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{{Short description|New Zealander citizens with Indian origin or descent}} | |||
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}} | |||
<!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --> | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| group = Indian New Zealanders | | group = Indian New Zealanders | ||
| pop = ''' | | image = Indian Women in Auckland, 1962 (cropped).jpg | ||
| image_caption = Indian women in [[Grey Lynn]], Auckland, in 1962 | |||
| pop = '''292,092''' | |||
'''142,920''' (born in India) | |||
<br /> | |||
'''5.8%''' of the population of New Zealand (2023)<ref name="Census2023">{{Cite web | |||
|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/census-results-reflect-aotearoa-new-zealands-diversity/ | |||
|title=2023 Census Results Reflect Aotearoa New Zealand's Diversity | |||
|publisher=Statistics New Zealand | |||
|accessdate=6 October 2024 | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
| region1 = [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] | | region1 = [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] | ||
| pop1 = | | pop1 = 154,824 | ||
| ref1 = | | ref1 = | ||
| region2 = [[Wellington Region|Wellington]] | | region2 = [[Wellington Region|Wellington]] | ||
| pop2 = | | pop2 = 22,227 | ||
| ref2 = | | ref2 = | ||
| region3 = [[Waikato]] | | region3 = [[Waikato]] | ||
| pop3 = | | pop3 = 17,295 | ||
| ref3 = | | ref3 = | ||
| region4 = [[ | | region4 = [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] | ||
| pop4 = | | pop4 = 14,763 | ||
| ref4 = | | ref4 = | ||
| region5 = [[ | | region5 = [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]] | ||
| pop5 = | | pop5 = 10,335 | ||
| ref5 = | | ref5 = | ||
| region6 = [[Manawatū-Whanganui]] region | | region6 = [[Manawatū-Whanganui]] region | ||
| pop6 = | | pop6 = 4,374 | ||
| ref6 = | | ref6 = | ||
| | | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Indian English]] • [[New Zealand English]]) • [[Hindi]] ([[Fijian Hindi]]) • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Odia language|Odia]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Marathi language|Marathi]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Kannada]] | ||
| rels = Majority: [[Hinduism]] ([[Hinduism in New Zealand]]) • [[Sikhism]] • [[Jainism]] • [[Buddhism]]<br>Minority: [[Christianity]] • [[Islam]] • [[Zoroastrianism]] | |||
| related = {{hlist|[[Indian Australians]] • [[Māori Indians]] • [[Indo-Fijians]] • [[Fijian New Zealanders]] • [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)]]}} | |||
| rels = Majority: [[Hinduism in New Zealand | |||
| related = {{hlist| [[Indian Australians]] • [[ | |||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Indian New Zealanders''' are | '''Indian New Zealanders''', informally known as Kiwi Indians, are people of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin or descent who live in [[New Zealand]]. The term includes Indians born in New Zealand, as well as immigrants from [[India]], [[Indians in Fiji|Fiji]], other regions of Asia, parts of Africa such as [[Indian South Africans|South Africa]] and [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|East Africa]], and from other parts of the world. The term Indian New Zealander applies to any New Zealander with one or both parents of Indian heritage. Although sometimes the Indo-Kiwi definition has been expanded to people with mixed racial parentage with one Indian parent or grandparent, this can be controversial as it generally tends to remove the ethnic heritage or identity of the foreign parent or grandparent, which may be seen as insensitive to those with mixed parentage, who tend to value both their Indian and non-Indian parents and grandparents.{{fact|date=January 2026}} | ||
Indian New Zealanders are the | Indian New Zealanders are the largest group of [[Asian New Zealanders|New Zealand Asians]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Indian population leapfrogs Chinese to become third-largest ethnicity in New Zealand |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/529761/indian-population-leapfrogs-chinese-to-become-third-largest-ethnicity-in-new-zealand |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> The largest number of Indians living in New Zealand are from Fiji. The fifth largest language in New Zealand is Hindi, shown in the 2018 census. According to ENZ.org (a New Zealand Government affiliate), since 2011, 18,000 Indians have migrated to New Zealand.<ref name="enz.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.enz.org/migrants.html|title=New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where?|website=www.enz.org|date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, the Indian population in New Zealand was 155,000, so there are 174,000 Indians in New Zealand (2014) due to the additional immigration of 18,000.<ref name="enz.org"/> Most early New Zealand Indians were of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] or [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/LEARNING/AAINAA/ceremonies/indians_nz.html |title=Indians in New Zealand – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410221742/http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/LEARNING/AAINAA/ceremonies/indians_nz.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Nachowitz|first=Todd|url=https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/9442|title=Towards a framework of deep diversity: Identity and invisibility in the Indian diaspora in New Zealand|publisher=University of Waikato|year=2015|location=Hamilton, New Zealand|type=Thesis}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on [[Royal Navy|British ships]]. The earliest known Indians to set foot in | |||
Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in [[Colonial India]] and the [[East Indies]]. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]].<ref name=pd1>{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=J.W.|title=Peter Dillon of Vanikoro: Chevalier of the South Seas|year=1975|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550457-7|page = 31}}</ref> Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on [[Royal Navy|British ships]]. The earliest known Indians to set foot in New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in Dec 1769 on the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]'s ship ''Saint Jean Baptiste'' captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry a union territory town bounded by the southeastern Tamil Nadu state, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://india.oup.com/product/indians-and-the-antipodes-9780199483624?|title=Identity and Invisibility: Early Indian Presence in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1769–1850|last=Nachowitz|first=Todd|work=Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries, and Circulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-948362-4|editor-last=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first=Sekhar|location=New Delhi|pages=34–40|editor-last2=Buckingham|editor-first2=Jane}}</ref> Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed Indian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins. | |||
After establishment of [[History of Australia|first European colony in Sydney in Australia]] in 1788 by the colonial [[British Indian Empire#BIE|British Indian Empire]] under the British East India Company, the company had exclusive right on control of all trade to and from the penal colony.<ref> | |||
Binney, Keith R., Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788–1900) and The Serpents Legacy.</ref><ref>[https://www.tbheritage.com/Breeders/AUS/AusHistBinney.html British East India Company in early Australia], tbheritage.com, accessed 11th February 2024.</ref> These colonies multiplied and expanded to include whole Australia, various Islands in Oceania, initially colonies were established under the British Indian Empire including New Zealand which was administered as part of New South Wales until 1841. | |||
The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship ''City of Edinburgh'' who jumped ship in 1809 in the [[Bay of Islands, New Zealand|Bay of Islands]] to live with a [[Māori people|Māori]] wife.<ref name=":0" /> Another took up residence on [[Stewart Island]] around the same time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=2. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-2 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> | The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship ''City of Edinburgh'' who jumped ship in 1809 in the [[Bay of Islands, New Zealand|Bay of Islands]] to live with a [[Māori people|Māori]] wife.<ref name=":0" /> Another took up residence on [[Stewart Island]] around the same time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=2. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-2 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Possibly the earliest non-Māori settlers of the [[Otago]] region of [[South Island]] were three Indian [[lascars]] who deserted ship to live among the | Possibly the earliest non-Māori settlers of the [[Otago]] region of [[South Island]] were three Indian [[lascars]] who deserted ship to live among the Māori in 1813.<ref name=antipodes>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |last2=Buckingham |first2=Jane |title=Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries and Circulation |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199483624 |ref=Antipodes |language=en}}</ref> There, they assisted the [[Ngāi Tahu]] by passing on new skills and technologies, including how to attack colonial European vessels in the rain when their guns could not be fired.<ref name="antipodes" /> They integrated into Māori culture completely, receiving [[tā moko]] and taking on Māori names. An Indian whaler, Edward (Black) Peter, has found [[Otago gold rush|gold in the Otago region]] in 1858, but was not credited or rewarded for it until 1885.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=10, 147}}</ref> | ||
There were a number of Indian soldiers who served New Zealand, 17 are recorded to have served in WWI and WWII.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Service Personnel |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/popular-searches/indian |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Auckland War Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref> The most well documented of these soldiers being [[Jagt Singh]] who served in Gallipoli during WWI. | |||
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the first wave of migration of Indians arriving in the country. A number of them came directly to New Zealand but some came via Fiji and others via other British colonies such as Burma. A large number of these early migrants were Indian teenagers, mainly from [[Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]]. They were generally looked after by the Māori community, and tended to have unions with Māori women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayhew |first1=W. R. |title=Tuapeka: The Land and Its People |date=1977 |publisher=Capper Press |location=Clutha District, New Zealand}}</ref> | The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the first wave of migration of Indians arriving in the country. A number of them came directly to New Zealand but some came via Fiji and others via other British colonies such as Burma. A large number of these early migrants were Indian teenagers, mainly from [[Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]]. They were generally looked after by the Māori community, and tended to have unions with Māori women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayhew |first1=W. R. |title=Tuapeka: The Land and Its People |date=1977 |publisher=Capper Press |location=Clutha District, New Zealand}}</ref> | ||
Official policy in New Zealand to restrict non-European immigration resulted in difficulties for Indians to enter the country in the 1920s. Groups like The White New Zealand League, established in 1926, was opposed to both Chinese and Indian immigration because it was seen as a threat to the economic prosperity of European New Zealanders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamnadas |first1=Bharat |title=Our Pioneers Did Not Have It So Easy |url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/52/3722/Editorials/Our-Pioneers-did-not-have-it-so-easy |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Racial tensions between local Indians and Pākehā | Official policy in New Zealand to restrict non-European immigration resulted in difficulties for Indians to enter the country in the 1920s. Groups like The White New Zealand League, established in 1926, was opposed to both Chinese and Indian immigration because it was seen as a threat to the economic prosperity of European New Zealanders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamnadas |first1=Bharat |title=Our Pioneers Did Not Have It So Easy |url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/52/3722/Editorials/Our-Pioneers-did-not-have-it-so-easy |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> In the beginning of the 20the century, Indians were classified as "race aliens", which legally barred from any public service occupation such as police or the army, and also were not receiving any [[pension]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=26-27}}</ref> Early Indian migrants consciously chose jobs in remote areas that did not interest [[Pākehā]]: cutting grass, processing flax and digging drains.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=20-21}}</ref> The shared experience of discrimination facilitated solidarity between members of different [[Caste system in India|castes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=21}}</ref> On the other hand, The Shop and Office Act of 1921 allowed all British subjects to own shops and businesses, so many Indians struggling to find other employment became business owners, especially in [[Dairy (New Zealand)|dairies]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand|last=Pio|first=Edwina|year=2008|isbn=978-1-877399-32-9|page=33}}</ref> | ||
Racial tensions between local Indians and Pākehā lasted for decades in [[Pukekohe]]. Until the late 1950s, Indians there were excluded from barbershops, hair salons, bars, and balcony seats in cinemas, and could not join the local growers' association.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swarbrick |first1=Nancy |title=Indians – 1920s–1930s', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-3 |website=Te Ara |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> At this time, a large number of Punjabi Sikhs, who often had farming experience, settled in the [[Waikato]] district and took up dairy farming. | |||
Before the 1970s it remained difficult for Indians not related to the earlier immigrants to enter New Zealand. However, a small number of [[Fijian Indians]] and [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Indian-descent refugees from Uganda]] arrived in the country. By the 1980s, the official attitude towards Asian immigration relaxed and an increased number of Indians arrived in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=4. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-4 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> | Before the 1970s it remained difficult for Indians not related to the earlier immigrants to enter New Zealand. However, a small number of [[Fijian Indians]] and [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Indian-descent refugees from Uganda]] arrived in the country. By the 1980s, the official attitude towards Asian immigration relaxed and an increased number of Indians arrived in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taonga |first1=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=4. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/indians/page-4 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== | === Early cultural contact theory === | ||
[[ | In 1885, [[Edward Tregear]] published the controversial book ''The Aryan Maori'' (1885), in which he placed the Māori language in the ranks of the Indo-European language family. He further claimed, that Māori were descended from Hindu Brahmins who spread south from India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tregear |first1=Edward |title=The Aryan Maori |date=1885 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
The [[Tamil bell]] may indicate contact between Māori and South India going back to the 14th or 15th century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Darrah |first1=Petrina |title=The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO' |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/tamil-bell-mystery-new-zealand |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=3 November 2023 |language=en |date=8 February 2023}}</ref> A 1954 report by V Lakshmi Pathy, published in the Journal of Polynesian Studies, hinted at similarities between the South Indian [[Kannada]] language and various Polynesian languages including Māori.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=V Lakshmi |first1=Pathy |title=Are There Linguistic Affinities Between Maori And Kannada? Some Reflections |website=www.jps.auckland.ac.nz |pages=35–42 |url=https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_63_1954/Volume_63%2C_No._1/Are_there_linguistic_affinities_between_Maori_and_Kannada%3F_Some_reflections%2C_by_V._Lakshmi_Pathy%2C_p_35-42/p1 |access-date=3 November 2023}}</ref> | |||
==Socioeconomics== | |||
===Demographics=== | |||
According to the [[2018 New Zealand census]], there were 239,193 ethnic Indians in New Zealand making up 4.7% of New Zealand's population.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/indian|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> This is an increase of 84,015 people (54.1%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and an increase of 134,610 people (128.7%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. Some of the increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was due to [[Statistics New Zealand]] adding ethnicity data from other sources (previous censuses, administrative data, and imputation) to the 2018 census data to reduce the number of non-responses.<ref name="Census2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity|access-date=2020-04-29|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> | |||
In terms of population distribution, 64.7% of Indian New Zealanders lived in the Auckland region, 26.3% lived in the North Island outside the Auckland region, and 9.0% lived in the South Island. The [[Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board|Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area]] of Auckland had the highest concentration of Indian people at 26.2%, | There were 129,123 males and 110,070 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.173 males per female. The median age was 30.0 years, compared with 37.4 years for all New Zealanders; 47,505 people (19.8%) were aged under 15 years, 71,796 (30.0%) were 15 to 29, 106,665 (44.6%) were 30 to 64, and 13,230 (5.5%) were 65 or older.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB).|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8321|access-date=2020-04-29|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | ||
In terms of population distribution, 64.7% of Indian New Zealanders lived in the Auckland region, 26.3% lived in the North Island outside the Auckland region, and 9.0% lived in the South Island. The [[Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board|Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area]] of Auckland had the highest concentration of Indian people at 26.2%, with [[Papatoetoe]] in Auckland considered to be New Zealand's little India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Papatoetoe in South Auckland emerges as Little India |url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/papatoetoe-in-south-auckland-emerges-as-little-india/}}</ref> The next highest concentrations are in the [[Puketāpapa Local Board|Puketāpapa local board area]] (22.9%) and the [[Whau Local Board|Whau local board area]] (18.2%). [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton City]] has the highest concentration of Indian peoples outside of Auckland at 7.3%. The [[Chatham Islands]] and [[Great Barrier Island]] had the lowest concentrations, recording no Indian people in their respective areas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB).|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8321|access-date=2020-04-29|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> | |||
The proportion of Indian New Zealanders born overseas was 76.2%, compared with 27.1% for all ethnicities. Nearly two-thirds (65.7%) of those born in New Zealand were aged under 15.<ref name=":1" /> | The proportion of Indian New Zealanders born overseas was 76.2%, compared with 27.1% for all ethnicities. Nearly two-thirds (65.7%) of those born in New Zealand were aged under 15.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
At the 2013 census, 72.0 percent of Indian New Zealanders aged 15 and over were in the labour force, of which 8.3 percent were unemployed. The large employment industries of Indians were retail trade (16.3 percent), health care and social assistance (11.7 percent), and accommodation and food services (9.7 percent).<ref name="StatsNZprofile">{{cite web|title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Indian|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24743&tabname=Keyfacts&p=y&printall=true|access-date=21 June 2016|work=Statistics New Zealand}}</ref> | At the 2013 census, 72.0 percent of Indian New Zealanders aged 15 and over were in the labour force, of which 8.3 percent were unemployed. The large employment industries of Indians were retail trade (16.3 percent), health care and social assistance (11.7 percent), and accommodation and food services (9.7 percent).<ref name="StatsNZprofile">{{cite web|title=2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Indian|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24743&tabname=Keyfacts&p=y&printall=true|access-date=21 June 2016|work=Statistics New Zealand}}</ref> | ||
===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
{{Bar box | {{Bar box | ||
| Line 69: | Line 94: | ||
|bars= | |bars= | ||
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hinduism]]|Orange|46.6}} | {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hinduism]]|Orange|46.6}} | ||
{{bar percent|Christian|Blue|15. | {{Bar percent|[[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikhism]]|Yellow|21.4}} | ||
{{bar percent|Christian{{note|Includes Other Christian (8.7%) and Catholic (6.4%)}}|Blue|15.1}} | |||
{{Bar percent|Muslim|Green|8.7}} | {{Bar percent|Muslim|Green|8.7}} | ||
{{bar percent|No Religion|grey|8.1}} | {{bar percent|No Religion|grey|8.1}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
According to the [[2018 New Zealand census]], 46.6% of Indian New Zealanders identified as [[Hinduism in New Zealand|Hindus]], 21.4% as [[Sikhism in New Zealand|Sikhs]], 15.1% as [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christians]] (where 6.4% as [[Catholic Church in New Zealand|Catholic]], 1.3% as Pentecostalism, 0.5% as Anglican and 6.9% as other Christian), 8.7% as [[Islam in New Zealand|Muslims]], while 8.1% identified themselves as having no religion.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf |title=Demography of the Punjab (1849–1947) |author=Gopal Krishan |access-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022818/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> | |||
==Notable individuals== | ==Notable individuals== | ||
{{main category|New Zealand people of Indian descent}} | |||
[[File:Sukhi Turner and Anand Satyanand.jpg|thumb|[[Anand Satyanand]] (centre left) served as the [[List of Governors-General of New Zealand|19th]] [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from (2006–2011), meeting [[Sukhi Turner|Dame Sukhi Turner]] (right), Mayor of [[Dunedin]] (1995–2004)]] | |||
[[File:1 35 Jeetan Patel.jpg|thumb|Cricketer [[Jeetan Patel]]]] | |||
===Business=== | ===Business=== | ||
* | *[[Ranjna Patel]], businesswoman | ||
*Nikhil Ravishankar, [[CEO]] of [[Air New Zealand]] | |||
===Entertainment=== | ===Entertainment=== | ||
*[[Aaradhna]] Patel, R&B artist | *[[Aaradhna]] Patel, R&B artist | ||
*[[Shailesh Prajapati]], New Zealand actor, best known for his role as Ernie in | *[[Shailesh Prajapati]], New Zealand actor, best known for his role as Ernie in Power Rangers MegaForce | ||
*[[Shirley Setia]], | *[[Shirley Setia]], New Zealand singer and actress | ||
*[[Jacob Rajan]], playwright and actor, whose most notable work is ''Krishnan's Dairy'' | *[[Jacob Rajan]], playwright and actor, whose most notable work is ''Krishnan's Dairy'' | ||
*[[Madeleine Sami]], New Zealand actor of Irish and Fiji Indian heritage, best known for her role as Tania in ''[[Sione's Wedding]]'' | *[[Madeleine Sami]], New Zealand actor of Irish and Fiji Indian heritage, best known for her role as Tania in ''[[Sione's Wedding]]'' | ||
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===Politics=== | ===Politics=== | ||
*[[Gaurav Sharma (politician)]], Member of Parliament | *[[Gaurav Sharma (politician)|Gaurav Sharma]], Member of Parliament (2020–2022) | ||
*[[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]], Member of Parliament since 2017 | *[[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]], Member of Parliament since 2017 served as the 10th [[Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector]], 15th [[Minister for Youth (New Zealand)|Minister for Youth]] and Minister for Diversity, Inclusion and Ethnic Communities in the [[Sixth Labour Government]] | ||
*[[Kanwal Bakshi]], Member of Parliament ( | *[[Kanwal Bakshi]], Member of Parliament (2008–2020) | ||
*[[Parmjeet Parmar]], Member of Parliament ( | *[[Parmjeet Parmar]], Member of Parliament (2014–2020) (2023–Present) | ||
*[[Mahesh Bindra]], Member of Parliament ( | *[[Mahesh Bindra]], Member of Parliament (2014–2017) | ||
*[[Rajen Prasad]], former Race Relations Commissioner and Families Commissioner, and Member of Parliament ( | *[[Rajen Prasad]], former Race Relations Commissioner and Families Commissioner, and Member of Parliament (2008–2014) | ||
*[[Anand Satyanand]], former [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], appointed on 23 August 2006 | *[[Anand Satyanand]], former [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], appointed on 23 August 2006 | ||
*[[Ajit Swaran Singh]], District Judge | *[[Ajit Swaran Singh]], District Judge | ||
| Line 104: | Line 135: | ||
===Sport=== | ===Sport=== | ||
{{See also|New Zealand Sikh Games}} | |||
*[[Sarpreet Singh]], football player currently playing as a midfielder for [[Bayern Munich II]] in [[Germany]]. | *[[Sarpreet Singh]], football player currently playing as a midfielder for [[Bayern Munich II]] in [[Germany]]. | ||
*[[Rocky Khan]], [[rugby union]] player | *[[Rocky Khan]], [[rugby union]] player | ||
| Line 110: | Line 142: | ||
*[[Ish Sodhi]], current spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]] | *[[Ish Sodhi]], current spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]] | ||
*[[Jeet Raval]], current test batsman for the [[New Zealand cricket team]] | *[[Jeet Raval]], current test batsman for the [[New Zealand cricket team]] | ||
*[[Ajaz Patel]], current spin bowler for the [[New Zealand cricket team]] | |||
*[[Jakob Bhula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | *[[Jakob Bhula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | ||
*Jacob Fonseca, New Zealand 2023 Fishing Champion | |||
*[[Roneel Hira]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | *[[Roneel Hira]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | ||
*[[Tarun Nethula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | *[[Tarun Nethula]], New Zealand domestic cricketer | ||
*[[ | *[[Rachin Ravindra]], New Zealand cricketer | ||
*[[Adithya Ashok]], India-born New Zealand cricketer | |||
== Media == | |||
=== TV === | |||
[[Apna (New Zealand)|APNA]] Television<ref>{{Cite web|title=APNA Television|url=https://freeviewnz.tv/channel/49|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Freeview|language=en}}</ref> | |||
=== Newspapers === | |||
* ''The Indian news''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Print Editions|url=https://www.indiannews.co.nz/print-editions|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Indian News|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
* ''Indian Weekender''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Weekender {{!}} www.indianweekender.co.nz – Meet our team|url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Info/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2021-11-13|website=www.indianweekender.co.nz}}</ref> | |||
* ''Indianz x-press''<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://indianzxpress.com/about-us/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=IndianZ Xpress|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
* ''Indian Newslink''<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/about-us/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=indiannewslink.co.nz|date=17 November 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
* ''Multicultural Times''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Print editions|url=https://multiculturaltimes.news/print-editions|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Multicultural Times|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
* ''Kuk Hindi samachar''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News Paper {{!}} Kuk Punjabi Samachar|url=https://www.kuksamachar.co.nz/latest-news-paper/|access-date=2021-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
Te Papa's third community exhibition to be held in the Community Gallery was about the Indian communities in New Zealand, called AAINAA - Reflections through Indian Weddings. It ran 21 Sep 2002 – 26 Sep 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Stephanie |date=2003-06-01 |title=Te Papa and New Zealand's Indian communities - a case study about exhibition development |url=https://tuhinga.arphahub.com/article/34141/ |journal=Tuhinga |language=en |volume=14 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.3897/tuhinga.14.e34141 |doi-access=free |issn=2253-5861}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|India|New Zealand}} | |||
* [[Māori Indians]] | * [[Māori Indians]] | ||
* [[Punjabi New Zealanders]] | |||
* [[Indian diaspora]] | * [[Indian diaspora]] | ||
* [[Indianisation]] | * [[Indianisation]] | ||
* [[Greater India]] | * [[Greater India]] | ||
* [[India–New Zealand relations]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 135: | Line 188: | ||
*[http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz Bharat-Darshan (भारत-दर्शन): world's first Hindi publication on the net. Indian philosophy and Hindi literary magazine]. | *[http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz Bharat-Darshan (भारत-दर्शन): world's first Hindi publication on the net. Indian philosophy and Hindi literary magazine]. | ||
{{ | {{Indian diaspora}} | ||
{{Immigration to New Zealand}} | {{Immigration to New Zealand}} | ||
[[Category:Asian New | [[Category:Asian diaspora in New Zealand]] | ||
[[Category:New Zealand people of Indian descent| ]] | [[Category:New Zealand people of Indian descent| ]] | ||
[[Category:Indian diaspora in New Zealand| N]] | [[Category:Indian diaspora in New Zealand| N]] | ||
[[Category:Muslim communities of New Zealand]] | |||
Latest revision as of 06:23, 31 January 2026
Template:Use New Zealand English
.jpg) Indian women in Grey Lynn, Auckland, in 1962 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 292,092
142,920 (born in India)
| |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Auckland | 154,824 |
| Wellington | 22,227 |
| Waikato | 17,295 |
| Canterbury | 14,763 |
| Bay of Plenty | 10,335 |
| Manawatū-Whanganui region | 4,374 |
| Languages | |
| English (Indian English • New Zealand English) • Hindi (Fijian Hindi) • Gujarati • Malayalam • Odia • Bengali • Punjabi • Marathi • Tamil • Telugu • Kannada | |
| Religion | |
| Majority: Hinduism (Hinduism in New Zealand) • Sikhism • Jainism • Buddhism Minority: Christianity • Islam • Zoroastrianism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
Indian New Zealanders, informally known as Kiwi Indians, are people of Indian origin or descent who live in New Zealand. The term includes Indians born in New Zealand, as well as immigrants from India, Fiji, other regions of Asia, parts of Africa such as South Africa and East Africa, and from other parts of the world. The term Indian New Zealander applies to any New Zealander with one or both parents of Indian heritage. Although sometimes the Indo-Kiwi definition has been expanded to people with mixed racial parentage with one Indian parent or grandparent, this can be controversial as it generally tends to remove the ethnic heritage or identity of the foreign parent or grandparent, which may be seen as insensitive to those with mixed parentage, who tend to value both their Indian and non-Indian parents and grandparents.[citation needed]
Indian New Zealanders are the largest group of New Zealand Asians.[2] The largest number of Indians living in New Zealand are from Fiji. The fifth largest language in New Zealand is Hindi, shown in the 2018 census. According to ENZ.org (a New Zealand Government affiliate), since 2011, 18,000 Indians have migrated to New Zealand.[3] In 2011, the Indian population in New Zealand was 155,000, so there are 174,000 Indians in New Zealand (2014) due to the additional immigration of 18,000.[3] Most early New Zealand Indians were of Punjabi or Gujarati descent.[4][5]
History[edit | edit source]
Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in Colonial India and the East Indies. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the South Pacific.[6] Indians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on British ships. The earliest known Indians to set foot in New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in Dec 1769 on the French East India Company's ship Saint Jean Baptiste captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry a union territory town bounded by the southeastern Tamil Nadu state, India.[7] Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed Indian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.
After establishment of first European colony in Sydney in Australia in 1788 by the colonial British Indian Empire under the British East India Company, the company had exclusive right on control of all trade to and from the penal colony.[8][9] These colonies multiplied and expanded to include whole Australia, various Islands in Oceania, initially colonies were established under the British Indian Empire including New Zealand which was administered as part of New South Wales until 1841.
The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship City of Edinburgh who jumped ship in 1809 in the Bay of Islands to live with a Māori wife.[7] Another took up residence on Stewart Island around the same time.[10]
Possibly the earliest non-Māori settlers of the Otago region of South Island were three Indian lascars who deserted ship to live among the Māori in 1813.[11] There, they assisted the Ngāi Tahu by passing on new skills and technologies, including how to attack colonial European vessels in the rain when their guns could not be fired.[11] They integrated into Māori culture completely, receiving tā moko and taking on Māori names. An Indian whaler, Edward (Black) Peter, has found gold in the Otago region in 1858, but was not credited or rewarded for it until 1885.[12]
There were a number of Indian soldiers who served New Zealand, 17 are recorded to have served in WWI and WWII.[13] The most well documented of these soldiers being Jagt Singh who served in Gallipoli during WWI.
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the first wave of migration of Indians arriving in the country. A number of them came directly to New Zealand but some came via Fiji and others via other British colonies such as Burma. A large number of these early migrants were Indian teenagers, mainly from Punjab and Gujarat. They were generally looked after by the Māori community, and tended to have unions with Māori women.[14]
Official policy in New Zealand to restrict non-European immigration resulted in difficulties for Indians to enter the country in the 1920s. Groups like The White New Zealand League, established in 1926, was opposed to both Chinese and Indian immigration because it was seen as a threat to the economic prosperity of European New Zealanders.[15] In the beginning of the 20the century, Indians were classified as "race aliens", which legally barred from any public service occupation such as police or the army, and also were not receiving any pensions.[16] Early Indian migrants consciously chose jobs in remote areas that did not interest Pākehā: cutting grass, processing flax and digging drains.[17] The shared experience of discrimination facilitated solidarity between members of different castes.[18] On the other hand, The Shop and Office Act of 1921 allowed all British subjects to own shops and businesses, so many Indians struggling to find other employment became business owners, especially in dairies.[19]
Racial tensions between local Indians and Pākehā lasted for decades in Pukekohe. Until the late 1950s, Indians there were excluded from barbershops, hair salons, bars, and balcony seats in cinemas, and could not join the local growers' association.[20] At this time, a large number of Punjabi Sikhs, who often had farming experience, settled in the Waikato district and took up dairy farming.
Before the 1970s it remained difficult for Indians not related to the earlier immigrants to enter New Zealand. However, a small number of Fijian Indians and Indian-descent refugees from Uganda arrived in the country. By the 1980s, the official attitude towards Asian immigration relaxed and an increased number of Indians arrived in New Zealand.[21]
Early cultural contact theory[edit | edit source]
In 1885, Edward Tregear published the controversial book The Aryan Maori (1885), in which he placed the Māori language in the ranks of the Indo-European language family. He further claimed, that Māori were descended from Hindu Brahmins who spread south from India.[22]
The Tamil bell may indicate contact between Māori and South India going back to the 14th or 15th century.[23] A 1954 report by V Lakshmi Pathy, published in the Journal of Polynesian Studies, hinted at similarities between the South Indian Kannada language and various Polynesian languages including Māori.[24]
Socioeconomics[edit | edit source]
Demographics[edit | edit source]
According to the 2018 New Zealand census, there were 239,193 ethnic Indians in New Zealand making up 4.7% of New Zealand's population.[25] This is an increase of 84,015 people (54.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 134,610 people (128.7%) since the 2006 census. Some of the increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was due to Statistics New Zealand adding ethnicity data from other sources (previous censuses, administrative data, and imputation) to the 2018 census data to reduce the number of non-responses.[26][27]
There were 129,123 males and 110,070 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.173 males per female. The median age was 30.0 years, compared with 37.4 years for all New Zealanders; 47,505 people (19.8%) were aged under 15 years, 71,796 (30.0%) were 15 to 29, 106,665 (44.6%) were 30 to 64, and 13,230 (5.5%) were 65 or older.[28][25]
In terms of population distribution, 64.7% of Indian New Zealanders lived in the Auckland region, 26.3% lived in the North Island outside the Auckland region, and 9.0% lived in the South Island. The Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area of Auckland had the highest concentration of Indian people at 26.2%, with Papatoetoe in Auckland considered to be New Zealand's little India.[29] The next highest concentrations are in the Puketāpapa local board area (22.9%) and the Whau local board area (18.2%). Hamilton City has the highest concentration of Indian peoples outside of Auckland at 7.3%. The Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island had the lowest concentrations, recording no Indian people in their respective areas.[30]
The proportion of Indian New Zealanders born overseas was 76.2%, compared with 27.1% for all ethnicities. Nearly two-thirds (65.7%) of those born in New Zealand were aged under 15.[25]
At the 2013 census, 72.0 percent of Indian New Zealanders aged 15 and over were in the labour force, of which 8.3 percent were unemployed. The large employment industries of Indians were retail trade (16.3 percent), health care and social assistance (11.7 percent), and accommodation and food services (9.7 percent).[31]
Religion[edit | edit source]
According to the 2018 New Zealand census, 46.6% of Indian New Zealanders identified as Hindus, 21.4% as Sikhs, 15.1% as Christians (where 6.4% as Catholic, 1.3% as Pentecostalism, 0.5% as Anglican and 6.9% as other Christian), 8.7% as Muslims, while 8.1% identified themselves as having no religion.[33]
Notable individuals[edit | edit source]
Business[edit | edit source]
- Ranjna Patel, businesswoman
- Nikhil Ravishankar, CEO of Air New Zealand
Entertainment[edit | edit source]
- Aaradhna Patel, R&B artist
- Shailesh Prajapati, New Zealand actor, best known for his role as Ernie in Power Rangers MegaForce
- Shirley Setia, New Zealand singer and actress
- Jacob Rajan, playwright and actor, whose most notable work is Krishnan's Dairy
- Madeleine Sami, New Zealand actor of Irish and Fiji Indian heritage, best known for her role as Tania in Sione's Wedding
Media[edit | edit source]
- Rohit Kumar Happy,[34] editor of Bharat-Darshan, Hindi literary magazine
- Rebecca Singh, news presenter on the New Zealand television station TV3
Politics[edit | edit source]
- Gaurav Sharma, Member of Parliament (2020–2022)
- Priyanca Radhakrishnan, Member of Parliament since 2017 served as the 10th Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector, 15th Minister for Youth and Minister for Diversity, Inclusion and Ethnic Communities in the Sixth Labour Government
- Kanwal Bakshi, Member of Parliament (2008–2020)
- Parmjeet Parmar, Member of Parliament (2014–2020) (2023–Present)
- Mahesh Bindra, Member of Parliament (2014–2017)
- Rajen Prasad, former Race Relations Commissioner and Families Commissioner, and Member of Parliament (2008–2014)
- Anand Satyanand, former Governor-General of New Zealand, appointed on 23 August 2006
- Ajit Swaran Singh, District Judge
- Dame Sukhi Turner, Mayor of Dunedin (1995–2004)
Sport[edit | edit source]
- Sarpreet Singh, football player currently playing as a midfielder for Bayern Munich II in Germany.
- Rocky Khan, rugby union player
- Dipak Narshibhai Patel, cricket player who has played 37 Tests and 75 one-day internationals for the New Zealand cricket team
- Jeetan Patel, former spin bowler for the New Zealand cricket team
- Ish Sodhi, current spin bowler for the New Zealand cricket team
- Jeet Raval, current test batsman for the New Zealand cricket team
- Ajaz Patel, current spin bowler for the New Zealand cricket team
- Jakob Bhula, New Zealand domestic cricketer
- Jacob Fonseca, New Zealand 2023 Fishing Champion
- Roneel Hira, New Zealand domestic cricketer
- Tarun Nethula, New Zealand domestic cricketer
- Rachin Ravindra, New Zealand cricketer
- Adithya Ashok, India-born New Zealand cricketer
Media[edit | edit source]
TV[edit | edit source]
Newspapers[edit | edit source]
- The Indian news[36]
- Indian Weekender[37]
- Indianz x-press[38]
- Indian Newslink[39]
- Multicultural Times[40]
- Kuk Hindi samachar[41]
Te Papa's third community exhibition to be held in the Community Gallery was about the Indian communities in New Zealand, called AAINAA - Reflections through Indian Weddings. It ran 21 Sep 2002 – 26 Sep 2004.[42]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Māori Indians
- Punjabi New Zealanders
- Indian diaspora
- Indianisation
- Greater India
- India–New Zealand relations
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "2023 Census Results Reflect Aotearoa New Zealand's Diversity". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ↑ "Indian population leapfrogs Chinese to become third-largest ethnicity in New Zealand". RNZ. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where?". www.enz.org. 4 June 2013.
- ↑ "Indians in New Zealand – Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008.
- ↑ Nachowitz, Todd (2015). Towards a framework of deep diversity: Identity and invisibility in the Indian diaspora in New Zealand (Thesis). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
- ↑ Davidson, J.W. (1975). Peter Dillon of Vanikoro: Chevalier of the South Seas. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-19-550457-7.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nachowitz, Todd (2018). Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar; Buckingham, Jane (eds.). Identity and Invisibility: Early Indian Presence in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1769–1850. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–40. ISBN 978-0-19-948362-4.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ Binney, Keith R., Horsemen of the First Frontier (1788–1900) and The Serpents Legacy.
- ↑ British East India Company in early Australia, tbheritage.com, accessed 11th February 2024.
- ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "2. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar; Buckingham, Jane (2018). Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries and Circulation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199483624.
- ↑ Pio, Edwina (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. p. 10, 147. ISBN 978-1-877399-32-9.
- ↑ "Indian Service Personnel". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ↑ Mayhew, W. R. (1977). Tuapeka: The Land and Its People. Clutha District, New Zealand: Capper Press.
- ↑ Jamnadas, Bharat. "Our Pioneers Did Not Have It So Easy". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ↑ Pio, Edwina (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. p. 26-27. ISBN 978-1-877399-32-9.
- ↑ Pio, Edwina (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. p. 20-21. ISBN 978-1-877399-32-9.
- ↑ Pio, Edwina (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-877399-32-9.
- ↑ Pio, Edwina (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-877399-32-9.
- ↑ Swarbrick, Nancy. "Indians – 1920s–1930s', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Te Ara. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ↑ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "4. – Indians – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz.
- ↑ Tregear, Edward (1885). The Aryan Maori.
- ↑ Darrah, Petrina (8 February 2023). "The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO'". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ↑ V Lakshmi, Pathy. "Are There Linguistic Affinities Between Maori And Kannada? Some Reflections". www.jps.auckland.ac.nz: 35–42. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ↑ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ". Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
- ↑ "New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ↑ "Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ↑ "Papatoetoe in South Auckland emerges as Little India". 14 August 2019.
- ↑ "Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ↑ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Indian". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
- ↑ "Indian ethnic group". Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- ↑ Gopal Krishan. "Demography of the Punjab (1849–1947)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ↑ Rohit Kumar Happy
- ↑ "APNA Television". Freeview. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "Print Editions". The Indian News. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "Indian Weekender | www.indianweekender.co.nz – Meet our team". www.indianweekender.co.nz. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "About Us". IndianZ Xpress. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "About Us". indiannewslink.co.nz. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "Print editions". Multicultural Times. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ "Latest News Paper | Kuk Punjabi Samachar". Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ↑ Gibson, Stephanie (1 June 2003). "Te Papa and New Zealand's Indian communities - a case study about exhibition development". Tuhinga. 14: 61–75. doi:10.3897/tuhinga.14.e34141. ISSN 2253-5861.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Te Ara, the encyclopedia of New Zealand
- Indians in New Zealand
- Indian population growth in New Zealand
- New Zealand Indian Central Association
- Indian Weekender Newspaper for Kiwi Indians
- List of Indian groups, organizations and associations in New Zealand
- The Indian Diaspora in New Zealand, a bibliography of known published Academic sources
- NRI Online, news snippets and articles related to New Zealand NRIs
- Bharat-Darshan (भारत-दर्शन): world's first Hindi publication on the net. Indian philosophy and Hindi literary magazine.
Template:Indian diaspora Template:Immigration to New Zealand