime Minister's Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) was set up to provide relief to those impacted by COVID-19.[149] Several large business groups[150][151][152][153] and PSUs contributed to the relief fund.[154][155] On 13 May, the fund announced its first allocation of ₹3,100 crore (US$360 million), would be used to fund the local manufacturing of ventilators, and provide support for migrant workers impacted by the pandemic.[156][157]

Rations

On 21 March, Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal increased free ration from 5 kilograms to 7.5 kilograms for the 7.2 million people who are dependent on the ration scheme.[158] On 22 March, Karnataka CM BS Yediyurappa announced two months of free ration for all the people.[159] Andhra Pradesh CM Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy announced free ration for the poor.[160] Telangana CM announced that white ration card holders will be provided with 12 kilograms of free rice per person (against a monthly supply of 6 kilograms per card person) through ration shops. On 23 March, Bihar CM Nitish Kumar announced one month of free ration for all ration card holders.[161][162]

On 25 March, Union Minister Prakash Javadekar announced that 80 crore people would be given wheat at the rate of Rs 2 per kg, and rice at Rs 3 per kg. He also said that three months ration advance would be given.[163]

On 21 April, Arvind Kejriwal announced that 1 crore people would be given free rations in Delhi.[164]

On 23 April 2021, Narendra Modi announced providing 5kg of food grains for the duration of two months under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana to benefit an estimated 800 million people.[165]

Masks and supplies

On 25 March 2020, Vivo said that they would be donating 100,000 surgical and 5,000 N95 masks to Maharashtra government.[166] On 26 March, former Indian cricketers, Irfan Pathan and Yusuf Pathan, made a donation of 4,000 masks.[167]

On 28 March 2020, Hyundai India announced an order placement for 25,000 COVID-19 Advanced Diagnostic Testing Kits from South Korea.[168]

As of 3 April 2020, Indian Railways had produced total of 2 lakh (200,000) masks and 25,000 sanitisers.[169]

Premier universities in India such as National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli,[170] National Institute of Technology Karnataka,[171] National Institute of Technology Warangal,[172] Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,[173] Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur[174] and Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad[175] had prepared hand sanitisers and in their laboratories and started distributing to people.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Sheikh, Knvul; Rabin, Roni Caryn (10 March 2020). "The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  2. ↑ "Kerala confirmed first novel coronavirus case in India". India Today. 30 January 2020.
  3. ↑ Reid, David (30 January 2020). "India confirms its first coronavirus case". CNBC. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  4. ↑ "Home | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | GOI". mohfw.gov.in. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  5. ↑ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (30 January 2020). "India's first coronavirus infection confirmed in Kerala". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  6. ↑ "India most infected by Covid-19 among Asian countries, leaves Turkey behind". Hindustan Times. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  7. ↑ "#IndiaFightsCorona COVID-19". MyGov.in. Govt of India. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "India's COVID crisis 'beyond heartbreaking': WHO". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  9. ↑ "CoVID news by MIB". Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via Twitter.[non-primary source needed]
  10. ↑ "Infections over 1 lakh, five cities with half the cases: India's coronavirus story so far". The Week. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "Nearly a year after Covid-19 outbreak in India, Lakshadweep reports its first-ever case". India Today. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  12. ↑ Shivani Kumar (10 June 2020). "Covid-19: Number of recoveries exceed active cases for first time". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  13. ↑ "With very high COVID-19 testing, India's positivity rate fallen below 8%: MoHFW". The Economic Times. 18 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  14. ↑ "World's largest vaccination programme begins in India on January 16". The Hindu. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  15. ↑ "Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi". www.icmr.gov.in. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "MoHFW | Home". www.mohfw.gov.in. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "#IndiaFightsCorona COVID-19". MyGov.in. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Sharma, Sanchita (5 March 2020). "How conference hall at health ministry emerged as coronavirus-control war-room". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Delhi declares coronavirus as epidemic as India reports first death from infection". The Week. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  20. ↑ "COVID-19: 'We Can Push This Virus Back,' WHO Leader Says Of Coronavirus". NPR. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  21. ↑ Biswas, Soutik (7 March 2020). "Is India prepared for a coronavirus outbreak?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  22. ↑ "Coronavirus test in India: Complete list of testing sites for coronavirus in India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Durgesh, N. "Coronavirus cases in India: Fewer cases, but India becomes 5th country to isolate coronavirus | India News". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  24. ↑ Sharma, Neetu Chandra (13 March 2020). "India becomes fifth country to isolate Covid-19 virus strain". Livemint. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  25. ↑ Prasad, R. (7 March 2020). "Coronavirus | India shares two SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  26. ↑ "China dispatches 650,000 medical kits to India to fight COVID-19: Indian envoy". The Economic Times. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "China dispatches 6.5 lakh medical kits to India to fight coronavirus". India Today. Press Trust of India. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  28. ↑ "National Institute of Virology develops 1st indigenous Elisa test kit for Covid-19: Harsh Vardhan". The Times of India. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "India needs a more aggressive testing regimen for coronavirus: Experts". Hindustan Times. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Krishnan, Vidya. "Public-health experts raise concerns about India's restricted testing for COVID-19". The Caravan. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  31. ↑ "Covid-19 testing in India extended to all pneumonia cases: Govt". The Indian Express. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "First and second confirmatory tests for COVID-19 are free: Sanjeeva Kumar". ANI News. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  33. ↑ "Coronavirus Testing Strategy Revised in India, Ambit Widened". NDTV.com. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Is India testing enough for coronavirus cases?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  35. ↑ Jha, Durgesh Nandan (17 March 2020). "Coronavirus testing lab: Accredited private labs to be allowed to test for Covid-19". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Metropolis among private labs short-listed for coronavirus testing". The Hindu.
  37. ↑ "Health Ministry to allow accredited private labs to conduct tests for coronavirus". Deccan Herald. 17 March 2020.
  38. ↑ "Roche Diagnostics India first private firm to get COVID-19 test approval". India Today.
  39. ↑ "Roche Diagnostics India First Private Firm to Get COVID-19 Test Approval". news18. 18 March 2020.
  40. ↑ "Coronavirus test should not cost more than Rs 4,500: Government to private labs". The Economic Times. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  41. ↑ "India must prepare for a tsunami of cases". BBC. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  42. ↑ "111 labs for testing coronavirus will be functional across India from today: Health Ministry". India Today.
  43. ↑ "Pune based Mylab becomes first Indian company to get Covid-19 test kits validated". The Economic Times. 24 March 2020.
  44. ↑ "India can double coronavirus test kits to 200,000 in a week, thanks to Pune-based Mylabs". Business Standard.
  45. ↑ Choudhury, Srishti (2 April 2020). "India's first paper-strip test for Covid-19, CSIR lab makes a breakthrough". LiveMint. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
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