1998 Indian general election in Kerala: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox election|
{{Short description|none}}
| percentage5 = 8.02%
{{Infobox election
| seats_for_election = 20 seats
 
<!-- UDF -->| image1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| seats1 = 8
| last_election1 = 7
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}1
| seat_change4 = -
| seat_change3 = -
| turnout = 70.66% ({{increase}}0.55%)
| percentage1 = 38.67%
| percentage3 = 8.32%
| alliance5 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| election_date = February–March 1998
| image5 = {{Bharatiya Janata Party/meta/symbol|size=75px}}
| last_election5 = 0
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seat_change5 = -
| seats5 = 0
| alliance4 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| seats4 = 2
| percentage4 = 5.01%
| party4 = Indian Union Muslim League
| image 4 =
| last_election4 = 2
| map_image = Kerala in India.png
| next_election = 1999 Indian general election in Kerala|<!-- BJP -->
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}1
| last_election2 = 5
| post title =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party = <!-- LDF -->
| image2 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hammer Sickle and Star.png|75px]]
| seats2 = 6
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| map_caption = [[Kerala]]
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| image3 =
| previous_year = 1996
| party3 = Communist Party of India
| alliance3 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| seats3 = 2
| last_election3 = 2
| title =
| map_size = 200px
| next_year = 1999
| election_name = 1998 Indian general election
| election_name = 1998 Indian general election
| country = India
| country = India
Line 55: Line 6:
| ongoing = no
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996 Indian general election in Kerala
| previous_election = 1996 Indian general election in Kerala
| percentage2 = 21%
| previous_year = 1996
}}The '''[[1998 Indian general election]]''' were held to elect 20 members to the [[12th Lok Sabha|twelfth Lok Sabha]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=General Election, 1998|url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii-iii/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]] won 11 seats, while the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]] won the remaining 9 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=12|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The earlier election in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] saw both alliances win equal share of seats. Turnout for the election was at 70.66%<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/98_Vol_I.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
| next_election = 1999 Indian general election in Kerala
| next_year = 1999
| election_date = February–March 1998
| seats_for_election = 20 seats
 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Karunakaran, Indian politician.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=14|Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=05}}
| leader2 = [[E.K. Nayanar]]
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| leaders_seat2 = -
 
| seats1 = 11
| seats2 = 9
| last_election1 =  10
| last_election2 =  10
 
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 1
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| before_party = Janata Dal
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| percentage1 = 46.08%
| percentage2 = 44.55%
}}
 
The '''[[1998 Indian general election]]''' were held to elect 20 members to the [[12th Lok Sabha|twelfth Lok Sabha]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=General Election, 1998|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii-iii/}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]] won 11 seats, while the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]] won the remaining 9 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=12}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The earlier election in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] saw both alliances win equal share of seats. Turnout for the election was at 70.66%<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/98_Vol_I.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413155035/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in:80/Links/Books/98_Vol_I.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-13 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
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== Alliances and parties ==
== Alliances and parties ==
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Alliances Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/alliance/partyWise/12/28|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Alliances Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/alliance/partyWise/12/28}}</ref>


UDF is a Kerala legislative alliance formed by INC veteran [[K. Karunakaran]]. LDF comprises primarily of CPI(M) and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], forming the [[Third Front (India)|Left Front]] in the national level. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), leading [[National Democratic Alliance|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]] at national level contested in all 20 seats.
UDF is a Kerala legislative alliance formed by INC veteran [[K. Karunakaran]]. LDF comprises primarily of CPI(M) and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], forming the [[Third Front (India)|Left Front]] in the national level. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), leading [[National Democratic Alliance|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]] at national level contested in all 20 seats.
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|- style="height: 45px;"
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''
|Indian National Congress
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |17
| style="text-align:center;" |17
|- style="height: 45px;"
|- style="height: 45px;"
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| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}};color:white" |'''3.'''
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Two_Leaves.png|45x45px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg|45x45px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|}
|}
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! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats Contested
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats Contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |'''1.'''
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Hammer_Sickle_and_Star.png|center|45x45px|Key]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|center|45x45px|Key]]
| style="text-align:center;" |9
| style="text-align:center;" |9
|- style="height: 4px;"
|- style="height: 4px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist_Party_of_India}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |'''2.'''
|Communist Party of India
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ears_of_Corn_and_Sickle.png|center|45x45px|Star]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|center|45x45px|Star]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''3.'''
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:black" |'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:black" |'''4.'''
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
| style="text-align:center;" |3
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};color:white" |'''5.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};color:white" |'''5.'''
|[[Janata Dal]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|- style="height: 4px;"
|- style="height: 4px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:black" |'''6.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:black" |'''6.'''
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|[[Kerala Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|}
|}
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|- style="height: 45px;"
|- style="height: 45px;"
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''1.'''
|Bharatiya Janata Party
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:BJP election symbol.png|40x40px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|40x40px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |20
| style="text-align:center;" |20
|}
==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">UDF</span>]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Left Democratic Front|<span style="color:white;">LDF</span>]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|<span style="color:white;">BJP</span>]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Khader Mangad
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[T. Govindan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P.K. Krishna Das
|-
!2
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Cannanore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| [[A. C. Shanmughadas]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P. C. Mohanan Master
|-
!3
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Badagara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| P. M. Suresh Babu
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[A. K. Premajam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Chettoor Balakrishnan Master
|-
!4
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Calicut]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[P. Sankaran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
|-
!5
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Manjeri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[E. Ahamed]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Adv. K. V. Salahuddin
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Prof. Sumathy Haridas
|-
!6
|[[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| G.M. Banatwalla
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| Minu Mumthas
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ahalliya Sankar
|-
!7
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palghat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| V.S. Vijayaraghavan
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[N. N. Krishnadas]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Prof. T.C. Govindan
|-
!8
|[[Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency|Ottapalam (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Prof. K.K. Vijayalakshmi
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[S. Ajaya Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P.M. Velayudhan
|-
!9
|[[Trichur Lok Sabha constituency|Trichur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| V.V. Raghavan
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P.M. Gopinadhan
|-
!10
|[[Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Mukundapuram]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| A.C. Jose
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| P. Govindappillai
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P.D. Purushothaman Master
|-
!11
|[[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Adv. George Eden
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| [[Sebastian Paul]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| V.V. Augustine
|-
!12
|[[Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Muvattupuzha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (M)}}
| [[P. C. Thomas]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Mathew John
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Adv. Narayanan Namboothiri
|-
!13
|[[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[K. Suresh Kurup]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Adv. George Kurian
|-
!14
|[[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[P. C. Chacko]]
|{{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| [[K. Francis George]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Adv. D. Asokakumar
|-
!15
|[[Alleppey Lok Sabha constituency|Alleppey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Adv. C.S. Sujatha
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| T.L. Radhamma
|-
!16
|[[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[P. J. Kurien]]
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| [[Ninan Koshy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rajan Moolaveettil
|-
!17
|[[Adoor Lok Sabha constituency|Adoor (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Chengara Surendran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kainakary Janardhanan
|-
!18
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Quilon]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| K.C. Rajan
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. Raichel Matthai
|-
!19
|[[Chirayinkil Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. M. Hassan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Varkala Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| T.M. Viswambharan
|-
!20
|[[Trivandrum Lok Sabha constituency|Trivandrum]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Karunakaran]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[K. V. Surendranath]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kerala Varma Raja
|-
|}
|}


== List of elected MPs ==
== List of elected MPs ==
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy Mathew|date=|title=Indian Parliament Elections 1998: Kerala Winners|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/winners.php4?year=1998|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-15|website=keralaassembly.org}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy Mathew|date=|title=Indian Parliament Elections 1998: Kerala Winners|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/winners.php4?year=1998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125150501/http://www.keralaassembly.org:80/lok/winners.php4?year=1998 |archive-date=2003-11-25 |access-date=2020-09-15|website=keralaassembly.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!No.
!No.
!Constituency
!Constituency
!Name of Elected M.P.
!Name of Elected M.P.
!Party Affiliation
!Party affiliation
|-
|-
|1
|1
Line 252: Line 431:


=== Performance of political parties ===
=== Performance of political parties ===
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Party-wise performance for 1998 Kerala|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/28/12|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=46.08|label1=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color1={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=44.55|label2=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color2={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value3=8.02|label3=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|color3={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Party-wise performance for 1998 Kerala|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/28/12}}</ref>{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=46.08|label1=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color1={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=44.55|label2=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color2={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value3=8.02|label3=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|color3={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.
!No.
!Party
!Party
Line 307: Line 486:
|0
|0
|5,80,094
|5,80,094
|3.90%  
|3.90%
|{{decrease}}0.50
|{{decrease}}0.50
|-
|-
Line 406: Line 585:


=== By constituency ===
=== By constituency ===
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=12|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=12}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.
!No.
!Constituency
!Constituency
Line 775: Line 954:
{{Kerala elections}}
{{Kerala elections}}


{{#seo:
[[Category:1998 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
|keywords=1998 elections in India, Elections in Kerala
[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]
|description=
}}
 
[[Category:1998 elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Kerala]]

Latest revision as of 15:23, 31 January 2026


1998 Indian general election
← 1996 February–March 1998 1999 →
20 seats
  First party Second party
 
Leader K. Karunakaran E.K. Nayanar
Party INC CPI (M)
Alliance UDF LDF
Leader's seat Thiruvananthapuram -
Last election 10 10
Seats won 11 9
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Percentage 46.08% 44.55%
Prime Minister before election

Inder Kumar Gujral
JD

Prime Minister after election

Atal Bihari Vajpayee
BJP

The 1998 Indian general election were held to elect 20 members to the twelfth Lok Sabha from Kerala.[1] Indian National Congress (INC)-led United Democratic Front (UDF) won 11 seats, while the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) won the remaining 9 seats.[2] The earlier election in 1996 saw both alliances win equal share of seats. Turnout for the election was at 70.66%[3]

Background[edit | edit source]

The ruling LDF government in the state faced infightings, especially among V. S. Achuthanandan and CITU as the former was denied the Chief Ministerial post. KSKTU launched agitations against paddy field reclamation, which spiraled into a law and order issue. The state High Court directed the government to return the crop fields to the farmers. M. L. Ahuja cited "an element of militancy" and "disregard for democratic forms of agitations" among the CPI(M) activists during the agitation.

Alliances and parties[edit | edit source]

[4]

UDF is a Kerala legislative alliance formed by INC veteran K. Karunakaran. LDF comprises primarily of CPI(M) and the CPI, forming the Left Front in the national level. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), leading National Democratic Alliance (NDA) at national level contested in all 20 seats.

United Democratic Front[edit | edit source]

No. Party Election Symbol Seats Contested
1. Indian National Congress 17
2. Indian Union Muslim League 2
3. Kerala Congress (M) 1

Left Democratic Front[edit | edit source]

No. Party Election Symbol Seats Contested
1. Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Key
Key
 9
2. Communist Party of India
Star
Star
 4
3. Revolutionary Socialist Party Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1
4. Independents Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3
5. Janata Dal Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2
6. Kerala Congress 1

National Democratic Alliance[edit | edit source]

No. Party Election Symbol Seats Contested
1. Bharatiya Janata Party File:Lotos flower symbol.svg 20

List of Candidates[edit | edit source]

Constituency UDF LDF BJP
No. Name Party Candidate Party Candidate Party Candidate
1 Kasaragod INC Khader Mangad CPI (M) T. Govindan BJP P.K. Krishna Das
2 Cannanore INC Mullappally Ramachandran Independent A. C. Shanmughadas BJP P. C. Mohanan Master
3 Badagara INC P. M. Suresh Babu CPI (M) A. K. Premajam BJP Chettoor Balakrishnan Master
4 Calicut INC P. Sankaran JD M. P. Veerendra Kumar BJP P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
5 Manjeri IUML E. Ahamed CPI (M) Adv. K. V. Salahuddin BJP Prof. Sumathy Haridas
6 Ponnani IUML G.M. Banatwalla CPI Minu Mumthas BJP Ahalliya Sankar
7 Palghat INC V.S. Vijayaraghavan CPI (M) N. N. Krishnadas BJP Prof. T.C. Govindan
8 Ottapalam (SC) INC Prof. K.K. Vijayalakshmi CPI (M) S. Ajaya Kumar BJP P.M. Velayudhan
9 Trichur INC K. Muraleedharan CPI V.V. Raghavan BJP P.M. Gopinadhan
10 Mukundapuram INC A.C. Jose CPI (M) P. Govindappillai BJP P.D. Purushothaman Master
11 Ernakulam INC Adv. George Eden Independent Sebastian Paul BJP V.V. Augustine
12 Muvattupuzha Kerala Congress P. C. Thomas JD Mathew John BJP Adv. Narayanan Namboothiri
13 Kottayam INC Ramesh Chennithala CPI (M) K. Suresh Kurup BJP Adv. George Kurian
14 Idukki INC P. C. Chacko Kerala Congress K. Francis George BJP Adv. D. Asokakumar
15 Alleppey INC V. M. Sudheeran CPI (M) Adv. C.S. Sujatha BJP T.L. Radhamma
16 Mavelikara INC P. J. Kurien Independent Ninan Koshy BJP Rajan Moolaveettil
17 Adoor (SC) INC Kodikunnil Suresh CPI Chengara Surendran BJP Kainakary Janardhanan
18 Quilon INC K.C. Rajan Revolutionary Socialist Party N. K. Premachandran BJP Dr. Raichel Matthai
19 Chirayinkil INC M. M. Hassan CPI (M) Varkala Radhakrishnan BJP T.M. Viswambharan
20 Trivandrum INC K. Karunakaran CPI K. V. Surendranath BJP Kerala Varma Raja

List of elected MPs[edit | edit source]

[5]

No. Constituency Name of Elected M.P. Party affiliation
1 Kasaragod T. Govindan CPI(M)
2 Kannur Mullappally Ramachandran INC
3 Vatakara A. K. Premajam CPI(M)
4 Kozhikode P. Sankaran INC
5 Manjeri E. Ahamed IUML
6 Ponnani G. M. Banatwala IUML
7 Palakkad N. N. Krishnadas CPI(M)
8 Ottapalam S. Ajaya Kumar CPI(M)
9 Thrissur V. V. Raghavan CPI
10 Mukundapuram A. C. Jose INC
11 Ernakulam George Eden INC
12 Muvattupuzha P. C. Thomas KC(M)
13 Kottayam K. Suresh Kurup CPI(M)
14 Idukki P. C. Chacko KEC
15 Alappuzha V. M. Sudheeran INC
16 Mavelikkara P. J. Kurien INC
17 Adoor Chengara Surendran CPI
18 Kollam N. K. Premachandran RSP
19 Chirayankil Varkala Radhakrishnan CPI(M)
20 Thiruvananthapuram K. Karunakaran INC

Results[edit | edit source]

Performance of political parties[edit | edit source]

[6]

Vote Share by alliance

  UDF (46.08%)
  LDF (44.55%)
  NDA (8.02%)
  Other (1.35%)
No. Party Political Front Seats Votes %Votes ±pp
1 Indian National Congress UDF 8 57,46,566 38.67% Increase0.66
2 Communist Party of India (Marxist) LDF 4 31,21,636 21% Decrease0.16
3 Communist Party of India LDF 2 12,35,761 8.32% Increase0.10
4 Bharatiya Janata Party NDA 0 11,92,046 8.02% Increase2.41
5 Indian Union Muslim League UDF 2 7,45,070 5.01% Decrease0.07
6 Janata Dal LDF 0 5,80,094 3.90% Decrease0.50
7 Revolutionary Socialist Party LDF 1 3,96,145 2.67% Increase0.17
8 Kerala Congress (M) UDF 1 3,56,168 2.40% Decrease0.26
9 Kerala Congress LDF 0 3,27,649 2.20% Decrease0.03
10 Indian National League none 0 80,333 0.54% Increase0.53
11 Peoples Democratic Party none 0 40,972 0.28% Decrease0.17
12 Bahujan Samaj Party none 0 19,475 0.1% Decrease0.05
13 Shiv Sena none 0 3,290 0.02% Steady
14 Janata Party none 0 1,164 0.01% Steady
15 Nagaland Peoples Party none 0 1,066 0.01% Steady
16 The Humanist Party Of India none 0 765 0.01% new
17 Samata Party none 0 558 0.00% Decrease0.01
Independents 2 10,13,067 6.82% Decrease0.15

By constituency[edit | edit source]

[7]

No. Constituency UDF candidate Votes % Party LDF candidate Votes % Party NDA candidate Votes % Party Winning alliance Margin
1 Kasaragod Khader Mangad 3,47,670 39.9% INC T. Govindan 3,95,910 45.4% CPI(M) P. K. Krishnadas 1,03,093 11.8% BJP LDF 48,240
2 Kannur Mullappally Ramachandran 3,80,465 46.2% INC A .C. Shanmukhadas 3,78,285 45.9% IND P. C. Mohanan 42,760 5.2% BJP UDF 2,180
3 Vatakara P. M. Suresh Babu 3,48,715 41.3% INC A. K. Premajam 4,07,876 48.3% CPI(M) Chettoor Balakrishnan 69,564 8.2% BJP LDF 59,161
4 Kozhikode P. Sankaran 3,56,392 45.0% INC M. P. Veerendra Kumar 3,37,735 42.6% JD P. C. Mohanan 83,862 10.1% BJP UDF 18,657
5 Manjeri E. Ahamed 4,00,609 49.3% IUML K. V. Salahuddin 2,94,600 36.2% CPI(M) Sumathy Haridas 79,546 9.8% BJP UDF 1,06,009
6 Ponnani G. M. Banatwalla 3,44,461 49.7% IUML Minu Mumthas 2,40,217 34.7% CPI Ahalliya Sankar 65,008 9.4% BJP UDF 1,04,244
7 Palakkad V. S. Vijayaraghavan 3,20,941 43.1% INC N. N. Krishnadas 3,45,963 46.4% CPI(M) T. C. Govindan 61,419 8.2% BJP LDF 25,022
8 Ottapalam K. K. Vijayalakshmi 3,15,576 43.7% INC S. Ajayakumar 3,35,376 46.5% CPI(M) P. M. Velayudhan 63,185 8.8% BJP LDF 19,800
9 Thrissur K. Muraleedharan 3,47,945 46.2% INC V. V. Raghavan 3,38,996 45.1% CPI P. D. Purushothaman 54,479 7.2% BJP LDF 18,409
10 Mukundapuram A. C. Jose 3,97,156 50.1% INC P. Govinda Pillai 3,44,693 43.5% CPI(M) M. S. Muraleedharan 30,779 3.9% BJP UDF 8,949
11 Ernakulam George Eden 3,89,387 50.2% INC Sebastian Paul 3,14,879 40.6% IND V. V. Augustine 62,262 8.0% BJP UDF 74,508
12 Muvattupuzha P. C. Thomas 3,56,168 53.9% KC(M) Mathew John 2,42,359 36.7% JD Narayanan Namboothiri 50,738 7.7% BJP UDF 1,13,809
13 Kottayam Ramesh Chennithala 3,30,447 45.9% INC K. Suresh Kurup 3,35,893 46.7% CPI(M) George Kurian 42,830 5.9% BJP LDF 5,446
14 Idukki P. C. Chacko 3,33,999 46.4% INC K. Francis George 3,27,649 45.6% KEC D. Asokakumar 46,130 6.4% BJP UDF 6,350
15 Alappuzha V. M. Sudheeran 3,86,180 50.5% INC C. S. Sujatha 3,45,543 45.2% CPI(M) T. L. Radhamma 27,010 3.5% BJP UDF 40,637
16 Mavelikkara P. J. Kurien 2,75,001 44.0% INC Ninan Koshy 2,73,740 43.8% IND Rajan Moolaveettil 68,450 11.0% BJP UDF 1,261
17 Adoor Kodikunnil Suresh 3,16,292 45.8% INC Chengara Surendran 3,33,297 48.2% CPI Kainakary Janardhanan 34,816 5.0% BJP LDF 17,005
18 Kollam K. C. Rajan 3,24,383 42.4% INC N. K. Premachandran 3,96,145 51.8% RSP Raichel Matthai 36,916 4.8% BJP LDF 71,762
19 Chirayinkil M. M. Hassan 3,13,937 45.1% INC Varkala Radhakrishnan 3,21,479 46.2% CPI(M) T. M. Viswambharan 47,249 6.8% BJP LDF 7,542
20 Trivandrum K. Karunakaran 3,37,429 44.0% INC K. V. Surendranath 3,22,031 42.0% CPI Kerala Varma Raja 94,303 12.3% BJP UDF 15,398

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "General Election, 1998".
  2. ↑ "PC: Kerala 1998".[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ "STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-13.
  4. ↑ "PC: Alliances Kerala 1998".
  5. ↑ Roy Mathew. "Indian Parliament Elections 1998: Kerala Winners". keralaassembly.org. Archived from the original on 2003-11-25. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  6. ↑ "PC: Party-wise performance for 1998 Kerala".
  7. ↑ "PC: Kerala 1998".[permanent dead link]
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