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{{Short description|Worldwide population of Bengali hindus of Indian and Bengali origin}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}} | {{EngvarB|date=June 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
In the modern era, the migration of the Bengali Hindus began during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]]. The Bengali | In the modern era, the migration of the Bengali Hindus began during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]]. The Bengali Hindu migrants to [[Assam]] were mostly government officials, doctors, lawyers, and teachers by profession. They also settled in parts of the present-day Indian states of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]], which were at the time included in the [[Bengal Presidency|Presidency of Bengal]]. After the [[partition of India]] and subsequent communal violence in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] (such as during the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]), millions of Bengali Hindu refugees migrated to [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Tripura]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttarakhand]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Over the years, professionals have migrated from [[Kolkata]] to cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Pune]], as well as overseas. | ||
== Indian diaspora == | == Indian diaspora == | ||
=== Assam === | === Assam === | ||
The [[Barak Valley]] comprising the present districts of [[Cachar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]] is contiguous to [[Sylhet]] (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacaharis.<ref name="Cachar">{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Professor of Political Studies Sanjib |last2=Baruah |first2=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=29 June 1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6 |page=103 |url=https:// | The [[Barak Valley]] comprising the present districts of [[Cachar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]] is contiguous to [[Sylhet]] (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacaharis.<ref name="Cachar">{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Professor of Political Studies Sanjib |last2=Baruah |first2=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=29 June 1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref> Bhattacharjee describes that the Dimasa kings spoke Bengali and the inscriptions and coins written were in Bengali script.<ref name="Cachar"/> Migrations to Cachar increased after the British annexation of the region.<ref name="Cachar"/> The Bengali Hindus settled in [[Brahmaputra Valley]] largely during the colonial period as professionals. After the Partition and especially after the [[1950 East Bengal genocide|genocide of 1950]], Bengali Hindus of Sylhet immigrated to the Barak Valley. Later on during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, thousands of Bengali Hindus took refuge in Assam. The Bengali Hindu organizations estimate that there are approximately 6.5 million Bengali Hindus in the state.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news |title=12 groups move President - Hindu Bengalis in Assam allege harassment |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101127/jsp/northeast/story_13225697.jsp |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=27 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071823/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1101127/jsp/northeast/story_13225697.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
However different sources have varied estimation of Bengali Hindu population in Assam. | However different sources have varied estimation of Bengali Hindu population in Assam. | ||
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| 6,000,000 | | 6,000,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Claimed by NDTV<ref name="thenewsweb.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/|title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll - the News Web}}</ref> | | Claimed by NDTV<ref name="thenewsweb.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/|title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll - the News Web|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| 5,620,000 | | 5,620,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 45: | Line 46: | ||
| 7,802,000 | | 7,802,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Claimed by Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https:// | | Claimed by Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/over-1cr-bengali-refugees-living-outside-bengal/articleshow/67348291.cms|title = Over 1 crore Bengali refugees living outside Bengal | Kolkata News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> | ||
| 7,500,000 | | 7,500,000 | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Tripura === | === Tripura === | ||
The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the [[Manikya dynasty|royal house of Tripura]] thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=352 |url=https:// | The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the [[Manikya dynasty|royal house of Tripura]] thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Manikya+kings+adopted+Bengali+culture&pg=PA352 |language=en}}</ref> After the Partition of India and Tripura's accession to the [[Dominion of India]], thousands of Bengali Hindus from eastern Bengal took refuge in Tripura. The influx of the Bengali Hindus increased during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], when of Bengali Hindus were massacred in Bangladesh by the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani occupation army]]. At present there are around 2.2 million Bengali Hindus in Tripura, making them the largest ethnic group in the state, constituting over 60% of the total population.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html |work=The Pioneer |date=14 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
==Worldwide diaspora== | ==Worldwide diaspora== | ||
===Europe=== | ===Europe=== | ||
The Bengali Hindus started migrating into the [[United Kingdom]] from the colonial times. However, the majority of the immigrants settled in the UK in the latter half of the 20th century mostly with white collar jobs. The exact population of the Bengali Hindus are not maintained in the census records. | The Bengali Hindus started migrating into the [[United Kingdom]] from the colonial times. However, the majority of the immigrants settled in the UK in the latter half of the 20th century mostly with white collar jobs. The exact population of the Bengali Hindus are not maintained in the census records.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} | ||
In [[Italy]], the Bengali Hindus celebrate [[Durga Puja]] in [[Bologna]] | In [[Italy]], the moderate community of Bengali Hindus celebrate [[Durga Puja]] in [[Bologna]] and [[Rome]]. There are around 15,000 Bengali Hindu families in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja festivities kicked off in Paris |last=Nayar |first=Ranvir |url=http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/oct/23fra.htm |newspaper=Rediff.com |date=23 October 2001 |access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> The Bengali Hindus began to migrate to [[Germany]] in the 1950s and the 1960s.<ref name="goel">{{cite web|url=http://www.urmila.de/forschung/bergen/Vortrag/GoelVortragAHKR101007.pdf|title=Indian Religions in Germany|last=Goel|first=Urmila|date=October 2007|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> | ||
Notable Bengali Hindus in Europe include British Communist leader [[Rajani Palme Dutt]], German politician [[Anita Bose Pfaff]], German football manager [[Robin Dutt]], and the richest hotelier of Sweden [[Bicky Chakraborty]]. | Notable Bengali Hindus in Europe include British Communist leader [[Rajani Palme Dutt]], German politician [[Anita Bose Pfaff]], German football manager [[Robin Dutt]], and the richest hotelier of Sweden [[Bicky Chakraborty]]. | ||
===North America=== | ===North America=== | ||
[[Bengali Hindus]] began to arrive in [[Canada]] in the 1970s.<ref name="cowardetal">{{cite book |editor-last1=Coward |editor-first1=Harold G. |editor-link1=Harold Coward |editor-last2=Hinnells |editor-first2=John R. |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Raymond Brady |title=The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXrdXMaaYCkC |access-date=11 September 2014 |year=2000 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9302-1 |page=153}}</ref> In 1991, there were an estimated 4,000 Bengali Hindus living in Canada, mainly from India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buchignani |first1=Norman |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=South Asians |publisher=Historica Foundation |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/south-asians |access-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708203640/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/south-asians |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> However, after the [[Information technology|IT]] [[Economic boom|boom]] in the late 1990s, more and more professionals began to settle in Canada. According to the 2006 census, there are 52,130 Bengali Hindus in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225043024/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bengali Hindus are mostly concentrated in the cities of [[Toronto]], [[Ottawa]], [[Montreal]], [[Edmonton]], [[Calgary]], [[Vancouver]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]. | |||
The earliest Bengali Hindus in the | The earliest Bengali Hindus in the United States were the revolutionaries fighting for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. They arrived in the first few decades of the twentieth century. Examples include [[Gopal Bose|Noni Gopal Bose]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201416 |title=Rich & Famous in the US | Padma Rao Sundarji |magazine=Outlook India |date=22 May 1996 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817090746/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201416 |archive-date=17 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Brad | last = Lemley | title = Discover Dialogue: Amar G. Bose | date = 1 October 2004 | url = http://discovermagazine.com/2004/oct/discover-dialogue | work = [[Discover (magazine)|Discover Magazine]] | access-date = 1 February 2012}}</ref> the father of [[Bose Corporation|Bose Corp]]'s [[Amar Bose]]. In 1913, the Bengali Hindu [[A. K. Mozumdar|Okhoy Kumar Mozumdar]] became the second Indian-born person to get [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizenship]] after the [[Punjabi Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]] [[Bhagat Singh Thind]] who was the first one to obtain it after the [[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]] court case. Later the citizenship was stripped from him for not being [[White Americans|White]]/[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]].<ref>[[Indian American#Timeline]]</ref> According to the 2006 census, there were around 33,400 Bengali Hindus of Indian origin in the United States.<ref name="mpi">{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=687|title=Indian Immigrants in the United States|last=Terrazas|first=Aaron|date=July 2008|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
===Asia=== | ===Asia=== | ||
The Bengali Hindu diaspora in | {{unreferenced section|date=August 2025}} | ||
The Bengali Hindu diaspora in Asia is distributed in two major regions, [[South East Asia]] and the Middle East. India had developed [[Greater India#Indianised kingdoms|religious and economic ties with South East Asia since the ancient times]]. This cultural cross exchange took place through the port of [[Tamralipta]] in [[Bengal]]. In the modern age, the emigration of Bengali Hindus to South East Asia has taken place since the colonial times. Famous Bengali Hindus from [[Myanmar]] include [[H. N. Goshal]] and [[Dr. Amar Nag (Yebaw Tun Maung)|Amar Nath]], both of whom were foremost and important leaders of the [[Communist Party of Burma]]. | |||
Bengali Hindus settled in present-day Myanmar, | Bengali Hindus settled in present-day Myanmar, Singapore and [[Malaysia]] since the beginning of the 20th century. A small community of Bengali Hindus numbering around 1,600 live in [[Thailand]]. The annual Durga Puja festival is celebrated in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja in Bangkok / Thailand |url=https://bharatithailand.org/durga-puja-in-bangkok-thailand/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Bharati Thailand |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 94: | Line 96: | ||
{{Overseas Asians}} | {{Overseas Asians}} | ||
{{ | {{Indian diaspora}} | ||
{{Bengali Hindu people}} | {{Bengali Hindu people}} | ||
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]] | [[Category:Bengali Hindus]] | ||
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] | |||
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:42, 2 March 2026
The Bengali Hindu diaspora is the worldwide population of the Bengali Hindus of Indian and Bangladeshi origin.
History[edit | edit source]
In the modern era, the migration of the Bengali Hindus began during the British colonial era. The Bengali Hindu migrants to Assam were mostly government officials, doctors, lawyers, and teachers by profession. They also settled in parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, which were at the time included in the Presidency of Bengal. After the partition of India and subsequent communal violence in East Pakistan and Bangladesh (such as during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide), millions of Bengali Hindu refugees migrated to Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Tripura, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Over the years, professionals have migrated from Kolkata to cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Pune, as well as overseas.
Indian diaspora[edit | edit source]
Assam[edit | edit source]
The Barak Valley comprising the present districts of Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi is contiguous to Sylhet (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacaharis.[1] Bhattacharjee describes that the Dimasa kings spoke Bengali and the inscriptions and coins written were in Bengali script.[1] Migrations to Cachar increased after the British annexation of the region.[1] The Bengali Hindus settled in Brahmaputra Valley largely during the colonial period as professionals. After the Partition and especially after the genocide of 1950, Bengali Hindus of Sylhet immigrated to the Barak Valley. Later on during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, thousands of Bengali Hindus took refuge in Assam. The Bengali Hindu organizations estimate that there are approximately 6.5 million Bengali Hindus in the state.[2] However different sources have varied estimation of Bengali Hindu population in Assam.
| Source/claimed by | Population |
|---|---|
| Claimed by Assam marriage board.[3] | 3,000,000 |
| Confusion, hope run high among Assam's Hindu Bengalis.[4] | 5,000,000 |
| Claimed KMSS leader Akhil Gogoi.[5] | 10,000,000 |
| Claimed AASU chief adviser Samujjal Bhattacharya.[5] | 7,000,000-7,200,000 |
| BJP government estimation.[6] | 6,000,000 |
| 2016 Assam election assembly results.[7] | 6,000,000 |
| Claimed by NDTV[8] | 5,620,000 |
| Claimed by Assam Bengali Hindu organization (ABHO).[2][9] | 6,500,000-7,200,000 |
| Claimed by The All Assam Bengali Hindu Association (AABHA)[10] | 7,802,000 |
| Claimed by Times of India[11] | 7,500,000 |
| Claimed by Daily O News[12] | 7,000,000 |
| Claimed by The Wire[13] | 5,900,000-7,500,000 |
| Claimed by The News Web [8] | 7,500,000 |
| Claimed by The Hindu [14] | 7,801,250 |
Tripura[edit | edit source]
The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the royal house of Tripura thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before Indian independence.[15] After the Partition of India and Tripura's accession to the Dominion of India, thousands of Bengali Hindus from eastern Bengal took refuge in Tripura. The influx of the Bengali Hindus increased during the Bangladesh Liberation War, when of Bengali Hindus were massacred in Bangladesh by the Pakistani occupation army. At present there are around 2.2 million Bengali Hindus in Tripura, making them the largest ethnic group in the state, constituting over 60% of the total population.[16]
Worldwide diaspora[edit | edit source]
Europe[edit | edit source]
The Bengali Hindus started migrating into the United Kingdom from the colonial times. However, the majority of the immigrants settled in the UK in the latter half of the 20th century mostly with white collar jobs. The exact population of the Bengali Hindus are not maintained in the census records.[citation needed]
In Italy, the moderate community of Bengali Hindus celebrate Durga Puja in Bologna and Rome. There are around 15,000 Bengali Hindu families in Paris.[17] The Bengali Hindus began to migrate to Germany in the 1950s and the 1960s.[18]
Notable Bengali Hindus in Europe include British Communist leader Rajani Palme Dutt, German politician Anita Bose Pfaff, German football manager Robin Dutt, and the richest hotelier of Sweden Bicky Chakraborty.
North America[edit | edit source]
Bengali Hindus began to arrive in Canada in the 1970s.[19] In 1991, there were an estimated 4,000 Bengali Hindus living in Canada, mainly from India.[20] However, after the IT boom in the late 1990s, more and more professionals began to settle in Canada. According to the 2006 census, there are 52,130 Bengali Hindus in Canada.[21] The Bengali Hindus are mostly concentrated in the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Edmonton, Calgary, Vancouver and Halifax.
The earliest Bengali Hindus in the United States were the revolutionaries fighting for Indian independence. They arrived in the first few decades of the twentieth century. Examples include Noni Gopal Bose,[22][23] the father of Bose Corp's Amar Bose. In 1913, the Bengali Hindu Okhoy Kumar Mozumdar became the second Indian-born person to get U.S. citizenship after the Punjabi Sikh Bhagat Singh Thind who was the first one to obtain it after the United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind court case. Later the citizenship was stripped from him for not being White/Caucasian.[24] According to the 2006 census, there were around 33,400 Bengali Hindus of Indian origin in the United States.[25]
Asia[edit | edit source]
 | This section does not cite any sources. (August 2025) |
The Bengali Hindu diaspora in Asia is distributed in two major regions, South East Asia and the Middle East. India had developed religious and economic ties with South East Asia since the ancient times. This cultural cross exchange took place through the port of Tamralipta in Bengal. In the modern age, the emigration of Bengali Hindus to South East Asia has taken place since the colonial times. Famous Bengali Hindus from Myanmar include H. N. Goshal and Amar Nath, both of whom were foremost and important leaders of the Communist Party of Burma.
Bengali Hindus settled in present-day Myanmar, Singapore and Malaysia since the beginning of the 20th century. A small community of Bengali Hindus numbering around 1,600 live in Thailand. The annual Durga Puja festival is celebrated in Bangkok.[26]
See also[edit | edit source]
- States of India by Bengali speakers
- East Bengali refugees
- Hindu diaspora
- Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
- Bangladeshi diaspora
- Bengali Hindus in Myanmar
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Baruah, Professor of Political Studies Sanjib; Baruah, Sanjib (29 June 1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8122-3491-6.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "12 groups move President - Hindu Bengalis in Assam allege harassment". The Telegraph. 27 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ "Assam board suggests cash incentive to Bengali Hindus marrying Assamese Hindus". Hindustan Times. 18 February 2020.
- ↑ "Confusion, hope run high among Assam's Hindu Bengalis". Deccan Herald. 17 December 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Citizenship Amendment Act: BJP chasing ghosts in Assam; Census data shows number of Hindu immigrants may have been exaggerated". Firstpost. 18 December 2019.
- ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam". 5 December 2019.
- ↑ "Assam Assembly Elections 2016: Assamese are minority, Muslims are largest electoral group in this poll battle!". 8 April 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll - the News Web". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ↑ "Hindu Bengali youth body flays 'government neglect'". The Sentinel. Guwahati. 2 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Hindu Bengalis want member in Clause 6 panel of Assam Accord".
- ↑ "Over 1 crore Bengali refugees living outside Bengal | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Citizenship Amendment Bill — What is it the Assamese fear the most".
- ↑ "Assam on the Boil Again, this Time over Hindu Migrants from Bangladesh".
- ↑ "Former officers' plea to respect diversity of Barak Valley". The Hindu. 28 August 2019.
- ↑ Dikshit, K. R.; Dikshit, Jutta K. (21 October 2013). North-East India: Land, People and Economy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 352. ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3.
- ↑ "BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest". The Pioneer. 14 May 2017.
- ↑ Nayar, Ranvir (23 October 2001). "Durga Puja festivities kicked off in Paris". Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Goel, Urmila (October 2007). "Indian Religions in Germany" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ↑ Coward, Harold G.; Hinnells, John R.; Williams, Raymond Brady, eds. (2000). The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States. SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-7914-9302-1. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ↑ Buchignani, Norman. "South Asians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ↑ "Rich & Famous in the US | Padma Rao Sundarji". Outlook India. 22 May 1996. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ↑ Lemley, Brad (1 October 2004). "Discover Dialogue: Amar G. Bose". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ↑ Indian American#Timeline
- ↑ Terrazas, Aaron (July 2008). "Indian Immigrants in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ↑ "Durga Puja in Bangkok / Thailand". Bharati Thailand. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
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