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{{Short description|Kannada poet (902–955)}} | |||
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2016}} | {{use dmy dates|date=April 2016}} | ||
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}} | {{use Indian English|date=April 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| | | image = | ||
| | | caption = The renowned Kannada Poet, Adikavi Pampa | ||
| | | honorific_prefix = ''Adikavi'' | ||
| birth_date = | | name = Pampa | ||
| death_date = | | birth_date = 902 | ||
| occupation = Poet | | birth_place = [[Annigeri]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] (present-day [[Annigeri]], [[Dharwad]], District, Karnataka, India) | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|955|||902|||df=yes}} | |||
| death_place = [[Bodhan]], [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] (present-day [[Bodhan]], Telangana, India) | |||
| occupation = [[Jain]] Poet | |||
| works = ''[[Ādipurāṇa]]'' <br> ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya|Vikramārjuna Vijaya]]'' also known as ''Pampa Bhārata'' | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Pampa''' ( | '''Pampa''' (902–955), also referred to by the honorific '''Ādikavi''' (Poet of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]] purana), was a [[Kannada literature|Kannada]]-language [[Jain]] poet whose works reflected his philosophical beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature |publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=1995|isbn=0-87779-042-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/853 853] |url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration }}</ref> He was a court poet of [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II]], who was a feudatory of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] Emperor [[Krishna III]]. Pampa is best known for his epics {{Lang|kn-latn|[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya|Vikramārjuna Vijaya]]}} or ''Pampa Bharata'', and the "''Ādi purāṇa"'', both written in the ''[[champu]]'' style around {{Circa|939}}. These works served as the model for all future ''champu'' works in Kannada. | ||
The works of Jain writers Pampa | The works of Jain writers Pampa celebrated as one of the “three gems” (Ratnatraya) of classical "[[Kannada literature]]" alongside Sri [[Ponna (poet)]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)]].<ref>Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). ''A History of South India''. Oxford University Press. p. 320.</ref> heralded the 10th century era of [[medieval Kannada literature]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000|isbn=0-85229-760-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&q=Adikavi+Pampa&pg=PA78 }}</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Pampa was born around 902 in the Vengi region (present-day Andhra Pradesh) into a [[Jain]] family.<ref>Rice, E. P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly described simply as a "Brahmin," his family followed a [[Jain Brahmans]] tradition, which was also present in Jainism. also called Jain Pandits<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.</ref>—which had its own priestly and scholarly roles devoted to Jain worship and philosophy.<ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref> Also he wrote [[Adipurana]] (Adinath Purana) about the first Tirthankara of [[Jainism]].<ref>Rice, E. P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.</ref> their actual place of origin and native is debated. According to the trilingual inscription (in [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) installed by Pampa's younger brother Jinavallabha at Bommalamma Gutta in Kurikiyala village, Gangadharam mandal (in modern-day [[Telangana]]), his father was Abhimanadevaraya (also known as Bhimappayya) and mother was Abbanabbe. It also indicated that his grandfather was Abhimanachandra who belonged to the Jain [[Brahmin]] (Jain Pandits) and hailed from Vangiparru in [[Kammanadu]] in present-day Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140926/nation-current-affairs/article/bommalagutta-cries-attention|title=Bommalagutta cries for attention|date=2014-09-26|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref><ref>Kevala Bodhi: Buddhist and Jaina History of the Deccan, Vol. 2, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2004; p. 292</ref><ref>Epigraphia Andhrica, Vol. 2, p. 27; Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1969</ref><ref>Samskrti sandhana, Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna, 2000; Vol. 13, p. 152</ref> | |||
In the eastern Deccan ruled by Chalukyas of Vengi and Vemulavada was considered as Kannada speaking territory under the rule of Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, renowned Kannada poets like Pampa and Ponna hailed from Vengi. Kannada dynasties like Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas had dominated the whole of Deccan and the influence of the Kannada language was felt from the Kaveri and Godavari and even beyond.{{sfn|Kamat|2002|p=6}} Hence there were many Kannada families residing in modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and Pampa was one of them. According to the modern Jain scholar [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]] ("Hampana"), Pampa was born in Annigeri, spent his early childhood on the banks of the nearby [[Varada|Varada river]] and his mother Abbanabbe was the granddaughter of Joyisa Singha of [[Annigeri]] in the modern [[Dharwad district]] of Karnataka state. Frequent descriptions of the beauty of the [[Banavasi]] region (in the modern [[Uttara Kannada district]]) and even the sprinkling (''abhisheka'') of water from the Varada river on Arjuna's head during his coronation in Pampa's epic ''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'' testifies to the poet's attachment to the Banavasi region.<ref name="varada">Hampana in K. E. Radhakrishna, p.21 (2010), ''KANNADA : PAMPADYAYANA'', Chapter: "Pampa: Apogee of Kannada literature", {{ISBN|978-81-280-1192-4}}</ref> Through the lines ''aarankusamittodam nenevudenna manam banvaasi deshamam'' and ''puttidirdode maridumbiyaagi men kogileyaagi nandanavanadol banavaasi deshadol'' he has expressed his deep attachment towards [[Banavasi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka's oldest town: Banavasi Desham |url=https://www.enidhi.net/2021/04/banavasi-desham-uk-temple-details.html}}</ref> | |||
{{Kannada poets in Rashtrakuta Empire}} | {{Kannada poets in Rashtrakuta Empire}} | ||
==Poetic life== | ==Poetic life== | ||
A well-travelled man, he settled down as the court poet of King Arikesari II. Flattered by his knowledge and poetic abilities, Arikesari (who possessed the title Gunarnava) conferred on him the title ''Kavita Gunarnava''. At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, ''Ādi purāṇa'', in 941, and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=29}} | A well-travelled man, he settled down as the court poet of King Arikesari II. Flattered by his knowledge and poetic abilities, Arikesari (who possessed the title Gunarnava) conferred on him the title ''Kavita Gunarnava''. At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, ''Ādi purāṇa'', in 941, and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=29}} | ||
==Adipurana== | ==Adipurana== | ||
The ''Ādi purāṇa'', written in the ''champu'' style, a mixed form of prose and verse, is a Kannada version of the Sanskrit work by [[Jinasena]] and details in sixteen cantos the life of the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], [[ | The ''Ādi purāṇa'', written in the ''champu'' style, a mixed form of prose and verse, is a Kannada version of the Sanskrit work by [[Jinasena]] and details in sixteen cantos the life of the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], [[Rishabhanath]]. The work focuses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of [[moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]. In the work, Pampa describes the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers ''[[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]]'' and ''[[Bahubali]]'', sons of Rishabha. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jain ''puranas'' of Middle Ages found a role model in this work.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} | ||
{{ | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | {{wikisource|works=or|lang=kn|ಪಂಪಭಾರತ|Vikramarjuna Vijaya}} | ||
* {{internetarchive|Adipurana|Adipurana|lang=kn}} | * {{internetarchive|Adipurana|Adipurana|lang=kn}} | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pampa, Adikavi}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Pampa, Adikavi}} | ||
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]] | [[Category:Poets from Karnataka]] | ||
[[Category:Kannada poets]] | [[Category:Kannada poets]] | ||
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain poets]] | [[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]] | ||
[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]] | |||
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]] | |||
[[Category:Rashtrakuta people]] | |||
[[Category:Kannada people]] | [[Category:Kannada people]] | ||
[[Category:Indian male poets]] | [[Category:Indian male poets]] | ||
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]] | |||
[[Category:902 births]] | |||
[[Category:955 deaths]] | |||
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]] | |||
[[Category:Indian Jains]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:32, 28 February 2026
Adikavi Pampa | |
|---|---|
| Born | 902 |
| Died | 955 (aged 52–53) |
| Occupation | Jain Poet |
Works | Ādipurāṇa Vikramārjuna Vijaya also known as Pampa Bhārata |
Pampa (902–955), also referred to by the honorific Ādikavi (Poet of Adinath purana), was a Kannada-language Jain poet whose works reflected his philosophical beliefs.[1] He was a court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari II, who was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna III. Pampa is best known for his epics Vikramārjuna Vijaya or Pampa Bharata, and the "Ādi purāṇa", both written in the champu style around c. 939. These works served as the model for all future champu works in Kannada.
The works of Jain writers Pampa celebrated as one of the “three gems” (Ratnatraya) of classical "Kannada literature" alongside Sri Ponna (poet) and Ranna (Kannada poet).[2] heralded the 10th century era of medieval Kannada literature.[3]
Early life[edit | edit source]
Pampa was born around 902 in the Vengi region (present-day Andhra Pradesh) into a Jain family.[4] Though sometimes mistakenly described simply as a "Brahmin," his family followed a Jain Brahmans tradition, which was also present in Jainism. also called Jain Pandits[5]—which had its own priestly and scholarly roles devoted to Jain worship and philosophy.[6] Also he wrote Adipurana (Adinath Purana) about the first Tirthankara of Jainism.[7] their actual place of origin and native is debated. According to the trilingual inscription (in Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu) installed by Pampa's younger brother Jinavallabha at Bommalamma Gutta in Kurikiyala village, Gangadharam mandal (in modern-day Telangana), his father was Abhimanadevaraya (also known as Bhimappayya) and mother was Abbanabbe. It also indicated that his grandfather was Abhimanachandra who belonged to the Jain Brahmin (Jain Pandits) and hailed from Vangiparru in Kammanadu in present-day Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.[8][9][10][11]
In the eastern Deccan ruled by Chalukyas of Vengi and Vemulavada was considered as Kannada speaking territory under the rule of Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, renowned Kannada poets like Pampa and Ponna hailed from Vengi. Kannada dynasties like Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas had dominated the whole of Deccan and the influence of the Kannada language was felt from the Kaveri and Godavari and even beyond.[12] Hence there were many Kannada families residing in modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and Pampa was one of them. According to the modern Jain scholar Hampa Nagarajaiah ("Hampana"), Pampa was born in Annigeri, spent his early childhood on the banks of the nearby Varada river and his mother Abbanabbe was the granddaughter of Joyisa Singha of Annigeri in the modern Dharwad district of Karnataka state. Frequent descriptions of the beauty of the Banavasi region (in the modern Uttara Kannada district) and even the sprinkling (abhisheka) of water from the Varada river on Arjuna's head during his coronation in Pampa's epic Vikramarjuna Vijaya testifies to the poet's attachment to the Banavasi region.[13] Through the lines aarankusamittodam nenevudenna manam banvaasi deshamam and puttidirdode maridumbiyaagi men kogileyaagi nandanavanadol banavaasi deshadol he has expressed his deep attachment towards Banavasi.[14] Template:Kannada poets in Rashtrakuta Empire
Poetic life[edit | edit source]
A well-travelled man, he settled down as the court poet of King Arikesari II. Flattered by his knowledge and poetic abilities, Arikesari (who possessed the title Gunarnava) conferred on him the title Kavita Gunarnava. At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, Ādi purāṇa, in 941, and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition.[15]
Adipurana[edit | edit source]
The Ādi purāṇa, written in the champu style, a mixed form of prose and verse, is a Kannada version of the Sanskrit work by Jinasena and details in sixteen cantos the life of the first Tirthankara of Jainism, Rishabhanath. The work focuses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of moksha. In the work, Pampa describes the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers Bharata and Bahubali, sons of Rishabha. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jain puranas of Middle Ages found a role model in this work.[citation needed]
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- T.K. Tukol. "Jainism in South India" (DOC).
- Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1180. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 853. ISBN 0-87779-042-6.
- ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. p. 320.
- ↑ Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p. 78. ISBN 0-85229-760-2.
- ↑ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ↑ Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–20.
- ↑ Desai, P.B. (1957). Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.
- ↑ Rice, E. P. (1921). A History of Kannada Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47.
- ↑ "Bommalagutta cries for attention". Deccan Chronicle. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ Kevala Bodhi: Buddhist and Jaina History of the Deccan, Vol. 2, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2004; p. 292
- ↑ Epigraphia Andhrica, Vol. 2, p. 27; Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1969
- ↑ Samskrti sandhana, Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṃskr̥ti Śodha Saṃsthāna, 2000; Vol. 13, p. 152
- ↑ Kamat 2002, p. 6.
- ↑ Hampana in K. E. Radhakrishna, p.21 (2010), KANNADA : PAMPADYAYANA, Chapter: "Pampa: Apogee of Kannada literature", ISBN 978-81-280-1192-4
- ↑ "Karnataka's oldest town: Banavasi Desham".
- ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 29.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Kamat, Suryanath U (2002) [1980]. A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. ISBN 81-206-09778.
- Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1999). A history of south India : from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar (4. ed., 17 impr. (with introduction). ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
External links[edit | edit source]
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