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{{Short description|Fifth month of the Hindu lunar calendar}}
{{Short description|Fourth month of the Hindu lunar calendar}}
{{Distinguish|Shravan}}
{{About||the Ramayana character|Shravana Kumara||Shravana|Shravana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox month
{{Infobox month
| image      = Images (8) (10).jpg
| image      = Birth_of_Krishna.jpg
| alt        =  
| alt        =  
| caption    = Upākarma in Tamil Nadu state by Brahmins in the month of Śrāvaṇa
| caption    = [[Janmashtami]] is celebrated in the month of Shravana and commemorates the birth of [[Krishna]]
| native_name =  
| native_name = {{native name|sa|Śrāvaṇa}}
| calendar    = [[Hindu calendar]]
| calendar    = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num        = 5
| num        = 5
| days        =  
| days        = 29 or 30
| season      = Rainy
| season      = [[Varsha (season)|Varsha]] ([[monsoon]])
| gregorian  = July-August
| gregorian  = [[July]]–[[August]]
| holidays    = * [[Krishna Janmashtami]](Amanta)
| holidays    = {{ubl |[[Teej|Haryali Teej]] |[[Krishna Janmashtami]] |[[Naga Panchami]] | [[Pola (festival)|Pola]] |[[Raksha Bandhan]] |[[Upakarma]] }}
* [[Raksha Bandhan]]
* [[Naga Panchami]]
* [[Pola (festival)|Pola]]
* [[Teej|Hariyali Teej]]
| prev_month  = [[Ashadha]]
| prev_month  = [[Ashadha]]
| next_month  = [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]]
| next_month  = [[Bhadrapada]]
}}
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Shravana''' is the fifth [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Shravana]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to the [[monsoon]] ([[Varsha (season)|Varsha]]) [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] and falls in [[July]]&ndash;[[August]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref>


'''Śrāvaṇa''' ({{lang-sa|श्रावण}}) is the fifth [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar]]. In [[Indian national calendar|India's national civil calendar]], Śrāvaṇa is the fifth month of the year, beginning on July 23 and ending on August 22. In the [[Tamil calendar]], it is known as Āvani and is the fifth month of the solar year. In lunar religious calendars, Śrāvaṇa begins on the new moon (according to the [[Hindu_calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) or the full moon (according to the [[Hindu_calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition) and is the fifth month of the year. ''Srabon'' ({{lang-bn|শ্রাবণ}}; also spelt ''Sravan'') is the fourth month of the solar [[Bengali calendar]]. It is also the fourth month of the [[Nepal Sambat|Nepali calendar]]. Śrāvaṇa is also the second month of ''Varsha'' (the [[rainy season]]).
In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Karkata]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to [[Srabon]], the fourth month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the fifth month of [[Avani (month)|Avani]], falling in the Gregorian months of August&ndash;September.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the fifth month of Sridhara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>


The month of Shravana is very important for the entire [[Indian subcontinent]], as it is connected to the arrival of the south-west [[monsoons]]. For many Hindus, the month of Shravana is a month of [[fasting]]. Many Hindus will fast every Monday to [[Shiva]] and/or every Tuesday to [[Parvati]]. Fasting on Tuesdays of this month is known locally as "Mangala Gauri Vrat".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html |title = 2022 Sawan Somwar, Shravan Somwar Vrat dates for New York City, New York, United States}}</ref>
In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
* [http://Jaihinduism.com/ Hinduism]


==Festivals==
== Festivals ==
Shravana is considered to be a holy month in the Hindu calendar due to the numerous festivals that are celebrated during this time. Also, special worship of Shiva and fasting is observed on Mondays.<ref>Sawan Ke Somwar: https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/festival/sawan-somwar</ref>
In [[Hinduism]], the month of Shravana is dedicated to god [[Shiva]], with the devotees practicing various rituals to seek his blessings and spiritual growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/sawan-2024-calendar-key-festivals-including-janmashtami-raksha-bandhan-and-rituals-for-this-sacred-month-article-12774803.html#google_vignette|title=Sawan 2024 Calendar: Key Festivals Including Janmashtami, Raksha Bandhan, and Rituals for This Sacred Month|work=Money Control|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/first-sawan-somwar-2025-date-and-time-check-puja-vidhi-fasting-rules-dos-donts-and-what-to-offer-lord-shiva/articleshow/122421914.cms?from=mdr|title=Shravan 2025: Check first Sawan Somwar puja vidhi, fasting rules, do’s & don’ts, and what to offer Lord Shiva|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> People usually observe [[fasting]] on Mondays of the month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html |title=2022 Sawan Somwar, Shravan Somwar Vrat dates for New York City, New York, United States |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032450/http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Dashamaa Vrata===
{{Main|Dashamaa Vart}}
Dashama Vrata is dedicated to [[Momai|Dashama]] and is observed on the first day of Shravana as per [[Gujarat]]i tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu Blog| date=30 July 2019 |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2014/07/dashama-vrat-2014-date-goddess-dashama.html?m=1}}</ref>


===Krishna Janmashtami===
=== Haryali Teej ===
{{Main|Krishna Janmashtami}}
[[Teej|Haryali Teej]] is celebrated on the [[Tritiya]] (third day) thithi after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa|author=Harkesh Singh Kehal|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=81-7142-869-X}}</ref> It commemorates reunion of Shiva and [[Parvati]], after Parvati fasted for years before being accepted by Shiva in her 108th birth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hariyali Teej 2024: Date, History, Significance, Puja Vidhi and More |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/spirituality/hariyali-teej-2024-know-date-time-significance-puja-vidhi-and-more-2024-08-05-945351|work=India TV |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teej Festival – Hariyali, Kajari, Hartalika Teej |url=https://www.ritiriwaz.com/teej-festival-hariyali-kajari-hartalika-teej/|work=Ritiriwaz |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hariyali Teej 2025 Date, Shubh Muhurat, Puja Rituals, History And Significance All You Need To Know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/hariyali-teej-2025-date-history-significance-rituals-10118314/|work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>
[[Krishna Janmashtami]] marks the birth of [[Krishna]] on the eighth day after the full moon, which is the 23rd day of Shravana according to the [[Hindu_calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition, and is celebrated with great pomp by Hindus across the world, especially those of the [[Vaishnava]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellwood|first=Robert|title=The Encyclopedia of World Religions|date=1998|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-6141-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199 199]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199}}</ref><ref>( Krishna was born at 12 o'clock on that day.)</ref>


===Raksha Bandhan===
=== Janmashtami ===
{{Main|Raksha Bandhan}}
[[Krishna Janmashtami]] marks the birth of Hindu god [[Krishna]] and is celebrated on the [[Ashtami]] (eighth day) thithi of [[Krishna Paksha]] (waxing moon). It is one of the major Hindu festivals, especially those following [[Vaishnava]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellwood|first=Robert|title=The Encyclopedia of World Religions|date=1998|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-6141-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199 199]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199}}</ref>
[[Raksha Bandhan]] also called '''Rakhi Purnima '''or simply '''Rakhi''' in many parts of [[India]] and [[Nepal]], is a [[Hindu]] religious festival.<ref name="ref55guxox">{{Citation | title=Popular culture in a globalised India | author=K. Moti Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake | publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2009 | isbn=978-0-415-47667-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC | quote=... Raksha Bandhan: A popular festival of Indian Sub-continent where sister ties a thread on brother's wrist, signifying love and/or seeking protection ... | date=4 February 2009 | access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> The festival signifies and celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. It is celebrated on Shravana [[Purnima (day)|Purnima]] (Full Moon). In simple words, Raksha bandhan means "Bond of Protection"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/meaning-significance-of-raksha-bandhan.html|title=Meaning of Raksha Bandhan, Significance of Rakhi, Rakshabandhan Significance, Meaning of Rakhi|access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>


===Naryal Purnima===
=== Naga Panchami ===
{{Main|Narali Poornima}}
[[Naga Panchami]] is celebrated on the [[Panchami]] (fifth day) [[thithi]] of [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) of the Shravana month. The day is dedicated to the worship of the snake god [[Nāga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nag Panchami 2025 to be Observed on July 29; Check shubh muhurat, puja vidhi and significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/nag-panchami-2025-to-be-observed-on-july-29-check-shubh-muhurat-puja-vidhi-and-significance/articleshow/122945315.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naga Panchami 2025: Date, Puja Timings, History, Significance – All You Need to Know |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/lifestyle/naga-panchami-2025-date-puja-timings-history-significance-all-you-need-to-know-434288/|work=Sakshi Post |date= 29 July 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]],  Basava Panchami is celebrated on the fifth day after Amavasya, and commemorates the day when [[Lingayat]] saint [[Basava]] attained [[moksha]] in 1196 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of Shravan |url=https://lakshminarayanlenasia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/SignificanceShravanMonth.pdf|work=Lakshmi Narayana Lenasia | date=August 2019 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>
In western India and parts of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Goa]], Shravana Purnima (full moon) day is celebrated as Narali Purnima. On this day, an offering of a coconut ({{Transl|gu|naryal}} in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], {{Transl|mr|naral}} in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]) is made to the sea, as a mark of respect to Varuna, the God of the Sea. In the coastal regions of Maharashtra i.e. [[Konkan]], a coconut is offered to the sea for calming it down after the [[monsoon season]]. Narali Purnima is the beginning of the fishing season, and the fishermen, who depend on the sea for a living, make an offering to Varuna so that they can reap bountiful fish from the sea. Fishermen start fishing in the sea after this ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html |title = Narali Purnima - Narali Pournima Maharashtra, Narali Pournima Festival India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1968/narali-poornima-coconut-festival/ |title=Narali Poornima/ Coconut Festival |publisher=Magicalmumbai.com |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>


===Nag Panchami===
=== Purnima ===
{{Main|Naga Panchami}}
Various Hindu religious festivals are celebrated on the [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) day of the month. [[Raksha Bandhan]] celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters, wherein sister(s) tie a thread on the brother's wrist.<ref>{{cite book | title=Popular culture in a globalised India | author=K. Moti Gokulsing, [[Wimal Dissanayake]] | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]| isbn=978-0-415-47667-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC | quote=... Raksha Bandhan: A popular festival of Indian Sub-continent where sister ties a thread on brother's wrist, signifying love and/or seeking protection ... | date=4 February 2009 | access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/meaning-significance-of-raksha-bandhan.html|title=Meaning of Raksha Bandhan, Significance of Rakhi, Rakshabandhan Significance, Meaning of Rakhi|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104455/https://www.raksha-bandhan.com/meaning-significance-of-raksha-bandhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], people observe the festival of Salono.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=Madan Lal Sharma|author3=A. K. Bhatia|title=People of India:Haryana|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105014/https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> During the day, priests tie amulets on people's wrists for protection against evil.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdWAAAAYAAJ&q=salono+haryana|title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Rohtak district gazetteer, 1910|date=17 July 2000|publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144927/https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdWAAAAYAAJ&q=salono+haryana|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMbUAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+purnima|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=India Office of the Registrar General|date=17 July 1965|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMbUAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+purnima|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501200322/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|title=Karnal District Gazetteer|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> The festival of also involves a sister tying a thread called ''ponchi'' on a brother's hand.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=saluno+haryana|title=Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India|first=Shakti M.|last=Gupta|date=17 July 1990|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=978-8-18512-023-2 |access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105016/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=saluno+haryana|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx4sKFB_aicC&pg=PA206|title=World Religions Reader|first=Gwilym|last=Beckerlegge|date=17 July 2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-41524-748-1 |access-date=17 July 2023|page=296}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, Oscar|year=1865|title=Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK0iAAAAMAAJ&q=coincides|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105521/https://books.google.com/books?id=AK0iAAAAMAAJ&q=coincides|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
[[Nag Panchami]] is also celebrated in many parts of India on the fifth day after [[Amavasya]] of Shravana month. The snake god [[Nāga]] is worshiped. The last day of Shravana is celebrated as [[Pola (festival)|Pola]], where the [[bull]] is worshiped by farmers from Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolhapur District
| volume = 1| publisher = Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State
| date = 1976
| page = 280
}}</ref>


===Basava Panchami===
On the Purnima day, certain communities such as [[Brahmins]]   perform rituals associated with [[Upakarma]]. Men change their sacred thread and begin to don a new one on the day annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/jandhyala-purnima.html|title=Jandhyala Purnima|date=16 August 2021|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105012/https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/jandhyala-purnima.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Karnataka '''[[Basava]] Panchami''' (Kannada: {{Transl|kn|ಬಸವ ಪಂಚಮಿ}}) is celebrated on the fifth day after [[amavasya]]. In 1196 AD, on this day, Lingayat dharma guru [[Basava]] merged with God.{{Clarify|date=September 2021|reason=poor grammar}}


===Avani Avittam===
[[Narali Poornima]] is celebrated in parts of [[Western India]], where in [[coconuts]] are offered to Hindu god [[Varuna]]. It marks the beginning of the fishing season, and the fishermen make an offering to the god for bountiful harvest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html |title=Narali Purnima - Narali Pournima Maharashtra, Narali Pournima Festival India |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715223636/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1968/narali-poornima-coconut-festival/ |title=Narali Poornima/ Coconut Festival |work=Magical Mumbai|access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825041224/http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1968/narali-poornima-coconut-festival/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The Purnima day is also celebrated as [[Balarama]]'s birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |title=Balaram Jayanti |work=[[ISKCON]] |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818123802/http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |archive-date=18 August 2013 }}</ref>
In southern and central parts of India including [[Maharashtra]] , [[Goa]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Odisha]], Shravana Purnima day is when many communities perform the rituals of [[Avani Avittam]] or [[Upakarma]].


===Balarama Jayanti===
In [[Odisha]], Gamha Purnima is celebrated during which domesticated [[cows]] and [[Cattle|bullocks]] are decorated and worshipped. Country-made sweet such as [[pitha]] and mitha are made and distributed within families, relatives and friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/89RakshaBandhan_GamhaPurnima.pdf |title=Gamha Purnima event archives |work=[[Government of Odisha]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318074426/http://www.orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/89RakshaBandhan_GamhaPurnima.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref> In [[Jagannath]] culture, Krishna and [[Radha]] are believed to have enjoyed the rainy season of the month while playing on a [[Swing (seat)|swing]]. The celebration commemorating the event usually starts on Ekadashi (four days before Purnima) and ends with Jhulan yatra on Gamha Purnima. The idols of [[Radha-Krishna]] are decorated and placed on a swing (jhulan) on the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_gamha_purnima.html |title=Lord Jagannath: Festivals - Gamha Purnima, Festival of lord jagannath, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple |publisher=Oriya online |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823202102/http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_gamha_purnima.html }}</ref>
Shravana Purnima day is also celebrated as Balarama's birth ceremony. [[Krishna]]'s elder brother [[Balarama]] was born on this Purnima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |title=Balaram Jayanti |publisher=Iskconbangalore.org |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818123802/http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |archive-date=18 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskconbangalore.org/balaram-jayanti-2010 |title=Balaram Jayanti 2010 |publisher=Iskconbangalore.org |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927232617/http://www.iskconbangalore.org/balaram-jayanti-2010 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


===Gamha Purnima===
In parts of [[Central India]] such as [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]], the Purnima day is celebrated as Kajari Purnima. The festivities start on [[Navami]] (ninth day) after Amavasya, and ends on the full moon day. Women, who have sons, perform various rituals on the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sssbalvikas.org/glory5-aug10.asp |title=Sri Sathya Sai Bal Vikas |work=Bal Vikas |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210003519/http://sssbalvikas.org/glory5-aug10.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In parts of Gujarat, the Purnima day marks the event of Pavitropana. On this day, people perform puja to worship Shiva.<ref>{{cite web |author1=John Marshall |author2=Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa |url=http://www.salagram.net/ekadasi-18.htm |title=Pavitropana - Putrada Ekadasi |publisher=Salagram |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104557/http://www.salagram.net/ekadasi-18.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/07/pavitra-ekadashi-2009-pavitropana.html |title=Pavitra Ekadashi 2011 – Pavitropana Ekadasi ~ Hindu Blog |work=Hindu-blog |date=6 June 2007 |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |title=Pavitropana Ekadasi |work=[[ISKCON]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=25 August 2013 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220181507/https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Cotton]] threads or strands of grass are soaked in [[panchagavya]], and tied around a [[lingam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/pavitropana.html |title=Pavitropana, Pavitropana Festival |publisher=Raksha-bandhan|date=21 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104552/https://www.raksha-bandhan.com/pavitropana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Gamha Purnima is celebrated in [[Odisha]]. On this date, all the domesticated cows and bullocks are decorated and worshipped. Various kinds of country-made cakes called ''[[pitha]]'' and sweets, ''mitha'', are made and distributed within families, relatives and friends. In Oriya [[Jagannath]] culture, the Krishna and [[Radha]] enjoy the rainy season of Shravana starting from Shukla Pakhya Ekadashi (usually four days before Purnima) and ending on Rakhi Purnima with a festival called Jhulan Yatra. Idols of [[Radha-Krishna]] are beautifully decorated on a swing called Jhulan, hence the name ''Jhulan Yatra''.<ref>[http://www.orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/89RakshaBandhan_GamhaPurnima.pdf Event archives] orissa.gov.in {{dead link|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_gamha_purnima.html |title=Lord Jagannath: Festivals - Gamha Purnima, Festival of lord jagannath, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple |publisher=orissa.oriyaonline.com |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>


===Kajari Purnima===
=== Pola ===
In central parts of India such as [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] Shravana Purnima day is celebrated as Kajari Purnima. It is an important day for farmers and women blessed with a son. On the ninth day after Shravana Amavasya, the preparations of the Kajari festival start. This ninth day is called Kajari Navami and varied rituals are performed by women who have sons until Kajri Purnima or the full moon day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sssbalvikas.org/glory5-aug10.asp |title=Sri Sathya Sai Bal Vikas |publisher=Sssbalvikas.org |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Author shubham95 |url=http://mythology.nuvvo.com/lesson/15612-raksha-bandhan |title=Raksha Bandhan - Mythology |publisher=Mythology.nuvvo.com |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523022531/http://mythology.nuvvo.com/lesson/15612-raksha-bandhan |archive-date=23 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Pola (festival)|Pola]] is a festival celebrated in parts of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a thanksgiving festival celebrated to honor the oxen, which had helped with the farming activities.<ref>{{cite book | title = Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolhapur District | volume = 1| publisher = Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | date = 1976 | page = 280
}}</ref>


===Pavitropana===
=== Others ===
In parts of [[Gujarat]], Shravana Purnima day is celebrated as Pavitropana. On this holiday, people perform the grand puja or the worship of Shiva. It is the culmination of the prayers done throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/pavitropana.html |title=Pavitropana, Pavitropana Festival |publisher=Raksha-bandhan.com |date=2013-08-21 |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=John Marshall / Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa |url=http://www.salagram.net/ekadasi-18.htm |title=PAvitropAna - PutradA EkAdasi |publisher=Salagram.net |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/07/pavitra-ekadashi-2009-pavitropana.html |title=Pavitra Ekadashi 2011 – Pavitropana Ekadasi ~ Hindu Blog |publisher=Hindu-blog.com |date=2007-06-06 |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |title=Pavitropana Ekadasi |publisher=Archive.is |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220181507/https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivals.iloveindia.com/rituals/pavitra-ekadashi-vrat.html |title=Pavitra Ekadashi Vrat - How To Observe Pavitropana Ekadashi Vrat, Story Of Pavitra Ekadashi Fasting |publisher=Festivals.iloveindia.com |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>
On the [[Ekadashi]] (11th day) thithi, Vaishnavas in parts of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the birth of ''Pushti marga'', the path of grace. [[Vallabhacharya]] offered a sacred thread (''pavitra soothan'') to god Krishna on this day. To commemorate this, divine threads are offered to devotees on the day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavitra Ekadashi – the birth of Pushti Marga |url=https://www.pushtimarg.info/Shravan_Sud_11.php|work=Pushtimarg Information |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pavitra Ekadashi |url=https://www.vpsshaveli.org/index.cfm/event/pavitra-ekadashi/|work=VPSS Haveli |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> On the [[Dwitiya]] thithi, Raghavendra Swami Punyathithi is observed, which commemorates the day when Hindu saint [[Raghavendra Tirtha]], who advocated [[Madhvacharya]]'s [[Dvaita]] philosophy, achieved moksha in 1671 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of Sri Raghavendra Swamy Aradhana – 3-day festival |url=https://www.thinkbangalore.com/2023/08/significance-of-sri-raghavendra-swamy.html|work=Think Bangalore |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>


===Pavitra Ekadashi===
== Yatras ==
On Ekadashi Day [11th day], Vaishnavas in Gujarat and Rajasthan celebrate it as the birth of Pushtimarga, the path of grace. On this day, Krishna appeared in front of Vallabhacharya. Vallabhacharya offered him a thread (''soothan''), which was pious (''pavitra''). Since that day every year, Pavitra Ekadashi is celebrated. Such threads are offered from Ekadashi till Raksha Bandhan.
The annual [[Kanwar Yatra]] is held during the month, when devotees of Shivas known as Kanwarias travel by foot to various Hindu pilgrimage places such as [[Haridwar]], [[Gaumukh]] and [[Gangotri]] in [[Uttarakhand]] to fetch holy waters from the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|title=SPOTLIGHT: The long walk for worship|date=14–27 August 2004|issue=17|volume=21|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806091502/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|archive-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> During Shravani mela, thousands of pilgrims walk about {{cvt|100|km}}, carrying water, from the [[Ganges]] from [[Sultanganj]] in [[Bihar]] to [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&pg=PA41|title=Fasts and Festivals of India|first=Manish|last=Verma|date=17 July 2013|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
 
===Jandhyam Purnima===
''Jandhyam'' is Sanskrit for 'sacred thread', and ''Purnima'' denotes the full moon in Sanskrit. Jandhyala Purnima is observed on the full moon day (Purnima) in the month of Shravana in Andhra Pradesh. Brahmins perform the sacred thread changing ceremony on this day and it is also known as Yajurveda Nutanasahitha Upakarma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/jandhyala-purnima.html|title=Jandhyala Purnima|date=16 August 2021|accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilovehyd.com/culture-n-festivals/rakhi.html#jandhyala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010165616/http://ilovehyd.com/culture-n-festivals/rakhi.html#jandhyala |archive-date=2007-10-10 |title=I Love Hyderabad |date=2007-10-10 |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>
 
===Salono===
In [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], in addition to celebrating Raksha Bandhan, people observe the festival of Salono.<ref>Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India (1994) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+]</ref> Salono is celebrated by priests solemnly tying amulets on people's wrists for protection against evil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdWAAAAYAAJ&q=salono+haryana|title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Rohtak district gazetteer, 1910|date=17 July 2000|publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana|accessdate=17 July 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMbUAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+purnima|title=Census of India, 1961|first=India Office of the Registrar|last=General|date=17 July 1965|publisher=Manager of Publications|accessdate=17 July 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref> The day is dedicated to local saints involving devotees receiving such amulets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501200322/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Karnal District Gazetteer|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> In [[Haryana]], the festival of Salono also involves sisters tying threads on brothers to ward off evil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=saluno+haryana|title=Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India|first=Shakti M.|last=Gupta|date=17 July 1990|publisher=Clarion Books|accessdate=17 July 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref> Despite the two festivals being similar in their practices, Salono and Raksha Bandhan are distinct observances with the threads tied for Salono being called ''ponchis''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx4sKFB_aicC&pg=PA206|title=World Religions Reader|first=Gwilym|last=Beckerlegge|date=17 July 2001|publisher=Psychology Press|accessdate=17 July 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Lewis, Oscar (1865) Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village [https://books.google.com/books?id=AK0iAAAAMAAJ&q=coincides]</ref>
 
===Pola===
{{See also|Pola (festival)}}
Pola is a festival respecting bulls and oxen which is celebrated by farmers in Maharashtra. Pola is a thanksgiving festival of farmers and their families for their bulls. It is celebrated in Maharashtra to acknowledge the importance of bulls and oxen, who are a crucial part of agriculture and farming activities. It falls on the last day or the new moon day of Shravana.
 
===Shravani Mela===
{{see also| Yatra#Famous_yatras | l1= Famous Hindu yatras | Hindu pilgrimage sites in India | List of Hindu festivals | Tirtha and Kshetra}}
 
Shravani Mela is a major festival time at [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]] with thousands of saffron-clad pilgrims bringing holy water around 100&nbsp;km on foot from the [[Ganges]] at [[Sultanganj]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&pg=PA41|title=Fasts and Festivals of India|first=Manish|last=Verma|date=17 July 2013|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|accessdate=17 July 2023|via=Google Books}}</ref> Shravana is also the time of the annual [[Kanwar Yatra]], the annual pilgrimage of devotees of [[Shiva]], known as ''Kanwaria'' make to Hindu pilgrimage places of [[Haridwar]], [[Gaumukh]] and [[Gangotri]] in [[Uttarakhand]] to fetch holy waters of [[Ganges River]]<ref name="fr">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|title=SPOTLIGHT: The long walk for worship|date=14–27 August 2004|issue=17|volume=21|publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], ([[The Hindu]])|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806091502/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|archive-date=6 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
Hindu saint Guru [[Raghavendra Swami]], who advocated Madhvacharya's Dvaita philosophy, achieved Videha Mukti on Sraavana Bahula [[Dwitiya]] in 1671 AD .
 
==In popular culture==
Being the period when the [[monsoon]] falls over the heated plains of India, the season is celebrated in various texts, such as the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Meghaduta]]'' by [[Kalidasa]]. Many films too have been made with ''Sawan'' in their title, like ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]'', (1969), ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970), ''[[Solva Sawan]]'' (1979), ''[[Sawan Ko Aane Do]]'' (1979), ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]'' (1980), etc.
 
Also, in [[Hindustani classical music]], many songs are themed around [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] during the rainy season, and also [[Bollywood]] songs, e.g., ''Sawan ki Ritu Aai'', ''Sawan ka Mahina Pawan kare Sor''' and ''<nowiki/>'Rim jhim gire Saawan'.''
 
During Shravana, the Hindu community in the regions of [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] practice a [[vegetarian]] diet. This is because during the monsoon season, it is difficult to get seafood; scientifically it's done allow breeding of fish in the ocean ,so that there is no extinction of fish species{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Vassa]], a similar festival in Buddhism also observed with meditation


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
1.[https://bhajansimran.com/sawan-somvar-vrat-katha/ Sawan somvar Vrat katha]{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
 
{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Indian astronomy}}
*[https://jaihinduism.com/keejo-kesari-ke-laal/ Keshri ke laal]


[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*05]]
[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*05]]

Latest revision as of 10:30, 9 February 2026


For the Ramayana character, see Shravana Kumara. For other uses, see Shravana.

Template:Infobox month

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Shravana is the fifth month of the Hindu lunar calendar and the Indian national calendar.[1] The name of the month is derived from the position of the Moon near the Shravana nakshatra (star) on the full moon day.[2] The month corresponds to the monsoon (Varsha) season and falls in July–August of the Gregorian calendar.[3]

In the Hindu solar calendar, it corresponds to the month of Karkata and begins with the Sun's entry into Cancer.[4] It corresponds to Srabon, the fourth month in the Bengali calendar.[4] In the Tamil calendar, it corresponds to the fifth month of Avani, falling in the Gregorian months of August–September.[4][5] In the Vaishnav calendar, it corresponds to the fifth month of Sridhara.[6][7]

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after Amavasya (new moon) or Purnima (full moon) as per amanta and purnimanta systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, Shukla Paksha (waning moon) and Krishna Paksha (waxing moon). Days in each cycle is labeled as a thithi, with each thithi repeating twice in a month.[8][9]

Festivals[edit | edit source]

In Hinduism, the month of Shravana is dedicated to god Shiva, with the devotees practicing various rituals to seek his blessings and spiritual growth.[10][11] People usually observe fasting on Mondays of the month.[12]

Haryali Teej[edit | edit source]

Haryali Teej is celebrated on the Tritiya (third day) thithi after Amavasya (new moon).[13] It commemorates reunion of Shiva and Parvati, after Parvati fasted for years before being accepted by Shiva in her 108th birth.[14][15][16]

Janmashtami[edit | edit source]

Krishna Janmashtami marks the birth of Hindu god Krishna and is celebrated on the Ashtami (eighth day) thithi of Krishna Paksha (waxing moon). It is one of the major Hindu festivals, especially those following Vaishnava traditions.[17]

Naga Panchami[edit | edit source]

Naga Panchami is celebrated on the Panchami (fifth day) thithi of Shukla Paksha (waning moon) of the Shravana month. The day is dedicated to the worship of the snake god Nāga.[18][19] In Karnataka, Basava Panchami is celebrated on the fifth day after Amavasya, and commemorates the day when Lingayat saint Basava attained moksha in 1196 CE.[20]

Purnima[edit | edit source]

Various Hindu religious festivals are celebrated on the Purnima (full moon) day of the month. Raksha Bandhan celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters, wherein sister(s) tie a thread on the brother's wrist.[21][22] In Haryana and Punjab, people observe the festival of Salono.[23] During the day, priests tie amulets on people's wrists for protection against evil.[24][25][26] The festival of also involves a sister tying a thread called ponchi on a brother's hand.[27][28][29]

On the Purnima day, certain communities such as Brahmins perform rituals associated with Upakarma. Men change their sacred thread and begin to don a new one on the day annually.[30]

Narali Poornima is celebrated in parts of Western India, where in coconuts are offered to Hindu god Varuna. It marks the beginning of the fishing season, and the fishermen make an offering to the god for bountiful harvest.[31][32] The Purnima day is also celebrated as Balarama's birthday.[33]

In Odisha, Gamha Purnima is celebrated during which domesticated cows and bullocks are decorated and worshipped. Country-made sweet such as pitha and mitha are made and distributed within families, relatives and friends.[34] In Jagannath culture, Krishna and Radha are believed to have enjoyed the rainy season of the month while playing on a swing. The celebration commemorating the event usually starts on Ekadashi (four days before Purnima) and ends with Jhulan yatra on Gamha Purnima. The idols of Radha-Krishna are decorated and placed on a swing (jhulan) on the day.[35]

In parts of Central India such as Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, the Purnima day is celebrated as Kajari Purnima. The festivities start on Navami (ninth day) after Amavasya, and ends on the full moon day. Women, who have sons, perform various rituals on the day.[36] In parts of Gujarat, the Purnima day marks the event of Pavitropana. On this day, people perform puja to worship Shiva.[37][38][39] Cotton threads or strands of grass are soaked in panchagavya, and tied around a lingam.[40]

Pola[edit | edit source]

Pola is a festival celebrated in parts of Maharashtra. It is a thanksgiving festival celebrated to honor the oxen, which had helped with the farming activities.[41]

Others[edit | edit source]

On the Ekadashi (11th day) thithi, Vaishnavas in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan celebrate the birth of Pushti marga, the path of grace. Vallabhacharya offered a sacred thread (pavitra soothan) to god Krishna on this day. To commemorate this, divine threads are offered to devotees on the day.[42][43] On the Dwitiya thithi, Raghavendra Swami Punyathithi is observed, which commemorates the day when Hindu saint Raghavendra Tirtha, who advocated Madhvacharya's Dvaita philosophy, achieved moksha in 1671 CE.[44]

Yatras[edit | edit source]

The annual Kanwar Yatra is held during the month, when devotees of Shivas known as Kanwarias travel by foot to various Hindu pilgrimage places such as Haridwar, Gaumukh and Gangotri in Uttarakhand to fetch holy waters from the Ganges.[45] During Shravani mela, thousands of pilgrims walk about 100 km (62 mi), carrying water, from the Ganges from Sultanganj in Bihar to Deoghar in Jharkhand.[46]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Kenneth W. Morgan, ed. (1987). The Religion Of The Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 96. ISBN 978-8-120-80387-9.
  2. ↑ Garima Garg (2022). Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures. Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-9-354-92705-8.
  3. ↑ Helene Henderson, ed. (2005). Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary (Third ed.). Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-780-80982-6.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Robert Sewell; John Faithful Fleet (1989). The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar. Asian Educational Services. p. 334.
  5. ↑ "Tamil Calendar – Months". Time and Date. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  6. ↑ "Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar". Vaisnava Calendar. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  7. ↑ "Something about the Vaisnava Calendar". ISVARA. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  8. ↑ "Hindu calendar". ISKCON. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  9. ↑ "Hindu calendar". Arya Samaj. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  10. ↑ "Sawan 2024 Calendar: Key Festivals Including Janmashtami, Raksha Bandhan, and Rituals for This Sacred Month". Money Control. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  11. ↑ "Shravan 2025: Check first Sawan Somwar puja vidhi, fasting rules, do's & don'ts, and what to offer Lord Shiva". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  12. ↑ "2022 Sawan Somwar, Shravan Somwar Vrat dates for New York City, New York, United States". Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  13. ↑ Harkesh Singh Kehal. Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa. Unistar Books. ISBN 81-7142-869-X.
  14. ↑ "Hariyali Teej 2024: Date, History, Significance, Puja Vidhi and More". India TV. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  15. ↑ "Teej Festival – Hariyali, Kajari, Hartalika Teej". Ritiriwaz. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  16. ↑ "Hariyali Teej 2025 Date, Shubh Muhurat, Puja Rituals, History And Significance All You Need To Know". The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  17. ↑ Ellwood, Robert (1998). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 199. ISBN 0-8160-6141-6.
  18. ↑ "Nag Panchami 2025 to be Observed on July 29; Check shubh muhurat, puja vidhi and significance". The Times of India. 28 July 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  19. ↑ "Naga Panchami 2025: Date, Puja Timings, History, Significance – All You Need to Know". Sakshi Post. 29 July 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  20. ↑ "Significance of Shravan" (PDF). Lakshmi Narayana Lenasia. August 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  21. ↑ K. Moti Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (4 February 2009). Popular culture in a globalised India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-47667-6. Retrieved 16 August 2011. ... Raksha Bandhan: A popular festival of Indian Sub-continent where sister ties a thread on brother's wrist, signifying love and/or seeking protection ...
  22. ↑ "Meaning of Raksha Bandhan, Significance of Rakhi, Rakshabandhan Significance, Meaning of Rakhi". Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  23. ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh; Madan Lal Sharma; A. K. Bhatia (1994). People of India:Haryana. Anthropological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024.
  24. ↑ Haryana District Gazetteers: Rohtak district gazetteer, 1910. Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana. 17 July 2000. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  25. ↑ Census of India, 1961. India Office of the Registrar General. 17 July 1965. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  26. ↑ "Karnal District Gazetteer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2014.
  27. ↑ Gupta, Shakti M. (17 July 1990). Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India. Clarion Books. ISBN 978-8-18512-023-2. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  28. ↑ Beckerlegge, Gwilym (17 July 2001). World Religions Reader. Psychology Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-41524-748-1. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  29. ↑ Lewis, Oscar (1865). Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024.
  30. ↑ "Jandhyala Purnima". 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  31. ↑ "Narali Purnima - Narali Pournima Maharashtra, Narali Pournima Festival India". Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  32. ↑ "Narali Poornima/ Coconut Festival". Magical Mumbai. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "Balaram Jayanti". ISKCON. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  34. ↑ "Gamha Purnima event archives" (PDF). Government of Odisha. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2012.
  35. ↑ "Lord Jagannath: Festivals - Gamha Purnima, Festival of lord jagannath, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple". Oriya online. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  36. ↑ "Sri Sathya Sai Bal Vikas". Bal Vikas. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  37. ↑ John Marshall; Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa. "Pavitropana - Putrada Ekadasi". Salagram. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  38. ↑ "Pavitra Ekadashi 2011 – Pavitropana Ekadasi ~ Hindu Blog". Hindu-blog. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  39. ↑ "Pavitropana Ekadasi". ISKCON. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  40. ↑ "Pavitropana, Pavitropana Festival". Raksha-bandhan. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  41. ↑ Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolhapur District. Vol. 1. Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. 1976. p. 280.
  42. ↑ "Pavitra Ekadashi – the birth of Pushti Marga". Pushtimarg Information. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  43. ↑ "Pavitra Ekadashi". VPSS Haveli. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  44. ↑ "Significance of Sri Raghavendra Swamy Aradhana – 3-day festival". Think Bangalore. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  45. ↑ "SPOTLIGHT: The long walk for worship". Frontline. The Hindu. 14–27 August 2004. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010.
  46. ↑ Verma, Manish (17 July 2013). Fasts and Festivals of India. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 978-81-7182-076-4. Retrieved 17 July 2023.

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