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Khandayat (caste)
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Khandayat or Khandait is a Martial caste from Odisha, East india.[1][2][3][4][5] They were feudal chiefs, military generals, zamindars, large land holders and agriculturalists.[6][7][8][9] Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.[10]
| Khandayat | |
|---|---|
| Religions | Hinduism |
| Languages | Odia |
| Populated states | Odisha |
Etymology[edit]
The name Khandayat is originated from the word "Khanda" which means Sword and khandayat means sword wielding.[11][12]
History[edit]
Traditionally, they are quasi-martial caste who claim themselves to be of Kshatriya status, but they were considered by the Brahmins and others to be in the Shudra varna category[13][full citation needed] due to the majority of Khandayats being peasants. Pradhan also attributes this to Brahmin patronage of Rajputs, who also claimed to be of Kshatriya status.[14][clarification needed] Communities such as Adivasis, Bhuyans, Chasas, and Agharias started identifying as Khandayats in order to gain status, distance themselves from their original castes/communities, and exploit Zamindar land rights.[15]
References[edit]
- ↑ Behuria, N. C. (1990). Orissa State Gazetteer. Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa.
- ↑ Behura, Nab Kishore; Mohanty, Ramesh P. (2005). Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-920-3.
- ↑ Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997). Economic History of Orissa. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0.
- ↑ Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
- ↑ Regional Development Dialogue. United Nations Centre for Regional Development. 2009.
- ↑ Bhola, Sudhira Chandra (1990). British Economic Policy in Orissa. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-075-0.
- ↑ Samal, J. K. (1990). Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-218-9.
- ↑ Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2.
- ↑ Bailey, Frederick George (1970). Politics and Social Change. University of California Press. p. 132.
- ↑ Punjab Journal of Politics. Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1986.
- ↑ Ghosh, G. K. (2000). Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India. Firma KLM. ISBN 978-81-7102-046-1.
- ↑ Pati, Biswamoy (2003). Identity, Hegemony, Resistance: Towards a Social History of Conversions in Orissa, 1800-2000. Three Essays Collective. ISBN 978-81-88789-04-7.
- ↑ Indian History Congress (1997). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.
- ↑ Pradhan, Prasanta Kumar (1996). "Story of the Peasant Militias or the Khandayats or Orissa: A Socio-Historical Approach". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 57: 752–745 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Ernst, Waltraun; Pati, Biswamoy (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. ISBN 9781134119882. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy, eds. (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13411-988-2.
- Pati, Biswamoy (2001). Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8-12502-007-3.
- Senapati, Fakir Mohan (2005). Six Acres and a Third: The Classic Nineteenth-century Novel about Colonial India. Mishra, Rabi Shankar (trans.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52022-883-2.
- Roy, Bhaskar (2004). "Khandayats moving into political gear in Orissa". Times of India.