Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name              = Chandrayaan-3
| name              = Chandrayaan-3
| image              = Chandrayaan-3_Integrated_Module_going_through_Dynamic_Testing_04.webp
| image              = https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module going through Dynamic Testing
| image_caption      = https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
| image_size        =  
| image_size        =  
| mission_type      = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]],  [[Propulsion]] Module
| mission_type      = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]],  [[Propulsion]] Module
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| website            = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html}}
| COSPAR_ID          =
| mission_duration  =  
| SATCAT            =
| website            = {{url|https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/}}
| mission_duration  = * ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) <br/>
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]] rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)(equal to one lunar day as the equipment works on solar energy)https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| launch_mass        = <!--{{convert| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| launch_mass        = 3900 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module: 2148 kg             Lander Module (Vikram) : 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg Total: 3900 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module: 2148 kg <br/>  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg <br/>  Total: 3900 kg
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| power              = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| launch_date        = 13 July 2023,2:30 local time <ref name="launch date">{{Cite news|title=Isro's Chandrayaan-3 launch likely on July 12
| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news|title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details|date=2023-07-06 |url=https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|date=2023-05-22|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-space-agency-plans-to-launch-chandrayaan-3-lunar-mission-on-july-12-with-indigenous-lander-and-rover-for-in-situ-analysis-101684694289735.html|access-date=2023-05-21|language=en}}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor  = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| launch_contractor  = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] ([[ISRO]])
| interplanetary    = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| interplanetary    = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   | type            = lander
   | type            = lander
   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | arrival_date    = 23 August 2023<ref name="launch date"/>
   | arrival_date    = 23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates |url=https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ |access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref>
   | location       = [[Lunar south pole]]
   | location         = 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E<ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
}}
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
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}}
}}


'''Chandrayaan-3''' <!--Do not add any foreign script per WP:INDICSCRIPT-->({{IAST|candra-yāna}}, {{trans|"mooncraft"}};<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): ''[[Chandra|candra]]'':  "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" ''yāna'': "[...] n.  a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a planned third [[lunar exploration]] mission by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|website=isro.gov.in|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155551/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|url-status=dead}}</ref> It will consist of a lander and a rover similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]], but would not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module will behave like a communications relay satellite. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3}}</ref>
'''Chandrayaan-3''' ({{trans|"mooncraft"}};<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): ''[[Chandra|candra]]'':  "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" ''yāna'': "[...] n.  a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the third [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ lunar exploration] mission by the [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Indian Space Research Organisation] (ISRO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|website=isro.gov.in|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155551/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|url-status=dead}}</ref> It consists of a lander and a rover similar to [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Chandrayaan-2], but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3}}</ref>
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan 3 propulsion module, which will be used as a relay satellite]]
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 06.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]


The launch of Chandrayaan-3 has been scheduled for July 13, 2023, at 2:30 pm IST.
Following [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Chandrayaan-2], where a last-minute software glitch in the [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ soft landing] guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>


The propulsion module, in addition to the lander, carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)  to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The spacecraft is scheduled to be launched on 12 July 2023.<ref name="expected launch">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 launch  likely  on July 12|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro's-chandrayaan-3-launch-likely-on-july-12-official-confirms-development-101683397788585.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place at July 14, 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>


Following [[Chandrayaan-2]], where a last-minute software glitch in the [[soft landing (aeronautics)|soft landing]] guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
== Background/History ==
 
== Background ==
In the second phase of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India |first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
In the second phase of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India |first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>


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== Objective==
== Objective==


ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include
ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which includes:
 
#Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon.
#Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon
#In-site scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, water, etc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
 
== Design ==
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]]
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components
 
'''Propulsion Module'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module]]
 
The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. In addition to the lander, the module carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)  to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
 
'''Lander'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Lander]]
 
The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will carry the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.
 
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,<ref>{{cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Mayank |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Rover: A New Mission to Explore the Moon |url=https://examtiper.com/chandrayaan-3-rover-a-new-mission-to-explore-moon/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=Examtiper}}</ref> unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter]] (LDV).<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
 
'''Rover'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Rover.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Rover]]''Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:''
 
* Six-wheeled design
* Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
* Range of 500 meters (1,640 feet)
* Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
* Expected lifespan of one [[lunar day]] (14 Earth days)
* Communication with the lander and ground control team in India
 
The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:


1 Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon.
* The composition of the lunar surface
* The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
* The history of lunar impacts
* The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere


2 Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon
The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is a major step forward for India’s space program. It is a testament to the country’s growing technological capabilities, and it is sure to make significant contributions to our understanding of the Moon.


3 In-situ scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, wateretc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.<ref>https://chandrayaan3.org/what-is-chandrayaan-3-mission-all-about/</ref>
==Mission profile==
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 350px
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-3
| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth.gif
| caption1 = Around the Earth
| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Moon.gif
| caption2 = Around the Moon
| footer = {{legend2|Magenta| Chandrayaan-3}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime| Moon}}
}}


== Design ==
=== Mission life ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]]
Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=15 September 2020|title=Chandrayaan-3: No 5th engine on lander |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915053013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|archive-date=15 September 2020|access-date=2020-09-15 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>


== Funding ==
== Funding ==

Revision as of 14:58, 14 July 2023


Chandrayaan-3
Mission typeLunar lander, rover, Propulsion Module
OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitehindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
Mission duration
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Launch mass3900 kg
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35 IST, (9:05 UTC)[1]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023[2]
Landing site69.367621 S, 32.348126 E[3]
 

Chandrayaan-3 (transl. "mooncraft";[4][5] About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is the third lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[6] It consists of a lander and a rover similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[7][8]

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute software glitch in the soft landing guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.[9]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place at July 14, 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.[10]

Background/History

In the second phase of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[11][12]

Earlier reports had emerged about a collaboration with Japan on a mission to the lunar south pole where India would be providing the lander while Japan would provide both launcher and rover. The mission may include site sampling and lunar night survival technologies.[13][14]

The subsequent failure of the Vikram lander led to the pursuit of another mission to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.[15] During mission critical flight operations, the European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract.[16]

Objective

ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which includes:

  1. Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon
  3. In-site scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, water, etc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.[citation needed]

Design

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components

Propulsion Module

Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. In addition to the lander, the module carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.[8][7]

Lander

Chandrayaan-3 Lander

The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will carry the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,[17] unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).[18] The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.[19]

Rover

Chandrayaan-3 Rover

Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 meters (1,640 feet)
  • Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
  • Expected lifespan of one lunar day (14 Earth days)
  • Communication with the lander and ground control team in India

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is a major step forward for India’s space program. It is a testament to the country’s growing technological capabilities, and it is sure to make significant contributions to our understanding of the Moon.

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3 ·    Earth ·    Moon

Mission life

Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[20]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  2. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Mission homepage". Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  4. ↑ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899): candra: "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" yāna: "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"
  5. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 FAQ". Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft
  6. ↑ "Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO". isro.gov.in. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".
  9. ↑ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  10. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  11. ↑ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  12. ↑ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  13. ↑ "India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan". The Times of India. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020. For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.
  14. ↑ "Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki". Astro talk UK. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  15. ↑ ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt The Wire, 14 November 2019
  16. ↑ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  17. ↑ Agrawal, Mayank (14 July 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Rover: A New Mission to Explore the Moon". Examtiper. Retrieved 14 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  19. ↑ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  20. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  21. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

External links

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