Odia people: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
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{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Redirect|Odias||Odia (disambiguation){{!}}Odia}}
{{Redirect|Odias||Odia (disambiguation){{!}}Odia}}
{{short description|Ethnic group associated with the Indian state of Odisha}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Odias
| group           = Odias
| native_name = ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକ
| native_name     = ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକ<br/>Odiā Lōka
| native_name_lang = od
| native_name_lang = od
| flag =  
| flag             =  
| population = '''{{Circa|40 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ory|title=Odia|website=ethnologue}}</ref>
| image            = Odissi in a Group.jpg
| region1 = {{IND}}
| image_caption    = Dancers performing [[odissi]]
| pop1 = 33,026,680 (2011)
| population      = 40 million
| ref1 = <ref name="Census 2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011]</ref>
| region1         = {{IND}}
| region2 = {{Flag|USA}}
| pop1             = 38,033,000 (2011)
| pop2 = 106,400 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls|title=US Census Bureau American Community Survey (2009 - 2013) |quote=See Row #63 |website=Census.gov|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| langs           = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| region3 = {{Flag|Australia }}
| religions       = '''Predominantly''':<br />[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br />'''Minorities''':<br />{{hlist|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| pop3 = 72,000 <ref>{{cite web|title=Census shows Indian population and languages have exponentially grown in Australia|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2017/06/28/census-shows-indian-population-and-languages-have-exponentially-grown-australia|website=SBS Australia|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] and others}}
| region4 = {{Flag|UAE}}
| related_groups  = [[Indo-Aryan people]], [[Bengalis]]
| pop4 = 37,590
| region5 = {{Flag|Qatar}}
| pop5 = 25,590
| region6 = {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| pop6 = 19,394
| region7 = {{Flag|Canada}}
| pop7 = 17,350 <ref>{{cite web|title=Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3|website=Census Profile, 2016 Census|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
| region8 = {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| pop8 = 15,000
| region9 = {{Flag|Oman}}
| pop9 = 13,400
| region10 = {{Flag|Singapore}}
| pop10 = 10,800
| langs = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''':<br>[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br>'''Minorities''':<br>{{hlist|[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] and others}}
}}
}}
 
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=ଓଡ଼ିଆ Odiā|person=Odiā|people=Odiā Lōka|language=[[Odia language|Odiā]]|country=[[Odisha]] <br> [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (hist.)}}
{{State of Odisha}}
The '''Odia''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}), formerly spelled '''Oriya''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] native to the Indian state of [[Odisha]] who speak the [[Odia language]]. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state, with significant minority populations existing in the neighboring states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|isbn=9781598846591|last1=Minahan|first1=James|year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> Odia is the 9th most spoken language in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |archive-date=13 November 2019 }}</ref> Modern-day Odisha was made from the [[Odia language|Odia-speaking]] part of then–[[Bihar and Orissa Province]], Odia-speaking areas of [[Madras Presidency]], Odia-speaking areas of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and Odia-speaking Gadajats (Odia Princely states).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> The first linguistic movement started in 1886 and with the successful efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Odia nationalism, Odisha became the first state to be created on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-12 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Orissa {{!}} Born of linguistic pride |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131112115802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
The '''Odia''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}), formerly spelled '''Odiya''', are native to the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and have the [[Odia language]] as their [[mother tongue]]. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state of [[Odisha]], with significant minority populations in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|isbn=9781598846591|last1=Minahan|first1=James|year=2012}}</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
The earliest Odias were called [[Odra Kingdom|Odra]] or [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], which later on became [[Utkal]]. The word Odia has mentions in [[epic (novel)|epics]] like the [[Mahabharata]]. The Odras are mentioned as one of the peoples that fought in the Mahabharata. [[Pali]] literature calls them Oddakas. [[Ptolemy]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] also refer to the Oretas who inhabit India's eastern coast. The modern term Odia dates from the 15th century when it was used by the medieval Muslim chroniclers and adopted by the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] kings of Odisha.


== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|History of Odisha}}
{{Main|History of Odisha}}
===Ancient period===
The Odias are distinguished by their [[ethnocultural]] customs as well as the use of the Odia language. Odisha's relative isolation and the lack of any discernible outside influence has contributed towards preserving a social and religious structure that has disappeared from most of North India.


The inhabitants of Odisha were known as [[Odra Kingdom|Odras]], [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkal]] and [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] in [[Mahabharata]]. During 3rd century BCE coastal Odisha was known as Kalinga. According to Mahabharata Kalinga extended from the mouth of [[Ganga]] in north to the mouth of [[Godavari]] in south.
'''<big>Ancient period</big>'''
[[File:Udaygiri and Khandagiri Cave - 1.jpg|thumb|'''Udaygiri and Khandagiri Cave - 1''']]
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Sudāmā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ |title=Janapada State in Ancient India |date=1973 |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |language=en}}</ref>


During 4th Century, [[Mahapadma Nanda]] conquered Kalinga.
According to some scriptures ([[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]]), a king Bali, the [[Vairocana]] and the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patil |first=Rajaram D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&dq=bali+sudesna&pg=PA46 |title=Cultural History From The Vayu Purana |date=1973 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2085-2 |language=en}}</ref> The princes were named [[Anga#Origin of name|Anga]], [[Vanga kingdom#References in the Mahabharata|Vanga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], [[Suhma kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Odisha |date=2024-12-03 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/History_of_Odisha#cite_note-7500BC-3 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref> The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded [[Vanga kingdom]], in the current day region of [[Bangladesh]] and part of [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Odisha |date=2024-12-03 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/History_of_Odisha#cite_note-enHindu-5 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref>
During rule of [[Ashoka]], Kalinga was annexed as part of [[Maurya Empire]]. During 2nd century BCE, [[Kharavela]] emerged as powerful ruler. He defeated several kings in North and South India. During this period Utkala was centre of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].
[[File:Hathigumpha.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Entrance of the Hathigumpha]]
[[File:Hatigumfa.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hathigumpha inscription]] of King Khāravela at Udayagiri Hills]]
During reign of [[Gupta Empire]], [[Samudra Gupta]] conquered Odisha.


===Medieval period===
The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of [[Varuna]] and river Parnasa, had joined the [[Kaurava]] camp in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He had been given a divine [[Gada (mace)|mace]] by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long as he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried by [[Arjuna]]'s arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha. The archer who killed [[Krishna]], Jara Savara, and [[Ekalavya]] are said to have belonged to the [[Sabar people]] of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Shailodbhava dynasty]] ruled the region from 6th century to 8th century. They built [[Parashurameshvara Temple]] in 7th century which is oldest known temple in Bhubaneswar. [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] ruled Odisha from 8th to 10th century. They built several Buddhist Monasteries and temple  including of [[Lalitgiri]], [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] and [[Baitala Deula]]. [[Keshari dynasty]] ruled from 9th to 12th century. They constructed [[Lingaraj Temple]], [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]] and [[Rajarani Temple]] in Bhubaneswar.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=27}} They introduced a new style of architecture in Odisha and their rule saw a shift from [[Buddhism]] to [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=26}} Then [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] ruled Odisha from 11th to 15th century AD. They constructed famous [[Konark temple]].  [[Gajapati Empire]] ruled the region in 15th century. The Empire was extended from Ganga river in the north to Kaveri river in the south during reign of [[Kapilendra Deva]].
[[File:Parasurameswar temple with linga.jpg|thumb|7th century Parasurameswar temple, the oldest temple in Bhubaneswar]]
[[File:Lalitgiri WIKI.JPG|thumb|Lalitgiri Manastry]]
[[File:Beauty of LingrajTemple.jpg|thumb|Lingaraj Temple]] 
[[File:Konark Sun Temple Front view.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right| Narasimhadeva I is known to have built the Konark temple.]]


===Modern period===
In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&dq=Mahagovinda+Suttanta+kalinga&pg=PA75 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |date=2006 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 |language=en}}</ref>
Odisha remained an independent regional power till the early 16th century A.D. It was conquered by the [[Mughals]] under [[Akbar]] in 1568 and was thereafter subject to a succession of Mughal and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule before finally falling to the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the year 1803.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/book-by-british-ics-officer-covers----orissa--as-a-whole.html|title=Book by British ICS officer covers 'Orissa' as a whole|website=dailypioneer|author=GYANENENDRA NATH MITRA|date=25 December 2019|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>


Hard impositions of taxes by the British, administrative malpractices by the pro British Bengali landlords or officials and stripping the rights of local people along with suppression of native landlords in Odisha led to India's first<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/paika-bidroha-to-be-named-as-1st-war-of-independence/article19909264.ece</ref> reorganized revolt against the British in the year 1817 popularly known as [[Paik Rebellion|Paika Bidroh]] or rebellion. Battle worthy leaders like [[Jayi Rajaguru]] (1806) and [[Buxi Jagabandhu]] (1773) along with the Paikas and Kondh tribal conscripts fought gallantly against the British and won for brief time declaring the independence from the British authority. A series of rebellions and uprisings led by numerous brave Odias like Tapang rebellion (1827), Banapur rebellion (1835), Sambalpur uprising (1827–62), Ghumsur Kondh uprising (1835), Kondh Rebellion (1846–55), Bhuyan uprising (1864), Ranapur Praja Revolt (1937–38), etc. followed in Odisha making it a difficult task for the British to maintain absolute authority over Odisha.
In the 6th century ''sutrakara'' (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions. He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68 |title=Indian Civilization and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-083-2 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 2.jpg|thumb|Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar.]]


While under the Maratha rule, major Odia regions were transferred to the rulers of Bengal that resulted in successive extinction of the language over the course of time in vast regions that stretched until today's [[Bardhaman district|Burdawan]] district of West Bengal. The British applied their divide and rule policy and subsequently transferred Odia areas to the neighboring non-Odia administrative divisions that contributed to the extinction of Odia culture and language in the formerly core regions of Odisha or Kalinga. Following popular movements and rise of consciousness for Odia identity, a major part of the new Odisha state was first carved out from [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1912. Finally Odisha became a separate province and the first officially recognized language-based state of India in 1936 after the amalgamation of the Odia regions from [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar Orissa Province]], [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Chhattisgarh Division]] was successfully executed. 26 Odia [[princely state]]s including [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Sadheikala-Kharasuan]] in today's Jharkhand also signed for merger with the newly formed Odisha state while many major Odia speaking areas were left out due to political incompetence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsXLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|title=Language Policy and Education in India: Documents, contexts and debates|isbn=9781134878246|access-date=25 December 2019|last1=Sridhar|first1=M.|last2=Mishra|first2=Sunita|date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
===Medieval period===
The [[Shailodbhava dynasty]] ruled the region from the sixth to the eighth century. They built the [[Parashurameshvara Temple]] in the 7th century, which is the oldest known temple in Bhubaneswar. They ruled Odisha from the 8th to the 10th century. They built several Buddhist monasteries and temples, including [[Lalitgiri]], [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] and [[Baitala Deula]]. The [[Keshari dynasty]] ruled from the 9th to the 12th century. The [[Lingaraj Temple]], [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]] and [[Rajarani Temple]] in Bhubaneswar were constructed during the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 |page=27}}</ref> They were introduced as a new style of architecture in Odisha, and the dynasty's rule shifted from [[Buddhism]] to [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=26}}
[[File:19s Bengal province map.jpg|thumb|Undivided Odisha and Bihar states.]]


== Geographic distribution ==
===Modern period ===
Although the total Odia population is unclear, [[2001 Census of India]] puts the population of Odisha at around 36 million. There are smaller Odia communities in the neighbouring states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. Most Odias in West Bengal live in the districts of [[Midnapore]] and [[Bankura]]. [[Surat]] in Gujarat also has a large Odia population, primarily diamond workers in the southern district of Ganjam. [[Bengaluru]] and [[Hyderabad]] have sizable Odia population due to an IT boom in late 2000s. Some Odias have migrated to [[Bangladesh]] where they are known as [[Bonaz]] community.
Odisha remained an independent regional power until the early 16th century. It was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Akbar]] in 1568 and was thereafter subject to a succession of Mughal and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule before coming under [[Company rule in India|British control]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/book-by-british-ics-officer-covers----orissa--as-a-whole.html|title=Book by British ICS officer covers 'Orissa' as a whole|website=dailypioneer|author=GYANENENDRA NATH MITRA|date=25 December 2019|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>


While the southern part of the state has inter migration within the country, the northern part of the state has migration towards the [[middle east]] and the [[Western world]]. [[Balasore]] and [[cuttack]] are known as immigration centers of [[Odisha]].
In 1817, a combination of high taxes, administrative malpractice by the ''[[zamindar]]s'' and dissatisfaction with the new land laws led to a [[Paik Rebellion|revolt against Company rule]] breaking out, which many Odias participated in. The rebels were led by General [[Bakshi Jagabandhu|Jagabandhu Bidyadhara Mohapatra Bhramarbara Raya]].<ref name="Mahmud1994">{{cite book|author=Sayed Jafar Mahmud|title=Pillars of Modern India 1757-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&pg=PA10|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-586-5|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/paika-bidroha-to-be-named-as-1st-war-of-independence/article19909264.ece| title = 'Paika Bidroha' to be named as 1st War of Independence - NATIONAL - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 23 October 2017}}</ref>


===Diaspora===
Under Maratha control, major Odia regions were transferred to the rulers of Bengal that resulted in successive decline of the language over the course of time in vast regions that stretched until today's [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] district of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sengupta | first=N. | title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8475-530-5 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2023}}
Most of the Odia population abroad originates predominantly from the northern district of [[Balasore]] followed by [[Cuttack]] and [[Bhadrak]]. The migrants who work within the country predominantly originate from [[Ganjam]] and [[Puri]] districts.
Most American Odias prior to 1980 came from [[Balasore]], [[Sambalpur]] and [[Cuttack]], increased demand for software engineers and adoption have brought Odias from other areas.


Migration to the [[United Kingdom]] has been recorded since 1935, where mostly people from [[Balasore]] in undivided [[Bengal]] province went to work to [[United Kingdom]] and thereafter continuing a chain migration very predominant then, and continues to this day. Most British Odias have obtained British citizenship.
Odisha became a separate province and the first officially recognized language-based state of India in 1936, after the amalgamation of the Odia regions from [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Chhattisgarh Division]] was successfully executed. 26 Odia [[princely state]]s, including [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Sadheikala-Kharasuan]] in today's [[Jharkhand]], also signed a merger with the newly formed state, while many major Odia-speaking areas were left out due to political incompetence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsXLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|title=Language Policy and Education in India: Documents, contexts and debates|isbn=9781134878246|access-date=25 December 2019|last1=Sridhar|first1=M.|last2=Mishra|first2=Sunita|date=5 August 2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>


In the late 2000s many Odias, predominantly from [[Balasore]] and [[Cuttack]], went to the US East coast to study and to work. This resulted in chain migration, predominantly from [[Balasore]] and [[Cuttack]].
During 2009 construction boom in Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar, Odias predominantly from [[Balasore]], [[Bhadrak]] and [[Cuttack]] migrated to the area to earn high salaries in the IT and construction sectors.
==Communities==
==Communities==
Odias people are subdivided into several communities such as [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmin]], [[Jyotish (caste)|Jyotish]]
The Odia people are subdivided into several communities such as the [[Utkala Brahmin]], [[Karan (caste)|Karan]], [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]], [[Kayastha|Kayasth]], [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]], [[Komati (caste)|Kumuti]], [[Chasa caste|Chasa]], [[Dumal]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Bhulia]], [[Kansabanik|Kansari]], [[Kuilta]], [[Gudia (caste)|Gudia]], [[Patra (caste)|Patara]], [[Tanti]], [[Teli]], [[Viswakarma (caste)|Badhei]], [[Kamar (caste)|Kamara]], [[Barika (caste)|Barika]], [[Mali (caste)|Mali]], [[Kumhar|Kumbhar]], [[Sundhi]], [[Jalia Kaibarta|Keuta]], [[Dhobi|Dhoba]], [[Bhoi|Bauri]], [[Kandara]], [[Domba]], [[Pano (caste)|Pano]], Hadi.<ref name="BehuraMohanty2005">{{cite book|author1=Nab Kishore Behura|author2=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA49|year=2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-920-3|pages=49–}}</ref> etc.
, [[Karan (caste)|Karan]], [[Rajput]], [[Paika (caste)|Paika]], [[Khandayat]], [[Chasa caste|Chasa]], [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Kansabanik|Kansari]]
, [[Gudia (caste)|Gudia]], [[Patra (caste)|Patara]], [[Tanti]], [[Teli]], Badhei, [[Kamar (caste)|Kamar]], [[Barika (caste)|Barika]], [[Mali (caste)|Mali]], [[Kumhar|Kumbhar]], [[Chamar]], Keuta, [[Dhobi|Dhoba]], [[Bhoi|Bauri]], Kandara, [[Domba]], [[Pano (caste)|Pano]], Hadi etc.<ref name="BehuraMohanty2005">{{cite book|author1=Nab Kishore Behura|author2=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA49|year=2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-920-3|pages=49–}}</ref>


== Language and literature ==
== Culture ==
{{Main|Odia language}}
{{Main|Culture of Odisha}}
Around 35-40 million people in Odisha and adjoining areas speak and use [[Odia language]] which is also one of the six classical languages of India.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5711965.ece</ref> Odia words are found in the 2nd century B.C [[Jaugada]] inscriptions of emperor [[Ashoka]] and 1st century B.C [[Khandagiri]] inscriptions of emperor Kharavela. Known as Odra Bibhasa or as Odra Magadhi Apabrhamsa in ancient times the language has been inscribed throughout the last two millenniums in ancient [[Pali]], [[Prakrit]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] scripts. The Buddhist Charyapadas composed in the 7th to 9th centuries by Buddhists like Rahula, Saraha, Luipa, etc. The literary traditions of Odia language achieved prominence towards the rule of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshi]] and Eastern Dynasty. In the 14th century during the rule of emperor Kapilendra Deva Routray, the poet Sarala Dasa wrote the Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, praising the goddess Durga. Rama-bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in Odia. Major contributions to the Odia language in the Middle Ages were contributed by the Panchasakha, [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Acyutananda]], [[Yasovanta]] and Ananta.


Mughalbandi or Kataki Odia, spoken in the [[Cuttack]], [[Khordha]] and [[Puri]] districts is generally considered as the standard dialect and is the language of instruction and media. There are eight major forms of Odia spoken across the Odisha and adjoining areas while another thirteen minor forms spoken by tribal and other groups of people. New literary traditions are emerging in the western Odia form of the language which is [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] and prominent poets and writers have emerged like [[Haldhar Nag|Haldar Nag]].
'''<big>Religion</big>'''
[[File:Gita Govinda (Song of the Cowherd) Manuscript LACMA M.71.1.33.jpg|thumb|gita govinda manuscript]]
In its long history, Odisha has had a continuous tradition of [[dharmic religions]] especially [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. [[Ashoka]]'s conquest of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga (India)]] made Buddhism a principal religion in the state which led to the establishment of numerous [[Stupas]] and non religion learning centres. During [[Kharavela]]'s reign [[Jainism]] found prominence. However, by the middle of the 9th century CE there was a revival of [[Hinduism]] as attested by numerous temples such as Mukteshwara, Lingaraja, Jagannath and Konark, which were erected starting from the late 7th century CE. Part of the revival in Hinduism was due to [[Adi Shankaracharya]] who proclaimed [[Puri]] to be one of the four holiest places or ''[[Char Dham]]'' for Hinduism. Odisha has, therefore, a syncretic mixture of the three dharmic religions as attested by the fact that the [[Jagannath Temple]] in Puri is considered to be holy by [[Hindus]], Buddhists and [[Hindus|Jains]].


== Culture ==
Presently, the majority of people in the state of Odisha are [[Hindus]]. As per the census of 2001, Odisha is the third largest Hindu-populated state (as a percentage of population) in India. However, while Odisha is predominantly Hindu it is not monolithic. There is a rich cultural heritage in the state owing to the Hindu faith. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu saints. [[Bhima Bhoi|Sant Bhima Bhoi]] was a leader of the [[Mahima Religion|Mahima sect movement]], [[Sarala Dasa]], was the translator of the epic [[Mahabharata]] in Odia, Chaitanya Dasa was a [[Vaishnavism|Buddhistic-Vaishnava]] and writer of the ''Nirguna Mahatmya'', [[Jayadeva]] was the author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' and is recognized by the Sikhs as one of their most important bhagats. Swami Laxmananda Saraswati is a modern-day Hindu saint of [[Adivasi]] heritage.
=== Art ===
{{Main|Arts of Odisha}}
[[Odissi dance|Odissi]] is one of the oldest classical dances of India. The [[Applique]] work of [[Pipili]] and [[Sambalpuri Saree|Sambalpuri]] sarees are notable. The silver filigree work from Cuttack and Pattachitra of Raghurajpur are some really authentic representation of ancient Indian art and culture.


Odias were the master of swords and had their own form of martial arts, later popularly known as "[[Paika akhada]]".
There is also a small but significant community of Odia Muslims, who are mostly descendants of indigenous converts and migrants from northern and eastern India. With a population of roughly 1 million, Muslims in Odisha live significantly in Jajapur and Bhadrak districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/21-orissa.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Majority of Muslims are Sunnis, followed by Shias which also include Khoja and Dawoodi Bohras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984-12-21 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-23392-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf |accessdate=2025-04-06 |publisher=Orissa Review}}</ref> Historically, Sufi mysticism and traditions have significantly influenced Odisha's cultural and spiritual heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf |accessdate=2025-04-06 |publisher=Orissa Review}}</ref>


=== Architecture ===
=== Architecture ===
{{See also|Kalinga architecture}}
{{Main|kalinga architecture}}
The Odia architecture has a regional architectural tradition that dates back to at least the 6th century from the times of the [[Shailodbhava dynasty]]. From the times of the Somavamshi and the Eastern Ganga dynasty the [[Kalinga architecture]] form achieved prominence with its special style of temple designs which consist of four major sections of a religious structure, namely Mukha Deula, Nata Mandapa, Bhoga Mandapa and Garba Griha (or the inner sanctum). The examples of these marvelous structures are prevalent across the several hundreds of temples build across the state of Odisha mainly in Bhubaneswar which happens to be known as the temple city. [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]], ruins of the [[Konark Sun Temple|Konark Sun]] temple, [[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraj]] temple, etc. are the living examples of ancient Kalinga architecture.
 
[[File:700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 111.jpg|thumb|700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 111]]
[[File:Mukteswar Temple Detail.jpg|thumb|Mukteswar Temple (Kalinga Architecture)]]
[[File:Udayagiri Caves - Hathi Gumpha.jpg|thumb|Udayagiri Caves - Hathi Gumpha]]
[[File:Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg|thumb|Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India]]
The '''Kaḷinga architectural style''' is a style of [[Hindu architecture]] which flourished in the ancient [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] previously known as [[Utkal]] and in present eastern Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The style consists of three distinct types of temples: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula. The former two are associated with [[Vishnu]], [[Surya]] and [[Shiva]] temples while the third is mainly with [[Chamunda]] and [[Durga]] temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses are the [[sanctum sanctorum]] while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.


=== Cuisine ===
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}
Seafood and sweets dominate Odia cuisine. Rice is the staple cereal and is eaten throughout the day. Popular Odia dishes are [[Rasagolla]], [[Rasabali]], [[Chhena Poda]], [[Chhena kheeri]], [[Chhena jalebi]], Chenna Jhilli, [[Chhenagaja]], [[Khira sagara]], [[Dalma (dish)|Dalma]] and [[Pakhala]]. Machha Besara (Fish in mustard gravy), Mansha Tarkari (Mutton curry), sea foods like Chingudi Tarakari (Prawn curry), and Kankada Tarakari (Crab curry). A standard Odia meal includes Pakhala (watered rice), Badhi Chura, Saga Bhaja (Spinach fry), Macha Bhaja, Chuin Bhaja, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/features/cuisine-of-odisha/|title=Cuisine Of Odisha|website=odishanewsinsight|date=16 November 2019|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/food/odia-delicacies-in-bengalurus-first-ama-odia-bhoji-to-tickle-taste-buds20200112200631/|title=Odia delicacies in Bengaluru's first 'Ama Odia Bhoji' to tickle taste buds|website=aninews|date=12 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
 
[[File:Chena poda.jpg|thumb|Chena poda a sweet delicacy from Odisha.]]
Seafood and sweets dominate Odia cuisine. Rice is the staple cereal and is eaten throughout the day. Popular Odia dishes are [[rasagolla]], [[rasabali]], [[chhena poda]], [[chhena kheeri]], [[chhena jalebi]], chenna jhilli, [[chhenagaja]], [[khira sagara]], [[Dalma (dish)|dalma]], tanka torani and [[pakhala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/features/cuisine-of-odisha/|title=Cuisine Of Odisha|website=odishanewsinsight|date=16 November 2019|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/food/odia-delicacies-in-bengalurus-first-ama-odia-bhoji-to-tickle-taste-buds20200112200631/|title=Odia delicacies in Bengaluru's first 'Ama Odia Bhoji' to tickle taste buds|website=aninews|date=12 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>


=== Festivals ===
=== Festivals ===
{{Main|Festivals of Odisha}}
{{Main|Festivals of Odisha}}
A wide variety of festivals are celebrated throughout the year; There is a saying in Odia, ‘Baarah maase, terah pooja’, that there are 13 festivals in 12 months of a year. Well known [[festivals]], that are popular among the Odia people, are the [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Nuakhai]], Pushpuni, Pua Jiunita, [[Raja (festival)|Raja]], [[Dol Purnima|Dola Purnima]], [[Astaprahari]], Pana Sankranti (as [[Vaisakhi]] is called in Odisha ), [[Kartik Purnima]] / [[Boita Bandana]], Khudrukuni puja /Tapoi Osa, [[Kumar Purnima]], [[Ditia Osa]], [[Chaitra Purnima]], [[Agijala Purnima]], [[Bhai Juntia]], [[Pua Juntia]], [[Jhia Juntia]], [[Sabitri Brata]], [[Sudasha Brata]], [[Manabasa Gurubara]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tenacious-people-odisha|title=The tenacious people of Odisha|website=telanganatoday|date=2 December 2018|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
'''<big>Ratha yatra</big>'''
[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 07-11027.jpg|thumb|Rath Yatra festival in Puri, Odisha.]]
A stunning example of Kalinga architecture is the Jagannath Temple, which was constructed in the twelfth century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. The goddesses Subhadra, Balabhadra, and Lord Jagannath reside in this hallowed shrine. The festival of Ratha Yatra, which draws pilgrims and visitors from all over the world, is closely linked to the history of the Jagannath Temple.
[[File:Puri Rath Yatra by Fergusson.jpg|thumb|Ratha yatra festival in Puri by Fegursson.]]
A wide variety of festivals are celebrated throughout the year; There is a saying in Odia, ‘Baarah maase, terah parba’, that there are 13 festivals in a year. Well known festivals that are popular among the Odia people include the [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Raja (festival)|Raja]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Kartika Purnima]], [[Dola Purnima]], [[Ganesh Puja]], [[Chandan Yatra]], [[Snana Yatra]], [[Makar Mela]], [[Chhau Festival]], and [[Nuakhai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2018 |title=The tenacious people of Odisha |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tenacious-people-odisha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405221401/https://telanganatoday.com/tenacious-people-odisha |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |website=telanganatoday}}</ref>


=== Religion ===
=== Religion ===
Odisha is one of the most religiously homogeneous states in India. More than 94% of the people are followers of Hinduism.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref> Hinduism in Odisha is more significant due to the specific Jagannath culture followed by Odia Hindus. The practices of the [[Jagannath]] sect is popular in the state and the annual [[Rath Yatra]] in Puri draws pilgrims from across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenewleam.com/2018/07/lord-jagannaths-rathyatra-as-a-marker-of-odia-identity/|title=Lord Jagannath's Rathyatra as a Marker of Odia Identity|website=thenewleam|date=23 July 2018|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> Under the Hindu religion, Odia people are believers of a wide range of sects with roots to historical times.
[[File:Ratha Yatra Praha 2019.jpg|thumb|Lord Jagannath with his siblings.]]
 
Odisha is one of the most religiously and ethnically homogeneous states in India. More than 94% of the people are followers of Hinduism.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref> Hinduism in Odisha is more significant due to the specific Jagannath culture followed by Odia Hindus due to independent rule of Odia [[Hindu king]]s. Hinduism flourished in the eastern coastal region under patronage of the Hindu kings: arts, literature, maritime trade, vedic rituals were given importance. The practices of the [[Jagannath]] sect is popular in the state and the annual Ratha Yatra in Puri draws pilgrims from across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenewleam.com/2018/07/lord-jagannaths-rathyatra-as-a-marker-of-odia-identity/|title=Lord Jagannath's Rathyatra as a Marker of Odia Identity|website=thenewleam|date=23 July 2018|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
Before the advent of the Vaisnava sects Purrushotam Jagannath cult in Odisha, Buddhism and Jainism{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} were two very prominent religions. According to Jainkhetra Samasa, the Jain tirthankar Prasvanth came to Kopatak which is now Kupari of Baleswar district and was the guest of a person called Dhanya. The Kshetra Samasa, says that Parsvnath preached at Tamralipti (now Tamluk in Bengal) of Kalinga. The national religion of ancient Odisha became Jainism during the time of the emperor Karakandu in the 7th Century B.C. The Kalinga Jina asana was established and the idol of Tirthankara Rishabhanatha then also known as the "Kalinga Jina"was the national symbol of the kingdom. Emperor Mahmeghvahana Kharavela was also a devout Jain and a religiously tolerant ruler who reclaimed and re-established the Kalinga Jina that was taken away as a victory token by the [[Nanda Empire|Magadhan]] king, [[Mahapadma Nanda]].
 
Buddhism was also a prevalent religion in the Odisha region until the late Bhaumakar dynasty's rule. Remarkable archaeological findings like at Dhauli, Ratnagiri, Lalitgiri, khandagiri and Puspagiri across the state have unearthed the buried truth about the Buddhist past of Odisha in a large scale. Even today we can see the Buddhist impact on the socio-cultural traditions of the Odia people. Though a majority of Buddhist shrines lay undiscovered and buried, the past of Odia people is rich with descriptions about them in the Buddhist literature. The [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth relic]] of Buddha was first hosted by ancient Odisha as the king Brahmadutta constructed a beautiful shrine in his capital Dantapura (assumed to be Puri) of Kalinga. Successive dynasties in ancient Odisha's Kalinga or Tri Kalinga region were tolerant and secular in their governance over all the existing religions with [[Vedic period|Vedic]] roots. This provided a peaceful and secure environment for all the religious ideologies to flourish in the region for over a time period of three thousand years. The founder of Vajrayana Buddhism, King [[Indrabhuti]] was born in Odisha along with other prominent monks like [[Saraha]], [[Luipa]], Lakshminara and characters of Buddhist mythology like Tapassu and Bahalika were born in Odisha.
 
Hindu sects like [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] are also the oldest ways of Hindu belief systems in Odisha with many royal dynasties dedicating remarkable temples and making them state religion over their time of rule in history. [[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraja]], Rajarani, Mausi Maa Temple and other Temples in Bhubaneswar are mostly of Shaivaite sect while prominent temples of goddesses like Samleswari, Tara-Tarini, Mangala, Budhi Thakurani, Tarini, Kichekeswari and Manikeswari, across Odisha are dedicated to the [[Shakti]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] cult.
 
The Odia culture is now mostly echoed through the spread of Vaishnavite [[Jagannath]] culture across the world and the deity Jagannath himself is deeply rooted to every household traditions, culture and religious belief of Odia people today. There are historical references of wooden idols of Hindu deities being worshiped as a specific trend of Kalinga region far before the construction of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]] by the king, [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Choda Ganga Deva]] in 12th century.
 
Lately converted Christians are generally found among the tribal people especially in the interior districts of [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and [[Kandhamal]]. Around 2% of the people are [[Odia Muslims]], most of them are indigenous though a small population are migrants from [[North India]] and elsewhere. The larger concentration of the minority Muslim population is in the districts of Bhadrak, Kendrapada and Cuttack.
 
=== Music and dance ===
{{See also|Folk dance forms of Odisha}}
[[Odissi music]] dates back as far as the history of the classical Odissi dance goes back. At present, the Odissi music is being lobbied by the intellectual community of the state to be recognized as a classical form of music by the cultural ministry of India. Be side Classical Odissi dance, there are some other prominent cultural and folk dance forms of the Odia people that have followed different parts if evolution over the ages.
* [[Odissi]]: A Major ancient classical dance.
* [[Mahari dance|Mahari]]: A predecessor of Odissi dance that was mostly performed by the temple Devadashi community or royal court performers.
* [[Laudi Badi Khela]]:Is a traditional dance of Odisha. This is performed during [[Dol Purnima|Dola Purnima]]  by Gopal (Yadav) community of Odisha.
* [[Dhemsa]]: Is a very popular dance format of the tribal area Undivided Koraput districts of Odisha. This generally performed by the Bhartas/Gouda/Parja Community of Koraput & Nabarangapur during the celebration.
* [[Gotipua]]
The folk dance forms have evolved over ages with direct tribal influence over them. They are listed as below.
* [[Chhau dance|Chhau]]: The Odia Chhau dance is a direct result of its ancient martial traditions which are depicted in dance performances. Though Chhau is basically an Odia art form, it is also performed in West Bengal.  Saraikella Chhau and Mayurbhanj Chhau are the only two Odia variants that have survived over time with its originality.
* [[Ghumura dance]]:  Is a direct result of the ancient martial traditions of the Odias when Odia Paikas who marched into the battlefield or rested on the beats and tunes of the Ghumura music.
* [[Dalkhai]] Dance: Though this dance form has evolved from tribal dance forms, it shows a complex mix of the themes taken from various religious texts of Hinduism. It is very a popular folk dance form of western Odisha.
* Jodi Sankha: It also derives itself from the martial traditions of ancient Odisha and the performers use only the music generated from the two conchs held by each of them.
* [[Baagh Naach|Baagh Nach]]
Modern Odias have also adopted western dance and forms. Remarkably, the [[Prince Dance Group|Prince dance group]] was declared as the winner of TV reality show "India's Got Talent" in the year 2009 and [[Ananya Sritam Nanda]] was declared as the winner of junior Indian Idol in the year 2015.
 
=== Entertainment ===
Ancient traces of entertainment can be traced to the rock edicts of Emperor Kharavela which speaks about the festive gatherings held by him in the third year of his rule that included shows of singing, dancing and instrumental music. Ancient temple art of the Odias give a strong and silent testimony to the evolution of Odissi classical dance form over the ages. Bargarh district's Dhanujatra which is also believed to be world's largest open air theater performance, Pala and Daskathia, Jatra or Odia Opera, etc. are some of the traditional ways of entertainment for masses that survive to this day. Modern Odia television shows and movies are widely appreciated by a large section of the middle class section of the Odias and the it continues to evolve at a rapid rate with innovative ways of presentation.


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
{{See also|List of people from Odisha}}
{{See also|List of people from Odisha}}
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<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Binayak Acharya]]
* {{annotated link |Achyutananda Dasa}}
* [[Afzal-ul Amin]]
* {{annotated link |Binayak Acharya}}
* [[Subroto Bagchi]]
* {{annotated link |Afzal-ul Amin}}
* [[Bhikari Bal]]
* {{annotated link |Subroto Bagchi}}
* [[Bhagabat Behera]]
* [[Sadhabas]] - Traders and Merchants from Odisha( Kalinga)
* [[Chakradhar Behera]]
* [[Kaundinya I]] - Kalingan Merchant & second monarch of [[Funan]]
* [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]
* [[Madhusudan Das]] - Founder of Orissa Art Wares in 1898 and Utkal Tannery in 1905
* [[Sanatan Mahakud]]
* [[Biju Patnaik]] - Founder of Kalinga tubes, Kalinga Airlines, Kalinga Iron work, Kalinga Refractories and the Kalinga, a daily Odia newspaper
* [[Krishna Beura]]
* {{annotated link |Bhikari Bal}}
* [[Kadambini Mohakud]]
* {{annotated link |Hemananda Biswal}}
* [[Hemananda Biswal]]
* {{annotated link |Bhagabat Behera}}
* [[Dutee Chand]]
* {{annotated link |Chakradhar Behera}}
* [[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
* {{annotated link |Chandi Prasad Mohanty}}
* [[Ashok Das]]
* {{annotated link |Sanatan Mahakud}}
* [[Bibhusita Das]]
* {{annotated link |Krishna Beura}}
* [[Bidhu Bhusan Das]]
* {{annotated link |Kadambini Mohakud}}
* [[Bishwanath Das]]
* [[Achyuta Samanta]] - Founder, KIIT Group
* [[Gopabandhu Das]]
* [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] - Founder, Sambad Group
* [[Madhusudan Das]]
* Dr [[ Swarup Ranjan Mishra]] - Founder, Mediheal Group of Hospitals, [[Kenya]] & 1st Odia MP of Kenya, from [[Kesses Constituency]]  
* [[Manoj Das]]
* Dr [[Ramakanta Panda]] - Founder, Asian Heart Institute & Asian Hospitals
* [[Nandita Das]]
* {{annotated link |Dutee Chand}}
* [[Prabhat Nalini Das]]
* {{annotated link |Nabakrushna Choudhuri}}
* [[Shaktikanta Das]]
* {{annotated link |Ashok Das}}
* [[Anil Dash]]
* {{annotated link |Bibhusita Das}}
* [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
* {{annotated link |Bidhu Bhusan Das}}
* [[Giridhar Gamang]]
* {{annotated link |Bishwanath Das}}
* [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]]
* {{annotated link |Gopabandhu Das}}
* [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* {{annotated link |Madhusudan Das}}
* [[Mehmood Hussain]]
* {{annotated link |Manoj Das}}
* [[Madhu Sudan Kanungo]]
* {{annotated link |Nandita Das}}
* [[Indrajit Mahanty]]
* {{annotated link |Prabhat Nalini Das}}
* [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
* {{annotated link |Shaktikanta Das}}
* [[Lalit Mansingh]]
* {{annotated link |Anil Dash}}
* [[Chaturbhuj Meher]]
* {{annotated link |Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo}}
* [[Gangadhar Meher]]
* {{annotated link |Giridhar Gamang}}
* [[Kailash Chandra Meher]]
* {{annotated link |Hussain Rabi Gandhi}}
* [[Kunja Bihari Meher]]
* {{annotated link |Biswabhusan Harichandan}}
* [[Sadhu Meher]]
* {{annotated link |Mehmood Hussain}}
* [[Sabyasachi Mishra]]
* {{annotated link |Binod Kanungo}}
* [[Baidyanath Misra]]
* {{annotated link |Madhu Sudan Kanungo}}
* [[B. K. Misra]]
* {{annotated link |Indrajit Mahanty}}
* [[Dipak Misra]]
* {{annotated link |Jayanta Mahapatra}}
* [[Ranganath Misra]]
* {{annotated link |Harekrushna Mahatab}}
* [[Tapan Misra]]
* {{annotated link |Lalit Mansingh}}
* [[Biren Mitra]]
* {{annotated link |Chaturbhuj Meher}}
* [[Sayeed Mohammed]]
* {{annotated link |Gangadhar Meher}}
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
* {{annotated link |Kailash Chandra Meher}}
* [[Baisali Mohanty]]
* {{annotated link |Kunja Bihari Meher}}
* [[Debashish Mohanty]]
* {{annotated link |Sadhu Meher}}
* [[Surendra Mohanty]]
* {{annotated link |Atharuddin Mohammed}}
* [[Uttam Mohanty]]
* {{annotated link |Pramod Kumar Mishra}}
* [[Bibhu Mohapatra]]
* {{annotated link |Sabyasachi Mishra}}
* [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]]
* {{annotated link |Baidyanath Misra}}
* [[Sona Mohapatra]]
* {{annotated link |B. K. Misra}}
* [[Arabinda Muduli]]
* {{annotated link |Dipak Misra}}
* [[Srabani Nanda]]
* {{annotated link |Ranganath Misra}}
* [[Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak]]
* {{annotated link |Tapan Misra}}
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* {{annotated link |Biren Mitra}}
* [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
* {{annotated link |Sayeed Mohammed}}
* [[Arun K. Pati]]
* {{annotated link |Anubhav Mohanty}}
* [[Biju Patnaik]]
* {{annotated link |Baisali Mohanty}}
* [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
* {{annotated link |Debashish Mohanty}}
* [[Jayanti Patnaik]]
* {{annotated link |Surendra Mohanty}}
* [[Naveen Patnaik]]
* {{annotated link |Uttam Mohanty}}
* [[Sudarshan Patnaik]]
* {{annotated link |Bibhu Mohapatra}}
* [[Sambit Patra]]
* {{annotated link |Kelucharan Mohapatra}}
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]
* {{annotated link |Sona Mohapatra}}
* [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
* {{annotated link |Arabinda Muduli}}
* [[Manasi Pradhan]]
* {{annotated link |Droupadi Murmu}}
* [[Ramakanta Rath]]
* {{annotated link |Srabani Nanda}}
* [[Ekram Rasul]]
* {{annotated link |Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak}}
* [[Nilamani Routray]]
* {{annotated link |Pragyan Ojha}}
* [[Sarojini Sahoo]]
* {{annotated link |Nila Madhab Panda}}
* [[Archita Sahu]]
* {{annotated link |Arun K. Pati}}
* [[Jairam Samal]]
* {{annotated link |Biju Patnaik}}
* [[Debasish Samantray]]
* {{annotated link |Janaki Ballabh Patnaik}}
* [[Biplab Samantray]]
* {{annotated link |Jayanti Patnaik}}
* [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
* {{annotated link |Naveen Patnaik}}
* [[Nandini Satpathy]]
* {{annotated link |Sudarshan Patnaik}}
* [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]]
* {{annotated link |Sambit Patra}}
* [[Sadashiva Tripathy]]
* {{annotated link |Devdutt Pattanaik}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* {{annotated link |Dharmendra Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Manasi Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |S.N. Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Tapan Kumar Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Ramakanta Rath}}
* {{annotated link |Nilamani Routray}}
* {{annotated link |Sarojini Sahoo}}
* {{annotated link |Archita Sahu}}
* {{annotated link |Jairam Samal}}
* {{annotated link |Debasish Samantray}}
* {{annotated link |Biplab Samantray}}
* {{annotated link |Pratap Chandra Sarangi}}
* {{annotated link |Nandini Satpathy}}
* {{annotated link |Fakir Mohan Senapati}}
* {{annotated link |Sadashiva Tripathy}}
* {{annotated link |Bijaya Kumar Sahoo}}
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Non-resident Odia]]
*[[Odia diaspora]]
*[[Folk dance forms of Odisha]]
*[[Odia language]]
*[[Arts of Odisha]]
*[[Kalinga architecture]]
*[[Cinema of Odisha]]


==References==
==References==
Line 247: Line 214:
{{Odisha}}
{{Odisha}}


[[Category:People from Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:People from Odisha| ]]

Revision as of 17:30, 27 March 2026

"Odias" redirects here. For other uses, see Odia.
Odias
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକ
Odiā Lōka
Dancers performing odissi
Total population
40 million
Regions with significant populations
 India38,033,000 (2011)
Languages
Odia
Religion
Predominantly:
Hinduism
Minorities:
Related ethnic groups
Indo-Aryan people, Bengalis

Template:Infobox ethnonym The Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ), formerly spelled Oriya, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Indian state of Odisha who speak the Odia language. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state, with significant minority populations existing in the neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal.[1] Odia is the 9th most spoken language in India.[2] Modern-day Odisha was made from the Odia-speaking part of then–Bihar and Orissa Province, Odia-speaking areas of Madras Presidency, Odia-speaking areas of Central Provinces and Berar and Odia-speaking Gadajats (Odia Princely states).[3] The first linguistic movement started in 1886 and with the successful efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Odia nationalism, Odisha became the first state to be created on a linguistic basis.[4]

History

Main article: History of Odisha

Ancient period

Udaygiri and Khandagiri Cave - 1

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.[5]

According to some scriptures (Mahabharata and some Puranas), a king Bali, the Vairocana and the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.[6] The princes were named Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Sumha and Pundra.[7] The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded Vanga kingdom, in the current day region of Bangladesh and part of West Bengal. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.[8]

The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of Varuna and river Parnasa, had joined the Kaurava camp in the Kurukshetra War. He had been given a divine mace by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long as he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried by Arjuna's arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha. The archer who killed Krishna, Jara Savara, and Ekalavya are said to have belonged to the Sabar people of Odisha.[9]

In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[10]

In the 6th century sutrakara (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions. He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.[11]

Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar.

Medieval period

The Shailodbhava dynasty ruled the region from the sixth to the eighth century. They built the Parashurameshvara Temple in the 7th century, which is the oldest known temple in Bhubaneswar. They ruled Odisha from the 8th to the 10th century. They built several Buddhist monasteries and temples, including Lalitgiri, Udayagiri and Baitala Deula. The Keshari dynasty ruled from the 9th to the 12th century. The Lingaraj Temple, Mukteshvara Temple and Rajarani Temple in Bhubaneswar were constructed during the Bhauma-Kara dynasty.[12] They were introduced as a new style of architecture in Odisha, and the dynasty's rule shifted from Buddhism to Brahmanism.[13]

Undivided Odisha and Bihar states.

Modern period

Odisha remained an independent regional power until the early 16th century. It was conquered by the Mughals under Akbar in 1568 and was thereafter subject to a succession of Mughal and Maratha rule before coming under British control in 1803.[14]

In 1817, a combination of high taxes, administrative malpractice by the zamindars and dissatisfaction with the new land laws led to a revolt against Company rule breaking out, which many Odias participated in. The rebels were led by General Jagabandhu Bidyadhara Mohapatra Bhramarbara Raya.[15][16]

Under Maratha control, major Odia regions were transferred to the rulers of Bengal that resulted in successive decline of the language over the course of time in vast regions that stretched until today's Midnapore district of West Bengal.[17][better source needed]

Odisha became a separate province and the first officially recognized language-based state of India in 1936, after the amalgamation of the Odia regions from Bihar and Orissa Province, Madras Presidency and Chhattisgarh Division was successfully executed. 26 Odia princely states, including Sadheikala-Kharasuan in today's Jharkhand, also signed a merger with the newly formed state, while many major Odia-speaking areas were left out due to political incompetence.[18]

Communities

The Odia people are subdivided into several communities such as the Utkala Brahmin, Karan, Khandayat, Kayasth, Gopal, Kumuti, Chasa, Dumal, Bania, Bhulia, Kansari, Kuilta, Gudia, Patara, Tanti, Teli, Badhei, Kamara, Barika, Mali, Kumbhar, Sundhi, Keuta, Dhoba, Bauri, Kandara, Domba, Pano, Hadi.[19] etc.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Odisha

Religion

gita govinda manuscript

In its long history, Odisha has had a continuous tradition of dharmic religions especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga (India) made Buddhism a principal religion in the state which led to the establishment of numerous Stupas and non religion learning centres. During Kharavela's reign Jainism found prominence. However, by the middle of the 9th century CE there was a revival of Hinduism as attested by numerous temples such as Mukteshwara, Lingaraja, Jagannath and Konark, which were erected starting from the late 7th century CE. Part of the revival in Hinduism was due to Adi Shankaracharya who proclaimed Puri to be one of the four holiest places or Char Dham for Hinduism. Odisha has, therefore, a syncretic mixture of the three dharmic religions as attested by the fact that the Jagannath Temple in Puri is considered to be holy by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.

Presently, the majority of people in the state of Odisha are Hindus. As per the census of 2001, Odisha is the third largest Hindu-populated state (as a percentage of population) in India. However, while Odisha is predominantly Hindu it is not monolithic. There is a rich cultural heritage in the state owing to the Hindu faith. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu saints. Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect movement, Sarala Dasa, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata in Odia, Chaitanya Dasa was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya, Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda and is recognized by the Sikhs as one of their most important bhagats. Swami Laxmananda Saraswati is a modern-day Hindu saint of Adivasi heritage.

There is also a small but significant community of Odia Muslims, who are mostly descendants of indigenous converts and migrants from northern and eastern India. With a population of roughly 1 million, Muslims in Odisha live significantly in Jajapur and Bhadrak districts.[20] Majority of Muslims are Sunnis, followed by Shias which also include Khoja and Dawoodi Bohras.[21][22] Historically, Sufi mysticism and traditions have significantly influenced Odisha's cultural and spiritual heritage.[23]

Architecture

Main article: kalinga architecture
700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 111
Mukteswar Temple (Kalinga Architecture)
Udayagiri Caves - Hathi Gumpha
Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India

The Kaḷinga architectural style is a style of Hindu architecture which flourished in the ancient Kalinga previously known as Utkal and in present eastern Indian state of Odisha. The style consists of three distinct types of temples: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula. The former two are associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples while the third is mainly with Chamunda and Durga temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses are the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Odisha
Chena poda a sweet delicacy from Odisha.

Seafood and sweets dominate Odia cuisine. Rice is the staple cereal and is eaten throughout the day. Popular Odia dishes are rasagolla, rasabali, chhena poda, chhena kheeri, chhena jalebi, chenna jhilli, chhenagaja, khira sagara, dalma, tanka torani and pakhala.[24][25]

Festivals

Main article: Festivals of Odisha

Ratha yatra

Rath Yatra festival in Puri, Odisha.

A stunning example of Kalinga architecture is the Jagannath Temple, which was constructed in the twelfth century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. The goddesses Subhadra, Balabhadra, and Lord Jagannath reside in this hallowed shrine. The festival of Ratha Yatra, which draws pilgrims and visitors from all over the world, is closely linked to the history of the Jagannath Temple.

Ratha yatra festival in Puri by Fegursson.

A wide variety of festivals are celebrated throughout the year; There is a saying in Odia, ‘Baarah maase, terah parba’, that there are 13 festivals in a year. Well known festivals that are popular among the Odia people include the Ratha Yatra, Durga Puja, Raja, Maha Shivratri, Kartika Purnima, Dola Purnima, Ganesh Puja, Chandan Yatra, Snana Yatra, Makar Mela, Chhau Festival, and Nuakhai.[26]

Religion

Lord Jagannath with his siblings.

Odisha is one of the most religiously and ethnically homogeneous states in India. More than 94% of the people are followers of Hinduism.[27] Hinduism in Odisha is more significant due to the specific Jagannath culture followed by Odia Hindus due to independent rule of Odia Hindu kings. Hinduism flourished in the eastern coastal region under patronage of the Hindu kings: arts, literature, maritime trade, vedic rituals were given importance. The practices of the Jagannath sect is popular in the state and the annual Ratha Yatra in Puri draws pilgrims from across India.[28]

Notable people

See also: List of people from Odisha

See also

References

  1. ↑ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781598846591.
  2. ↑ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
  3. ↑ "Provinces of British India". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
  4. ↑ "The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Orissa | Born of linguistic pride". archive.ph. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  5. ↑ Miśra, Sudāmā (1973). Janapada State in Ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.
  6. ↑ Patil, Rajaram D. K. (1973). Cultural History From The Vayu Purana. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-2085-2.
  7. ↑ "History of Odisha", Bharatpedia, 3 December 2024, retrieved 9 December 2024
  8. ↑ "History of Odisha", Bharatpedia, 3 December 2024, retrieved 9 December 2024
  9. ↑ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  10. ↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9.
  11. ↑ Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian Civilization and Culture. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2.
  12. ↑ Smith, Walter (1994). The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27. ISBN 978-81-208-0793-8.
  13. ↑ Smith 1994, p. 26.
  14. ↑ GYANENENDRA NATH MITRA (25 December 2019). "Book by British ICS officer covers 'Orissa' as a whole". dailypioneer. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  15. ↑ Sayed Jafar Mahmud (1994). Pillars of Modern India 1757-1947. APH Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-7024-586-5. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  16. ↑ "'Paika Bidroha' to be named as 1st War of Independence - NATIONAL - The Hindu". The Hindu. 23 October 2017.
  17. ↑ Sengupta, N. (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-530-5.
  18. ↑ Sridhar, M.; Mishra, Sunita (5 August 2016). Language Policy and Education in India: Documents, contexts and debates. Routledge. ISBN 9781134878246. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  19. ↑ Nab Kishore Behura; Ramesh P. Mohanty (2005). Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-81-7141-920-3.
  20. ↑ "Orissa Hindu Muslim Population". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  21. ↑ Weekes, Richard V. (21 December 1984). Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-313-23392-0.
  22. ↑ "The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha" (PDF). Orissa Review. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  23. ↑ "The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha" (PDF). Orissa Review. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  24. ↑ "Cuisine Of Odisha". odishanewsinsight. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  25. ↑ "Odia delicacies in Bengaluru's first 'Ama Odia Bhoji' to tickle taste buds". aninews. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  26. ↑ "The tenacious people of Odisha". telanganatoday. 2 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  27. ↑ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  28. ↑ "Lord Jagannath's Rathyatra as a Marker of Odia Identity". thenewleam. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2020.

External links

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