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{{Short description|Hindustani classical music raga}}
{{for|the thaat that this raga belongs to|Khamaj (thaat)}}
{{for|the thaat that this raga belongs to|Khamaj (thaat)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox raga
{{Infobox raga
| name          = Khamaj
| name          = Khamaj
| image_name    =
| image_name    = Brooklyn Museum - Kamod Ragini.jpg
| image_alt    =
| image_alt    =
| thaat        = [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]]
| thaat        = [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]]
| type          = Shadava-sampurna
| type          = Shadava-sampurna
| time          = Late night, 12–3{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| time          = Late night, 9–12{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| season        =
| season        =
| arohana      = {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|D|N|S'}}
| arohana      = {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|D|N|S'}}
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'''Khamaj''' ({{IAST3|Khamāj}}) is a [[Hindustani classical|Hindustani classical Music]] [[raga]] within the [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]] [[thaat]] which is named after it.
'''Khamaj''' ({{IAST3|Khamāj}}) is a [[Hindustani classical|Hindustani classical Music]] [[raga]] within the [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]] [[thaat]] which is named after it.


Many [[ghazal]]s and [[thumris]] are based on Khamaj. It utilises the shuddha (pure) form of Ni on the ascent, and the komala (flat) form of Ni on the descent, creating a key asymmetry in compositional and improvisational performance. This raga has been explored more in the lighter forms of Hindustani Classical Music such as [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]] etc. Yet a many compositions in [[Dhrupad]] and [[Khyal|Khayal]] are found as well.
Many [[ghazal]]s and [[thumris]] are based on Khamaj. It utilises the shuddha (pure) form of Ni on the ascent, and the komala (flat) form of Ni on the descent, creating a key asymmetry in compositional and improvisational performance. This raga has been explored more in the lighter forms of Hindustani Classical Music such as [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]] etc. Having said that, many compositions in [[Dhrupad]] and [[Khyal|Khayal]] are found as well. [[Harikambhoji]] is the equivalent rāgam in [[Carnatic music]].


==Theory [Raag Shashtra]==
==Theory [Raag Shashtra]==
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*Sudhi Bisara Gayi...([[Sadra (music)|Sadra]] form – in 10 beat cycle of [[Jhaptal]]. Sung by [[Abdul Karim Khan]] of [[Kirana Gharana]])
*Sudhi Bisara Gayi...([[Sadra (music)|Sadra]] form – in 10 beat cycle of [[Jhaptal]]. Sung by [[Abdul Karim Khan]] of [[Kirana Gharana]])
*"Ban Ban Dhunda liyo banvari......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Māthura|first=Nītā.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769743702|title=Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana|date=2011|publisher=Rādhā Pablikeśansa|isbn=81-7487-765-7|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa|location=Naī Dillī|oclc=769743702}}</ref>
*"Ban Ban Dhunda liyo banvari......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref name="nita">{{Cite book|last=Māthura|first=Nītā.|title=Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana|date=2011|publisher=Rādhā Pablikeśansa|isbn=978-81-7487-765-9|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa|location=Naī Dillī|oclc=769743702}}</ref>
*"nand ghar aaj baje badhai......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Māthura|first=Nītā.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769743702|title=Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana|date=2011|publisher=Rādhā Pablikeśansa|isbn=81-7487-765-7|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa|location=Naī Dillī|oclc=769743702}}</ref>
*"nand ghar aaj baje badhai......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref name="nita" />
*Piya Tori Tirchhi Najar Laage Pyaari Re... (''Bol Banav Ki Thumri'' form. Sung by [[Faiyaz Khan]] of [[Agra Gharana]])
*Piya Tori Tirchhi Najar Laage Pyaari Re... (''Bol Banav Ki Thumri'' form. Sung by [[Faiyaz Khan]] of [[Agra Gharana]])
*Koyaliyan Kuhuk/Kook Sunaave... (Khayal/Bandishi Thumri form – in 16 beat cycle of Teentala. Sung by Nisar Hussain Khan of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana|Rampur Gharana]], [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] of [[Patiala Gharana]]
*Koyaliyan Kuhuk/Kook Sunaave... (Khayal/Bandishi Thumri form – in 16 beat cycle of Teentala. Sung by Nisar Hussain Khan of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana|Rampur Gharana]], [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] of [[Patiala Gharana]]
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==Film Songs==
==Film Songs==
=== Language : [[Hindi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
| Vo Na Ayenge Palatkar
|[[Devdas (1955 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Mubarak Begum]]
|-
| Piya Tose Naina Lage Re
|[[Guide (film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| Nazar Lagi Raja Tore Bungle Par
|[[Kala Pani (1958 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Ham Apna Unhe Bana Na Sake
|[[Bhanwara]]
|[[Khemchand Prakash]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]]
|-
| Sajana Saanjh Bhayi
|[[Roti (1942 film)]]
|[[Anil Biswas (composer)]]
|[[Begum Akhtar]]
|-
| Ab Kya Misal Dun
|[[Aarti (film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| Tere Bina Sajna Lage Na Jiya Hamar
|[[Aarti (film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| Bata Do Koi Kaun Gali Gaye Shyam
|[[Madhu (1959 film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]  M & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]  F
|-
| A Dil Se Dil Mila Le
|[[Navrang]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Dhal Chuki Sham-e-Gham
|[[Kohinoor (1960 film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| Chunariya Katati Jae
|[[Mother India]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| Mere To Giridhara Gopala
|[[Meera (1979 film)]]
|[[Ravi Shankar]]
|[[Vani Jairam]] & Dinkar Kamanna
|-
| Sakhi Re Suun Bole Papiha
|[[Miss Mary (1957 film)]]
|[[Hemant Kumar]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Jao Re jogi tum jao re
|[[Amrapali (film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| O Sajna Barakha Bahara Ayi
|[[Parakh (1960 film)]]
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Ayo Kahan Se Ghanashyam
|[[Buddha Mil Gaya]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Manna Dey]] & [[Archana Mahanta]] 
|-
|Bada Natkhat Hai Re Krishna Kahaiya
|[[Amar Prem]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] 
|-
|Kuch To Log Kahenge
|[[Amar Prem]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]] 
|-
|Sham Dhale Jamuna Kinare
|[[Pushpanjali (1970 film)]]
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Manna Dey]] 
|-
|Khat Likh De Savariya Ke Naam Babu
|[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]] 
|}
===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|Amaithiyaana Nathiyinile
|Amaithiyaana Nathiyinile
|[[Aandavan Kattalai]]
|[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]
|rowspan="2"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|rowspan="2"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|-
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|Eduthu Vecha
|Eduthu Vecha
|[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]
|[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]
|[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubramaniam]](Pathos)
|[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]](Pathos)
|-
|-
|Sandhu Pottu
|Sandhu Pottu
|[[Thevar Magan]]
|[[Thevar Magan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubramaniam]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
|-
|Enna Paada Sollathey
|Enna Paada Sollathey
Line 244: Line 354:
|Ennavendru Solvathamma
|Ennavendru Solvathamma
|[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]
|[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubramaniam]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|-
|En Kadhale
|En Kadhale
Line 255: Line 365:
|-
|-
|Uyire Uyire(charanam in Charukesi)
|Uyire Uyire(charanam in Charukesi)
|[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]
|[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|-
Line 280: Line 390:
|Sandakkozhi
|Sandakkozhi
|[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]
|[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]
|[[Madhushree]],A.R.Rahman
|[[Madhushree]], A.R.Rahman
|-
|-
|Kummi Adi
|Kummi Adi
Line 298: Line 408:
|[[Oorum Uravum]]
|[[Oorum Uravum]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[S. P. Balasubramaniam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|-
|Kambangade Kambangade
|Kambangade Kambangade
Line 308: Line 418:
|[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]
|[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[S. P. Balasubramaniam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|-
|Aathu Mettu Thopukulle
|Aathu Mettu Thopukulle
|[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]
|[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[S. P. Balasubramaniam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|-
|Vayakkaadu
|Vayakkaadu
Line 337: Line 447:
#Tere Mere Milan Ki Ye Raina
#Tere Mere Milan Ki Ye Raina
#Mora Saiyyan Mose Bole
#Mora Saiyyan Mose Bole
#[[Vaishnava Jana To]](in Mishra Khamaj)


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 00:23, 27 March 2026


For the thaat that this raga belongs to, see Khamaj (thaat).
Khamaj
ThaatKhamaj
TypeShadava-sampurna
Time of dayLate night, 9–12[1]
ArohanaS G M P D N Ṡ
AvarohanaṠ Ṉ D P M G R S
PakadṈ D M P D M G[2]
VadiG
SamavadiN
Synonym
  • Kamboja
  • Kambhoji
  • Kambodi
  • Kamodi[1]
Equivalent
SimilarDesh, Khambavati[1]
Hindustani classical music
Concepts
Genres
Thaats

Khamaj (IAST: Khamāj) is a Hindustani classical Music raga within the Khamaj thaat which is named after it.

Many ghazals and thumris are based on Khamaj. It utilises the shuddha (pure) form of Ni on the ascent, and the komala (flat) form of Ni on the descent, creating a key asymmetry in compositional and improvisational performance. This raga has been explored more in the lighter forms of Hindustani Classical Music such as Thumri, Tappa etc. Having said that, many compositions in Dhrupad and Khayal are found as well. Harikambhoji is the equivalent rāgam in Carnatic music.

Theory [Raag Shashtra][edit | edit source]

Arohana: S G M P D N Ṡ[lower-alpha 1][1][2]

Avroha: Ṡ Ṉ D P M G R S[lower-alpha 2][2][1][3]

Vadi Swar: G[2]

Samavadi Swar: N[2]

Compositions[edit | edit source]

In Dhrupad, Sadra, Khayal, Thumri & Tappa styles :

Hindi Film Songs based on Raga Khamaj:

  • Bada natkhat hai...ka kare yashoda maiya, "Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge" and Raina Beet Jaye (with Todi in mukhara) – Amar Prem[5]
  • Ayo kahanse ghanashyam – Buddha Mil Gaya
  • Vo na aenge palatkar – Devdaas
  • A dilse dil mila le – Navrang
  • Dhal chuki shame Gam – Kohinoor
  • Khat likha de savariyake nam babu
  • Mere to giridharagopala – Meera
  • Tere bina sajna lage na jiya hamar – Aarti
  • Tere mere milan ki ye raina – Abhimaan
  • Khamaj – Fuzön sung by Shafqat Amanat Ali
  • Mitwa – Kabhi alvida na kehna

The Narsinh Bhajan "Vaishnav jan to" is also based on Khamaj.

The Sargam Geet is as follows: set to teentaal, that is sixteen beats:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
G G S G M P G M Template:Underline D _ M P D _ M
G _ _ _ D N S' _ S ' Template:Underline D P M G R S

This is the Prelude to the Sargam Geet, the underscore signifies the avagraha i.e. prolongation of the immediate previous note by one beat for one _ and
three beats in case of _ _ _

Film Songs[edit | edit source]

Language : Hindi[edit | edit source]

Song Movie Composer Singers
Vo Na Ayenge Palatkar Devdas (1955 film) S. D. Burman Mubarak Begum
Piya Tose Naina Lage Re Guide (film) S. D. Burman Lata Mangeshkar
Nazar Lagi Raja Tore Bungle Par Kala Pani (1958 film) S. D. Burman Asha Bhosle
Ham Apna Unhe Bana Na Sake Bhanwara Khemchand Prakash K. L. Saigal
Sajana Saanjh Bhayi Roti (1942 film) Anil Biswas (composer) Begum Akhtar
Ab Kya Misal Dun Aarti (film) Roshan (music director) Mohammed Rafi
Tere Bina Sajna Lage Na Jiya Hamar Aarti (film) Roshan (music director) Mohammed Rafi & Lata Mangeshkar
Bata Do Koi Kaun Gali Gaye Shyam Madhu (1959 film) Roshan (music director) Mohammed Rafi M & Lata Mangeshkar F
A Dil Se Dil Mila Le Navrang C. Ramchandra Asha Bhosle
Dhal Chuki Sham-e-Gham Kohinoor (1960 film) Naushad Mohammed Rafi
Chunariya Katati Jae Mother India Naushad Mohammed Rafi & Lata Mangeshkar & Shamshad Begum
Mere To Giridhara Gopala Meera (1979 film) Ravi Shankar Vani Jairam & Dinkar Kamanna
Sakhi Re Suun Bole Papiha Miss Mary (1957 film) Hemant Kumar Lata Mangeshkar & Asha Bhosle
Jao Re jogi tum jao re Amrapali (film) Shankar–Jaikishan Lata Mangeshkar
O Sajna Barakha Bahara Ayi Parakh (1960 film) Salil Chowdhury Lata Mangeshkar
Ayo Kahan Se Ghanashyam Buddha Mil Gaya R. D. Burman Manna Dey & Archana Mahanta
Bada Natkhat Hai Re Krishna Kahaiya Amar Prem R. D. Burman Lata Mangeshkar
Kuch To Log Kahenge Amar Prem R. D. Burman Kishore Kumar
Sham Dhale Jamuna Kinare Pushpanjali (1970 film) Laxmikant–Pyarelal Lata Mangeshkar & Manna Dey
Khat Likh De Savariya Ke Naam Babu Aaye Din Bahar Ke Laxmikant–Pyarelal Asha Bhosle

Language:Tamil[edit | edit source]

Song Movie Composer Singer
Gnayiru Enbathu Kaakum Karangal K. V. Mahadevan T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
Kalviya Selvama Veerama Saraswati Sabatham T. M. Soundararajan
Ennirandhu 16 Vayathu Annai Illam
Anbulla Maanvizhiye Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum M. S. Viswanathan
Ore Padal Unnai Azhaikkum Engirundho Vandhaal
Sumaithaangi Saaindhaal Thanga Pathakkam
Mellapo Mellapo Kaavalkaaran T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
Kungamapottin Mangalam Kudiyirundha Koyil
Vizhiye Vizhiye Puthiya Bhoomi
Acham Enbadhu Madamaiyada Mannadhi Mannan Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy T. M. Soundararajan
Malargalai Pol Thangai Pasamalar
Kelvi Piranthathu Pachai Vilakku
Silar Siripaar Silar Azhuvaar Paava Mannippu
Kalangalil Aval Vasantham P. B. Sreenivas
Anbumanam Kanindhapinne Aalukkoru Veedu P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela
Unnai Ondru Ketpen Puthiya Paravai P. Susheela
Athaimadi Methaiyadi Karpagam
Muthana Muthallavo Nenjil Or Aalayam
Kavalaigal Kidakattum Bandha Pasam T. M. Soundararajan, P. B. Sreenivas
Odam Nadhiyinile Kathiruntha Kangal Sirkazhi Govindarajan
Devankoyil Maniyosai Mani Osai
Thookam Un Kangalai Aalayamani S. Janaki
Ammavuku Manasukulle Manapanthal S.C.Krishnan
Amaithiyaana Nathiyinile Aandavan Kattalai T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
Naan Malarodu Thaniyaga Iru Vallavargal Vedha
Naane Naana Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren Ilayaraja Vani Jairam
Manasukkulle Nayana Mallu Vetti Minor Arunmozhi, S. Janaki
Megam Karukayilae Vaidehi Kathirunthal Ilayaraja, Uma Ramanan
Adukku Malli Yeduthu Aavarampoo S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Mandhiram Idhu K. J. Yesudas
Kanavu Kaanum Neengal Kettavai
Pottu Vaitha Oru Vatta Nila Idhayam
Pazhamuthir Cholai Varusham Padhinaaru
Adi Kaana Karunkuyile Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran
Vaana Malai Idhu Namma Bhoomi
Eduthu Vecha Ninaive Oru Sangeetham S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam(Pathos)
Sandhu Pottu Thevar Magan S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kamal Haasan
Enna Paada Sollathey Aan Paavam S. Janaki
Nadhi Odum Karaiyoram Aavarampoo
Chinna Kuyil Paadum Pattu Poove Poochooda Vaa K. S. Chitra
Thenmadurai Seemaiyile Thangamana Raasa
Oru Naal Oru Kanavu Kannukkul Nilavu K. J. Yesudas, Anuradha Sriram
Thendral Varum Friends Hariharan, Bhavatharini
Diana Diana Kaadhal Kavithai Hariharan
Ennavendru Solvathamma Rajakumaran S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
En Kadhale Duet A. R. Rahman
Chinna Chinna Aasai(Shankarabaranam traces too) Roja Minmini
Uyire Uyire(charanam in Charukesi) Bombay Hariharan, K. S. Chithra
Kannukku Mai Azhagu Pudhiya Mugam Unni Menon, P. Susheela
Maya Machindra Indian S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
Nenje Nenje Ratchagan K. J. Yesudas, Sadhana Sargam
Aathangara Marame Kizhakku Cheemayile Mano, Sujatha Mohan
Adi Nenthikkitten Star Karthik, Chitra Sivaraman
Sandakkozhi Aaytha Ezhuthu Madhushree, A.R.Rahman
Kummi Adi Sillunu Oru Kaadhal Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram, Swarnalatha, Naresh Iyer, Theni Kunjarammal, Vignesh, Chorus
Maduraikku Pogathadee Azhagiya Tamil Magan Benny Dayal, Archith, Darshana KT
Putham Puthu Olai Vedham Pudhithu Devendran K. S. Chithra
Pullankuzhal Mozhi Tamil Oorum Uravum Shankar–Ganesh S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
Kambangade Kambangade Vaaname Ellai Maragadha Mani Maragadha Mani, K. S. Chithra
Vannathi Poochi Paatti Sollai Thattathe Chandrabose S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
Aathu Mettu Thopukulle Manasukketha Maharasa Deva S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
Vayakkaadu Parambarai Mano, K. S. Chithra
Kannukulle Dhill Vidyasagar Manikka Vinayagam
Lesa Lesa Lesa Lesa Harris Jayaraj Anuradha Sriram

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Carnatic: S G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₃ Ṡ
    • Western: C E F G A B C
  2. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Carnatic: Ṡ N₂ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₂ S
    • Western: C B♭ A G F E D C

Notable songs[edit | edit source]

  1. Kuch To Log Kahenge
  2. Tere Mere Milan Ki Ye Raina
  3. Mora Saiyyan Mose Bole
  4. Vaishnava Jana To(in Mishra Khamaj)

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bor & Rao 1999.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 OEMI:KR.
  3. ↑ SWAAI SANGEET (Part 1) Theory of Indian Classical Music by Prem Jialal Vasant
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Māthura, Nītā. (2011). Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana (1. saṃskaraṇa ed.). Naī Dillī: Rādhā Pablikeśansa. ISBN 978-81-7487-765-9. OCLC 769743702.
  5. ↑ Anirudha Bhattacharjee; Balaji Vittal (2012). R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music. Harper Collins India. p. 96. ISBN 978-93-5029-236-5.

Sources[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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