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{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, India}} | {{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}} | ||
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| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| image = | | image = Toli Masjid in Hyderabad.jpg | ||
| image_upright = | | image_upright = 1.4 | ||
| alt =Medieval-era granite mosque surrounded by palm trees | | alt = Medieval-era granite mosque surrounded by palm trees | ||
| caption = | | caption = The mosque in [YYYY] | ||
| map_type = | | map_type = India Hyderabad | ||
| map_size = | | map_size = 250 | ||
| map_alt = | | map_alt = | ||
| map_relief = | | map_relief = 1 | ||
| map_caption = | | map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]] | ||
| coordinates ={{coord|17.37461|78.43897|display=inline | | coordinates = {{coord|17.37461|78.43897|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | ||
| coordinates_footnotes = | | coordinates_footnotes = | ||
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] | | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] | ||
| | | organisational_status = [[Mosque]] | ||
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[ | | functional_status = Active | ||
| location = Golconda Road, [[Karwan]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]] | |||
| deity = | | deity = | ||
| rite = | | rite = | ||
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| tradition = | | tradition = | ||
| festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | | festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | ||
| administration = | | administration = | ||
| consecration_year = | | consecration_year = | ||
| heritage_designation = | | heritage_designation = | ||
| ownership = | | ownership = | ||
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| patron = | | patron = | ||
| website = | | website = | ||
| architect = | | architect = | ||
| architecture_type = [[ | | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}} | ||
| architecture_style = [[ | | architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] | ||
| founded_by = | | founded_by = | ||
| creator = | | creator = | ||
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| established = | | established = | ||
| groundbreaking = | | groundbreaking = | ||
| year_completed = | | year_completed = {{AH|1082|AH|link=yes}} | ||
| construction_cost = | | construction_cost = | ||
| date_demolished = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --> | | date_demolished = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --> | ||
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| interior_area = | | interior_area = | ||
| height_max = | | height_max = | ||
| dome_quantity = | | dome_quantity = Three | ||
| dome_height_outer = | | dome_height_outer = | ||
| dome_height_inner = | | dome_height_inner = | ||
| dome_dia_outer = | | dome_dia_outer = | ||
| dome_dia_inner = | | dome_dia_inner = | ||
| minaret_quantity = | | minaret_quantity = {{ubl|Two {{small|(tall)}}|Four {{small|(small)}}}} | ||
| minaret_height = | | minaret_height = {{cvt|60|ft|m|order=flip}} {{small|(tall)}} | ||
| spire_quantity = | | spire_quantity = | ||
| spire_height = | | spire_height = | ||
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| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Toli Masjid''' | The '''Toli Masjid''', also known as '''Damri Masjid''', is a [[mosque]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India. It was constructed during the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] period and completed in {{AH|1082|AH|link=yes}}.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=67}} | ||
Built in the distinctive [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] style, the mosque displays considerable [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu]] influences. Its chief feature is its extensive ornamentation, consisting of [[Jali|latticed screens]], [[Chhajja|''chajjas'']], [[stucco]] work, and various other motifs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=I |number=7 |pages=105 |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref>{{sfn|Yazdani|1918|pp=3–5}} It is located on the historically significant [[Karwan]] road, and was originally set in a garden.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=65}} The mosque is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Telangana|state protected monument]].<ref name=":3" /> | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The mosque was commissioned by Musa Khan during the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], and completed in 1671 CE. Musa Khan was the ''mahaldar'' (chamberlain) of Abdullah, as well as a minister and general. According to the historical record ''Gulzar-e-Asafiyah'', when Musa Khan held the construction charge for the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]], he was provided with a discount of one [[Dam (Indian coin)|damri]] per rupee from the building expenditure. He used this amount to construct the Toli Masjid, hence the name.{{efn|Both ''damri'' and ''toli'' refer to the [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]], which amounts to one-fortieth of a rupee.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=67}}}} | |||
The mosque is located at [[Karwan]], on the road which connects [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]] to [[Purana pul|Purana Pul]].{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=65}} This road is historically significant as it connected the citadel of Golconda to the newly established city of Hyderabad.<ref name=":4" /> It is listed as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Telangana|state protected monument]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Telangana Heritage (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Maintenance) Act, 2017 |url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/31-Districts-Protected-Monuments-ListHeritage-Act-2017.pdf |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Telangana Gazette}}</ref> The lands endowed to the mosque have been encroached,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092359170400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925183655/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/23/stories/2008092359170400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 September 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title='Toli Masjid land encroached' | date=23 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Minhaz |first=Ayesha |date=2015-02-02 |title=17 acres of 343-year-old Toli Masjid encroached |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150202/nation-current-affairs/article/17-acres-343-year-old-toli-masjid-encroached |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> and the mosque is in a neglected condition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Lalita |date=2018-06-16 |title=Hyderabad: At 350-year-old Toli Masjid, time for quiet reflection |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160618/hyderabad-at-350-year-old-toli-masjid-time-for-quiet-reflection.html |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> | |||
==Architecture== | ==Architecture== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Architecture of Toli Masjid 1.jpg|thumb|The [[parapet]] is adorned with arched windows with [[jali]] screens and miniature minarets.]] | ||
The | [[File:Entrance arches of Toli Masjid 5.jpg|thumb|[[Stucco]] ornamentation and black basalt medallions above each entrance arch]]The Toli Masjid is an example of late [[Qutb Shahi architecture]]. Built in the typical Qutb Shahi style, its chief feature is its exuberant decoration, considered a culmination of the decorative tendencies seen in earlier Qutb Shahi mosques.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
The mosque displays considerable [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu]] influences in its style. These include the use of excessive ornamentation, as well as elements such as elephant-tusk brackets and pot-shaped bases for the two [[minaret]]s. The niches in the [[post and lintel]] style are similar to those in temples used to accommodate images. Additionally, the parapet wall is decorated with miniature minarets just as miniature [[shikhara]]s are seen in temples.{{sfn|Yazdani|1918|p=4}} | |||
=== Exterior === | |||
[[File:Plan_of_the_Toli_Masjid,_Hyderabad.png|thumb|Plan of the Toli Masjid (west-up). The mosque is located at the western side of the courtyard. The flights of steps on three sides, ablution tank in the middle, and Musa Khan's grave at the south-east are also seen.]] | |||
The Toli Masjid is built on a raised platform with a high plinth, which forms the [[Sahn|courtyard]] of the mosque. This courtyard, about {{Convert|6|ft|m}} tall, is accessible by flights of steps from the north, south, and east. Musa Khan's grave is situated near the south-eastern end of the courtyard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toli Masjid |url=https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/monuments/toli-masjid/ |website=Department of Heritage, Telangana}}</ref> The mosque building, {{Convert|4|ft|m}} higher, is located at the western end. The lower part of the building is constructed from [[ashlar]] masonry, while the upper part is built out of brick and [[Limestone|lime]], probably to carry cut-[[plaster]] decoration. [[Granite]] and black [[basalt]] are used for embellishment.{{sfn|Yazdani|1918|pp=3–5}}<ref name=":1" /> | |||
The façade has five arched openings, the central arch being a bit wider and more ornate than the other four. Five-arched façades are common in Qutb Shahi mosques, with the number five symbolizing the [[Ahl al-Kisa|Panjtan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayyusi |first1=Salma K. |last2=Holod |first2=Renata |last3=Petruccioli |first3=Attilio |last4=Raymond |first4=Andre |title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2 |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16240-2 |page=612 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC |language=en}}</ref> Decorative granite columns start at each arch and reach up to the roof. This decoration consists of basalt medallions on either side of the arch, and [[stucco]] ornamentation. This is followed by [[eaves]] in the form of a ''[[Chhajja|chajja]]'', which are supported by beams and brackets. Finally, a double [[parapet]] wall rises above the building, consisting of a series of arched windows, decorated with ''[[jali]]'' work. Miniature minarets rise above the parapet wall.<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|Yazdani|1918|pp=3–5}}<ref name=":1" /> | |||
The façade is flanked by two {{convert|60|ft|m|order=flip|adj=mid|-tall}} minarets. The pillars at the corners consist of pot-shaped bases, which support octagonal shafts upon which the minarets rise. The minarets have three sets of galleries, and the central gallery is provided with a balcony, decorated with foliate elements. Each minaret is topped by a dome and [[finial]]. The ceiling above the inner hall is surmounted by three flattish domes.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=67}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=V. V. Krishna |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008996_Select_monuments_of_Hyderabad.pdf |title=Select Monuments of Hyderabad |publisher=Ramesh Printers & Publishers |year=1982 |location=Hyderabad |page=38 |author-link=Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry}}</ref> | |||
The mosque was originally set in a large garden, of which little trace remains. A [[stepwell]] is also located within the premises.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Aarti |date=2022-12-07 |title=350-year-old stepwell in Hyderabad's Old City begs for attention |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/071222/350-year-old-stepwell-in-hyderabads-old-city-begs-for-attention.html |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> | |||
=== Interior === | |||
The mosque is divided into two halls—the outer hall having five arched openings, and the inner having only three. On the western wall of the inner hall, the [[Mihrab|prayer niche]] is in the form of a semi-decagon.{{Sfn|Yazdani|1918|p=4}} A [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh script]] is engraved on the prayer niche.<ref name="Yazdani" /> The inscription, translated into English, reads: | |||
{{Blockquote|text=For whom is the Kingdom today? For God, the One, the All-powerful. | |||
Musa Khan built this mosque of his | |||
Which was completed in the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah|Shah Abdullah]]. | |||
As a chronogram of the mosque this was heard (from the Invisible Speaker): | |||
== | "Built the mosque in the name of God." {{AH|1082|AH|link=yes}}|author=translated by [[Ghulam Yazdani]]<ref name="Yazdani">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindomo014756mbp|last=Yazdani|first=Ghulam|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani|title=Epigraphica Indo-Moslemica|pages=50|year=1921|publisher=Superintendent Government Press|location=Calcutta}}</ref>}} | ||
== | == See also == | ||
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}} | |||
* [[Islam in India]] | |||
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]] | |||
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Telangana]] | |||
== | == Notes == | ||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
{{ | === Bibliography === | ||
*{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136 |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1927 |location=Hyderabad |pages=65–67}} | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |date=1918 |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22689.pdf |access-date=2023-07-25 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |pages=3–5 |location=Calcutta}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{commons cat-inline|Toli Masjid}} | |||
{{ | {{Mosques in India}} | ||
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}} | |||
[[Category:1671 establishments in India]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]] | |||
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]] | |||
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]] | |||
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]] | |||
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]] | |||
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1670s]] | |||
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]] | [[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]] | ||
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]] | |||
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1671]] | |||
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]] | [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:22, 5 March 2025
| Toli Masjid | |
|---|---|
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Mosque | |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | Golconda Road, Karwan, Hyderabad, Hyderabad District, Telangana |
| Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 501: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/India Hyderabad" does not exist. | |
| Coordinates | 17°22′29″N 78°26′20″E / 17.37461°N 78.43897°E |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Mosque architecture |
| Style | Qutb Shahi |
| Completed | Template:AH |
| Specifications | |
| Dome | Three |
| Minarets |
|
Minaret height | 18 m (60 ft) (tall) |
The Toli Masjid, also known as Damri Masjid, is a mosque in Hyderabad, in the Hyderabad district of the state of Telangana, India. It was constructed during the Qutb Shahi period and completed in Template:AH.[1]
Built in the distinctive Qutb Shahi style, the mosque displays considerable Hindu influences. Its chief feature is its extensive ornamentation, consisting of latticed screens, chajjas, stucco work, and various other motifs.[2][3] It is located on the historically significant Karwan road, and was originally set in a garden.[4] The mosque is a state protected monument.[5]
History[edit | edit source]
The mosque was commissioned by Musa Khan during the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah, and completed in 1671 CE. Musa Khan was the mahaldar (chamberlain) of Abdullah, as well as a minister and general. According to the historical record Gulzar-e-Asafiyah, when Musa Khan held the construction charge for the Mecca Masjid, he was provided with a discount of one damri per rupee from the building expenditure. He used this amount to construct the Toli Masjid, hence the name.[lower-alpha 1]
The mosque is located at Karwan, on the road which connects Golconda Fort to Purana Pul.[4] This road is historically significant as it connected the citadel of Golconda to the newly established city of Hyderabad.[6] It is listed as a state protected monument.[5] The lands endowed to the mosque have been encroached,[7][8] and the mosque is in a neglected condition.[9]
Architecture[edit | edit source]
The Toli Masjid is an example of late Qutb Shahi architecture. Built in the typical Qutb Shahi style, its chief feature is its exuberant decoration, considered a culmination of the decorative tendencies seen in earlier Qutb Shahi mosques.[2]
The mosque displays considerable Hindu influences in its style. These include the use of excessive ornamentation, as well as elements such as elephant-tusk brackets and pot-shaped bases for the two minarets. The niches in the post and lintel style are similar to those in temples used to accommodate images. Additionally, the parapet wall is decorated with miniature minarets just as miniature shikharas are seen in temples.[10]
Exterior[edit | edit source]
The Toli Masjid is built on a raised platform with a high plinth, which forms the courtyard of the mosque. This courtyard, about 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, is accessible by flights of steps from the north, south, and east. Musa Khan's grave is situated near the south-eastern end of the courtyard.[11] The mosque building, 4 feet (1.2 m) higher, is located at the western end. The lower part of the building is constructed from ashlar masonry, while the upper part is built out of brick and lime, probably to carry cut-plaster decoration. Granite and black basalt are used for embellishment.[3][9]
The façade has five arched openings, the central arch being a bit wider and more ornate than the other four. Five-arched façades are common in Qutb Shahi mosques, with the number five symbolizing the Panjtan.[12] Decorative granite columns start at each arch and reach up to the roof. This decoration consists of basalt medallions on either side of the arch, and stucco ornamentation. This is followed by eaves in the form of a chajja, which are supported by beams and brackets. Finally, a double parapet wall rises above the building, consisting of a series of arched windows, decorated with jali work. Miniature minarets rise above the parapet wall.[2][3][9]
The façade is flanked by two 18-metre-tall (60 ft) minarets. The pillars at the corners consist of pot-shaped bases, which support octagonal shafts upon which the minarets rise. The minarets have three sets of galleries, and the central gallery is provided with a balcony, decorated with foliate elements. Each minaret is topped by a dome and finial. The ceiling above the inner hall is surmounted by three flattish domes.[1][2][6]
The mosque was originally set in a large garden, of which little trace remains. A stepwell is also located within the premises.[13]
Interior[edit | edit source]
The mosque is divided into two halls—the outer hall having five arched openings, and the inner having only three. On the western wall of the inner hall, the prayer niche is in the form of a semi-decagon.[10] A Persian inscription in the Naskh script is engraved on the prayer niche.[14] The inscription, translated into English, reads:
For whom is the Kingdom today? For God, the One, the All-powerful.
Musa Khan built this mosque of his
Which was completed in the reign of Shah Abdullah.
As a chronogram of the mosque this was heard (from the Invisible Speaker):
"Built the mosque in the name of God." Template:AH
— translated by Ghulam Yazdani[14]
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bilgrami 1927, p. 67.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (PDF). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Yazdani 1918, pp. 3–5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bilgrami 1927, p. 65.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Telangana Heritage (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Maintenance) Act, 2017" (PDF). The Telangana Gazette. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sastry, V. V. Krishna (1982). Select Monuments of Hyderabad (PDF). Hyderabad: Ramesh Printers & Publishers. p. 38.
- ↑ "'Toli Masjid land encroached'". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008.
- ↑ Minhaz, Ayesha (2 February 2015). "17 acres of 343-year-old Toli Masjid encroached". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Iyer, Lalita (16 June 2018). "Hyderabad: At 350-year-old Toli Masjid, time for quiet reflection". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Yazdani 1918, p. 4.
- ↑ "Toli Masjid". Department of Heritage, Telangana.
- ↑ Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, Andre (2008). The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2. BRILL. p. 612. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2.
- ↑ Kashyap, Aarti (7 December 2022). "350-year-old stepwell in Hyderabad's Old City begs for attention". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yazdani, Ghulam (1921). Epigraphica Indo-Moslemica. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Press. p. 50.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Bilgrami, Syed Ali Asgar (1927). Landmarks of the Deccan. Hyderabad: Government Central Press. pp. 65–67.
- Yazdani, Ghulam (1918). Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions (PDF). Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 25 July 2023.